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Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil

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Abstract

Oil of Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint oil), a widely used essential oil, was evaluated for larvicidal activity against different mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus by exposing IIIrd instar larvae of mosquitoes in enamel trays 6 + 4 inch2 size filled to a depth of 3 inch with water. Of the three species tested Cx. quinquefasciatus was most susceptible followed by Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. Application of oil at 3 ml/m2 of water surface area resulted in 100% mortality within 24 h for Cx. quinquefasciatus, 90% for Ae. aegypti and 85% for An. stephensi. For Ae. aegypti 100% mortality was achieved at 3 ml/m2 in 48 h or 4 ml/m2 in 24 h. For An. stephensi 100% mortality was observed at 4 ml/m2 in 72 h. The emergence at 3 ml/m2 was also inhibited to a great extent and the few adults which emerged did not ovipost even after taking a blood meal.The oil showed strong repellent action against adult mosquitoes when applied on human skin. Percent protection obtained against An. annularis, An. culicifacies, and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 100%, 92.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The repellent action of Mentha oil was comparable to that of Mylol oil consisting of dibutyl and dimethyl phthalates.

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... EO reduces female fecundity by 64-90% of C. maculates at the volatile oil dose of 0.25-1% [63]. Indeed, M. piperita L. EO decreases 52% of fecundity from Anopheles stephensi [64]. In the same regard, Saxena and Mathur proposed that the decrease in fertility caused by plant extracts could be linked to the disturbance of regulation mechanisms, not directly to the ovarian tissue [65]. ...
... Our data were stronger than those reported by Ansari and colleagues, particularly at a concentration of 3 mL/m 2 of EO derived from M. piperita L., which completely suppressed the fertility of Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus [64]. In addition, the EO of M. × piperita L. was found to reduce 96.9% of the hatching eggs of An. ...
... Stephensi at a dose of 2 mL/m 2 [64]. ...
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The purpose of the current study is to assess the chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticide efficacy of essential oil derived from the leaf of Moroccan Mentha aquatica L. (MA-EO) using in vitro and in silico analysis. Using GC-MS/MS analysis, 18 components of MA-EO were identified, including linalool (42.42%), α-elemol (10.45%), α-terpineol (8.07%), linalyl acetate (7.37%), and caryophyllene (4.05%). Additionally, MA-EO has a strong antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 µg/mL using the DPPH assay and 0.167 ± 0.13 µg/mL using the ABTS test. Total antioxidant capacity activities were found to be 188.21 ± 0.31 mg EAA/g, while RP activities were 1.95 ± 0.023. The powerful antibacterial properties of MA-EO were proven to be effective against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. MA-EO showed insecticidal potential using the fumigation experiment, with an LC50 of 3.33 μL/L in the air after 24 h of exposure. At a dose of 20 µL/mL, MA-EO reduced fertility, fecundity, and emergence of adult C. maculatus. MA-EO had 95% mortality at the same dosage. In silico analysis revealed that the antioxidant activity of MA-EO is linked to γ-eudesmol, while its antibacterial efficacy is associated with phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-, and its antifungal capacity with phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-. MA-EO demonstrates potent bactericidal, fungicidal, and bioinsecticide properties, making it effective for controlling bacteria, fungi, and insect pests in stored grains.
... Natural plant extracts are easily obtainable due to their prevalence and availability in several forms (such as crude, gels, and essential oils) and their lower cost than synthetic products (Fazal et al., 2013;Hazarika et al., 2018;Mahyoub, 2021). Since ancient times, certain essential oil extracts have been used as repellents for adult mosquitoes when applied to the skin in human communities (Alavez-Rosas et al., 2022;Ansari et al., 2000;El-Sheikh et al., 2016;Lee, 2018;Sutthanont et al., 2022). However, several recent studies have evaluated the effectiveness of essential oils as insecticides and larvicides (Alavez-Rosas et al., 2022;Ansari et al., 2000;Asadollahi et al., 2019;Barazandeh, 2002;Chantraine et al., 1998;Dias and Moraes, 2014;El-Akhal et al., 2021;Fazal et al., 2013;Fekadu et al., 2009;Fernandez et al., 2018;Hazarika et al., 2018;Lavor et al., 2012;Magalhães et al., 2010;Manimaran et al., 2012;Martins et al., 2019;Pavela, 2009;Smigielski et al., 2018;Sutthanont et al., 2022Sutthanont et al., , 2019. ...
... Since ancient times, certain essential oil extracts have been used as repellents for adult mosquitoes when applied to the skin in human communities (Alavez-Rosas et al., 2022;Ansari et al., 2000;El-Sheikh et al., 2016;Lee, 2018;Sutthanont et al., 2022). However, several recent studies have evaluated the effectiveness of essential oils as insecticides and larvicides (Alavez-Rosas et al., 2022;Ansari et al., 2000;Asadollahi et al., 2019;Barazandeh, 2002;Chantraine et al., 1998;Dias and Moraes, 2014;El-Akhal et al., 2021;Fazal et al., 2013;Fekadu et al., 2009;Fernandez et al., 2018;Hazarika et al., 2018;Lavor et al., 2012;Magalhães et al., 2010;Manimaran et al., 2012;Martins et al., 2019;Pavela, 2009;Smigielski et al., 2018;Sutthanont et al., 2022Sutthanont et al., , 2019. Besides, the crude natural extracts derived from marine and terrestrial plants were tested as larvicidal (Al-Rashidi et al., 2022;Al-Hakimi et al., 2022;Alyaha et al., 2018;Alyahya et al., 2021;Barnawi et al., 2019;El-Sheikh et al., 2016;Mahyoub et al., 2016a;Mahyoub et al., 2016b;Mahyoub, 2019;Mahyoub et al., 2017). ...
... The larvicidal activity of oils extracted from the same plant differs according to the location and season (Fernandez et al., 2018;Pandey et al., 2013) due to the difference in their chemical composition (Mendes et al., 2017). Larvicides obtained from plant extracts have received wide attention from many studies due to the increasing demand for effective and eco-friendly alternatives such as (Al-Rashidi et al., 2022;Al-Zahrani Mohamd et al., 2019;Al-Hakimi et al., 2022;Aljameeli, 2023;Alyahya et al., 2021Alyahya et al., , 2021Ansari et al., 2000Ansari et al., , 2000Barnawi et al., 2019;Bosly, 2022;El-Sheikh et al., 2016;Mahyoub et al., 2016b;Mahyoub, 2021Mahyoub, , 2019Mahyoub, , 2018Mahyoub, , 2013Mahyoub et al., 2017). However, the crude extracted from the L. angustifolia has not been assessed against the Ae. ...
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The efficacy of three formulations (i.e., natural lavender crude, essential oil, and gel) extracted from Lavender angustifolia was tested against vectors of the epidemic dengue virus, Aedesaegypti, to evaluate their larvicidal activity effect. The ethanolic extract of the lavender crude was prepared using a rotary evaporator, while the other extracts, such as essential oil and gel, were obtained from iHerb, a supplier of medicinal herbs in the US. The mortality rate of larvae was evaluated 24 h after exposure. Larvicidal activity of the lavender crude was 91% mortality at 150 ppm, 94% for essential oil at a concentration of 3000 ppm, and 97% for lavender gel at a 1000 ppm. Natural lavender crude was one of the most promising extracts tested against Ae.aegypti larvae, with lethal concentrations at LC50 and LC90 of 76.4 and 174.5 ppm post-treatment. The essential oil had the least effect on mosquito larvae, with LC50 and LC90 reaching 1814.8 and 3381.9 ppm, respectively. The lavender gel was moderately effective against Ae. aegypti larvae, with LC50 and LC90 values reaching 416.3 and 987.7 ppm after exposure. The occurrence of morphological abnormalities in the larvae treated with the three compounds, in turn, resulted in an incomplete life cycle. Therefore, our results indicated that natural lavender crude displayed the highest larvicidal activity against larvae, followed by gel and essential oil. Thus, this study concluded that lavender crude is an effective, eco-friendly compound that can be used as an alternative to chemical products to control vector-borne epidemic diseases.
... Paulus Aegineta noted that spreading herbs, including pennyroyal, was useful for repelling reptiles [31]. It has already been established that Mentha herbs, especially pennyroyal, have repellant, larvicidal and growth/reproduction regulatory activities against a wide variety of insects, including the mosquitoes responsible for spreading malaria (Anopheles sp.), yellow fever, dengue (Aedes aegypti), and zika (Culex quinquefasciatus) [94][95][96][97][98]. ...
... Probable medical uses given to different Mentha species by the main authors discussed in this review throughout history in chronological order.Table 1. Cont. Table 1. Cont. Description and main results of relevant studies assessing the health-promoting effects of mint-based products.Ansari et al. (2000) [94] Peppermint oilIn vitro Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (IIIrd instar larvae) ...
... Cont. Description and main results of relevant studies assessing the health-promoting effects of mint-based products.Ansari et al. (2000) [94] Peppermint oilIn vitro Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (IIIrd instar larvae) ...
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Mints have been among the most widely used herbs for medicinal purposes since ancient civilizations. They are still presently used for numerous purposes, including non-medicinal, which makes them economically relevant herbs. Information regarding the medical and scientific uses given to mints throughout history are vastly scattered and/or incomplete. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive descriptive overview of the medical uses given to these herbs, highlighting both the authors in medical culture responsible for their dissemination, as well as their major galenic formulations. Databases on medical science, reference textbooks on medical history, botanics (aromatic herbs), and pharmacognosy were consulted. The use of mints remotes to Classical Antiquity, with major contributions from Pliny the Elder. In the Middle Ages, the increased knowledge surrounding mints came from Byzantine physicians, while, in the Modern Age, technological developments allowed the production of mint-based products which have become part of elaborate galenic formulas employed by an increasing number of physicians, as well as have also stimulated both scientific and artistic interests alike. In present-day medicine, several mints and mint-based products are being researched as potential therapeutic alternatives for many diseases, while also being vastly employed in food and cosmetic industries.
... This essential oil has promising and significant repellent activity against Ae. aegypti adults Samarasekera et al., 2008;Ansari et al., 2000). The insignificant compounds of the oil, i.e., caryophyllene, menthone, methyl acetate, pinene, limonene, and pulegone, proved to be minimally or not effective against the mosquitoes. ...
... Several derivatives, i.e., menthyl cinnamate, menthyl chloroacetate, thymol, menthone glyceryl acetal, terpineol, and mugetanol, showed enhanced mosquitocidal activity against the tested species of mosquitoes (Samarasekera et al., 2008). Adults emerged from larvae exposed to this oil have a reduced rate of fecundity and fertility (Ansari et al., 2000). Essential oils: Essential oils are naturally volatile substances (Neiro et al., 2010 andRehman et al., 2014) that are present in various plants and are utilized commercially in several ways, including as flavor enhancers in food products, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, and odorants in fragrances. ...
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Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) pose a serious threat to humans worldwide, known to transmit various pathogens that cause infectious diseases and arboviruses, which are viral diseases such as chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, malaria, elephantiasis, Murray Valley encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Highlands J virus, Everglades virus, and crosse encephalitis virus. The emergence of widespread insecticide resistance and the potential adverse environmental problems associated with synthetic insecticides have highlighted the need for alternative methods to control the spread of mosquito populations, making it an important research priority. Safe and innovative tools, such as plant-based repellents, have recently been implemented to enhance mosquito management strategies. Plant-based repellents play a crucial role in the development of natural products as alternatives to chemical control methods. Plant extracts and essential oils, which are biodegradable, target-specific, eco-friendly, and have potent effects against mosquitoes, are reviewed in this article. These plant-based repellents offer promising potential for effective mosquito management, providing a safer and environmentally friendly approach to control mosquito populations and reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Properly formulated and used in combination with other integrated vector management strategies, plant-based repellents can contribute to sustainable and effective mosquito control efforts.
... As we can see, many in vitro research data are available referring to the possible antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, and allelopathic effects of mint oils [13][14][15][16][17], and the antioxidant properties of the plant extracts [6,[18][19][20]. However, even if we have many literature data, their comparison is rather difficult because of the following reasons: different plant material, sampling mistakes (only one sample is collected without replications, sampling is not representative), non-adequate data on the plant material, different applied methods for the analysis, different bacteria and fungus lines, units, etc. ...
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In our research six different mint species (peppermint, spearmint (five different chemotypes), Horse mint, mojito mint, apple mint (two different chemotypes), bergamot mint) have been evaluated by referring to their chemical (essential oil (EO) content and composition) and in vitro biological (antibacterial, antioxidant effect) characteristics. The EO amount of the analyzed mint populations varied between 1.99 and 3.61 mL/100 g d.w. Altogether, 98 volatile compounds have been detected in the oils. Antibacterial effects (inhibition zones, MIC, IC50 and MBC) were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The best antibacterial effect was given by a carvacrol–thymol chemotype spearmint population (inhibition zone: 18.00–20.00 mm, MIC: 0.06 v/v%, IC50: 0.01–0.03 v/v%, MBC: 0.06, >2.00 v/v%). The least effective oil in the case of Gram-negative bacteria was bergamot mint (inhibition zone: 7.67–8.67 mm, MIC: 2.00, >2.00 v/v%, IC50: 0.11–0.25 v/v%, MBC: 2.00, >2.00 v/v%), while in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, oils containing dihydrocarvone as the main compound possessed the weakest antibacterial effect (inhibition zone: 9.00–10.00 mm, MIC: 1.00–2.00 v/v%, IC50: 0.22–0.37 v/v%, MBC: >2.00 v/v%). Interestingly, none of the oils could kill B. cereus in the applied concentrations.
... It is a wellknown and important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous system of medicines" [6]. Reed et al [7] reported that "peppermint scent can be used as an effective adjunct to decrease appetite, decrease hunger craving, and consume fewer calories, which may lead to weight reduction and greater overall health". ...
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Lead has been reported to produce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which increase oxidative damage of cellular materials. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) play crucial role in counteracting the harmful effects of ROS. Peppermint leaf (Mentha Piperita) has anti-inflammatory, anti- spasmodic, antioxidant and anti- bacterial properties and is used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of urinary tract infections and allergies. This study is designed to investigate the protective role of peppermint leaf extract in the brain of lead exposed Wistar rats. This will be done by assessing serum levels of SOD, CAT and MDA and cerebellar histology. Twenty (20) adult male Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats in each group. Group A served as the control, Group B received 400mg/kg of mint extract only, Group C received 30mg/kg of lead acetate and Group D received both 30mg/kg of lead acetate and 400mg/kg of mint extract. They were administered orally with a syringe using an oral cannula for six (6) weeks. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Results shows that CAT levels were significantly lower in the experimental groups B, C and D compared to the control group A, MDA levels showed no significant difference between treated groups B, C and D compared to group A, SOD levels were significantly higher in group B compared to group A but no significant difference in groups C and D compared to group A. Results of histological investigation showed no adverse effect of the peppermint extract and lead acetate on the cerebellum. We can therefore conclude that peppermint at 400mg/kg bw administered orally for 6 weeks uninterruptedly showed no adverse effect on the oxidative stress parameters and the histology of the cerebellum in male Wistar rats.
... The present study showed that the higher concentrations (300 and 400 ppm) resulted in highest mortality than lower concentrations (100 and 200 ppm) within time intervals of 24 and 48 hrs exposure. These results are in line with the findings of Ansari et al. (2000) who reported 90% mortality of Aedes mosquito larvae after 24 hrs exposure to peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. These results are also at par with previous workers (Jang et al. 2002) who reported that partly purified plant extracts of Brazilian plants had great worth in controlling the mosquitoes, Ae. aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens. ...
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Study was made to know the bioactivity of five medicinal plants, viz., eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules), neem (Azadirachta indica), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) against Aedes aegypti mosquito. Mosquitoes were reared in laboratory. The extracts were examined for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities with different concentrations (viz, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) for each plant extract after different time intervals (viz. 8, 16, 24 and 48 hrs) using WHO protocol. Greater death rate was seen in early life stages than older ones. Maximum mortality (99%) was observed with eucalyptus and mint oil in early instar larvae (1st and 2nd) and least with ginger extracts. Least LC 50 was recorded 102 ppm for 48 hrs in case of early instar larvae from eucalyptus extract while highest was 601 ppm for peppermint extract in case of pupae. Ginger oil showed superiority amongst the remaining extracts in case of LT 50 values.
... The market is flodded with Citronella, eucalyptus, neem and pepper mint oil derived from natural resources help in commercially formulated repellent. Cymbopogon citratus [1] Eucalyptus globulus [2] Azadirachta indica [3] and Mentha piperita [4]. this study was undertaken to assess the larvicidal potential of Ficus elastica against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus C. quinquefasciatus transmits.Ecofriendly plant products-in the market increased the quest to control the vectors. ...
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Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
... There are standard protocols to culture the mosquito for mass production in the maintained condition (28°C temperature, approximately 80% RH, 12 h day/night cycle of photoperiod) of insectary 9 . Larval production from small-scale to large-scale can be done by the use of different larvae breeding trays: enamel trays of different sizes (accommodate 200-500 larvae), Wol-tray (harbor 6-7,000 larvae), IAEA tray (inhabit 18000 and above larvae), and whole tray rack system (harbor hundreds and thousands of larvae) [10][11][12] . ...
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Background & objectives Mosquitoes vectors are the key threat that spread viruses, bacteria, nematodes, protozoans, and other infections responsible for the transmission of serious public health ailments including dengue, yellow fever, malaria, chikungunya, etc. Methods To rear and cultivate mosquitoes at multiple stages of development (egg, larva, pupa, and adult) to be employed in various biomedical research, an innovative tool mosquito larva adult 2-in-1 rearing jar was designed and developed. The eggs/larvae or adults collected from the field or laboratory cultures can be released into the lower larvae or upper adult-rearing chamber so that they can find a suitable breeding place to oviposit or metamorphose into wrigglers and tumblers attaining the adult stage. Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex are three significant genera (Diptera: Culicidae) that were reared in experiments using this jar (Method I) in contrast to other conventional instruments available (Method II). Results Results of one-way ANOVA showed that the prototype was compatible and competitive for rearing as the data was non-significant when compared in both groups. However, throughout the trials, it was discovered that the prototype had a greater record of mean percentage of adult emergence (98.33), which supports the novelty of the instrument. Interpretation & conclusion This unique device eliminates the need for multiple tools, causes minimum bodily damage to stages during handling, can be used in both the lab and the field, is inexpensive, lightweight, portable, and requires a single manpower to operate.
... However, most previous studies concerned beetle and fly pests. [46][47][48][49][50] We confirmed that VOCs from the EOs of our three test plants have a direct negative effect on aphid olfactory behavior. Wang et al. 43 demonstrated that mint planted in organic pepper and eggplant glasshouses significantly reduced Myzus persicae population levels over the entire growth period. ...
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BACKGROUND Insects use odor detection to sense their surroundings. Use of volatile compounds, such as essential oils (EOs) of plants, to repel pests and disrupt their olfaction‐driven behaviors has great practical potential for use in integrated pest management. Despite the available information on the repellent effects of EOs on herbivorous insects, the olfaction‐based mechanisms remain unknown. RESULTS Y‐tube olfactometer tests showed that the EOs of three Lamiaceae plants – Mentha arvensis L., Mentha piperita L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – were significantly repellent to winged cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) tests indicated the EOs reduced phloem feeding and increased the level of non‐productive probing by the aphids. The EOs also reduced the fecundity of winged Aphis gossypii. Electrophysiological bioassays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified five physiologically active volatiles, that is menthone, isomenthone, neomenthol and menthol from Mentha piperita; menthone and menthol from Mentha arvensis; and linalool from L. angustifolia. Behavioral tests confirmed that all five compounds repelled winged Aphis gossypii. Under field conditions, the growth rate of aphid populations after 7 days was significantly lower in fields treated with these compounds than in the control fields. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that three EOs not only repelled winged Aphis gossypii but also interfered with the aphid's feeding behavior and reduced its fecundity. These EOs and their active constituents have great potential as eco‐friendly control products for use against Aphis gossypii. The effects of these EOs also exceed other repellents that only keep pests away from host plants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Efforts have focused on phytochemicals as potential source of mosquito control agents, especially essential oils, which are rich source of bioactive monoterpinoids against insects (Cheng et al., 2003). Studies of essential oils from the plants, Cymbopogon species (Poaceae) (Sukumar et al., 1991;Kumar et al., 2018), Mentha species (Lamiaceae) (Ansari et al., 2000;Dung & Tuyet, 2020), Tagetes species (Asteraceae) (Dharmagadda et al., 2005;Jayaraman et al., 2015), Hyptis species (Lamiaceae) (Araujo et al., 2003;John et al., 2022), Lippia species (Verbenaceae) (Gleiser & Zygadalo, 2007;Mahanta et al., 2019), Travhyspermum ammi (Pandey et al., 2009;Seo et al., 2012) and many other plants (Traboulsi et al., 2005;Ghosh et al., 2012) have demonstrated promising larvicidal activities against mosquitoes. ...
... The yield of essential oil extracted from M. piperita is 1.46% of the dry matter. Ansari et al. (1999) and Dahouénon-Ahoussi et al. (2010) found a 0.5% and 1.2% yield of the same plant that is lower than our result. This variability of yield may be due to factors of intrinsic origin, specific to the genetic background of the plant or of extrinsic origin, related to the conditions of growth and development of the plant (Barra 2009;Mehdi Talebi et al. 2019).Chemical analysis showed the presence of 65 compounds, with carvone (52.58%) and dl-limonene (17.40%) as the major constituents. ...
Article
The present study was undertaken in order to determine the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Tebessa (Algeria) and to assess their potential larvicidal and pupicidal activities against two most abundant and investigated mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera, Culicidae). GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of the plant revealed 65 compounds, which the major compounds were carvone (52.58%) and DL-limonene (17.40%). The toxicity results showed a strong larvicidal and pupicidal activities for both species with LC50 values of 38.81µL/L; 93.78µL/L and 49.01 µL/L; 115µL/L for larvae and pupae of Cs longiareolata and Cx pipiens respectively. This essential oil affects significantly the biomarkers; it reveals a neurotoxic effect by a decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and activation of detoxification system as showed by an increase in Glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity. The biochemical composition showed that the essential oil affected the energy reserves with a marked effect on proteins and lipids. A delay in developmental time when larvae were exposed to sublethal concentrations of M. piperita EO was observed, followed by significant changes in sex ratio (sex-ratio was skewed towards males).This essential oil would be useful for the development of a new mosquito control agent based on bioactive chemical constituents from plant sources as an alternative to chemical larvicides.
... We proposed that if the rats avoided the tested substance by spending less time in a closer proximity and/or lesser number of visits to the tested core, then the tested substance could repel the rats. Various natural extracts, i.e. wintergreen oil, chilli, peppermint oil, bergamot oil and geranium oil, had been proven to contain insect repellent property (Lale, 1992;Ansari et al., 2000;Jaenson et al., 2006;Eamsobhana et al., 2009;Khater et al., 2009;Melliou et al., 2009;White et al., 2009;Youssef et al., 2009;Hieu et al., 2010). Previously, we had demonstrated that various natural extracts, i.e. wintergreen oil, chilli, peppermint oil, bergamot oil and geranium oil, were possibly able to repel rats when observed under the circular open field behavioral task as determined by the duration or the number of visits to the tested substances (Kalandakanond-Thongsong et al., 2010). ...
... A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised cross-over Australian study evaluated the efficacy of a purpose-made herbal spray (Red Healer Equine and Canine Spray, NSW, Australia) containing various natural ingredients including Cinnamonum camphora (Camphor), Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass), Litsea cubeba (May Chang), Mentha piperita (Peppermint), and Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli) [42]. These essential oils are reported to have mast cell stabilisation, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and insect-repellent effects [42,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. This study focused on evaluating changes in clinical signs (rather than the mechanism of action of the product) and an improvement in pruritus and disease severity was reported in 95% of treated horses [42]. ...
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Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH, Queensland itch, sweet itch, equine summer eczema) is the most common pruritic disease of horses. It is most often caused by sensitivity to the saliva of Culicoides spp. of biting midges; however, it can also be caused by hypersensitivity to other insect species. The prevalence of IBH in horses is reported to be as high as 60% in some parts of the world. Due to the severe pruritus and effects of secondary self-trauma, IBH has animal welfare concerns, and there is currently no cure. Management of this condition is life-long, time consuming and costly. New grading systems to document disease severity are being validated, which will allow the comparison of clinical trial results of new and existing therapies. Management involves the minimisation of insect bites by use of stabling, fans, rugs and repellents. Symptomatic therapy involves the administration of systemic or topical corticosteroids, systemic antihistamines, and creams and sprays to promote skin healing and decrease inflammation. New immune-mediated therapeutics including vaccines, in addition to desensitisation procedures, show promise at controlling hypersensitivity reactions. This article will review aetiologic agents, pathophysiology, scoring systems and current and new therapies.
... The efficiency of M. piperita L. as such a repellent was observed to rise with concentrations, in accordance with the researchers [74]. The feeding deterrent index (FDI) has been used by researchers to quantify the antifeedant action of various substances; for example, M. arvensis oil does have a 94% FDI over C. chinensis [75]. M. piperita L. essential oil provided substantial protection against Anopheline annularis (100%), An. culicifacies (92%), and Cluex quinquefasciatus (84%). ...
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Humans and many other creatures depend on agriculture for survival, but it is impossible to cultivate without the use of pesticides. Different types of harmful organism or pest exists in every agricultural crop. Synthetic pesticides are widely utilised around the world as a solution to this problem, but there are drawbacks associated with their application, the most significant of which are the severe negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. Organically made pesticides should be used instead of synthetic pesticides to reduce their harmful effects. Unlike chemical pesticides, natural pesticides do not cause any harm to non-target creatures and are inexpensive. Most botanical pesticides degrade rapidly, usually in only a few days but sometimes may even take hour. One of the most promising approaches to reducing pesticide pollution and protecting crops, food, and the environment is to use botanical insecticides. Beneficial insects such as earthworms are much less likely to be killed by biopesticides. The source of herbal insecticides is herbal plants. Each plant has distinct effect since every plant have their own chemical constituent. This review explains about numerous herbs and shrubs that feature distinct insecticidal, pesticidal and repelling effect. Insecticidal activity is discovered in a broad variety of herbal plants, and this review analyses those plants in detail, defining the major active ingredient responsible for these effects.
... Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles annularis [51][52][53]. Laboratory trials have also revealed that essential oils from Ligusticum sinense (Umbell.) showed a remarkable repellency time over 11.5 hrs against An. ...
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African malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto) transmit a malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) to humans. Te current control strategies for the vector have mainly focussed on synthetic products, which negatively impact the environment and human health. Given the potential use of environmentally friendly plant-derived volatiles as a control, this work aims to examine and compare the repellency potential of essential oils and headspace volatiles from Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum tenuiforum, and Ocimum basilicum and their chemical compositions. Te repellency potential and chemical composition of the plants were achieved by using the protected arm-in-cage method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Among the three Ocimum species, both the essential oils and the headspace volatiles from O. tenuiforum achieved the longest repellency time lengths of 90-120 minutes. One hundred and one (101) chemical constituents were identifed in the headspace volatiles of the three Ocimum spp. Nonetheless, (−)-camphor, (E)-c-bisabolene, terpinolene, β-chamigrene, cubedol, (E)-farnesol, germacrene D-4-ol, viridiforol, c-eudesmol, tetracyclo [6.3.2.0 (2,5).0(1,8)] tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl, α-eudesmol, iso-longifolol, and endo-borneol were unique only to O. tenuiforum headspace volatiles. Either essential oils or headspace volatiles from O. tenuiforum could ofer longer protection time length to humans against An. gambiae. Tough feld studies are needed to assess the complementarity between the chemical constituents in the headspace volatiles of O. tenuiforum, our observations provide a foundation for developing efective repellents against An. gambiae.
... Peppermint oil show the high percentage of mosquito repellent activity against the A.aegypti, Anopheles.S, C.quinque. The percentage of repellent activity are 100%, 92.3% and 84.5% [37] . The active components of peppermint oil are methone and the major chemical constituents of peppermint oil are p-Menthane-3, 8-diol are registered for the activity of mosquito repellent from the year 2000 [38]. ...
... It contains mainly of menthol and menthone with some additional minor components includes pulegone, menthofuran, and limonene. Depending on its various factor such as topographical region, mint maturity, treatment, handling and storage environments of peppermint leaves, their chemical constituents may get differ ( [110,7,25,6] . The major oilproducing nations are Bulgaria, Italy, China, and the USA, which gives nearly 90% of global peppermint oil production. ...
... A number of studies showed that plant essential oils have the ability to repel mosquitoes (Ansari et al., 2000;Cheng et al., 2003;Choochote et al., 2007). For example, Amomum xanthioides Wall, Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe, Kaempferia galanga (L.), Anethum graveolens (L.), Apium graveolens (L.), Carum carvi (L.), and Foeniculum vulgare Mill have been tested against Ae. ...
Article
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is an important vector of many disease-causing pathogens. An effective way to escape from these mosquito-borne diseases is to prevent mosquito bites. In the current study, essential oils of Lepidium pinnatifidum, Mentha longifolia, Origanum vulgare, and Agrimonia eupatoria were evaluated for their repellent potential against Ae. aegypti females. Essential oils were extracted using steam distillation from freshly collected aerial parts of the plants and tested against 4–5 day old females of Ae. aegypti through the human bait technique for repellency and repellent longevity assays. The chemical composition of extracted essential oils was explored by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils of L. pinnatifidum, M. longifolia, O. vulgare, and A. eupatoria at a dose of 33 μg/cm² showed 100%, 94%, 87%, and 83% mosquito repellent activity, respectively. Furthermore, M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils exhibited 100% repellency at a dose of 165 μg/cm², whereas A. eupatoria essential oil showed 100% repellency only at 330 μg/cm². In the time-span bioassay, M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils showed protection against Ae. aegypti bites for 90 and 75 min, respectively whereas both A. eupatoria and L. pinnatifidum were found active for 45 min. Phenylacetonitrile (94%), piperitone oxide (34%), carvacrol (20%) and α-pinene (62%) were the most abundant compounds in L. pinnatifidum, M. longifolia, O. vulgare and A. eupatoria essential oils, respectively. The current study demonstrates that M. longifolia and O. vulgare essential oils possess the potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic chemicals to protect humans from mosquito bites.
... Many studies on this essential oil demonstrate deleterious effects on a wide range of insects. Indeed, peppermint EO was reported having repellent effects of ants, flies, lice, beetles and moths (Ansari et al. 2000;Hori 2003;Hussein et al. 2015;Saeidi and Mirfakhraie 2017). Our experiments on repellency under choice conditions showed variable responses from larvae in dependence on the EO tested, regardless of the time elapsed after treatments, with the exception of peppermint EO. ...
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Tuta absoluta , an invasive pinworm characterized by high reproductive potential and adaptation to different agroecological conditions, cause serious damage to tomato crops. Chemical control with synthetic insecticides is widely used to control this pest, although pesticides exhibit side effects on non-target organisms and negatively impact the environment, with the occurrence of resistance to some active substances in the target pest. The use of essential oils (EOs) from aromatic or officinal plants could represent an environmentally safe control method, alternative to synthetic insecticide application. In this work we investigated the effect of EOs from Spanish oregano, laurel, basil, garlic, peppermint, cypress, and eucalyptus EOs on T. absoluta oviposition deterrence and larval repellency. Results showed a remarkable oviposition deterrence using laurel, Spanish oregano, basil, and garlic EOs in both laboratory and greenhouse experiments. In no-choice repellence tests carried 1, 2, 6, and 22 h after treatment application, peppermint and Spanish oregano EOs showed the most lasting effects while cypress and eucalyptus EOs were not effective after 6 and 22 h, respectively. In choice tests, at either 5 or 22 h after treatment application, low preference for the test over control by larvae was observed in all treatments, except for basil EO. The most promising effects were observed in Spanish oregano and laurel treatments where no larvae were detected. Repellent effectiveness of EOs does not seem to be influenced when larvae did not get a chance to do a choice between treated and untreated leaves. This study highlights the effectiveness of EOs of aromatic or officinal plants as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of T. absoluta .
... Other Lamiaceae species have been discovered to have the major compounds observed, as well as larvicidal activity against mosquito species, showing that Cx. quinquefasciatus possesses a defensive and attack strategy [62]. [63] found comparable results for M. piperita L. essential oil's larvicidal efficacy against Cx. quinquefasciatus, where several of the key components found in this study were present. ...
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Mosquitoes are found in tropical and subtropical areas and are the carriers of a variety of diseases that are harmful to people’s health. e.g., malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, dengue fever, etc. Although several insecticides are available, however, due to insect resistance and environmental hazards, more eco-friendly chemicals are needed for insect control. So, the current research was planned to explore the prospective of Mentha piperita to be used for the formulation of larvicides against mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The ethanolic and water extracts of M. piperita leaves were prepared using the soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were dried and subjected to prepare five concentrations multiple of 80 ppm. Each concentration was applied for its larvicidal efficacy setting an experiment (in triplicate) in plastic containers of 1000 ml with extracts, 30 larvae of all four instars separately, and fed with dog biscuits along with controls. Observations were taken after each 12 hrs. till 72 hrs. The antioxidant perspective of M. piperita was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing power assays. Using brine shrimp lethality bioactivity, the cytotoxic study was perceived. Standard techniques were used to classify the M. piperita extract using preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, and GC-MS analysis. M. piperita ethanolic leaves extract after 24 hrs. of exposure in 400 ppm showed 93% (LC50 = 208.976 ppm) mortality in ethanolic extract and 80% (LC90 = 246.900 ppm) in the water extract. In treated larvae, biochemical examination revealed a substantial (P<0.05) decrease in proteins, carbohydrates, and fat contents. The ethanol extract of M. piperita was the most efficient, killing brine shrimp nauplii in 50% to 90% of cases. TAC (125.4 3.5gAAE/mg DW) and FRP (378.1 1.0gAAE/mg DW) were highest in the ethanolic extract of M. piperita. The presence of medicinally active components such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and others in M. piperita leaves extract in ethanol was discovered. The UV-Vis spectrum showed two peaks at 209.509 and 282.814 nm with the absorption of 2.338 and 0.796 respectively. The FT-IR consequences exhibited the occurrence of alcohols, alkanes, aldehyde, aromatic rings, ether linkage, ester, and halo- compounds. The GC-MS analysis according to peak (%) area and retention time showed ten phytochemicals consisting of six major and four minor compounds. Among all the compounds, 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, and 3-ethyl-5, 5-dimethyl -6-phenyl bound well to the NS3 protease domain with PDB ID: 2FOM. Hence, for the prevention of health hazards and mosquito control, M. Piperita is a potential source of chemicals for insecticide formulation.
... Several studies have demonstrated that monoterpenes have remarkable insecticidal and repellent activities, such as cineol, limonene, terpinolene, and thymol, among others especially their repellent properties on mosquitoes (Curtis et al. 1987;Barnard 1999;Ansari et al. 2000;Choi et al. 2002;Nerio et al. 2010;Regnault-Roger et al. 2012). Generally, we cannot consider only compounds present in the greatest proportions are responsible for the total oil activity, while the influence of the less abundant constituents and synergetic effects might also be considered either toxic or repellent as well as its effect on the reproduction of M. persicae. ...
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The present experiment was conducted to elucidate the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) of a native spontaneous plant, Cotula cinerea Del., in southeastern Algeria and to evaluate its insecticidal effect on the Green Peach Aphid (GPA) Myzus persicae Sulzer. GC–MS and GC-FID analyses showed that this plant was characterized by 35 components, representing eight major constituents, i.e., santolina triene (11.55%), sabinene (5.86%), cineol (6.21%), α-thujone (22.91%), (R)-camphor (7.50%), cis-sabinyl acetate (6.41%), carveol (7.68%), and ipsenol (4.60%). The considered essential oil was characterized by a clear predominance of hydrocarbon compounds chiefly monoterpenes (35.63%), oxygenated monoterpenes (64%), and sesquiterpenes (0.35%). Insecticidal assays showed that the EO was toxic against M. persicae adults recording 75.95% of mortality in the 3rd dose with a lethal concentration (LC50) equal to 302.4 µl where the lethal time (LT50) was 91.6 h. Also, it has a significant repellency showing a high rate in the 2nd dose (64.6%) with a highly significant difference (p = 0.000). As well as its inhibitory effect on the egg-laying where it has greatly reduced the reproduction potential of M. persicae adults. Obtained data support the possibility to develop C. cinerea oil, especially component specification, as a new natural bio-insecticide.
... The unique monoterpenoid profile of several Mentha spp. is dominated by menthol, a cyclic monoterpene with some remarkable biological properties that make it useful in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic and cleaning product industries (Nair, 2001;Tucker, 2006;Eftekhari et al., 2021). Essential oils from Mentha have proven to have interesting properties: as carminatives (May et al., 2000), antispasmodics (Heghes et al., 2019), insect repellents (Ansari et al., 2000), choleretics (Hu et al., 2015), analgesics (Yousuf et al., 2013), anti-inflammatories (Xia et al., 2021), antioxidants (Ed-Dra et al., 2020), antivirals (Minami et al., 2003), anti-tumour promoting (Ohara and Matsushia, 2002), antibacterials (Xia et al., 2021), antifungals (Piras et al., 2021), antimicrobials (Mimica-Dukic et al., 2003), anti-allergenics (Inoue et al., 2002), anti-biofilms (Fathi et al., 2021) and more recently inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 (Jan et al., 2021). It is little wonder then that a recent market analysis showed that the global EO market was just over $10.8B USD in 2020 and this is expected to rise to over $24.7B USD in 2030 while the mint EO market was valued at $177.8M USD in 2018 and is expected to top $330 M USD by 2025 (Grand View Research, 2019;Chauhan and Deshmukh, 2022). ...
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In recent years, the study of aromatic plants has seen an increase, with great interest from industrial, academic, and pharmaceutical industries. Among plants attracting increased attention are the Mentha spp. (mint), members of the Lamiaceae family. Mint essential oils comprise a diverse class of molecules known as terpenoids/isoprenoids, organic chemicals that are among the most diverse class of naturally plant derived compounds. The terpenoid profile of several Mentha spp. is dominated by menthol, a cyclic monoterpene with some remarkable biological properties that make it useful in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and cleaning product industries. As the global market for Mentha essential oils increases, the desire to improve oil composition and yield follows. The monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway is well characterised so metabolic engineering attempts have been made to facilitate this improvement. This review focuses on the Mentha spp. and attempts at altering the carbon flux through the biosynthetic pathways to increase the yield and enhance the composition of the essential oil. This includes manipulation of endogenous and heterologous biosynthetic enzymes through overexpression and RNAi suppression. Genes involved in the MEP pathway, the menthol and carvone biosynthetic pathways and transcription factors known to affect secondary metabolism will be discussed along with non-metabolic engineering approaches including environmental factors and the use of plant growth regulators.
... We also used the peppermint scent in the experiment, as it has been observed to be a popular scent in previous studies [45]. The existing literature has shown that fragrance itself can have a positive effect on consumer behavior [46]. ...
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Sensory experiences affect individuals’ judgment and behavior through the metaphors that experiences carry. The literature has demonstrated that the perception of warmth activates concepts related to positive meaning and metaphors, such as consideration and gentleness, which increase individuals’ tendency to help or relate to others. This study hypothesized that warm olfactory stimuli influence intention toward prosocial behavior by increasing the need for social connectedness (NSC). The first experiment (n = 123) demonstrated that the actual warm scent increased participants’ intentions for prosocial behavior and that the effect of the actual warm scent was mediated by NSC. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a second experiment (n = 995) was conducted the showed that warm scent simulated via visual stimuli (i.e., a multimodal approach) led to prosocial behavior intention as well. The results of the study provide academic and managerial insights into how to improve prosocial behavior intention, which is essential for the sustainable development of societies.
... The results of the current study are in line with a study on Carum copticum and Vitex pseudo-negundo on Tribolium castaneum by Sahaf and Moharramipour (2009). In fact, insects exposed to sub lethal doses of insecticides may display a variety of symptoms including reduction in growth rate, life span, pupa weight and adult fecundity and fertility (Ansari, et al., 2000., Bazzoni et al., 1997., Collart and Hink, 1986., Gurusubramanian andKrishma, 1996., Huang et al., 2000). Oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis was toxic to T. confusum (Hamzavi et al., 2015., Negahban andMoharramipour, 2007). ...
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Fatemeh Hamzavi and Saied Moharramipour (2017). Chemical composition and antifeedant activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on Tribolium confusum. International Journal of Agriculture Technology 13(3): 413-424. Absract In order to assess the antifeedant activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh) and Callistemon viminalis Gaertn the plant essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and then tested against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Several experiments were designed to measure the nutritional indices such as relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI). Treatments experiments were evaluated by the method of flour disc bioassay in the dark, at 27±1 °C and 60±5 % R.H. Aliquots of 10 µl of acetone (controls) or an acetone solutions of essential oils (750-2500 ppm) were spread equally on the flour discs. The solvent was evaporated and after this stage 10 adult (1-3 days old) insects were involved into each treatment. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. Results showed that essential oils concentrations had significant effect on nutritional indices. Essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis decreased RGR, RCR and ECI activity significantly. Essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis decreased RGR from the amount of 0.0347 and 0.0344 in control to 0.0067 and 0.0031 percentage respectively. Furthermore the amount of RCR decreased from 0.161 and 0. 149 to 0.073 and 0.074 percentage in control treatment. ECI of control decreased from 21.62% to 9.34% and 23.10% to 4.12% in 2500 ppm concentration in comparison to control respectively. Moreover, essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis increased FDI from 1.100 to 51.37 percent and 26.03 to 50.24 percent in highest concentration respectively. on the other hand,, GC/MS analysis of the oils showed that p-cymen (18.86%) and alpha-pinene (16.56%), alloaromadendrene (12.26%) and 1,8-cineole (11.79%) in E. camaldulensis oil, 1,8-cineole (41.26%), alpha-pinene (15.01%),Limonene (10.45%), and alpha-terpineol (10.30%) in C. viminalis. overally, it was concluded that antifeedant activity is highly affected by feeding deterrency against T. confusum.
... and is a hybrid mint, a cross between water mint and spearmint [Frampton 2009]. The essential oil (EO) also possesses biological activity against numerous organisms, including fungi [França et al. 2018], bacterial [Yadegarinia et al. 2006, Mehani et al. 2015, nematodes [Walker and Melin 1996], and insect pest [Ansari et al. 2000]. The objective of this study was to illustrate the antifungal properties of peppermint EO against four economically important phytopathogenic fungi and the mode of action of peppermint EO on the growth of fungal hyphae. ...
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The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antifungal activity of Mentha × Piperita L. (peppermint) essential oil (EO) against some plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria alternate, Penicillium expansum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Rhizopus stolonifer). Antifungal activity of EO against the selected fungi was conducted using the agar diffusion method by adding peppermint EO concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 ppm). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of peppermint EO showed that the main constituent was menthol (36.4%), followed by menthone (27.7%) and menthyl acetate (11.2%). The mycelium growth of the selected fungi was significantly inhibited by peppermint EO. Light and electron microscopy studies showed that mycelium morphology was seriously changed after treatment with peppermint essential oil. The level of malondialdehyde illustrated that peppermint EO led to lipid peroxidation in the fungal pathogens. Therefore, due to its antifungal properties, peppermint EO can be used as an additive in the food industry and as an active substance in pharmaceuticals.
... Vol. 28 No. 2 September 2021 ISSN: 2509-0119 80 The result was compatible with other study by [20], where Mentha piperita L (Peppermint oil), was evaluated for larvicidal activity against different species of mosquito. The oil showed strong larvicidal activity and repellent action against adult mosquitoes when applied on human skin. ...
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Mosquito control depends on application of synthetic insecticides. This has been limited due to its harmful effect on human health. This increased needs for botanical origin alternatives as a sustainable and more safe method of mosquito control. The current study aimed to evaluate larvicidal and pupicidal effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), peppermint (Mentha piperita) and citronella leaf (Pelargonium citrosum), clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemon peels (Citrus limonoids) methanolic extracts. Tested plants were extracted and three concentrations of these extracts were prepared (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) then their larvicidal and pupicidal activities were evaluated against 20 larvae and 20 pupas for each concentration. Mortality rate were calculated after 24 hrs. Adult mosquitoes were identified to genus level. Clove showed the highest larvae mortality rate (100%) for the three tested concentrations, followed by thyme, lemon and peppermint. Citronella had no effect as larvicidal agent. On the other hand, pupicidal activity test of thyme showed the highest results followed by clove. While lemon didn't show any activity. Mosquito was identified as Culex. The result showed that buds extract of S. aromaticum and leaf extracts of T. vulgaris and peels extract of C. limonoids could serve as potential larvicidal extracts against the Culex mosquito.
... Repellents of plant origin do not pose hazards of toxicity to human and domestic animals and are rarely biodegradable (Elango et al., 2009). The oils showed strong repellent action against adult mosquitoes when applied on human skin (Ansari et al., 2000). It is a considerable international interest to develop a natural product that is alternative to synthetic insecticide to control insects. ...
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Larvicidal activity of Tagetes and Mentha arvensis essential oil against the different instar larvae of Culex mosquitoes. Mosquitoes larvae are the attractive goal for pesticides as mosquitoes used to breed in standing water and therefore it is easy to deal with them in this type of habitat. The use of chemical pesticides may introduce harm to the lives of people and environment. Natural pesticides that we obtained from plants are better and promising than this chemical pesticides. Different aromatic plants oils that we obtained are used in different respects. Mosquitoes are the life threatening vectors which cause several harmful diseases like malaria, Zika virus and dengue. This study deals with the essential oils and extracts which work against this life threatening vector. The pesticidal activity of essential oil of Mentha against the mosquitoes larvae is due to its menthol content which is the main aroma spreading component of Mentha . Mosquitoes feed on the blood and severe as the important vector for spreading diseases related to human. Synthetic chemical pesticides are toxic and contaminating our environment. Natural pesticides may serve as a suitable alternative technique in future. The natural pesticides are effective, eco- friendly and safe surroundings. Mentha and Tagetes were tested for their repellency against Culex quinquefasciatus.
... Several diseases are associated with mosquito-human interaction. Ansari et al., (2000) studied the toxicity of MpEOs against three important vector mosquitoes (Kumar et al., 2011), and the application of MpEOs at 3 mL/m 2 on the water surface area led to a 85% mortality within 24 h for Anopheles stephensi, 90% for Aedes aegypti, and 100% for Culex quinquefasciatus. Amer and Mehlhorn (2006) reported 53% mortality of A. aegypti larvae for 50 ppm MpEOs. ...
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Edited by MG Kulkarni A B S T R A C T Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is one of the most popular and widely consumed species worldwide, and is used in the medical as well as in industrial and culinary fields. The importance of M. piperita is mainly due to its essential oils (EOs) and polyphenols. The present work reviews various novelty aspects of M. piperita phy-tochemicals, including their components, processes used to obtain EOs and extracts, agricultural strategies for the induction of EO production, shelf-life processes, and their application in phytoremediation, animal science, herbicides, pesticides, food industries, and therapeutic issues. The amount and components of M. piperita EOs (MpEOs) available vary widely depending upon the region, climatic and agronomic conditions, the extraction technique and drying procedure. In recent years, different methodologies have been evaluated to enhance EO production and other phytochemicals, such as inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhi-zobacteria, application of chemical elicitors, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, fly ash, and environmental factors. MpEOs and phenolic compounds possess high antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Due to the wide range of bioactivity and antioxidant activity, this is an interesting topic of research due to the growing usage of natural antioxidants as additives in food and cosmetics. However, further studies should be directed towards MpEOs and extract production and formulation , to enable their wide scale application.
... Previous research has reported the insecticidal properties of EOs from plant species of the genus Mentha (Tripathi et al. 2000;Ansari et al. 2000;Aggarwal et al. 2001;Kumar et al. 2009Kumar et al. , 2011Koliopoulos et al. 2010;Govindarajan et al. 2012) that grow from tropical to temperate regions. For example, M. arvensis EO is known to be associated with antibacterial effects (Biswas et al. 2014;Horváth and Koščová 2017), antifungal effects (Varma and Dubey 2001;Kumar et al. 2007Kumar et al. , 2009 and adulticidal activity on several species of storage pests (Tripathi et al. 2000;Aggarwal et al. 2001;Mishra et al. 2012). ...
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Although synthetic pesticides are still used to control insect pests, greater efforts have been made to develop healthier and more environmentally friendly pesticides. Because of their insecticidal properties, botanical essential oils (EOs) are considered as promising alternatives to the use of synthetic insecticides. However, little is known about mechanisms underlying the insecticidal activity of most these natural compounds. In the present study, we evaluated the contact toxicity and the modes of action of the EO from Mentha arvensis against the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a cosmopolitan insect pest that causes extensive damage to stored cereals. M. arvensis EO caused high contact toxicity in S. granarius adults, resulting in a rapid paralysis and rapid alteration of walking behavior. Our label-free quantitative proteomics approach revealed that M. arvensis EO induced dramatic physiological changes in exposed insects. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were upregulated and are related to the development and functioning of the muscular and nervous systems, cellular respiration, protein synthesis, and detoxification. These results suggest that M. arvensis essential oil is capable of affecting a variety of biological processes, and shed light on the repair mechanisms put in place in surviving insects to counter the damage inflicted. This work opens new perspectives on the proposed mechanisms of insecticidal activity of a promising EO for controlling pests of stored cereals and may represent a first step in the development of novel bio-rational insecticides.
... Menthone, present in high concentration in peppermint oil, is reported to act as a natural pesticide. Because of increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, the availability, low budget and less environmental impact, there are studies undertaken to assess the larvicidal and repellent potential of the essential oil of peppermint plant, M. piperita against larva of these three mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus), and adult stages of these three species (Anopheles annularis, Anopheles culicifacies and Culex quinquefasciatus) (Ansari, Padma, Mamta and Razdan (2000)). The oil has shown strong repellent action against adult mosquitoes when applied on human skin. ...
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The mosquitoes are a serious threat to public health, since they are known vectors of many life-threatening diseases. Mosquito-borne diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide every year. While mosquitoes are important to maintain ecosystems, the aim is to keep them out of our personal space. People looking for alternatives to synthetic mosquito repellents may find that some natural repellents are effective in protecting them from bites. Natural insect repellents use natural ingredients such essential oils and other plant-based elements. Certain essential oils are effective and helpful in repelling mosquitoes, and are a natural alternative to the harsh chemicals in commercial bug sprays. These products are also likely to be less toxic to humans and the environment. Natural repellents and some essential oils may be effective in keeping mosquitoes away because they block their sense of smell. Many natural scents that are appealing to humans actually repel mosquitoes. Plant - based repellents are becoming more widely used as a protecting measure against mosquito bites, but more research is needed to develop natural repellents in terms of improving their repellent efficiency as well as in terms of their safety for use. This article presents a review about the best essential oils used as green repellents against mosquito bites, their efficiency, development and testing.
... In the present study in unused cement tanks, the P. trifoliate plant extracts caused 25.42 to 92.19 per cent larval reduction was observed at the LC 50 concentration (100.20 mg/L) obtained from lab study in 24 h to 72 h. Ansari et al. (2000) evaluated the repellent activity of Mentha piperita essential oil against mosquito in field condition. Percentage of protection obtained against An. ...
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Mosquito control has been facing backlashes due to the emergence of resistant varieties against synthetic insecticides. The bioactivity of five plant extracts viz., Poncirus trifoliate, Murraya paniculata, Citrus bergamia, Aegle marmelos and Limonia acidissima was studied against the filarial vector of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823. Larvicidal assays were conducted under laboratory condition to evaluate the 24 h LC50 and LC90 of the selected plants against 3rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values ranged from 76.26 to 208.32 mg/L and 191.85 to 477.16 mg/L, respectively. The result of larvicidal test suggests that the larvicidal activity of the L. acidissima and P. trifoliate extracts were highly influenced. Test results showed that the flavonoid compounds exhibited larvicidal activity against 3rd instar Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Percent reduction was recorded with an LC50 concentration of L. acidissima and P. trifoliate. A field study was carried out to evaluate larvicidal activity on 24 h, 48 h and 78 h period and percentage of larval and pupal reduction due to L. acidissima and P. trifoliate extracts in the unused cement tank and mini water pool in Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli district. The field tested plant extracts proved to have various activities against different life stages of Cx. spp. Therefore, flavonoid compounds from L. acidissima and P. trifoliate plant can be a potential candidate for use in the development of commercial mosquito larvicidal products that may be an alternative to conventional synthetic chemicals, particularly in integrated vector control applications.
... We do not need all insect life to be killed. Birds, reptiles and mammals are supplied with food by insects and several help pollinate plants [27]. Health stores sell a range of bug repellent based on essential oil that are sufficiently diluted to avoid skin irritation. ...
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Background In the present scenario, the markets are flooded with chemical-based mosquito repellent products that are proven to be toxic to the human life especially to the children and quite expensive in term of cost. This present investigation was attempted to evaluate the complete pharmacognostical characteristics of Elettaria cardamomum (Linn.) seed and to formulate eco-friendly and cost-effective herbal mosquito repellents of the seed powder by using a natural binder. Results The results of microscopic study of seed confirmed the presence of perisperm, embryo, endosperm and testa (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). The extractive values, moisture contents and ash values were also analysed and found to be alcoholic extract, 4.88% w/w; water extract, 40% w/w; moisture content, 8.6%; total ash, 5% w/w; acid insoluble ash, 1.5% w/w; and water soluble ash, 3.5% w/w (summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3). From the mosquito repellency test (Table 6), the combination of cardamom seed cake was done with cardamom powder 3/2 + 1/4 spoons, wood powder 3 spoons and chilli powder 1/4 spoon which showed low residual percentage of 15.05%, no irritation and an average burning time of 65 min. The formulated herbal-based mosquito repellents were found to be more effective without any side effects and found less cost too. Conclusion All the ingredients used in the formulation were herbal based and has no side effect on human health. The cost of the cake was Rs. 11.332/- and it can be considered as good mosquito repellent cakes because of its consistent burning ability with no irritating smoke and low residual percentage and high mosquito repellent ability. By utilizing this concept, the researchers can develop herbal, eco-friendly and cost-effective mosquito repellents in future.
... Oil extracted from Mentha has cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and perfumery applications. Sometimes, it is also used for culinary purposes for food and flavors [3]. ...
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The development of natural and eco-friendly repellents, specifically those derived from plants, has particular relevance because these plant-based repellents offer a promising alternative to chemical-based repellents. Also, plant-derived repellents could be cost-effective and safer for non-target organisms. However, the pure form of plant extracts could be hazardous as a repellent. Thus, safe concentrations and convenient delivery forms are essential. The plants of the Lamiaceae family have shown great potential in the formulation of this type of repellent against a wide range of pests, especially thanks to the properties of the components of their extracts and essential oils. This research aims to identify recent innovations in the field of plant-based repellents of the Lamiaceae family, founded on patent documents. Therefore, patent databases were searched, using appropriate keywords and refining the search using patent classification codes. We reviewed 72 patent documents, grouped into 52 simple families, published over the last ten years. The United States is the jurisdiction in which 64% of those documents were filed. The year 2019 showed the publication of the largest number of patent documents, with ten patent applications and four granted patents. We conclude that, in parallel with research in this field, which continues to advance, many innovative solutions that take advantage of the natural repellent properties of plants in the Lamiaceae family contribute to ongoing sustainable and ecological pest management efforts.
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Encapsulation technologies, including micro- and nanoencapsulation, provide innovative solutions to key challenges in food grain storage, insect and mold infestation, and nutrient loss. Methods like coacervation, spray drying, freeze-drying, electrospinning, solvent evaporation, and interfacial polymerization are commonly used to encapsulate the active ingredients. Encapsulation is particularly effective in prolonging the activity of pesticides and insecticides, enhancing the safety and quality of stored grains. These techniques ensure controlled release by enclosing active ingredients within protective shells, reducing the need for frequent applications. This approach improves food security and promotes sustainable agricultural practices by maintaining high-quality standards for food grains. This review explores the encapsulation technologies in-depth, emphasizing their role in addressing storage challenges and ensuring food security.
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Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and Zika, pose major public health challenges globally, affecting millions of people. The growing resistance of mosquito populations to synthetic insecticides underscores the critical need for effective and environmentally friendly larvicides. Although chemical pesticides can initially be effective, they often lead to negative environmental consequences and health hazards for non-target species, including humans. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and Delphinium speciosum extract on the larvae of three major mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The larvicidal activity of T. ammi essential oil and D. speciosum extract was evaluated through standard bioassays, using various concentrations of essential oils (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 ppm) and extracts (160, 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 ppm) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) values after 24 h of exposure. Fresh plant materials were collected, with the essential oil extracted via hydro-distillation, and the extract prepared using methanol solvent extraction. The chemical composition of T. ammi essential oil was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the preliminary analysis of the chemical compounds in D. speciosum extract was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) techniques. The results indicated that the essential oil of T. ammi exhibited more effective larvicidal activity compared to the D. speciosum extract. Specifically, the essential oil demonstrated LC50 values of 18 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 19 ppm for Ae. aegypti. In contrast, the D. speciosum extract showed the strongest larvicidal effect against An. stephensi, with an LC50 of 517 ppm. Concentrations of 40 ppm of the essential oil and 1280 ppm of the extract resulted in 100% mortality across all three species. Both the essential oil of T. ammi and the D. speciosum extract exhibited concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared to the no-treatment group. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol (88.95%), o-cymen-5-ol (4.11%), and γ-terpinene (2.10%) as the major constituents of the T. ammi essential oil. Additionally, TLC verified the presence of alkaloids in both chloroform and methanolic extracts. Proton NMR identified a diterpene structure for these alkaloids. These findings suggest that T. ammi essential oil is a promising candidate for natural mosquito control strategies. Given its efficacy, further research is warranted to explore its potential in integrated vector management programs.
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Dengue fever disease is an important health issue in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Chemical pesticides play a vital role in dengue control, through combating the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti L. Standard methods recommended by the World Health Organization were applied in the current work to conduct resistance experiments in both adult and larval stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes against eight types of pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides used in control programs in Jeddah. The results prove that Ae. aegypti is resistant against the pesticides deltamethrin 0.05%, α ‐cypermethrin 0.05%, fenitrothion 1% and temephos, is tolerant with some degree of resistance against cyfluthrin 0.15% and λ ‐cyhalothrin 0.5%, as well as tolerant against malathion 5% and pirimiphos‐methyl 0.25%. On the other hand, the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis ( Bti ) demonstrated high activity against the field strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, with a resistance ratio (RR) of 1.25. In general, we conclude from these findings that the continuous and frequent application of synthetic pesticides induces resistance in mosquitoes against pesticides. This, of course, forces us to reconsider the pesticides currently used in control programs and do our best towards finding alternative means to combat mosquitoes and the diseases that they can transmit.
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Aedes aegypti is a mosquito species known for transmitting several diseases, with dengue fever being of utmost importance. Controlling the spread of dengue fever remains a significant global health challenge. Other diseases transmitted by Ae. aegypti include Zika virus, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Padina boryana algae were collected from the Red Sea coast south of Jeddah to evaluate the effectiveness of its alcoholic and aqueous extracts against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae. The algae sample was washed, dried in the shade, processed, and subjected to aqueous and alcohol extraction using a rotary evaporator. The resulting extracts were tested for their larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae using standard bioassay techniques. The larval mortality rates were recorded, and the lethal concentration (LC 50 and LC 90 ) values were calculated. The results revealed that both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. boryana algae exhibited significant larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae. However, the alcoholic formulation demonstrated higher efficacy compared to the aqueous formulation. The LC 50 values for the alcoholic and aqueous extracts were 194.8 and 195.7 ppm, respectively. The LC 90 values for both extracts were 653.1 and 656.7 ppm, respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of Padina extracts as an effective pesticide against the larvae of the Ae. aegypti mosquito. Overall, the alcohol extract showed promising efficacy, indicating its potential as a significant component in developing effective mosquito control strategies.
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Backgrounds & objectives Recent research in Cameroon reported several occurrences of dengue in urban settings, but concurrent dengue-malaria infection has received less attention, particularly in the East region. Methods A two-month cross-sectional and comparative research was performed at Bertoua Regional Hospital including 50 malaria-positive participants and 90 non-malaria subjects. Participants were selected and provided with a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data. Blood samples were collected and tested for dengue infection and hematological parameters were assessed. Results Dengue fever was found in 14 % of the malarial patients vs 66.66 % of the controls. Secondary dengue infection was more prevalent in malarial patients than in non-malarial patients. Sex, age, and place of residence were positively correlated to dengue seropositivity. Platelets were substantially lower (P<0.001) in the malarial group than in the non-malarial group Interpretation & conclusion In the study population, coinfected patients were found to be more vulnerable to dengue, emphasizing the importance of epidemiological surveillance.
Chapter
Vector-borne disease consists of 17% of the total infectious disease. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than 700,000 deaths occur annually due to vector-borne diseases caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Mosquitoes are the deadliest vector that carries parasites to human and animal bodies. Mosquito breeding areas are diverse, and the magnitude of the mosquito population depends on the natural or artificial breeding areas hence the chances of mosquito vector-borne diseases increase. Most mosquitoes choose semi-arid regions where the wastewater irrigation system gives a constant water source for mosquitoes to breed. They prefer wastewater or sewage water for breeding or laying their eggs when suitable physical, chemical, and biological conditions are insufficient. In Urban areas, water pollution mainly occurs because of the continuous discharge of untreated wastewater into natural streams. Even water stabilisation ponds for urban wastewater treatment sometimes provide suitable breeding sites for mosquitoes. Ultimately these events contribute to the discrete of natural waterways which associate with the increased population of mosquitoes and could cause a risk to human health. So, there is an urgent need to properly manage this sewage water/wastewater produced from households, industries, and other hospitals, private nursing homes, etc. Keeping all these in mind, in this chapter, we shall briefly discuss the relationship between wastewater and mosquito-borne illness and some management or control strategies of sewage water/wastewater to combat mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases.
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The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae), comprising more than twenty-five species, is responsible for approximately 2000 of the world essential oil, making it the second most important essential oil-producing genus, after Citrus. Mentha species from different geographical regions with their insecticidal (repellent, antifeedant, and ovicidal) and antimicrobial efficacies against bacterial, fungal plant pathogens and insects of stored products. Reports of the researchers on chemical analysis of essential oils of Mentha species revealed that most of the oils being rich in pulegone, menthon, menthol, carvone, 1, 8- -caryophyllene. Mentha species offer the prospect of using them as natural pesticides with a commercial value, having social acceptance due to its sustainability and being environment friendly. Menthol is the major derivative product of Mentha species and is widely used in pharmaceuticals, tobacco products, perfumery, aromatherapy, toothpastes, soaps, cosmetics, oral preparations, confectionaries and even in cigarettes.
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Mint oil has many applications including foods, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and pest control. This essential oil is easily damaged because of its high sensitivity to environmental conditions such as heat, oxygen, light and reactions with other compounds. Encapsulation provides protection of the oil against these undesirable conditions. This study was aimed at evaluating the characteristics of mint oil encapsulated in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) as influenced by mint oil load. Mint oil was encapsulated in polyethylene glycol at four different percentages (5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%) using a melt dispersion technique. The experiment was done in two replicates. The encapsulates were characterized for their morphology, size attributes and thermal properties. Particulate sizes ranged from 281.4 – 569.5 nm and tended to increase with the increase in oil load. Microstructure of the particles examined under scanning electron microscope showed irregular flakes with sizes around 10 μm. These particles contained oil droplets in the sizes of about 200 – 500 nm as confirmed by observation with a transmission electron microscope. The enthalpy of melting of encapsulates were higher than that of mint oil, describing the enhancement of oil stability under thermal conditions. This study provides useful information in developing essential oil encapsulation for use in wider applications.
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Red velvet mite (RVM) is an arachnid arthropod, having bright red colour makes the creatures easy to attract. Among the mite species, it is one of the largest and grows up to 15mm to 20 mm. A thick layers of glossy hairs, gives it a velvety appearance. Usually fore pair legs are used for sensations. Like other mites, the adults have 4 pairs of legs while the larvae have only 3 pairs (fig.1). This creature is not only famous for its bright red velvety body which looks beautiful but also known for its therapeutic usage in the treatment of paralysis and sexual dysfunction (Oudhia, 2003). Further, the deep red color indicates the warning behavior to its predators to refrain their consumption. Apart from this, it is graced with dozens of common names such as rain’s insect, scarlet fly, bride of the sea-farer, queen mite, rain mite, velvet bride, little old lady of monsoon and many more that are used invariably.
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Mosquito bites can give an unpleasant feeling and are attracted to human blood containing protein to develop their eggs, biting human to another human, thereby transmitting the vector disease to human. Many species of mosquitoes are vectors of several disease causing pathogens such as dengue, zika and yellow fever. Dengue fever and yellow fever can cause severe human morbidity and mortality. Over one million people worldwide die from mosquito diseases every year because of the diseases causes by mosquitoes. The ideal method for controlling mosquitoes using larvicides and targeting the breeding places. In this present scenario synthetic compound DEET are effectively used as mosquito repellents whereas to its contradictory numbers of adverse effects were observed. DEET is a N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, also called N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide. It has an unpleasant odour and strong penetration into the skin which can be harmful to the human. The uses of plant extract can reduce the uses of chemical in mosquito repellent. Marigold flowers contains many chemicals constituents such as cadinol, carotenoids, isorhamnetin, saponins, triterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, scopoletin, flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, which has proved to have various biological properties along with mosquito repellent properties. In this research comparison studies of marigold flowers extract and synthetic chemical used as mosquito repellents was carried out.
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Various secondary metabolites such as essential oils (EOs) are produced by plants which, when extracted and concentrated, find their application in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. There is an increasing interest in natural products, intended not only to delay/prevent the onset of chronic degenerative diseases, but also to prevent the deterioration of fats and other constituents of foodstuffs. EOs have been identified as natural food additives which can find useful application in food preservation. The objective of this chapter is to briefly describe the potential usage of EO in food preservation.
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Different plants have been used as medicinal plants for many years. Moreover, various studies have been carried out to validate their active principles. Melia azedarach is widely used popularly, and various of its active principles have been isolated and some of its pharmacological actions have been tested and proven. These proven aspects include its antiviral, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiparasitic, insecticidal, contraceptive and antifolliculogenesis properties. Therefore, this survey was conducted in regard to the main pharmacological, biological and chemical actions of M. azedarach in order to add to the knowledge concerning this plant, evidencing its medicinal potential and phytochemistry in relation to the use of this plant in popular medicine. KEY WORDS Melia azedarach ; pharmacology; traditional medicine
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A plant recently introduced into North America as the citrosa, Pelargonium citrosum ('Van Leenii'), has been marketed as a biological repellent against mosquitoes. Citrosa is claimed to repel mosquitoes within a 10 ft.2 (0.93 m2) area due to a continuous fragrant release of citronella oil. The total essential oil yield was 0.2 +/- 0.1% from fresh plant material. Chemical analysis by the authors revealed that combined essential oils of fresh greenhouse- and field-grown citrosa have 35.4 +/- 6.2% geraniol, 10.4 +/- 1.6% citronellol, 8.9 +/- 2.0% isomenthone, and 6.8 +/- 3.8% linalool. Both the morphology and essential oil of citrosa fall within the Pelargonium x asperum hybrid complex and are similar to 'Rosé', the commercial rose geranium. No character of morphology or essential oil of a Cymbopogon species yielding commercial citronella oil could be detected in the citrosa. The effectiveness of the citrosa as a repellent against field populations of spring Aedes spp. mosquitoes was evaluated and compared with a 75% deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) formulation. Deet provided > 90% reduction in mosquitoes biting subjects for up to 8 h post-treatment. There was no significant difference between citrosa-treated and nontreated subjects.
Article
Natural products, traditionally used as biocides in indigenous cultures, are being reevaluated for safer means of bacterial and pest control, as compared to the synthetics. While unequivocal identification of bioactive components of plant extracts is difficult due to synergy and other type of interactions among the constituents, a variety of terpenoids in the essential oils have been shown to be bioactive. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the extracts vary depending upon the extraction conditions. In this article, studies on four common herbs Murraya koenigii, Lantana camara, Ocimum sanctum and Tagetes patula are presented.These herbs were extracted by liquid CO2 (subcritical liquid extract; SLE), supercritical fluid CO2 (supercritical fluid extract; SFE) and hydrodistillation. The components extracted were characterized by TLC, GC and GC/MS.
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The results of optimizing Soxhlet and Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction (SSDE) procedures for the isolation of natural insecticides fromTagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, andTagetes minuta, members of theCompositae family, are presented. Extraction procedures were developed and validated that produced the extract with the highest degree of biocidal activity. The highest activity was obtained with extracts isolated by SSDE using methylene chloride. Initial work was carried out on a micro-SSDE. Preparative SSDE was used to provide large quantities of extracts for bioassays. Bioassays were used to govern optimization procedures usingAedes aegypti andAnopheles stephensi adults and larvae as target organisms.Tagetes minuta was determined to be the most active of the three species studied. Evaluation of activity and recovery versus extraction time was investigated. It was determined that an extraction time of ten hours resulted in the highest activity and over 90% recovery of the oils. Finally, supercritical fluid extraction of the flowers with CO2 was compared to SSDE.
Article
Tagetes species, popularly known as marigold, are grown as ornamental plants and thrive in varied agro-climates. Bioactive extracts of different Tagetes parts exhibit nematocidal, fungicidal and insecticidal activity. Nematocidal activity of roots is attributed to thienyls while the biocidal components of the essential oil from flowers and leaves are terpenoids. Also carotenoid pigments from Tagetes ave useful in food coloring. In this paper various uses of this multipurpose plant are reviewed. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Article
The median effective dosages (ED50's) of 31 commercial and experimental repellents were determined for Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles albimanus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex pipiens. Aedes taeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens were significantly more sensitive to repellents than were Ae. aegypti and An. albimanus. Patterns of sensitivity to the 31 test compounds were not related to the taxonomic relationships of the species tested. Aedes aegypti, the traditional test species for repellent studies, was an exceptionally poor predictor for the responses of An. stephensi to repellents. Testing strategies are discussed for repellent screening programs and for testing specific and broad-spectrum repellents.
Article
Studies were carried out to evaluate the repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var. sofia (F. Gramineae) against mosquitoes under field conditions. Results revealed that the oil has strong repellent action and provided absolute protection for 12 h against Anopheles culicifacies, a principal vector of malaria in the country. Similar degree of protection was evident against An. annularis and An. subpictus. The protection against Culex quinquefasciatus, a pest mosquito was 96.3% for 12 h. Results of evaluation in captivity revealed complete protection against this species for 5 h.
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Two percent neem oil mixed in coconut oil, when applied to the exposed body parts of human volunteers, provided complete protection for 12 h from the bites of all anopheline species. Application of neem oil is safe and can be used for protection from malaria in endemic countries.
Article
Application of Tagetes minuta floral extract to silica gel column chromatography produced 2 fractions with the hydrogenate part 20-30 times more toxic to larvae and 12-13 times more toxic to adults of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, respectively, than the oxygenate part. Further fractionation by column chromatography of the hydrogenate fraction produced 4 thiophenes, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-5'-methyl-2,2'-bithiophene, 2,2',5',2"-terthiophene, and 5-methyl-2,2',5',2"-terthiophene. These compounds in Tagetes minuta are largely responsible for the toxicity exhibited against the tested mosquitoes.
Article
The repellent effect of Lantana camara flowers was evaluated against Aedes mosquitoes. Lantana flower extract in coconut oil provided 94.5% protection from Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The mean protection time was 1.9 h. One application of Lantana flower can provide more than 50% protection up to 4 h against the possible bites of Aedes mosquitoes. No adverse effects of the human volunteers were observed through 3 months after the application.
Article
Field studies were carried out to determine the relative efficacy of repellant action of vegetable, essential and chemical base oils against vector mosquitoes. Results revealed that essential oils viz. Cymbopogan martinii martinii var. Sofia (palmarosa), Cymbopogan citratus (lemon grass) and Cymbopogan nardus (citronella) oils are as effective as chemical base oil namely mylol. These oils provide almost complete protection against Anopheles culicifacies and other anopheline species. Per cent protection against Culex quinquefasciatus ranged between 95-96%. Camphor (C. camphora) oil also showed repellent action and provided 97.6% protection against An. culicifacies and 80.7% against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Vegetable oils namely mustard (B. compestris) and coconut (C. nucisera) showed repellent action, however the efficacy of these oils was not much pronounced against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results of statistical analysis revealed significant difference between vegetable and essential oils (p < 0.01) against tested species of mosquitoes. Essential oils were found marginally superior in repellancy than camphor and mylol (p < 0.01) against An. culicifacies and Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Mint farming in India
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Isolation of the insecticidal components of Tagetes minuta (compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults Comparative sensitivity of representative mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to repellents Mosquito repellent action of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil
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Perich, M.J., Wells, C., Bertsch, W., Tredway, K.E., 1995. Isolation of the insecticidal components of Tagetes minuta (compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults. J. Am. Mosq. Cont. Assoc. 11 (3), 307±310. Rutledge, L.C., Collater, D.M., Meixsell, V.E., Eisene, C.H.G., 1983. Comparative sensitivity of representative mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to repellents. J. Med. Entomol. 20, 506. Sharma, V.P., Ansari, M.A., Razdan, R.K., 1993. Mosquito repellent action of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.
Mass rearing procedures for Anopheles stephensi Liston
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Chemical composition of Mentha piperita oils from plants raised in Jammu and Kashmir
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Indigenous plants and their extracts for the control of pests
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