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Effects of Yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study
Abstract
Yoga and exercise have beneficial effects on mood and anxiety. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic activity is reduced in mood and anxiety disorders. The practice of yoga postures is associated with increased brain GABA levels. This study addresses the question of whether changes in mood, anxiety, and GABA levels are specific to yoga or related to physical activity.
Healthy subjects with no significant medical/psychiatric disorders were randomized to yoga or a metabolically matched walking intervention for 60 minutes 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Mood and anxiety scales were taken at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and before each magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. Scan 1 was at baseline. Scan 2, obtained after the 12-week intervention, was followed by a 60-minute yoga or walking intervention, which was immediately followed by Scan 3.
The yoga subjects (n = 19) reported greater improvement in mood and greater decreases in anxiety than the walking group (n = 15). There were positive correlations between improved mood and decreased anxiety and thalamic GABA levels. The yoga group had positive correlations between changes in mood scales and changes in GABA levels.
The 12-week yoga intervention was associated with greater improvements in mood and anxiety than a metabolically matched walking exercise. This is the first study to demonstrate that increased thalamic GABA levels are associated with improved mood and decreased anxiety. It is also the first time that a behavioral intervention (i.e., yoga postures) has been associated with a positive correlation between acute increases in thalamic GABA levels and improvements in mood and anxiety scales. Given that pharmacologic agents that increase the activity of the GABA system are prescribed to improve mood and decrease anxiety, the reported correlations are in the expected direction. The possible role of GABA in mediating the beneficial effects of yoga on mood and anxiety warrants further study.
... Preventing the loss of muscle strength also contributes to good bone and joint health. A comprehensive approach that addresses nutrition, adapted physical activity, and other lifestyle factors can help improve this aspect in older adults [67]. In our study, participants in the experimental group reported higher muscle strength values both at the beginning of the intervention and in the post-intervention phase. ...
... Balance, for its part, is also important for preventing falls, and, in addition, maintaining it helps older adults maintain independence in performing basic activities of daily living, which contributes to quality of life [77]. Some existing strategies to improve these two parameters include exercises that include stretching of all muscle groups and balance, such as Pilates or yoga [67]. Walking and swimming are also low-impact activities that can help improve these parameters. ...
Background/Objectives: Older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often experience impaired physical function and metabolic control. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week Pilates-based intervention on blood glucose concentration and physical function in this population. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 104 older adults (mean age: 70.6 ± 3.15 years; 70.2% women), all diagnosed with T2DM. The participants were assigned to a control group (CG, n = 52) or a Pilates training group (PG, n = 52). The intervention included 24 Pilates sessions over 12 weeks (2 sessions/week, 60 min each). Outcomes were assessed pre- and post-intervention and included capillary blood glucose, handgrip strength, functional mobility (Timed Up and Go), balance (Berg Balance Scale), and flexibility (Chair Sit-and-Reach Test and Back Scratch Test). Results: Compared to the control group, the Pilates group showed statistically significant improvements in blood glucose levels (−4.06 mg/dL (p < 0.001; d = 0.68)), handgrip strength (+1.76 kg (p < 0.001; d = 0.48)), gait speed (p < 0.001; d = 0.53), balance (Berg score) (+2.37 points (p < 0.001; d = 0.66)), and flexibility (improvements in upper limbs (BST, d = 0.78–0.98) and lower limbs (CSRT, d = 1.07 right; d = 0.63 left)). Conclusions: A 12-week Pilates program led to significant improvements in glycemic control, muscular strength, gait speed, balance, and flexibility in older adults with T2DM. These findings support Pilates as a safe, effective, and adaptable non-pharmacological intervention to promote functional and metabolic health in this population.
... Yoga has also shown effectiveness in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A study by Streeter et al. (2010) found significant improvements in PTSD symptoms such as hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts, and emotional numbing following a 12-week yoga program. Yoga's focus on body awareness and breathwork helps individuals with PTSD reconnect with their bodies, an essential aspect of trauma recovery. ...
... Another critical mechanism is the influence of yoga on neurotransmitter systems. Yoga enhances levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and dopamine, all of which play crucial roles in mood regulation (Streeter et al., 2010). Higher GABA levels are associated with reduced anxiety and improved mood, making yoga an effective intervention for individuals with anxiety disorders and depression. ...
Ashtanga Yoga, rooted in the classical teachings of Patanjali, has gained increasing recognition for its therapeutic benefits inmental health. This paper explores its role in promoting psychological well-being, with a specific focus on its psychosocialimpact. A systematic review of approximately 50 studies—selected from an initial pool of 167—was conducted, consideringfactors such as accessibility, methodological rigor, and relevance to contemporary mental health challenges. Some studieswere excluded due to paywall restrictions, limited author permissions, or insufficient sample sizes. The findings highlightAshtanga Yoga’s efficacy in alleviating anxiety, depression, stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally,key psychosocial benefits, including improved emotional regulation, enhanced social functioning, and increased self-esteem,are examined in both clinical and non-clinical populations. The evidence suggests that Ashtanga Yoga serves as an effectivecomplementary intervention for fostering emotional resilience and strengthening interpersonal relationships. This paperunderscores the need for further large-scale, controlled trials to deepen our understanding of its long-term psychological benefits.Keywords: Ashtanga Yoga, Mental Health, Stress, Anxiety, Depression
(PDF) Ashtanga Yoga and Positive Mental Health. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390542705_Ashtanga_Yoga_and_Positive_Mental_Health [accessed May 03 2025].
... The mechanism of action combines body movements, breathing techniques and meditation to reduce stress and anxiety. Yoga practice can increase the activity of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a neurotransmitter that plays a role in supporting the function of the human nervous system (Streeter et al., 2010;Kinasih, 2010). GABA functions as an inhibitor that inhibits adverse neurological reactions and responses. ...
... Decreased GABA levels can also increase the production of CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The CRH hormone then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a hormone that plays a role in the emergence of negative emotions, feelings of depression and excessive fear (Streeter, Whitfield, Owen, Rein, Karri, Yakhkind, Perlmutter, Prescot, Renshaw, Ciraulo, & Jensen, 2010). Yoga can be done for patients who still have sufficient physical capacity because it involves body activity. ...
Background: Chronic kidney disease is one of the global public health challenges that continues to increase with a significant impact on morbidity, mortality and high health care costs. Hemodialysis, one of the renal replacement therapy methods, often causes anxiety and decreased quality of life. Mind body therapies such as guided imagery, yoga and meditation have the potential to reduce anxiety and improve the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness application of mind body therapies on anxiety and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Method: This systematic review uses an approach that follows the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in six electronic databases, namely Scopus, Springerlink, Proquest, EBSCO, Science Direct and Pubmed with appropriate keywords. The included articles were published within the last 10 years, in English and the type of research was RCT or quasi-experimental. After the selection process, 10 articles met the criteria for further analysis. Results: Eight articles were RCT designs and two articles were quasi-experimental designs. The application of mind body therapies including guided imagery, yoga and meditation is a complementary therapy that can reduce anxiety and improve quality of life. In addition, it also affects the improvement of sleep quality, reduces depression, reduces stress levels and emotional regulation in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Conclusion: Mind body therapies have been proven effective in reducing anxiety and improving the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. This therapy can be used both during hemodialysis sessions and when done alone at home. With its various benefits, this therapy has the potential to be integrated into holistic and evidence-based patient care.
... A unique coronavirus illness epidemic happened in Wuhan, in China's Hubei Province, in December 2019. [1] On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization designated the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), new coronavirus outbreak a worldwide pandemic. [2] Countries across the world announced various measures to reduce the spread of infection such as social distancing and partial or total lockdowns. ...
... Yoga meditation practice was positively associated with a higher level of mental well-being. [18,19] The complete switch from physical classes to online classes leads to a high usage of mobile phones and computers which is a new learning environment, which might lead to lower academic achievement, more emotional issues, and compromised psychological or physical health. [20] Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion occurring as the result of excessive workload, the pressure to succeed, fatigue, compromised sleep patterns and the pressure, ethical conflicts, accumulating work, exposure to health issues, and the death of nearly one. ...
Background: Lockdowns were used in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic to stop the disease's further spread. People were forced to remain at home to help break the chain of transmission by measures including social exclusion, isolation, and the government's shutdown of companies, educational institutions, and entertainment venues. The new online learning environment has undoubtedly affected adolescents' social and mental health. This cross-sectional study was conducted to find out whether regular yoga practice had an impact on the mental health of the students at the time of lockdown. Materials and Methods: One hundred and three students aged 18-20 years who were attending online classes participated in this research. They belonged to two groups: Group A of 51 students was naive to meditation, yoga, or any mind-body intervention and Group B students did not practice/were not exposed to yoga before. Both groups were matched for age and educational level with similar curricula. Data collection was done online using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Results: There were significantly higher PANAS-positive scores and lower MFQ and CBI scores observed in Group A than in Group B suggesting a positive impact of yoga on the status of the mental health of the students. Conclusions: This observational study shows that yoga has a positive effect on adolescent mental health than nonyoga practicing students during the pandemic lockdown as assessed by multiple assessment tools.
... Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has showed sharp rise in Gama Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) level after 60 minutes of session of yoga (4,5). Decreased levels of serotonin are noted following meditation (4,6). ...
... Best time to practice yoga is before sunrise and after sunset (17). Greater improvements were observed in temper and apprehension in 12-week yoga intervention compared to metabolically matched walking exercise (5). Yoga has been linked to improvements in mental and physical health through mechanistic theories that emphasise decreases in SNS tone (18 ,19) and rise in vagal activity (19). ...
Introduction: Yoga is a science that dates back thousands of years to India. Yoga practise may assist to reduce the physical and mental stress that medical students experience during their coursework, which can help them perform better in class. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess undergraduate medical student’s knowledge, attitudes, and yoga practise, as well as their awareness of yoga's health advantages. Methods: Using a predesigned questionnaire/Google form, the current study was carried out among medical undergraduate students at a tertiary care educational hospital. After taking their informed consent to participate in the study, a total of 305 partakers were recruited. One sample proportion Z test, using normal distribution (two tailed) was applied to percentage of knowledge, positive attitude and good practice based on answers given by respondents to the questions. Results: Knowledge about yoga was 73.44%; 71.11% students had positive attitude towards yoga. Good practice of yoga was followed by 85.24% of medical students. Higher percentage shows knowledge (p=< 0.001), good practice (p<0.001) positive attitude (p<0.001) to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Results indicate that medical students had good knowledge, attitudes, and practises about yoga. We suggest some part of theoretical and practical knowledge regarding yoga practice to be inculcated in the curriculum of medical students. This will help these future budding doctors to guide the patients with chronic diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. in respect of non-pharmacological measures like yoga.
... Tomando el yoga como ejemplo, los cambios fisiológicos tanto en el organismo como en el sistema nervioso son diferentes de los de la actividad física en general. A diferencia del ejercicio isométrico, se potencia la actividad parasimpática en lugar de la simpática, se reduce la activación del eje hipotálamo-hipofisario-adrenal y aumenta la función gabaérgica 42 . Los cambios funcionales y estructurales en el sistema nervioso central son análogos a los encontrados con la meditación; específicamente, se ha observado una mayor conservación del volumen cortical con la edad. ...
... Los cambios funcionales y estructurales en el sistema nervioso central son análogos a los encontrados con la meditación; específicamente, se ha observado una mayor conservación del volumen cortical con la edad. Sabemos que la postura que adopta nuestro cuerpo puede influir en la actividad cerebral, pero probablemente sea el papel central de la atención en el movimiento (y la respiración) lo que distingue a la práctica física de yoga de otros tipos de ejercicio a nivel central 42 . Por otro lado, la incorporación del cuerpo puede facilitar, en un ámbito terapéutico, la integración y la recuperación del trauma (como en el yoga sensible al trauma), y una mejor actitud de afrontamiento, aceptación y reducción del dolor en las enfermedades crónicas (MBRS, yoga adaptado) 29,41 . ...
... Statements in the STAI -T are also rated on a four -point scale (almost never, sometimes, often, and almost always). The overall (total) score for STAI ranges from a minimum of 20 to a maximum of 80; STAI scores are commonly classified as 'no or low anxiety' (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37), 'moderate anxiety' (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44), and 'high anxiety' (45-80). Anxiety scores (Spielberger's STAI) were measured at baseline, the day of surgery in the pre -surgery room and post -surgery after the patient was shifted to postoperative care unit (PACU). ...
... Similar results were also obtained by Rao et al [26] in breast cancer surgery, Azeem et al [27] in cardiac surgery, Mobini et al [28] in patients undergoing coronary angiography, Chandrababu et al [29] for cardiac pathologies, Moody et al [30] for gynaecological procedures and labour patients This may be explained by the rapid rise in brain GABA levels following a yoga session, which activates the vagal afferents, and it serves as the biochemical foundation for enhanced mood and reduced anxiety. [31] A short video clip/film providing anaesthesia information and preoperative education intervention has been shown to significantly reduce pre and post -operative anxiety in our study. Similar results were seen by Lin et al [32], Jlala et al [33] in adults undergoing surgery under regional anaesthesia, Ortega et al [34] who showed video for performing ultrasound -guided internal jugular vein -cannulation, Ying et al [35] who showed informational Video About Anaesthesia on Preand Post -Elective Caesarean Section for Anxiety and Recovery. ...
Introduction: Peri-operatively pain an anxiety are the worst feelings in any patient. A search for an ideal method with the use of alternate nostril breathing exercises (pranayama) and multimedia (video clip) has not yet been studied. Aim: To evaluate the effect of alternate nostril breathing exercises (pranayama) and video clip on anxiety and pain among patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery under regional anaesthesia. Materials and Method: A comparative, double-blind study.90 cases of 18-65yrs, ASA grade I-II, were grouped into A, B & C (30 each). Each group patients were were shown a video clip/yoga or control. Results: STAI Score, VAS Score: There were no significant differences between the groups during baseline and pre-operative parameters, but anxiety scores were profoundly significantly less in pre-and post-operatively area. Conclusion: We conclude that implementing yoga (breathing exercise) along with the use of multimedia video clip/film has significant impact to alleviate peri-operative anxiety and pain.
... This effect has been confirmed by various studies in yoga [33]. Yoga also affects the amount of hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal responses, leading to adaptability in the secretion of endocrine glands in the face of substances such as cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormones [34,35]. It has been found that yoga increases thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is considered a drug treatment for anxiety and mood disorders [36,34]. ...
... Yoga also affects the amount of hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal responses, leading to adaptability in the secretion of endocrine glands in the face of substances such as cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormones [34,35]. It has been found that yoga increases thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is considered a drug treatment for anxiety and mood disorders [36,34]. It is plausible that increasing GABA through yoga is part of its mechanism of action to improve anxiety. ...
... It appears that both anxiety disorder and insomnia are associated with decreased levels of GABA. Significantly reduced GABA levels have been observed in brains of individuals with anxiety disorders, particularly in the thalamus and the amygdala, as detected by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) analysis (Babaev et al., 2018;Streeter et al., 2010). GABA levels in plasma of patients with anxiety have shown notable decreases (Lydiard, 2003;Shutta et al., 2021). ...
Anxiety and insomnia are prevalent global mood disorders, and affect approximately 4 and 10 out of every 100 individuals, respectively. Common abnormal brain activity and altered neural circuitries are detected in patients with anxiety disorders and insomnia, suggesting overlapping pathogenesis in these two disorders. Promisingly, GABA from dietary supplements and GABA produced by gut microbiota have shown significant treatment effects in anxiety and insomnia. This review summarizes neurological mechanisms causing anxiety and insomnia, reveals cellular pathways transferring GABA from the gut to the brain, and delivers the therapeutic potential of gut derived GABA for anxiety and insomnia. Moreover, this review proposes emerging therapeutic strategies utilizing engineered GABA-producing bacteria to target anxiety and insomnia, and highlights the potential of live biotherapeutics as novel interventions for mood disorders.
... Earlier research has also experimented on the effects of yoga therapy versus other interventions. Streeter and colleagues [26] concluded that yoga therapy was more effective than walking in improving mood and decreasing anxiety. It did not find any significant correlation between yogic practice and pain reduction. ...
While many studies have discussed the effectiveness of interventions using different yoga techniques and teachings with various populations, there has been less research on the effectiveness of yoga therapy. Viniyoga therapists utilize the principles of Viniyoga, a type of yoga developed by Krishnamacharya, to provide therapeutic yogic interventions to individual clients in order to improve functioning and relieve suffering. This qualitative study conducted interviews with fourteen Viniyoga trained yoga therapists to understand the impact of Viniyoga therapy on state change. State change is defined as either a physical or psychological change that improved well-being, ameliorated suffering, or increased insight for the client. The researchers used an in-depth semi-structured interview while utilizing open-ended questioning. A definition of Viniyoga Therapy was developed, and distinctions were made between yoga therapists and yoga teachers. Subjects interviewed discussed the results of their interventions using the 5-dimensional pañcamaya model, which considers a client’s structure, physiology, mind, personality, and emotions. Viniyoga therapists interviewed drew from their own observations, as well as clients’ self-reported data. Results were analyzed using NVivo software and based on Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis principles. Five important themes emerged: 1) Viniyoga empowers clients to participate in their own process of state change by training their self-observation skills and providing tools for influencing their state 2) Intentionally engineered experiences are the tools of Viniyoga 3) Viniyoga takes a highly individualized approach to supporting state change 4) The relationship between the client and the Viniyoga therapist itself promotes state change, and is very important to the state change process 5) State change is foundational to the healing process of Viniyoga. The study concluded that Viniyoga therapy can be helpful in creating state change and alleviating distress related to a wide range of physical and psychological conditions. Implications for yoga therapy as an integrative and complementary health approach are discussed.
... Thirthalli et al. (19) revealed that patients with major depression had significantly lower cortisol levels after 12 weeks of regular yoga practice compared to patients who only received antidepressants. One of the main mechanisms by which Yoga improves mood by increasing levels of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain (20), while there was a correlation between increased levels of thalamus GABA and improved mood as well as decreased anxiety after practicing yoga (21). The forest offers plenty of elements that contribute to a sense of comfort, including beautiful scenery, fresh air, pleasant birdsong, plant antibacterial agents and negative oxygen ions. ...
Background
The fast pace of modem life brings great pressure, which lead to physical and mental health issues. Researches have demonstrated that forest bathing can considerably alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, eliminate negative emotions and promote mental wellbeing. We presented evidences of the positive impact of forest bathing on mental health in the context rapid urbanization and surging health needs in the post-pandemic era, and outlined the current insights into the related factors affecting the effect of forest bathing, as to provide directions for future interventions or research.
Method
The electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science Core Collections and the China Academic Journals (CAJ) offered through the Full-text Database (CNKI) were searched for relevant studies published from the inception of the databases to December 2024. The initial search strategy was performed using keywords, MeSH terms, and free text words such as “forest bathing”, “forest medicine”, “mental health pressure”, “anxiety”, “depression”, “cortisol”, etc.
Results
The synthesis of the findings in the included studies revealed that forest bathing interventions might improve mental and physical health, reduce blood pressure, improve sleep quality and boost immunity, as well as alleviate depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, the effect of forest bathing on mental health indicators and the differences in these results among different populations varied. Forest environment, tree species, exposure duration, season, composition and concentration of volatile organic compounds have an impact on the effect of forest bathing.
Conclusions
Forest bathing were effective in lowering cortisol levels, reducing sympathetic nerve activity, as well as improving negative mood, which could serve as a non-pharmacological treatment for mental health in the general population.
... In most parts of the world, yoga is associated with physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation (dhyana). 32,33 Anxiety and depressive disorders are almost always found secondary to chronic pain conditions and orofacial pain is no exclusion. 34 This causes biochemical and neurophysiological functions such as alterations in monoamine (noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine). ...
... Its impact on psychological variables such as stress, anxiety, emotional resilience, self-esteem, and cognitive functioning is profound. By reducing cortisol levels through pranayama and promoting relaxation via asanas like Balasana and Savasana, yoga calms the mind and enhances mental clarity (Field, 2011;Streeter et al., 2010). Techniques like mindfulness meditation (dhyana) and loving-kindness meditation encourage self-compassion, counter rumination, and boost emotional regulation (Sharma et al., 2020).Neurobiological benefits include increased serotonin production, endorphin P. Sudhan, S. Jahira Parveen pg. ...
Depression is a prevalent mental health issue among students, particularly those facing academic stress. While conventional treatments like medication and psychotherapy are commonly used, alternative approaches such as yoga have been recognized for their holistic benefits. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of yoga in alleviating depressive symptoms in academically stressed studentsBACKGROUNDDepression is a significant concern in mental health, especially among students who experience high levels of academic stress. Conventional treatments like medication are widely used, but alternative therapies like yoga are increasingly being explored for their potential benefits in improving mental and emotional health. This study investigates the effect of yoga on depressive symptoms in students, focusing on emotional well-being using SDS and facial emotion recognition technology.OBJECTIVESThe primary objective of this study is to determine how yoga can reduce depressive symptoms in academically stressed students. Specifically, the study seeks to assess the impact of yoga on emotional well-being using SDS and facial emotion recognition (FER), and explore whether yoga can improve mindfulness and emotional stability in students.MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 30 students, aged 15–30 years, were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group practiced yoga for 12 weeks, five days per week for one hour each morning. Depressive symptoms were measured pre-and post-intervention using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), which includes a 4-point scale assessing anxiety and depression levels. Facial emotion recognition (FER) technology was also used to analyse facial expressions and emotional states during both pre-and post-intervention phases.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data for small sample sizes. The test results indicated that the Yoga Group Post-Test data was non-normal (p = 0.023), while the Control Group showed no significant change (p > 0.05). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significant improvements in the Yoga Group Post-Test compared to the Pre-Test (Z = -3.417, p = 0.001), suggesting a substantial reduction in depressive symptoms and emotional instability. In contrast, the Control Group showed nosignificant changes in SDS scores (Z = -0.442, p = 0.659). Additionally, The Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) analysis revealed significant emotional improvements in the Yoga Group. Sadness decreased from 42.67 to 18.80, Anger from 20.07 to 7.13, Fear from 6.33 to 2.27, and Neutral emotions from 15.87 to 4.80. Happiness notably increased from 9.33 to 67.07, while Surprise decreased from 6.13 to 1.93. In contrast, the Control Group showed minimal changes in emotional states, with Sadness remaining nearly the same. These findings highlight the positive impact of yoga in improving emotional stability and well-being in students experiencing academic stress.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates that yoga is an effective intervention for managing depression in academically stressed students. The yoga group showed significant reductions in depressive symptoms and improvements in emotional stability compared to the control group. The findings support the use of yoga as a complementary therapy for enhancing emotional well-being and mindfulness. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of yoga and the broader applications of facial emotion recognition in monitoring emotional changes during therapeutic interventions
... Ongoing investigations have indicated that yoga improves state of mind and lessens sorrow scores (Lavey et al., 2005;Shapiro et al., 2007). These progressions have been ascribed to an expanded discharge of thalamic GABA with more noteworthy limit with respect to enthusiastic guideline (Shapiro et al., 2007;Streeter et al., 2010). Indeed, even a 10day yogabased way of life alteration program has been accounted for to improve emotional prosperity scores of patients (Sharma et al., 2008). ...
Yoga is a complete science, a complete lifestyle, a complete medical practice and a complete spiritual education. The secret of the popularity of yoga is that it has never distinction from the narrowness of gender, caste, class, community, region and language. Any seeker, thinker, recluse, practitioner, brahmachari, householder can get benefited by attaining the same. It has proved useful not only in the creation and upliftment of the individual but also in the all-round development of the family, society, nation and the world. Yoga is the solution to the stress, disturbance, terrorism, lack and ignorance of modern human society. Yoga is a wonderful technique to bring man on the paved path of positive thinking which was invented by the intelligent sages of India, millions of years ago. Maharhi Patanjali performed it in the form of Ashtanga Yoga, disciplined, edited and executed. A healthy person and a happy society can only be created by going in the condition of yoga. Yoga is not only the discipline of ascetics, recluse and yogis who live in cave, but it is also very much needed for the general householder. It is a matter of surprise that we are ready to exploit our financial, physical and mental by falling into a two-hundred-year-old allopathic medical system. For millions of years, we remain indifferent to old yoga, remain ignorant, which is not only authentic but also teaches free treatment.
... This is the first instance of a positive connection between acute elevations in thalamic GABA levels and improvements in mood and anxiety measures linked to a behavioral intervention (Yoga poses). [19] There are various processes by which Yoga is beneficial to mental health. First, Yoga's physical component, which consists of strengthening and stretching exercises improves physical health by releasing tension in the body and fostering relaxation. ...
Self as well as community development depends on mental health, which is a fundamental human right. Mental health problems can affect our thought pattern, mood states and different types of behaviors at every stage of life. A state of mental well-being is known as mental health which enables individuals to fulfill their potential, learn new skills and work productively, overcome obstacles of the life, and contribute back to their communities. This review assessed the effectiveness of Yoga as an intervention for improving mental health and its different aspects. The present review carried out from databases including Google scholar and PubMed using key terms Yoga, mental health, and well-being. Only randomized control trials and experimental studies were included based on their relevance. Inappropriate and qualitative studies were excluded from the present review. On the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, only seven studies published between 2014 and 2024 have been included for this review. Overall, the studies showed that comprehensive Yoga program is an effective tool to manage different aspects of mental health. The review suggests that Yoga and its various techniques shows considerable improvement in mental health and its various aspects. Yoga is the key to accomplishing both emotional and physical well-being.
... It also stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins, which are crucial for emotional regulation and overall well-being (Yoga for Joy, 2022). Furthermore, yoga has been associated with increased levels of thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating anxiety and mood (Streeter et al., 2010). It could help mitigate stress by lowering cortisol levels in the hypothalamus, which in turn may ease symptoms of depression (Thirthalli et al., 2013). ...
Background: Drug addiction is a significant global concern. Individuals suffering from drug
addiction often experience high levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS). These
psychological conditions can intensify the cycle of substance abuse and pose significant
barriers to recovery. Although yoga is widely recognised for its benefits to physical and mental
health, its specific effects on males with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) during rehabilitation
— particularly in managing DAS — remain underexplored.
Material and Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted with 80 male participants
from a drug addiction rehabilitation centre. The participants were divided into two groups: a
control group with 40 subjects and an experimental group with 40 subjects. This study used a
pre-test-and-post-test design to evaluate participants' psychological states, measuring
Depression, Anxiety, Stress levels using the DASS-21 scale both before and after the
intervention. The experimental group engaged in an 8-week yoga program for 60 minutes daily,
excluding Sundays, while the control group continued with other rehabilitation routine activities
without yoga intervention.
Results: After the intervention, significant improvements were observed in the experimental
group (p < 0.001), where 97.5% of participants exhibited normal stress levels, 95% showed
reductions in anxiety, and 85% experienced decreased symptoms of depression. These
percentages were markedly greater than those recorded in the control group.
Conclusion: An 8-week yoga program significantly reduced DAS among male drug addicts as
compared to the control group.
Key words: Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Drug Addicts, Substance use disorder
... With its multifaceted focus on physical postures (yogāsana), breath control (prānāyāma), mindfulness, and meditation, yoga provides a unique combination of psychophysiological benefits. Studies indicate that yoga can significantly reduce stress, enhance emotional regulation, and improve mood and cognitive functioning (Streeter et al., 2010;Sharma, 2015). Though the therapeutic potential of yoga for mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and ADHD is well-documented in the general population, research exploring its efficacy among elite athletes remains limited. ...
Elite athletes are often perceived as physically and mentally
invulnerable, however, research shows that athletes competing at
high levels experience mental health disorders (MHD) at rates
comparable to or exceeding those of the general population.
Common disorders include anxiety, depression, PTSD, and eating
disorders, often exacerbated by sport-specific stressors such as
injuries, overtraining, and career transitions. Yoga, with its holistic
focus on physical, psychological, and emotional well-being, has
emerged as a promising intervention for managing MHD. This
narrative review examines the prevalence and impact of MHD
among elite athletes, explores current mental health management
approaches, and evaluates the evidence supporting yoga as an
integrative strategy. The findings suggest the potential of yoga to
manage unique challenges experienced by athletes, making it a cost-effective and accessible addition to existing mental health support
systems.
... Dies ließ sich in dieser Form aber noch nicht eindeutig in Untersuchungen mit Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen bestätigen. Immerhin konnte aber im Rahmen einer zwölfwöchigen Yoga-Intervention ein akuter Anstieg der GABA-Konzentration sowie ein damit assoziierter angstmindernder Effekt bei Menschen ohne aktuell bestehende psychische Erkrankungen beobachtet werden (Streeter et al. 2010). ...
... Randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis across the world conducted in the past few decades have shown consistent results in improving mood in depression and bipolar disorders, reducing anxiety disorders, improving sleep quality, reducing negative symptoms, and improving social cognition among schizophrenics. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Research elucidates yoga's mechanisms in these conditions, demonstrating dose-dependent effects. Yoga elevates brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and oxytocin levels. ...
Integrating Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) into preventive medicine enhances holistic health care by addressing lifestyle, mental well-being, and disease prevention. This integration is vital for addressing India’s quadruple burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), communicable diseases, poor maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes, and an aging population. The National Health Policy 2017 promotes this integration through “Pluralism,” aligning with the World Health Organization (WHO)’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and global traditional medicine priorities. Essential actions include adopting integrative care models, standardizing treatment protocols, training healthcare professionals, and advancing research. Despite its promise, challenges persist, such as limited awareness among modern physicians, minimal interaction between practitioners, lack of standardized protocols, and insufficient research on AYUSH’s synergistic effects. The Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM) can play a pivotal role in overcoming these barriers. By advocating for policy development, adopting integrative care frameworks, and fostering educational and research collaborations with AYUSH institutes, IAPSM can advance the integration of AYUSH into preventive medicine. Promoting research and increasing public awareness of AYUSH’s role in disease prevention and health promotion is essential for achieving a comprehensive healthcare system.
... The results showed that after the intervention, the Cho/Cr ratio of the medial prefrontal lobe was significantly higher than that before treatment, and the behavior of Internet addiction was improved (17,18). The study of Streeter CC et al. (19) showed that after a 3-month period of exercise therapy, the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the thalamus increased significantly, while the level of anxiety was lower than before. It has been shown that the concentration of Glx in the right caudate nucleus decreased and the compulsive behavior gradually decreased in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients after 4 months of behavioral therapy (20). ...
Introduction
This study aims to evaluate the effects of group computer magnanimous therapy (GCMT) on magnanimous-enterprising levels and brain metabolic changes in patients with advanced lung cancer.
Methods
In this multicenter, randomized controlled trial, 47 participants diagnosed with advanced stage (III or IV) lung cancer were randomly assigned to either the GCMT group (GCMTG, n = 31) or the control group (CTRLG, n = 16). The GCMTG received routine oncotherapy and care along with eight sessions of GCMT over 2 weeks, while the CTRLG received only oncotherapy and routine care. Psychological and brain metabolic changes were assessed using the Enterprising and Magnanimous Questionnaire (EMQ) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS).
Results
After 2 weeks, the GCMTG showed significant improvements in the EMQ “total score” and “enterprising” dimensions compared to baseline (p < 0.05), while the CTRLG showed no significant changes. Significant increases in NAA/Cr levels were observed in the right amygdala, and significant decreases in mI/Cr levels were observed in the right cingulate gyrus in the GCMTG. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that changes in Cho/Cr levels in the left amygdala and Glx/Cr levels in the left hippocampus were significantly correlated with improvements in the enterprising dimension.
Conclusions
GCMT significantly enhanced enterprising attitudes and induced beneficial changes in brain metabolites among patients with advanced lung cancer. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to confirm these results and explore the long-term effects of GCMT.
Clinical trial registration
https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=129557, identifier ChiCTR2100053015.
... Nevertheless, it was observed that the mindfulness intervention had an added advantage in fostering self-compassion. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these interventions and to compare their effectiveness with other treatment approaches." 5. "The study conducted by Streeter et al. (2010) compared the effects of Iyengar yoga and walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels. The study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure GABA levels in the brain.Participants in the study were randomly assigned to either the yoga group or the walking group. ...
Scoping review question: What are the existing modes of treatment available for anxiety disorders globally? Background: Anxiety and related disorders are prevalent mental health issues with significant comorbidity, suffering, and societal burden. Anxiety is associated with increased activity in amygdala, inner insula, and parts of the prefrontal cortex, as well as reduced activity in some areas of the anterolateral prefrontal cortex, according to neuroimaging studies. Anxiety disorders are ranked eighth among mental illnesses in terms of years lived with disability and twenty-fourth largest cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Aim: Study aims to evaluate review available in relation to existing modes of treatments available in anxiety disorder from PubMed and other search engines. Methodology: PubMed, scopus, embase and other search engines were used in the study. While reviewing 637 articles were found. However, considering inclusion exclusion criteria, 79 articles were considered for the study. Result: Those articles commonly used yogic practises such as asana pranayama meditation mind fullness, other intervention like counselling etc. Researcher have conducted the study mainly on population which includes students homemakers, patients, related to same field. Conclusion: Mixed intervention plays a significant role in correcting anxiety disorder . It also improves the quality of life of the individual leading to stress management and overall health. Yoga plays a significant role to improves automatic nervous system and overall development.
... Elevated BDNF levels enhance synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and overall brain health, impacting memory, learning, and executive function (Leckie et al., 2014;Miranda et al., 2019). Yoga enhances Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system and gray matter volume (GMV) by improving neuroplasticity (Froeliger et al., 2012;Streeter et al., 2010). It affects positively various brain regions such as the insula, cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior and superior parietal lobes among others while it increases intrainsular white matter connectivity (Schmalzl et al., 2015). ...
Emotional and behavioral issues in adolescents pose significant obstacles to psychological well-being and academic achievement, potentially leading to severe mental health conditions. The escalating prevalence of these behavioral challenges can adversely affect a nation’s educational, economic, and social health. This study aims to find appropriate solutions to behavioral problems and academic underperformance in adolescents through a two-arm randomized trial. It involves 200 students from distinct locations in India. Intervention encompasses integrated practices of yoga and physical exercises independently. Incorporation of ancient learning principles introduces a novel facet to the intervention protocol for educational and developmental purposes. Participants were evenly distributed across yoga and physical exercise groups. Preintervention and postintervention are evaluated through Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire alongside assessment of academic score of students. Findings exhibit a noteworthy transition among yoga group participants for behavioral problems from clinical risk status to normalized levels. Examination of the correlation between academic performance with various emotional and behavioral problems underscored the detrimental impact of these issues on scholastic attainment. Notably, the influence of yoga surpassed that of physical exercise in enhancing academic performance and mitigating emotional problems, conduct issues, hyperactivity, peer-related challenges, and overall strength and difficulty symptoms. The results suggest that the school-based interventions involving moderate to vigorous physical activity may be considered as a strategy to address adolescent mental health concerns and to enhance academic outcomes. It is further suggested that the policymakers and health professionals can explore such activities as an option to address the growing prevalence of mental health disorders.
... Patients demonstrated considerable reductions in their levels of anxiety and depression, according to a study by Chen et al. 28 However, our findings are consistent with another study done by Streeter et al., which concluded that the mood and anxiety of yoga participants improved more than those of the walking group. 29 Techniques for reducing stress may have a significant impact on patient and clinical results. Future research is required to assess how yoga affects secondary infertility. ...
Introduction
The approximate 33% likelihood of conception in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy often leads to feelings of anxiety, distress, and depression for many women undergoing IVF treatment. Furthermore, most women's chances of conceiving after IVF treatment decrease due to various factors like late age and associated fertility factors. Yoga is a holistic strategy that could provide a platform for women to manage their emotional reactions during and after the IVF treatment process. This research study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week structured yoga program (SYP) on the level of anxiety and depression in women undergoing IVF treatment.
Materials and methods
A total of 102 women undergoing IVF treatment were randomized into two groups—a structured yoga group (SYG) and a home-based walking group (HWG). SYG participants received yoga therapy for a period of 8 weeks, performing 3 days per week lasting for 60 minutes. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression. Data was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests.
Results
Women who participated in the summer youth program demonstrated significantly reduced levels of anxiety and depression compared to the control group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Participation in a SYP can lead to a significant reduction in perceived levels of anxiety and depression in women who are undergoing IVF treatment.
Clinical significance
Yoga can be considered an inexpensive and safe therapy that can help women to cater through psychological disturbances faced during and after the IVF procedures.
How to cite this article
Khandekar NG, Sundarajan DP. Effects of 8-week Structured Yoga Program on Anxiety and Depression among Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2024;15(2):77-82.
... According to Lavretsky and Newhouse, stress is linked with shorter telomere length, contributes to accelerated aging, and accelerates biological age [69]. In the present study, stress (21.21 ± 7.8 to 20.98 ± 3.02) (p = 0.83) ( Table 4) shows no significant change in the control group, whereas reduced stress (20.74 ± 6.5 to 19.14 ± 1.5) (p = 0.05) ( Table 3) was observed in the Yoga group after 120 days of intervention, which is similar to the study by Streeter et al., which found greater decreases in anxiety after 12 weeks of Yoga intervention compared to a walking group [70]. Shohani et al. proved that Yoga seems effective in mental abnormalities [71]. ...
Background and objectives
Accelerated biological aging and age-associated diseases are strong risk factors for mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress (OS) and anemia are possible pathophysiological causes of the various organ dysfunctions observed during COVID-19, decreasing health and life span. Ancient Yogic science seems to optimize all dimensions of human existence. As mentioned in ancient Yogic scriptures and documented in various studies, Yoga has been found to control accelerated biological aging and associated diseases. The study's objective was to authenticate and look into the effect of Yogic practices specifically synchronized with Kumbhaka and Bandha on markers of accelerated aging.
Methods
This randomized controlled trial was carried out in Mahendergarh city of Haryana on COVID-19-recovered adults aged between 30 and 60 years; 126 adults were randomized into two groups from Mahendergarh city: a control group (CG), 61 adults, and the experimental group (EG), 65 adults. During the final analysis, 56 adults in the experimental group received Yogic intervention for 120 days, and 61 adults remained the same in the control group during the intervention period. Consenting participants were randomized using computer-generated block randomization. The Yogic intervention was done 60 minutes/day five days a week for six months. Both groups' laboratory tests were carried out, which included malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH) levels, hemoglobin (Hgb) level, body mass index (BMI), mental stress (perceived stress), and quality of life (QOL), which were estimated before and after the Yogic intervention.
Results
Yoga practice for 120 days (three mandals) in the experimental group has significantly reduced MDA level (p = 0.03) and perceived stress level (Perceived Stress Scale {PSS}) (p = 0.047), and BMI decreased in the Yoga group from 24.2 ± 4.8 to 23.6 ± 4.8, but no significant difference was observed in the values of BMI (p = 0.54). Improved antioxidant levels such as GSH level (p = 0.02), serum ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)/TAC activity (p = 0.04), and Hgb level (p = 0.02) were reported; with this, improved quality of life, World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Physical (p = 0.03), WHOQOL Psychological (p = 0.02), WHOQOL Social (p = 0.04), and WHOQOL Environment (p = 0.006), has been observed in the experimental group, whereas in the control group, we observed no significant difference in MDA level (p = 0.38), GSH level (p = 0.97), TAC level (p = 0.96), Hgb level (p = 1), BMI (p = 0.85), PSS (p = 0.83), and quality of life, WHOQOL Physical (p = 0.37), WHOQOL Psychological (p = 0.88), WHOQOL Social (p = 0.96), and WHOQOL Environment (p = 0.32).
Conclusion
These findings suggest that Yoga synchronized with Kumbhaka and Bandha may be a useful strategy for lowering oxidative stress and mental stress and improving antioxidant defense, hemoglobin level, and overall quality of life in COVID-19-recovered people, which might help reverse the biological decline of the human body and mind. The results of this study show that Yoga may break the link between old age and ill health. Hence, Yoga (with Bandha and Kumbhaka) may be the most reproducible way to extend the life span of humans, as mentioned in ancient Yogic scriptures.
... This shift towards parasympathetic dominance was associated with a 3.7% reduction in systolic blood pressure, as well as lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Studies have further demonstrated that yoga reduces anxiety (Streeter et al., 2010) and promotes relaxation, including the reduction of stress at the cellular level, lowering free radical levels, improving oxidative stress markers, and increasing EEG theta activity (Field et al., 2010). The impact of yoga on mental health is well-supported by research, with numerous studies linking its practice to http://vidyajournal.org Despite substantial evidence highlights the beneficial impact of yoga on physical, physiological, and psychological outcomes, there has been minimal integration of yoga practices into sports training programs. ...
Football demands high levels of muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power to meet the sport's physical and physiological challenges. Yoga has been shown to enhance flexibility, stability, endurance, and cognitive function, benefiting both physical performance and mental well-being. Despite this, there is a notable absence of studies specifically focused on sport-specific yoga practices for football players. The study aims to identify essential yoga practices for football players based on input from subject matter experts. A total of 76 yoga practices were identified through a review of classical texts and supported by research evidence. To establish the validity of these practices, a panel of 30 subject matter experts (SMEs) was consulted. The data were analysed using Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to assess content validity. Among the 76 integrated yoga practices subjected to validation, 38 practices achieved a CVR score of ≥0.33, signifying high content validity (p<0.05), while the remaining 38 practices had a CVR score of <0.33, indicating low content validity. The 38 practices with a CVR score of ≥0.33 were deemed essential for football players. The study highlights the potential of yoga to improve overall athletic performance and reduce injury risk, emphasizing the need for incorporating sport-specific yoga programs.
... This shift towards parasympathetic dominance was associated with a 3.7% reduction in systolic blood pressure, as well as lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Studies have further demonstrated that yoga reduces anxiety (Streeter et al., 2010) and promotes relaxation, including the reduction of stress at the cellular level, lowering free radical levels, improving oxidative stress markers, and increasing EEG theta activity (Field et al., 2010). The impact of yoga on mental health is well-supported by research, with numerous studies linking its practice to http://vidyajournal.org Despite substantial evidence highlights the beneficial impact of yoga on physical, physiological, and psychological outcomes, there has been minimal integration of yoga practices into sports training programs. ...
Football demands high levels of muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power to meet the sport's physical and physiological challenges. Yoga has been shown to enhance flexibility, stability, endurance, and cognitive function, benefiting both physical performance and mental well-being. Despite this, there is a notable absence of studies specifically focused on sport-specific yoga practices for football players. The study aims to identify essential yoga practices for football players based on input from subject matter experts. A total of 76 yoga practices were identified through a review of classical texts and supported by research evidence. To establish the validity of these practices, a panel of 30 subject matter experts (SMEs) was consulted. The data were analysed using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to assess content validity. Among the 76 integrated yoga practices subjected to validation, 38 practices achieved a CVR score of ≥0.33, signifying high content validity, while the remaining 38 practices had a CVR score of <0.33, indicating low content validity. The 38 practices with a CVR score of ≥0.33 were deemed essential for football players. The study highlights the potential of yoga to improve overall athletic performance and reduce injury risk, emphasizing the need for incorporating sport-specific yoga programs.
... Following Davidson and Kaszniak's (2015) considerations on mindfulness-based research, we selected KY as an active control condition, a contemplative practice not intended specifically to promote self-compassion but that improves psychological outcomes and stress (Streeter et al., 2010;Wang & Szabo, 2020). The KY rigorously matched the MSC intervention on non-specific factors such as length of intervention, amount of practice, participants blinded to the experimental or control condition, examiners blinded to the participants' assigned condition, and instructors' expertise, commitment, enthusiasm, and confidence in the benefits of their interventions. ...
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the effects of a virtual Mindful Self-compassion (MSC) intervention on mindfulness and self-compassion, empathy, stress, and well-being in Uruguayan primary school teachers, during COVID-19 times.
Method
A quasi-experimental, longitudinal study was conducted with an active control intervention that involved practicing Kundalini yoga (KY). Uruguayan volunteer female teachers were randomly assigned to MSC or KY 9-week virtual training. They completed self-reported psychometric tests and an empathy for pain task (EPT) at pre- and post-training, and follow-up (3 months).
Results
At post-MSC training, mindfulness (observing, non-reactivity, and total mindfulness) and self-compassion (self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and self-judgment) increased. The empathy dimensions perspective-taking increased and personal distress decreased. Stress decreased and well-being increased. Concerning EPT, the accuracy in attributing intentionality to the harm inflicted, i.e., the intentionality comprehension accuracy, increased. At follow-up, observing and total mindfulness remained elevated, and non-judging increased. Common humanity remained elevated and personal distress remained decreased. Comparing MSC with KY trainings at post-training, the psychometric tests showed that personal distress was lower in the MSC group. At follow-up, observing and total mindfulness were higher in the MSC group. No differences between groups were found for the EPT at post-training and follow-up.
Conclusions
Virtual MSC training increased mindfulness and self-compassion, associated with higher well-being, reduced stress, and increased empathy in primary school teachers in Uruguay.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
... Exercise may induce changes in the serotonin and norepinephrine systems [88]; influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response, regulate the secretion of endocrine substances such as cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [89]; release endogenous opioids, inducing mood enhancement [90]; upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [91]; enhance self-efficacy, and reduce anxiety sensitivity [92], thus mitigating anxiety. Studies have further found that yoga may alleviate anxiety by acutely increasing gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) in the thalamus [93] and stimulating the vagus nerve by regulating breathing, thereby reducing sympathetic nervous system activity [94]. This may explain why yoga demonstrates greater effectiveness than other exercise interventions in reducing anxiety. ...
Acute exercise is a promising non‐pharmacological therapy for alleviating anxiety. However, the effects of different types of acute exercise on anxiety in adolescents and young adults remain unclear. Therefore, our study aims to conduct a network meta‐analysis to compare the effectiveness of various exercise interventions in improving anxiety in adolescents and young adults. We conducted an online literature search in five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsycINFO. The search was conducted from inception to March 1, 2023, and was limited to English‐language publications. Pairwise and network meta‐analyses were performed using random‐effects models. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was applied to rate the certainty of evidence. A total of 33 studies involving 1121 participants were included. The network meta‐analysis results revealed that mind–body exercise was the most effective intervention for reducing anxiety in adolescents and young adults (SMD = −0.36, 95% CI: −0.70, −0.03, moderate certainty). Additionally, aerobic exercise (SMD = −0.16, 95% CI: −0.28, −0.03, high certainty) showed significant reduction in anxiety, while resistance exercise (SMD = −0.09, 95% CI: −0.33, 0.14, moderate certainty) and multicomponent exercise (SMD = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.59, 0.57, moderate certainty) did not show significant reduction in anxiety. Moderate certainty evidence suggests that acute mind–body exercise may be the most effective type of exercise for reducing anxiety in adolescents and young adults. Future research should focus on conducting more multi‐arm randomized controlled trials to provide more direct evidence on the relative effectiveness of different exercise interventions.
... In addition to cycling training, yoga exercise has also been implemented as a form of physical intervention. In a long-term (12 weeks) yoga training paradigm, the authors did not observe significant changes in thalamic GABA levels [38]. It is possible that modulations of GABA are not detectable after a long-term period of yoga training, or it may occur in other brain regions than the thalamus. ...
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain, has long been considered essential in human behavior in general and learning in particular. GABA concentration can be quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Using this technique, numerous studies have reported associations between baseline GABA levels and various human behaviors. However, regional GABA concentration is not fixed and may exhibit rapid modulation as a function of environmental factors. Hence, quantification of GABA levels at several time points during the performance of tasks can provide insights into the dynamics of GABA levels in distinct brain regions. This review reports on findings from studies using repeated measures (n = 41) examining the dynamic modulation of GABA levels in humans in response to various interventions in the perceptual, motor, and cognitive domains to explore associations between GABA modulation and human behavior. GABA levels in a specific brain area may increase or decrease during task performance or as a function of learning, depending on its precise involvement in the process under investigation. Here, we summarize the available evidence and derive two overarching hypotheses regarding the role of GABA modulation in performance and learning. Firstly, training-induced increases in GABA levels appear to be associated with an improved ability to differentiate minor perceptual differences during perceptual learning. This observation gives rise to the ‘GABA increase for better neural distinctiveness hypothesis’. Secondly, converging evidence suggests that reducing GABA levels may play a beneficial role in effectively filtering perceptual noise, enhancing motor learning, and improving performance in visuomotor tasks. Additionally, some studies suggest that the reduction of GABA levels is related to better working memory and successful reinforcement learning. These observations inspire the ‘GABA decrease to boost learning hypothesis’, which states that decreasing neural inhibition through a reduction of GABA in dedicated brain areas facilitates human learning. Additionally, modulation of GABA levels is also observed after short-term physical exercise. Future work should elucidate which specific circumstances induce robust GABA modulation to enhance neuroplasticity and boost performance.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12993-024-00248-9.
... 6 Two randomized controlled studies of yoga, one in healthy patients (n = 19) and one in individuals with major depressive disorder (n = 30), both found associations of yoga, increased GABA and improved mood. 7,8 Results from these studies suggest that yoga likely increases GABA levels. Whether this may be implicated in effectiveness of yoga in reducing seizure frequency, given the use of GABAergic or GABA-targeted anti-seizure medication, requires additional research. ...
Lifestyle interventions are strategies used to self‐manage medical conditions, such as epilepsy, and often complement traditional pharmacologic and surgical therapies. The need for integrating evidence‐based lifestyle interventions into mainstream medicine for the treatment of epilepsy is evident given that despite the availability of a multitude of treatments with medications and surgical techniques, a significant proportion of patients have refractory seizures, and even those who are seizure‐free report significant adverse effects with current treatments. Although the evidence base for complementary medicine is less robust than it is for traditional forms of medicine, the evidence to date suggests that several forms of complementary medicine including yoga, mindfulness meditation, cognitive behavioral therapy, diet and nutrition, exercise and memory rehabilitation, and music therapy may have important roles as adjuncts in the treatment armamentarium for epilepsy. These topics were discussed by a diverse group of medical providers and scientists at the “Lifestyle Intervention for Epilepsy (LIFE)” symposium hosted by Cleveland Clinic.
Plain Language Summary
There are many people with epilepsy who continue to have seizures even though they are being treated with medication or brain surgery. Even after seizures stop, some may experience medication side effects. There is research to suggest that certain lifestyle changes, such as yoga, mindfulness, exercise, music therapy, and adjustments to diet, could help people with epilepsy, when used along with routine treatment. Experts discussed the latest research at the “Lifestyle Intervention for Epilepsy (LIFE)” symposium hosted by Cleveland Clinic.
... En revisiones sistemáticas previas enfocadas a pacientes diabéticos ya se había observado que los ejercicios que incluyen un componente mental combinado con un componente físico como es el caso del yoga, el pilates o ejercicios tradicionales chinos tienen efectos favorables sobre la salud mental producto de la disminución de la presión arterial, cortisol y niveles de citoquinas asociadas al estrés (Pascoe et al., 2017;Ruiz-Ariza et al., 2023). Adicionalmente, el ejercicio ha demostrado ser capaz de incrementar los niveles de GABA (Streeter et al., 2010), neurotransmisor que actúa como antidepresivo natural a la vez que modula los niveles de serotonina y norepinefrina (Sharma et al., 2006). Esta revisión sistemática actualiza el estado de la información disponible sobre los efectos de las intervenciones físicas en las sintomatologías depresivas, de ansiedad y estrés, además de contar con artículos con adecuada calidad metodológica. ...
La creciente evidencia científica sugiere que la actividad física mejora la sintomatología depresiva, de ansiedad o de estrés en diferentes poblaciones, en especial la universitaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conducir una revisión sistemática de estudios controlados aleatorizados que evaluaron los efectos de la actividad física en la sintomatología depresiva, de ansiedad y/o estrés estudiantes universitarios en el período de 1986 al 2023. Diferentes palabras clave relacionadas con la temática y operadores Booleanos fueron usados en las bases de datos: Web of Science, PubMed y Scopus. Un total de 27 artículos que reunieron los criterios de inclusión fueron analizados, todos ellos evaluaron la depresión, ansiedad o estrés con diversas baterías. En el metaanálisis un total de 22 estudios: 10 estudios para la depresión, 8 para la ansiedad y 4 para el estrés mostraron los beneficios de las actividades físicas realizadas. Todos los estudios tenían al menos un grupo de intervención con actividades físicas y las intervenciones mostraron diversidad de variedad de frecuencia, duración y tipos. La heterogeneidad de protocolos implementados puede ser la razón de la variedad de resultados. Futuros estudios deberán establecer con mejor claridad la prescripción del ejercicio para establecer cual genera efectos más benéficos y duraderos en la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios. Palabras Clave: Actividad Física; Universitarios; Depresión; Ansiedad; Estrés, Salud Mental Abstract. Recent scientific evidence increasingly suggests that physical activities can effectively alleviate symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress across different populations, particularly among university students (1986 – 2023). The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of physical activities on depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in university students. Various keywords related to the topic and Boolean operators were employed in the databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. A total of 27 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Each study utilized diverse assessment batteries to evaluate depression, anxiety, or stress. In the meta-analysis, a comprehensive review of 22 studies (10 focusing on depression, 8 on anxiety, and 4 on stress) consistently demonstrated the positive effects of physical activities. All studies incorporated at least one intervention group engaging in physical activities, with interventions varying in terms of frequency, duration, and types. The diversity in implemented protocols likely contributed to the range of observed outcomes. Moving forward, it is crucial for future research to establish clearer guidelines for exercise prescription to determine which types yield the most beneficial and sustainable effects on the mental health of university students. Keywords: Physical Activity; University Students; Depression; Anxiety; Stress; Mental Health
Neuroscience research has associated meditation practice with effects on cognitive, motivational and emotional processes. These processes are mediated by several brain circuits, including the striatum and its associated cortical connections. The aim of this study was to focus on the striatum and test how its functional connectivity is affected in long-term practitioners of Sahaja Yoga Meditation. We studied differences between resting and meditation states in a group of 23 Sahaja Yoga Meditation experts. We also compared the resting state between meditation experts and a control group of 23 non-meditating participants. Functional connectivity contrasts between conditions and groups were performed using seeds in the dorsal and ventral striatum (caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens). During meditation, compared to the resting state, meditators showed altered connectivity between the striatum and parietal, sensorimotor and cerebellar regions. Resting state in meditators relative to that of controls showed reduced functional connectivity between the left accumbens and the mid cingulate, which was correlated with reduced Simon Task interference reaction time effect in meditators. In conclusion, the striatum may play a pivotal role in the practice of Sahaja Yoga Meditation by altering attention and self-referencing, and by modulating bodily sensations. Furthermore, meditation practice could produce long-term changes in striatal connectivity.
Background: Obesity is the most hazardous condition in modern scenario which is linked with various diseases. Main reason of this condition is improper life style and stress. Yoga is one of the effective therapy to provide benefits and relief from many of the health problems. Aim and objectives: To assess the beneficial effects of 12 weeks yoga practice on cardio-autonomic functions and mental wellbeing in overweight medical students between the age group 18-24 years. Material and Methods: In present study, 60 overweight (BMI ≥ 25-29.9Kg/m 2) medical students were enrolled. They were further classified into 2 groups, yoga group (N=30 who were willing to participate in yoga) Control group (N=30 who were not willing to participate in yoga). Anthropometric, sympathetic, parasympathetic parameters and mental wellbeing scores were recorded in both groups at baseline, after 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis were done by using one way ANOVA and impaired t Test. Results: Present study showed statistically significant change in BMI, weight, heart rate, SBP, DBP and WHO well-being score after yoga practice. There was also less rise in SBP and DBP with hand grip and cold pressure test were noted. A significantly higher mean value of E:I ratio and 30:15 ratio after yoga practice were observed. Conclusion: Our study shows that yoga practice has beneficial effects on reduction of body weight, strengthening autonomic nervous system and improvement of mental well being.
There is strong evidence for lifestyle interventions for mental health such as physical activity, nutrition, sleep, social connections, reduction of substance use, and mind–body practices. Replicating findings in randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes with participants with diagnosed mental health conditions is needed. Exact neurobiological mechanisms require elucidation. Future directions include providing more personalized and patient-centered lifestyle recommendations, which are challenging given the heterogeneity of interventions in the current research landscape. Lifestyle psychiatry must continue to address systemic barriers, including lack of insurance coverage for specific interventions and allied health services, social determinants of health that limit the ability to sustain positive lifestyle change, and the need for multidisciplinary teams and integration of lifestyle interventions within mental health settings.
The objective of this review study is to examine the combined antidepressant effects of exercise and polyphenol supplementation, with a focus on specific polyphenolic compounds such as crocin, curcumin, and quercetin, as well as different forms of physical exercise, including aerobic and resistance training. The research examines how these interventions influence depressive-like behaviors, cognitive function, and neurochemical markers in animal models and human participants. The findings demonstrate that both exercise and polyphenols independently contribute to mood enhancement, reduced anxiety, and improved cognitive function through mechanisms such as neurogenesis, neurotransmitter modulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Notably, the combined interventions showed a synergistic effect, providing more significant benefits in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhancing cognitive performance, and supporting overall mental well-being. These results suggest that integrating exercise and polyphenol supplementation could be a promising non-pharmacological approach to managing depression and related disorders.
A depressão é uma condição mental prevalente e debilitante, afetando milhões de pessoas globalmente. Embora tratamentos convencionais, como medicamentos e terapias, desempenhem um papel central no manejo da doença, práticas complementares têm ganhado destaque por sua capacidade de promover alívio adicional e proporcionar um tratamento mais holístico. Dentre essas práticas, o Kaiut Yoga se apresenta como uma abordagem promissora, caracterizando-se por movimentos suaves, foco na respiração e atenção plena. Sendo assim, este artigo revisa a literatura existente e investiga o impacto potencial do Kaiut Yoga na redução dos sintomas depressivos. A prática de Kaiut Yoga, com foco em ganho de mobilidade profunda, posturas acessíveis e respiração consciente, contribui para o equilíbrio físico e mental de maneira integral. Além de reduzir estresse e ansiedade frequentemente associados à depressão, essa prática promove maior consciência corporal e emocional, auxiliando na diminuição de padrões negativos de pensamento. Sua abordagem personalizada e holística pode também favorecer a neuroplasticidade e melhorar a regulação emocional, mostrando-se como um complemento valioso aos tratamentos convencionais. Assim, o Kaiut Yoga se destaca como uma estratégia integrativa que reforça a conexão mente-corpo e favorece um bem-estar mais sustentável para indivíduos em tratamento da depressão.
A ansiedade é um transtorno mental comum e amplamente prevalente, afetando milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo. Ela é caracterizada por sentimentos persistentes de apreensão, nervosismo e preocupação excessiva, frequentemente acompanhados de sintomas físicos, como taquicardia, sudorese e tensão muscular. Esse distúrbio pode comprometer significativamente a qualidade de vida, impactando tanto a saúde mental quanto a física do indivíduo. O tratamento convencional para a ansiedade envolve, em geral, o uso de medicamentos ansiolíticos e psicoterapias, como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental. Contudo, essas abordagens podem ter limitações, como efeitos colaterais indesejados e desafios relacionados à adesão ao tratamento, o que tem levado à busca por alternativas terapêuticas mais acessíveis e eficazes. Nesse contexto, o Kaiut Yoga, uma prática focada na mobilidade articular e na conexão mente-corpo, tem surgido como uma opção complementar promissora para o manejo da ansiedade. Este artigo explora os efeitos do Kaiut Yoga no tratamento dos sintomas de ansiedade, destacando suas vantagens em comparação aos tratamentos convencionais. A revisão da literatura revela que a prática regular de yoga pode ajudar a ativar o sistema parassimpático, reduzir os níveis de cortisol e melhorar a regulação emocional, tornando-se uma alternativa terapêutica eficaz e acessível. O Kaiut Yoga demonstrou também potencial para aliviar os sintomas de ansiedade, ao mesmo tempo que promove uma melhora no bem-estar geral. As conclusões sugerem que essa prática representa uma alternativa válida para o tratamento da ansiedade, com benefícios sustentáveis e adaptáveis a diferentes perfis, incluindo indivíduos com comorbidades e limitações físicas. Além de ser uma prática de baixo custo e não invasiva, o Kaiut Yoga oferece resultados duradouros, tornando-se uma opção relevante para aqueles que buscam melhorar sua qualidade de vida de maneira holística.
In the United Nations and WHO’s aim of sustainable development Goal, Ayurveda has a huge role, especially in psycho-somatic disorders. In its comprehensive action plan for mental health (2013-2030), WHO aims to integrate mental health into primary health care; here, Ayurveda can play an integral role as we have a strong presence at the primary level. The basic principles of Ayurvedic management involve Prakruti parikshana, which involves Sharirika (physical) and Manasika (mental) examination in detail, thereby signifying the objective of Rogispecific treatment and not Roga (symptomatic) treatment, which is a unique point in our favour. The idea that there is no health without mental health and that every individual should be dealt with differently is the soul of Ayurveda. In tune with these facts, the concepts of “Satva” and “Prakruti” have been elaborately explained in Ayurvedic texts. So, Ayurveda can play an integral role in providing mental health services by framing policies in line with national and international frameworks for practical and large-scale implementation and acceptability.
The present study aimed to examine the effect of yoga intervention on mental wellbeing of employees working at a government sector. After screening 254 employees 90 participants (Experimental Group n = 45, Control Group n = 45) aged between 25 and 55 years were taken for the study using purposive sampling technique. Mental wellbeing was recorded before and after the intervention in experimental group and without any intervention in the wait-list control group using Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS).The employees in the experimental group were given 60 min for yoga practice every day, for 25 days. The analysis was done using IBM SPSS software and Independent sample t-Test and Paired sample t-Test were the main statistical analysis employed. The results of the study showed that Yoga Practice significantly helps to improve Mental Wellbeing and is a convenient and low-cost approach.
People need yoga at the office because prolonged desk work can lead to physical issues like back pain and stiffness, which yoga can alleviate through gentle stretching and improved posture. Micro yoga at the office, consisting of short, simple stretches and mindfulness exercises, can significantly enhance both physical and mental health. By incorporating brief sessions of yoga throughout the workday, employees can alleviate the physical strain caused by prolonged sitting, reducing the risk of musculoskeletal issues like back pain and stiffness. These micro yoga breaks also promote better posture and increased circulation, leading to heightened energy levels and reduced fatigue. Mentally, these small doses of yoga help mitigate stress, improve focus, and foster a sense of calm, thus enhancing overall productivity and well-being. By seamlessly integrating into the office environment, micro yoga offers a practical, accessible way for employees to maintain their health and wellness amidst the demands of their workday.
Background
Hypothyroidism (HT) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder, affecting approximately one in 10 out of 35 adults, with a higher prevalence in females and the elderly.
Purpose
This systematic review (SR) aimed to discuss the effects of yoga on markers and comorbid conditions of HT.
Methods
The SR was registered with the PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022312990). Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched for the relevant English language interventional studies published from 31 December 1947 to 31 December 2023 by using the keywords ‘meditation OR breath regulation OR yoga OR yoga nidra AND hypothyroidism OR hypothyreosis OR underactive thyroid OR low thyroid’. Of the 4078 screened studies, eight eligible studies (three RCTs, two pilot studies, two pre-post trials, and one case study) with 421 HT patients (392 females and 29 males) and three to six-month yoga interventions were included. Two independent review authors extracted study characteristics and synthesised them descriptively. RCTs and NRSIs were assessed for risk-of-bias (RoB) using Cochrane tools RoB2 and ROBINS-1.
Results
The findings suggest that yoga effectively improves the thyroid profile, lipid profile, heart rate variability, pulmonary functions, anxiety, depression, and quality of life among HT patients.
Conclusion
Yoga may be an inexpensive add-on preventive and therapeutic option for HT. The clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the studies did not allow for meta-analysis (MA). Well-designed MAs are warranted by including rigorous RCTs to draw valid conclusions and defined mechanisms regarding the efficacy of yoga practices/interventions on HT.
A BSTRACT
Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as menstrual pain, is characterized by painful uterine cramps during menstruation and significantly impacts a woman’s physical, mental, and emotional health. Elevated prostaglandin levels cause dysrhythmic uterine contractions, reducing blood flow, leading to uterine hypoxia, and producing anaerobic metabolites that activate pain receptors. This study aims to review the effectiveness of yoga as an alternative treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. A search of English-language literature published from 2010 to 2023 was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar using keywords “Yoga” AND “Menstrual Pain” OR “Dysmenorrhea.” The inclusion criteria were limited to randomized controlled trials examining the impact of yoga on dysmenorrhea symptoms. From 111 identified studies, 6 met the selection criteria and were included in the review. The review investigates yoga’s potential to alleviate primary dysmenorrhea’s physical and mental health effects. The literature indicates that yoga, including asanas, pranayama, and Yoga Nidra, is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea symptoms. Findings suggest that various yoga practices can significantly reduce menstrual pain and discomfort, improving overall health outcomes. However, the reviewed studies have limitations, such as small sample sizes and variations in study design. To establish yoga as an evidence-based solution for menstrual health issues, further research with rigorous scientific methods and larger sample sizes is needed. More high-quality trials focusing on a yogic approach are necessary to confirm yoga’s effectiveness as a primary management option for women with primary dysmenorrhea.
Background: Anxiety disorders significantly reduce patients’ quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments, primarily benzodiazepines and antidepressants, are associated with numerous side effects. Consequently, there is a continual search for alternative methods to traditional therapies that are less burdensome for patients and broaden their therapeutic options. Our objective was to determine the role of selected alternative methods in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Methods: In this review, we examined recent evidence on alternative treatments for anxiety disorders, including physical activity, mindfulness, virtual reality (VR) technology, biofeedback, herbal remedies, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), cryotherapy, hyperbaric therapy, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. For this purpose we reviewed PubMed and after initial search, we excluded works unrelated to our aim, non-orginal data and animal studies. We conducted second search to cover all minor methods. Results: We included 116 studies, which data is presented in Tables. We have investigated which methods can support treatment and which can be used as a stand-alone treatment. We assessed the risks to benefits of using alternative treatments. Conclusion: Alternative treatments significantly expand the options available to patients and clinicians, with many serving as adjuncts to traditional therapies. Among the methods presented, mindfulness has the most significant therapeutic potential.
Background
Those interested in practicing yoga often lack clarity on what would be the best time to practice yoga. This paper intends to review the ancient, scientific and contemporary literature to understand this. Ancient texts on yoga mention that the best time to practice yoga is early morning hours. Lack of information and standardization regarding timing of the yoga practice is a key indicator for us to explore current study on the influence of time on yoga practice which can set a direction for the future studies and possible outcomes that can be derived by choosing the best time to practice yoga.
Methods
In this review article we searched the scientific and traditional literature to find an answer to this question. We searched Google Scholar and PubMed using the following criteria: 1) Research studies examining the influence of timing on practice of Yoga, exercise, meditation or mindfulness on various variables 2) Studies published in English language until March 1, 2024.
Results
We found sixteen studies; most of them were surveys that tried to assess the influence of time of physical activity/mindfulness on various health parameters. We observed that there are studies that suggest that the best time to practice yoga could depend on the specific outcome that is attempted to be achieved. Awareness of the appropriate time to practice yoga is important for several reasons, including enhancing the effectiveness of the practice, to regulating the body's internal clock, reducing the chances of distractions and developing a consistent regimen for practice.
Conclusion
Engaging in morning vigorous exercise or yoga is better than evening vigorous yoga or exercise for enhancing the state of mind/mood of the practitioner and improving sleep quality in the night. Evening yoga should be less intense, relaxing and more meditative. Intense exercise / yoga in the evening may reduce the sleep quality in night. Studies also suggest that the difference in chronotype of the individual could possibly play a role in determining the best time to practice yoga.
Caregiving for cancer patients is a demanding role that often leads to significant psychological distress. This study aims to explore the impact of yoga on caregiver resilience and psychological distress in the context of cancer care. We have found that yoga, as a mind-body practice, effectively mitigates stress, cultivates self-compassion, and equips caregivers with tools for navigating their demanding roles. The results reveal that incorporating yoga enhances caregiver well-being, highlighting its positive correlation with improved patient outcomes. This study underscores the holistic benefits of integrating yoga within a One Health approach to enhance overall caregiving dynamics.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Assessment of habitual physical activity in epidemiologic and health education studies has been difficult. A seven-day physical activity recall interview was developed and administered in a community health survey, a randomized clinical trial, and two worksite health promotion programs during 1979-1982. These studies were conducted in several populations in California, Texas, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Energy expenditure estimates from the physical activity recall conformed to expected age- and sex-specific values in the cross-sectional community survey. Estimates of energy expenditure were also congruent with other questions on physical activity and job classification. In a randomized, one-year exercise trial, the physical activity recall detected increases in energy expenditure in the treated group and was positively associated with miles run during training (p less than 0.05). Changes in energy expenditure were associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max (r = 0.33, p less than 0.05) and body fatness (r = -0.50, p less than 0.01) at six months, and in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = 0.31, p less than 0.05) and triglyceride (r = -0.41, p less than 0.01) at one year. The physical activity recall detected significant (p less than 0.01) increases in energy expenditure in treatment groups in two worksite health promotion projects. These data suggest that the physical activity recall provides useful estimates of habitual physical activity for research in epidemiologic and health education studies.
We provide an updated version of the Compendium of Physical Activities, a coding scheme that classifies specific physical activity (PA) by rate of energy expenditure. It was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-reports of PA. The Compendium coding scheme links a five-digit code that describes physical activities by major headings (e.g., occupation, transportation, etc.) and specific activities within each major heading with its intensity, defined as the ratio of work metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate (MET). Energy expenditure in MET-minutes, MET-hours, kcal, or kcal per kilogram body weight can be estimated for specific activities by type or MET intensity. Additions to the Compendium were obtained from studies describing daily PA patterns of adults and studies measuring the energy cost of specific physical activities in field settings. The updated version includes two new major headings of volunteer and religious activities, extends the number of specific activities from 477 to 605, and provides updated MET intensity levels for selected activities.
To review the evidence for the effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression.
Systematic literature search using PubMed, PsycLit, the Cochrane Library and previous review papers.
Thirty-seven treatments were identified and grouped under the categories of medicines, physical treatments, lifestyle, and dietary changes. We give a description of each treatment, the rationale behind the treatment, a review of studies on effectiveness, and the level of evidence for the effectiveness studies.
The treatments with the best evidence of effectiveness are St John's wort, exercise, bibliotherapy involving cognitive behaviour therapy and light therapy (for winter depression). There is some limited evidence to support the effectiveness of acupuncture, light therapy (for non-seasonal depression), massage therapy, negative air ionisation (for winter depression), relaxation therapy, S-adenosylmethionine, folate and yoga breathing exercises.
Although none of the treatments reviewed is as well supported by evidence as standard treatments such as antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy, many warrant further research.
The authors review the available literature on the preclinical and clinical studies involving GABAergic neurotransmission in mood disorders. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter present almost exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS), distributed across almost all brain regions, and expressed in interneurons modulating local circuits. The role of GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders was first proposed 20 years ago. Preclinical studies have suggested that GABA levels may be decreased in animal models of depression, and clinical studies reported low plasma and CSF GABA levels in mood disorder patients. Also, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, electroconvulsive therapy, and GABA agonists have been shown to reverse the depression-like behavior in animal models and to be effective in unipolar and bipolar patients by increasing brain GABAergic activity. The hypothesis of reduced GABAergic activity in mood disorders may complement the monoaminergic and serotonergic theories, proposing that the balance between multiple neurotransmitter systems may be altered in these disorders. However, low GABAergic cortical function may probably be a feature of a subset of mood disorder patients, representing a genetic susceptibility. In this paper, we discuss the status of GABAergic hypothesis of mood disorders and suggest possible directions for future preclinical and clinical research in this area.
To review the evidence for the effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders.
Systematic literature search using PubMed, PsycLit, and the Cochrane Library.
108 treatments were identified and grouped under the categories of medicines and homoeopathic remedies, physical treatments, lifestyle, and dietary changes. We give a description of the 34 treatments (for which evidence was found in the literature searched), the rationale behind the treatments, a review of studies on effectiveness, and the level of evidence for the effectiveness studies.
The treatments with the best evidence of effectiveness are kava (for generalised anxiety), exercise (for generalised anxiety), relaxation training (for generalised anxiety, panic disorder, dental phobia and test anxiety) and bibliotherapy (for specific phobias). There is more limited evidence to support the effectiveness of acupuncture, music, autogenic training and meditation for generalised anxiety; for inositol in the treatment of panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder; and for alcohol avoidance by people with alcohol-use disorders to reduce a range of anxiety disorders.
Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations have been reported in the plasma, CSF, and cortex of depressed subjects. Of interest is that ECT, one of the most effective treatments for severe refractory depression, produces considerable anticonvulsant effects that may be related to increased GABAergic transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine if cortical GABA concentrations increase following a course of ECT.
Occipital cortex GABA concentrations in eight depressed patients were measured by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after a course of ECT.
A significant increase in occipital cortex GABA concentrations was seen following ECT treatment of depression.
Occipital cortex GABA concentrations increase two-fold following ECT. This suggests possible GABAergic involvement in ECT's mechanism of anticonvulsant and antidepressant actions.
Although yoga is historically a spiritual discipline, it has also been used clinically as a therapeutic intervention. A bibliometric analysis on the biomedical journal literature involving research on the clinical application of yoga has revealed an increase in publication frequency over the past 3 decades with a substantial and growing use of randomized controlled trials. Types of medical conditions have included psychopathological (e.g. depression, anxiety), cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, heart disease), respiratory (e.g. asthma), diabetes and a variety of others. A majority of this research has been conducted by Indian investigators and published in Indian journals, particularly yoga specialty journals, although recent trends indicate increasing contributions from investigators in the U.S. and England. Yoga therapy is a relatively novel and emerging clinical discipline within the broad category of mind-body medicine, whose growth is consistent with the burgeoning popularity of yoga in the West and the increasing worldwide use of alternative medicine.
Both the neurotransmitter serotonin and the ovarian steroid estrogen have been implicated in the modulation of mood and cognition. Although significant functional interactions between estrogen and serotonin are acknowledged, the nature of their relationship has not been fully elucidated. Research using ovariectomized animals has identified estrogen-induced changes in serotonin transmission, binding, and metabolism in brain regions implicated in the regulation of affect and cognition. Studies in humans, particularly of menopausal women undergoing estrogen treatment, have provided some support for these findings and identified instances in which change in mood or cognition is accompanied by alterations in serotonin function and hormonal status. However, it is apparent that further research is required to understand the neural processes involved in the interplay between estrogen and serotonin. By reviewing animal and human data regarding estrogen and serotonin's effects on mood and cognition, the authors aim to better define their relationship and highlight areas for further research.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptors are thought to play an important role in modulating the central nervous system in response to stress. Animal data have shown alterations in the GABA(A) receptor complex by uncontrollable stressors. SPECT imaging with benzodiazepine ligands showed lower distribution volumes of the benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor in the prefrontal cortex of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in one, but not in another study. The objective of the present study was to assess differences in the benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor complex in veterans with and without PTSD using [(11)C]flumazenil and positron emission tomography (PET). Nine drug naive male Dutch veterans with deployment related PTSD and seven male Dutch veterans without PTSD were recruited, and matched for age, region and year of deployment. Each subject received a [(11)C]flumazenil PET scan and a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Dynamic 3D PET scans with a total duration of 60 min were acquired, and binding in template based and manually defined regions of interest (ROI) was quantified using validated plasma input and reference tissue models. In addition, parametric binding potential images were compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2). ROI analyses using both template based and manual ROIs showed significantly reduced [(11)C]flumazenil binding in PTSD subjects throughout the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus. SPM analysis confirmed these results. The observed global reduction of [(11)C]flumazenil binding in patients with PTSD provides circumstantial evidence for the role of the benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor in the pathophysiology of PTSD and is consistent with previous animal research and clinical psychopharmacological studies.
Relaxation techniques are established in managing of cardiac patients during rehabilitation aiming to reduce future adverse cardiac events. It has been hypothesized that relaxation-training programs may significantly improve cardiac autonomic nervous tone. However, this has not been proven for all available relaxation techniques. We tested this assumption by investigating cardiac vagal modulation during yoga.We examined 11 healthy yoga practitioners (7 women and 4 men, mean age: 43 +/- 11; range: 26-58 years). Each individual was subjected to training units of 90 min once a week over five successive weeks. During two sessions, they practiced a yoga program developed for cardiac patients by B.K.S. Iyengar. On three sessions, they practiced a placebo program of relaxation. On each training day they underwent ambulatory 24 h Holter monitoring. The group of yoga practitioners was compared to a matched group of healthy individuals not practicing any relaxation techniques. Parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) were determined hourly by a blinded observer. Mean RR interval (interval between two R-waves of the ECG) was significantly higher during the time of yoga intervention compared to placebo and to control (P < 0.001 for both). The increase in HRV parameters was significantly higher during yoga exercise than during placebo and control especially for the parameters associated with vagal tone, i.e. mean standard deviation of NN (Normal Beat to Normal Beat of the ECG) intervals for all 5-min intervals (SDNNi, P < 0.001 for both) and root mean square successive difference (rMSSD, P < 0.01 for both). In conclusion, relaxation by yoga training is associated with a significant increase of cardiac vagal modulation. Since this method is easy to apply with no side effects, it could be a suitable intervention in cardiac rehabilitation programs.
This paper proposes an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of longitudinal data. We introduce a class of
estimating equations that give consistent estimates of the regression parameters and of their variance under mild assumptions
about the time dependence. The estimating equations are derived without specifying the joint distribution of a subject's observations
yet they reduce to the score equations for niultivariate Gaussian outcomes. Asymptotic theory is presented for the general
class of estimators. Specific cases in which we assume independence, m-dependence and exchangeable correlation structures from each subject are discussed. Efficiency of the pioposecl estimators
in two simple situations is considered. The approach is closely related to quasi-likelihood.
The effect of exercise on negative affect has been examined in hundreds of studies. However, the effect of exercise on diagnosed clinical depression has received far less attention. Furthermore, poor methodological techniques predominate and results have been conflicting. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness. The 37 chosen studies (since 1996) examined the effect of a chronic exercise paradigm (independent variable) on depression (dependent variable). Each study's variables were coded: design, subjects, exercise, and dependent measure characteristics that could moderate the effect of exercise on depression. Moderator variables were analyzed using ANOVA. Results showed an overall mean effect of –.72. Therefore, individuals who exercised were –.72 of a standard deviation less depressed than individuals who did not exercise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
more than two decades ago, the timeline was developed as a procedure to aid recall of past drinking / that method, first referred to as the gathering of daily drinking disposition data and later labeled as the timeline follow-back (TLFB) method, is the focus of this chapter / TLFB appears to provide a relatively accurate portrayal of drinking and has both clinical and research utility
administration of the TLFB technique / psychometric properties / test–retest reliability / subject-collateral comparisons / concurrent validity (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Describes the development and validation of a measure designed to assess feeling states that occur in conjunction with acute bouts of physical activity, the Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI). The EFI consists of 12 items that capture 4 distinct feeling states: revitalization, tranquility, positive engagement, and physical exhaustion. The multidimensional structure of the EFI is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The subscales have good internal consistency, share expected variance with related constructs, are sensitive to exercise interventions, and appear responsive to the different social contexts in which activity may occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Activity Counseling Trial: rationale, design, and methods. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 30, No. 7, pp. 1097-1106, 1998. The Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in the primary health care setting. ACT has recruited, evaluated, and randomized 874 men and women 35-75 yr of age who are patients of primary care physicians. Participants were assigned to one of three educational interventions that differ in amount of interpersonal contact and resources required: standard care control, staff-assisted intervention, or staff-counseling intervention. The study is designed to provide 90% power in both men and women to detect a 1.1 kcal·kg-1·day-1 difference in total daily energy expenditure between any two treatment groups, and over 90% power to detect a 7% increase in maximal oxygen uptake, the two primary outcomes. Primary analyses will compare study groups on mean outcome measures at 24 months post-randomization, be adjusted for the baseline value of the outcome measure and for multiple comparisons, and be conducted separately for men and women. Secondary outcomes include comparisons between interventions at 24 months of factors related to cardiovascular disease (blood lipids/lipoproteins, blood pressure, body composition, plasma insulin, fibrinogen, dietary intake, smoking, heart rate variability), psychosocial effects, and cost-effectiveness, and at 6 months for primary outcome measures. ACT is the first large-scale behavioral intervention study of physical activity counseling in a clinical setting, includes a generalizable sample of adult men and women and of clinical settings, and examines long-term (24 months) effects. ACT has the potential to make substantial contributions to the understanding of how to promote physical activity in the primary health care setting.
Immunocytochemical studies have identified alterations in GABA neurons in several models of seizure disorders. However, the changes have varied among different epilepsy models, and these variations presumably reflect the diversity of mechanisms that can lead to seizure disorders. In models of cortical focal epilepsy, there is strong evidence for decreases in the number of GABAergic elements, and the changes closely parallel the time course of seizure development. By contrast, in some genetic models of epilepsy, increases in the number of immunocytochemically-detectable neurons have been observed in selected brain regions. In several models of temporal lobe epilepsy, there presently is little immunocytochemical evidence for alterations of GABA neurons within the hippocampal formation despite physiological demonstrations of decreased GABA-mediated inhibition in this region. However, it remains possible that certain types of GABA neurons could be differentially affected in some seizure disorders while other types are preserved. Thus, distinguishing between different classes of GABA neurons and determining their functional roles represent major challenges for future studies of GABA neurons in seizure disorders.
Repetitive stimulation of the vagus nerve inhibits chemically induced seizures in dogs. We report here the results and conclusions from studies designed to answer some of the immediate questions raised by this finding. (1) Maximal stimulation of vagal C fibers at frequencies greater than 4 Hz prevents or reduces chemically and electrically induced seizures in young male rats. (2) Antiepileptic potency is directly related to the fraction of vagal C fibers stimulated. (3) Vagal stimulation shortens but does not shut down a chemical seizure once it has begun. (4) In rats, optimal stimulus frequency is approximately 10-20 Hz; duration of stimulus, 0.5-1 ms; and stimulus strength, 0.2-0.5 mA/mm2 of nerve cross-section. These results, when taken together with similar results obtained from dogs, monkeys, and humans, strongly suggest that periodic stimulation of the vagus nerve using appropriate stimulation parameters is a powerful method for preventing seizures. The data from the literature suggest that the antiepileptic actions of vagal stimulation are largely mediated by widespread release of GABA and glycine in the brainstem and cerebral cortex. The probable pathway is via projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the reticular formation and thence by diffuse projections to the cortex and other areas. Intermittent vagal stimulation has the potentiality of reducing the number and/or the intensity of seizures in patients with intractable epilepsy. These results indicate that feasibility studies in humans should be continued and expanded.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
Longitudinal data sets are comprised of repeated observations of an outcome and a set of covariates for each of many subjects. One objective of statistical analysis is to describe the marginal expectation of the outcome variable as a function of the covariates while accounting for the correlation among the repeated observations for a given subject. This paper proposes a unifying approach to such analysis for a variety of discrete and continuous outcomes. A class of generalized estimating equations (GEEs) for the regression parameters is proposed. The equations are extensions of those used in quasi-likelihood (Wedderburn, 1974, Biometrika 61, 439-447) methods. The GEEs have solutions which are consistent and asymptotically Gaussian even when the time dependence is misspecified as we often expect. A consistent variance estimate is presented. We illustrate the use of the GEE approach with longitudinal data from a study of the effect of mothers' stress on children's morbidity.
The Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in the primary health care setting. ACT has recruited, evaluated, and randomized 874 men and women 35-75 yr of age who are patients of primary care physicians. Participants were assigned to one of three educational interventions that differ in amount of interpersonal contact and resources required: standard care control, staff-assisted intervention, or staff-counseling intervention. The study is designed to provide 90% power in both men and women to detect a 1.1 kcal.kg-1.day-1 difference in total daily energy expenditure between any two treatment groups, and over 90% power to detect a 7% increase in maximal oxygen uptake, the two primary outcomes. Primary analyses will compare study groups on mean outcome measures at 24 months post-randomization, be adjusted for the baseline value of the outcome measure and for multiple comparisons, and be conducted separately for men and women. Secondary outcomes include comparisons between interventions at 24 months of factors related to cardiovascular disease (blood lipids/lipoproteins, blood pressure, body composition, plasma insulin, fibrinogen, dietary intake, smoking, heart rate variability), psychosocial effect, and cost-effectiveness, and at 6 months for primary outcome measures. ACT is the first large-scale behavioral intervention study of physical activity counseling in a clinical setting, includes a generalizable sample of adult men and women and of clinical setting, and examines long-term (24 months) effects. ACT has the potential to make substantial contributions to the understanding of how to promote physical activity in the primary health care setting.
Water suppression is typically performed in vivo by exciting the longitudinal magnetization in combination with dephasing, or by using frequency-selective coherence generation. MEGA, a frequency-selective refocusing technique, can be placed into any pulse sequence element designed to generate a Hahn spin-echo or stimulated echo, to dephase transverse water coherences with minimal spectral distortions. Water suppression performance was verified in vivo using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization, which provided water suppression comparable with that achieved with four selective pulses in 3,1-DRYSTEAM. The advantage of the proposed method was exploited for editing J-coupled resonances. Using a double-banded pulse that selectively inverts a J-coupling partner and simultaneously suppresses water, efficient metabolite editing was achieved in the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM sequences in which MEGA was incorporated. To illustrate the efficiency of the method, the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated, with minimal contributions from macromolecules and overlying singlet peaks at 4 T. The estimated occipital GABA concentration was consistent with previous reports, suggesting that editing for GABA is efficient when based on MEGA at high field strengths.
Three methods for measuring time spent in daily physical activity (PA) were compared during a 21-d period among 83 adults (38 men and 45 women).
Each day, participants wore a Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) monitor and completed a 1-page, 48-item PA log that reflected time spent in household, occupational, transportation, sport, conditioning, and leisure activities. Once a week, participants also completed a telephone survey to identify the number of minutes spent each week in nonoccupational walking and in moderate intensity and hard/very hard-intensity PA. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank-order correlations. Three equations developed to compute CSA cut points for moderate and hard/very hard PA were also compared with the PA logs and PA survey.
There was modest to good agreement for the time spent in different PA intensity categories between the three CSA cut point methods (r = 0.43-0.94, P < 0.001). Correlations between the CSA and PA logs ranged from r = 0.22 to r = 0.36, depending on the comparisons. Correlations between the survey items and PA logs were r = 0.26-0.54 (P < 0.01) for moderate and walking activities and r < 0.09 (P > 0.05) for hard/very hard activities. Correlations between the survey items and the CSA min per day varied according to the method used to compute the CSA intensity cut points.
The results were consistent with findings from other PA validation studies that show motion sensors, PA logs, and surveys reflect PA; however, these methods do not always provide similar estimates of the time spent in resting/light, moderate, or hard/very hard PA.
Yoga is an age-old traditional Indian psycho-philosophical-cultural method of leading one's life, that alleviates stress, induces relaxation and provides multiple health benefits to the person following its system. It is a method of controlling the mind through the union of an individual's dormant energy with the universal energy. Commonly practiced yoga methods are 'Pranayama' (controlled deep breathing), 'Asanas' (physical postures) and 'Dhyana' (meditation) admixed in varying proportions with differing philosophic ideas. A review of yoga in relation to epilepsy encompasses not only seizure control but also many factors dealing with overall quality-of-life issues (QOL). This paper reviews articles related to yoga and epilepsy, seizures, EEG, autonomic changes, neuro-psychology, limbic system, arousal, sleep, brain plasticity, motor performance, brain imaging studies, and rehabilitation. There is a dearth of randomized, blinded, controlled studies related to yoga and seizure control. A multi-centre, cross-cultural, preferably blinded (difficult for yoga), well-randomized controlled trial, especially using a single yogic technique in a homogeneous population such as Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is justified to find out how yoga affects seizure control and QOL of the person with epilepsy.
To determine the effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression.
Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials obtained from five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycLIT, Cochrane Library) and through contact with experts in the field, bibliographic searches, and hand searches of recent copies of relevant journals.
Standardised mean difference in effect size and weighted mean difference in Beck depression inventory score between exercise and no treatment and between exercise and cognitive therapy.
All of the 14 studies analysed had important methodological weaknesses; randomisation was adequately concealed in only three studies, intention to treat analysis was undertaken in only two, and assessment of outcome was blinded in only one. The participants in most studies were community volunteers, and diagnosis was determined by their score on the Beck depression inventory. When compared with no treatment, exercise reduced symptoms of depression (standardised mean difference in effect size -1.1 (95% confidence interval -1.5 to -0.6); weighted mean difference in Beck depression inventory -7.3 (-10.0 to -4.6)). The effect size was significantly greater in those trials with shorter follow up and in two trials reported only as conference abstracts. The effect of exercise was similar to that of cognitive therapy (standardised mean difference -0.3 (95% confidence interval -0.7 to 0.1)).
The effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptoms of depression cannot be determined because of a lack of good quality research on clinical populations with adequate follow up.
Studies have demonstrated low concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the plasma and CSF of individuals with major depression, and low GABA concentrations have also been found in the occipital cortex of depressed subjects. The goal of this study was to determine whether these occipital cortex GABA concentrations are altered after administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression.
By means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex GABA concentrations were measured in 11 medication-free depressed patients before initiation of treatment with SSRI medications and after an average of 2 months of treatment.
A significant increase in occipital cortex GABA concentrations was seen after SSRI treatment.
SSRI treatment of major depression is associated with increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations. This appears to result in a normalization of low pretreatment GABA concentrations, an effect that may contribute to a common mechanism of antidepressant action.
Mood-congruent processing biases are among the most robust research findings in neuropsychological studies of depression. Depressed patients show preferential processing of negatively toned stimuli across a range of cognitive tasks. The present study aimed to determine whether these behavioral abnormalities are associated with specific neural substrates.
Ten depressed patients and 11 healthy control subjects underwent scanning during performance of an emotional go/no-go task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The task allowed comparison among neural response to happy, sad, and neutral words, in the context of these words as targets (ie, stimuli to which subjects were required to make a motor response) or distractors (ie, stimuli to which the motor response was withheld).
Depressed patients showed attenuated neural responses to emotional relative to neutral targets in ventral cingulate and posterior orbitofrontal cortices. However, patients showed elevated responses specific to sad targets in rostral anterior cingulate extending to anterior medial prefrontal cortex. Unlike controls, patients showed differential neural response to emotional, particularly sad, distractors in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex.
These findings suggest a distinct neural substrate for mood-congruent processing biases in performance. The medial and orbital prefrontal regions may play a key role in mediating the interaction between mood and cognition in affective disorder.
There is increasing support for the hypothesis that gonadal steroids involved in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal function. This study tests the hypothesis that cortical GABA neuronal function, reflected in brain GABA concentrations, fluctuates across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and that a menstrual cycle phase-dependent abnormality in brain GABA concentrations in women diagnosed as having PMDD would reflect altered central response to circulating gonadal and neuroactive steroids.
Fourteen healthy menstruating women and 9 women diagnosed as having PMDD were recruited from a women's behavioral health research program located at a university-based medical center. The women underwent serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements of occipital cortex GABA levels across the menstrual cycle (primary outcome measure) and had blood drawn for gonadal hormone and neurosteroid levels determined on each scan day (secondary outcome measure).
There was a significant group x phase interaction with most of the finding explained by the reduction in cortical GABA levels during the follicular phase in those with PMDD compared with healthy controls. Cortical GABA levels declined across the menstrual cycle in healthy women, whereas women with PMDD experienced an increase in cortical GABA levels from the follicular phase to the mid luteal and late luteal phases. Significant between-group differences in the relationship between hormones and GABA were observed for estradiol, progesterone, and allopregnanolone.
These data strongly suggest that the GABAergic system is substantially modulated by menstrual cycle phase in healthy women and those with PMDD. Furthermore, they raise the possibility of disturbances in cortical GABA neuronal function and modulation by neuroactive steroids as potentially important contributors to the pathogenesis of PMDD.
This study investigates changes in autonomic nervous function through Qi-training. The power spectrum of heart rate variability (HRV) was examined in 20 sedentary healthy subjects and 20 Qi-trainees. It was found that Qi-training in healthy young subjects during controlled respiration increases the high frequency (HF) power and decreases the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) power ratio of HRV. These results support the hypothesis that Qi-training increases cardiac parasympathetic tone. In addition, Qi-trainees were found to have higher parasympathetic heart modulation compared with their age-matched, sedentary counterparts. This augmented HRV in Qi-trainees provides further support for long-term Qi-training as a possible non-pharmacological cardio-protective maneuver. In conclusion, Qi-training may stabilize the autonomic nervous system by modulating the parasympathetic nervous system.
Currently available therapeutic interventions for treatment-resistant depression, including switch, combination, and augmentation strategies, are less than ideal. Observations of mood elevation during vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsy suggested a role for VNS therapy in refractory major depression and prompted clinical investigation of this neurostimulation modality. The VNS Therapy System has been available for treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy since 1997 and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant depression in July, 2005. The physiology of the vagus nerve, mechanics of the VNS Therapy System, and efficacy and safety in pharmacoresistant epilepsy are reviewed. Promising results of VNS therapy for treatment-resistant depression have been forthcoming from both acute and long-term studies, evidenced in part by progressive improvements in depression rating scale scores during the 1st year of treatment with maintenance of response thereafter. VNS therapy is well tolerated in patients with either pharmacoresistant epilepsy or treatment-resistant depression. As in epilepsy, the mechanisms of VNS therapy of treatment-resistant depression are incompletely understood. However, evidence from neuroimaging and other studies suggests that VNS therapy acts via innervation of the nucleus tractus solitarius, with secondary projections to limbic and cortical structures that are involved in mood regulation, including brainstem regions that contain serotonergic (raphe nucleus) and noradrenergic (locus ceruleus) perikarya that project to the forebrain. Mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of VNS therapy for treatment-resistant depression remain obscure. Suggestions for future research directions are described.
The aim of this study was to compare changes in brain gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) levels associated with an acute yoga session versus a reading session. It was hypothesized that an individual yoga session would be associated with an increase in brain GABA levels.
This is a parallel-groups design.
Screenings, scan acquisitions, and interventions took place at medical school-affiliated centers.
The sample comprised 8 yoga practitioners and 11 comparison subjects.
Yoga practitioners completed a 60-minute yoga session and comparison subjects completed a 60-minute reading session.
GABA-to-creatine ratios were measured in a 2-cm axial slab using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging immediately prior to and immediately after interventions.
There was a 27% increase in GABA levels in the yoga practitioner group after the yoga session (0.20 mmol/kg) but no change in the comparison subject group after the reading session ( -0.001 mmol/kg) (t = -2.99, df = 7.87, p = 0.018).
These findings demonstrate that in experienced yoga practitioners, brain GABA levels increase after a session of yoga. This suggests that the practice of yoga should be explored as a treatment for disorders with low GABA levels such as depression and anxiety disorders. Future studies should compare yoga to other forms of exercise to help determine whether yoga or exercise alone can alter GABA levels.
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