Synopsis of syntaxonomy of Turkish forests

Abstract

Turkish forests have a very important genetic, biological and ecological diversity. Syntaxonomy of Turkish forests have been studied over 40 years but there were many unvalidly published names and a chaos among syntaxonomical units. In this paper it was aimed to overview the phytosociological studies and the sum of syntaxa of forest vegetation in Turkey. In the study all syntaxa described so far from forests in Turkey were gathered together to clear their ranks and last status.

Full text

Journal of Environmental Biology

January & March 2010

Synopsis of syntaxonomy of Turkish forests
O. Ketenoglu*, G.N. Tug, U. Bingol, F. Geven, L. Kurt and K. Guney
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ankara University, Tandogan-Ankara - 06100, Turkey
(Received: February 30, 2009; Revised received: April 10, 2009; Accepted: September 05, 2009)
Abstract: Turkish forests have a very important genetic, biological and ecological diversity. Syntaxonomy of Turkish forests have been
studied over 40 years but there were many unvalidly published names and a chaos among syntaxonomical units. In this paper it was aimed
to overview the phytosociological studies and the sum of syntaxa of forest vegetation in Turkey. In the study, all syntaxa described so far
from forests in Turkey were gathered together to clear their ranks and last status.
Key words: Forest vegetation, Syntaxonomy, Phytosociology
PDF of full length paper is available online
*
Corre spondin g auth or: ketenogl@science.ankara. edu. tr
Special Issue - Forest, Forestry and Environment in Turkey
Guest Editor - Professor Dr. Munir Ozturk
Introduction
Turkey is situated at a meeting area of continents and
phytogeographical regions which are Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean
and Irano-Turanian. Therefore, the climatological, topographical,
geographical and geomorphological diversity leads to high
biodiversity and endemism in plant life. According to the historical
and scientific researches it was known that 4000 years ago, Anatolia
was covered mostly with forests (60-70%) and steppe vegetation
covered only 10-15% (Davis, 1965-1988). Nowadays as the forest
cover decreases (about 26%) steppic areas increases (24%).
Over-grazing, over-cutting, fires, clearance for agriculture, wars
and the general misuse of the land lead to this decrease in the
sylvatic areas (Mayer and Aksoy, 1986, Colak and Rotherdam
2006).
Turkey has 21188 million ha of forest area in total. 42 % of
this area is covered with coniferous, 53.3% is covered with broad
leaved and 4.5% is covered with mixed forests of both coniferous
and broad-leaved species (Ministry of Environment and Forestry,
General Directorate of Forestry, www.ogm.gov.tr).
In the present study it was aimed to review all the
syntaxonomical units of Turkish forests which mostly spread over
mountainous parts of Turkey. The syntaxonomy of Turkish forests
have been studied from 1960’s by both native and foreign scientists
(Quezel, Barbero, Akman, Ketenoglu, Vural, Yurdakulol, Kurt,
Hamzaoglu, Duman, Tatli, Ozturk, Kilinc, Kutbay etc.). Although
these forests are important not only for Turkey but also for whole
world, they are under the risk of degradation because of fires, over
grazing, clearance to get agricultural or living areas for human
being, etc. The decidious and evergreen sylvatic syntaxa have
their own particular floristic compositions due to their regional
distributions and therefore, their peculiar ecologies. So many
syntaxa, many of which create phytosociological problems, were
therefore described within the forest vegetation of Turkey. In this
review it was aimed to provide an overall knowledge about all the
syntaxonomical units of Turkish forests.
Results and Discussion
At the end of the overview of phytosociological forest units
of Turkey following list with super class, class, order, alliance and
associations was prepared. The associations were given with their
distributions. In this review, the names of the categories were given
according to the “Typification de syntaxa décrits en region
méditerranéenne orientali” (Quézel et al., 1992).
Class Quercetea ilicis Br.- Bl. 1947 ex A. & O. Bolòs Y
Vayreda 1950
Orders -
1. Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. 1936 em. R.M. 1974
i. Alliance Oleo-Ceratonion Br.-Bl. 1936 em. R.M. 1974
Aetheorhizo bulbosae-Pinetum brutia Vural, Duman, Guner,
Donmez and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected
area
Allio subhirsuti-Cupressetum sempervirenti Vural, Duman, Guner,
Donmez and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected
area
Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum brutiae Akman, Kurt, Demiryurek,
Quezel, Kurt, Evren and Kucukoduk 1993. Marmaris, Bodrum.
Lilio candidi-Arbutetum andrachnes Vural, Duman, Guner, Donmez
and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected area
Microsciadio minuti-Lauretum nobilis Vural, Duman, Guner, Donmez
and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected area
Phlomido bourgaei-Pinetum brutiae Akman, Kurt, Demiryurek,
Quezel, Kurt, Evren and Kucukoduk 1993. Marmaris, Bodrum.
Pino-Brachypodium pinnatii Akman and Ekim 1988. Gelibolu National
Park
Journal of Environmental Biology January 2010, 31, 71-80 (2010)
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Journal of Environmental Biology
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January & March 2010
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Ketenoglu et al.
Querco aucheri-Oleetum europae Vural, Duman, Guner, Donmez
and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected area
Querco aucheri-Phlomidetum lyciae Vural and Duman 1995
Koycegiz Dalyan Specially Protected area
ii. Alliance Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl. (1931) 1936 em. R.M. 1974
Carpino-Phillyretum latifoliae Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra, Samsun
Centarureo lycopifoliae-Pinetum brutiae Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Diantho tripunctati-Pinetum pineae Varol 2004. Milas, Yatagan
Ferulago humili-Pinetum brutiae N. Ozel 1999. Kaz Mountain
Phillyreo-Lauretum nobilis Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra, Samsun
Phillyreo media-Lauretum nobilis Quezel, Barbero and Akman 1980.
Cide
Querco-Pinetum brutiae Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra, Samsun
iii. Alliance Quercion calliprini (Zohary 1962) Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1978
Glycyrrhizo asymetricae-Pinetum brutiae Ayasligil 1987. Koprulu
Canyon
There are 6 associations that are directly connected to the order
Quercetalia ilicis, these are as follows:
Cotino coggyriae-Arbutetum andrachnes Karaer, Kilinc and Kutbay
1999. Erbaa, Niksar
Lauro-Quercetum ilicis Kutbay, Karaer and Kilinc 1998. Sinop
Peninsula
Paliuro spinae-christi-Fontenisietum philliraeoidis Karaer, Kilinc and
Kutbay 1999. Erbaa, Niksar
Phyllyreo-Quercetum cocciferae Kutbay, Karaer and Kilinc 1998.
Kelkit Valley
Siderito dichotomae-Quercetum cocciferae Karaer, Kilinc and
Kutbay 1999. Erbaa, Niksar
2. Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Martinez 1974
i. Alliance Gonocytiso pterocladi-Pinion brutiae Barbéro, Chalabi,
Nahal and Quézel, 1976
Hedysario-Pinetum brutiae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1978.
Mersin-Kas
Medicagini coronatae-Pinetum brutiae Varol, Ketenoglu, Bingol,
Geven and Guney 2006. Baskonus mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Pinus brutia-Helichrysum pamphylicum Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1978. Central Taurus
ii. Alliance Ptosimopappo bracteati-Quercion microphyllae Barbéro,
Chalabi, Nahal and Quezel 1976
Glycirrhizo flavescentis-Pinetum brutiae Barbéro, Chalabi, Nahal
and Quézel 1977. Iskenderun
iii. Alliance Querco calliprini-Juniperion excelsae Barbero and
Quézel 1979
Juniperetum oxycedro-excelsae Akman, Barbero and Quezel 1980.
Paliuro spine-christi-Pistacietum palaestinae Hamzaoglu, Duran
and Menemen 2002. Kazankaya Canyon (Corum-Yozgat)
Pinus brutia-Cytisopsis dorycniifolia Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1978. Fethiye, Koycegiz
iv. Alliance Andrachno-Quercion cocciferae Barbéro-Quézel 1979
Hyperico polyphylii-Pinetum brutiae Saglam 2007. Davras Mountain
(Isparta)
The associations directly connected to the order Pistacio-
Rhamnetalia alaterni are:
Bupleuro-Pistacietum palaestinae Serin, Ketenoglu and Kucukoduk
1996. Haci Baba Mountain (Karaman)
Centrantho-Juniperetum excelsae Serin, Ketenoglu and Kucukoduk
1996. Haci Baba Mountain (Karaman)
Cyclotrichio-Rhoetum coriariae Serin, Ketenoglu and Kucukoduk
1996. Haci Baba Mountain (Karaman)
There is also an association that was connected directly to the class
QUERCETEA ILICIS;
Gastridio ventricosi-Pinetum pineae Varol and Tatli 2002. Onsen-
Haciagali (Kahramanmaras)
Class QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS (Oberd. 1948, Doing-
Kraft 1955) Scamoni and Passarge 1959.
Orders -
1. Querco cerridis-Carpinetalia orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980.
i. Alliance Quercion frainetto Horvat 1954.
Quercetum pubescenti-cerridis Vural 1985. Baskomutan National
Park (Afyon)
Rubo caesei-Fagetum orientali N. Ozel 1999. Kaz Mountain
ii. Alliance Carpino betuli-Acerion hyrcani Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1978
Abies bornmuelleriana-Saxifraga rotundifolis Kilinc 1985.Tosya,
Iskilip
Abies bornmuelleriana-Pinus sylvestris Kilinc 1985. Tosya
Argyrolobio biebersteinii-Quercetum cerridis Ture, Tokur and
Ketenoglu 2005. Asagimuratli and Muratdere
Astragalo aucheri-Pinetum pallasianea Karaer, Kilinc and Kutbay
1999. Erbaa, Resadiye, Koyulhisar
Carpino-Quercetum cerridis Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra (Samsun)
Carpino-Quercetum petraea Yurdakulol, Demirors and Yildiz 2002.
Devrekani, Inebolu, Abana
Carpinus orientalis-Coryllus avellana Kilinc 1985. Between Corum
and Kastamonu.
Carpinus betulus-Fagus orientalis Akman, Yurdakulol and Aydogdu
1983. Bolu
Cephalanthero rubrae-Quercetum cerridis Karaer, Kilinc and
Kutbay 1999. Erbaa
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Syntaxonomy of Turkish forests
Chamaecytiso pygmaei-Pinetum pallasianae Quézel, Akman and
Barbero 1980. Kastamonu
Cirsio-Pinetum nigrae Adiguzel and Vural 1995. Soguk Su National
Park
Crataego microphyllae-Carpinetum betuli Cansaran and Aydogdu
2001. Egerli Mountain (Amasya)
Crataego-Quercetum ibericae Kutbay, Karaer and Kilinc 1998.
Samsun
Crataego curvisepalae-Quercetum cerridis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Corum, Merzifon
Daphno ponticae-Pinetum sylvestris Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra
(Samsun)
Daphno ponticae-Quercetum ibericae Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Kastamonu
Dictamno albi-Quercetum syspirensis Quézel, Barbéro, Akman
1980. Between Safranbolu and Eskipinar
Digitalo trojani-Pinetum nigrae N. Ozel 1999. Kaz Mountains
Erico arborae-Quercetum ibericae N. Ozel 1999 Kaz Mountains
Fago orientalis-Abietetum bornmuelleriana Akman, Yurdakulol and
Aydogdu 1983. Sulhiye, Mezitli, Kozpinar
Fragario vescae-Pinetum sylvestris Tatli, Basyigit, Varol and Tel
2005. Gumus Mountain (Kutahya)
Genisto-Pinetum nigrae Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra (Samsun)
Hyperico conferti-Pinetum sylvestris Ekim and Akman 1990.
Sundiken Mountains
Junipero oxycedri-Pinetum sylvestris Eminagaoglu and Ansin 2007.
Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Leontodonto asperi-Quercetum pubescentis Cansaran and
Aydogdu 2001. Egerli Mountain (Amasya)
Linario-Quercetum petraea Adiguzel and Vural 1995. Soguk Su
National Park
Mercurialo-Abietetum bornmuellerianae Yurdakulol, Demirors and
Yildiz 2002. Yaraligoz and Goynuk Mountains
Onobrychido pisidicae-Quercetum pubescentis Kargioglu and Tatli
2005. Yandag (Isparta)
Onopordo anatolici-Prunetum divaricatae N. Ozel 1999. Kaz
Mountain
Osmundo regali-Castanetum sativae N. Ozel 1999. Kaz Mountain
Paeonio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis Ekim 1977 em Akman,
Barbéro and Quézel 1979. Sundiken Mountain
Petrorhargio olympicae-Pinetum sylvestris Cansaran and Aydogdu
2001. Egerli Mountain (Amasya)
Pinus sylvestris-Doronicum orientale Duzenli 1989. Akdagmadeni
(Sivas)
Pinus sylvestris-Quercus petraea subsp. iberica Akman, Yurdakulol
and Demirors 1983. Ilgaz Mountain
Pinus sylvestris-Daphne pontica Kilinc 1985. Tosya
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-Quercus petraea subsp. iberica
Akman, Yurdakulol and Aydogdu 1983. Bolu
Populo tremulae-Quercetum sysprensis Cansaran and Aydogdu
2001. Egerli Mountain (Amasya)
Populo-Pinetum sylvestris Adiguzel and Vural 1995. Soguk Su
National Park
Rusco aculeati-Carpinetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Samsun
Pyrolo secundae-Fagetum orientalis Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Eskisehir, Kutahya, Balikesir
Quercus petrea subsp. iberica-Viola suavis Akman, Yurdakulol and
Demirors 1983. Semen Mountains
Quercus hartwissiana x Q. petraea-Erica arborea Akm an,
Yurdakulol and Aydogdu 1983. Bolu
Quercetum vulcanicae-cerridis Kargioglu 2007. Ahirdagi (Afyon)
Quercetum trojano-macrolepis Kargioglu and Tatli 2005. Yandag
(Isparta)
Querco petraea-Piceetum orientalis Eminagaoglu, Ansin and
Kutbay 2007. Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Querco-Carpinetum orientalis Kutbay, Karaer and Kilinc 1998.
Sinop
Quercus iberica-Acer cappadocicum Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Samsun
Ranunculo buhsei-Pinetum sylvestris Karaer, Kilinc and Kutbay
1999. Kelkit Valley
Salvio tomentosa-Rhoetum coriaria Cansaran and Aydogdu 2001.
Egerli Mountain (Amasya)
Salvio forskahli-Quercetum cerridis Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Bilecik, Bursa, Balikesir
Scaligerio tripartitae-Carpinetum betuli Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Ilgaz and Semen Mountains
Seslerio argentea-Pinetum pallasianae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Nallihan, Mudurnu
Stachyo tmoleae-Cistetum laurifolii Kargioglu 2007. Ahirdagi (Afyon)
Stellario holosteae-Pinetum pallasianae Ture, Tokur and Ketenoglu
2005. Sari dayi, Kizilpinar, Muratdere, Ormanguzle
Tanaceto-Pinetum nigrae Ozen and Kilinc 1995. Alacam, Gerze
(Samsun) and Boyabat, Duragan (Sinop)
Trifolio hirti-Cistetum laurifolii Cansaran and Aydogdu 2001. Egerli
Mountain (Amasya)
Ulmo glabrae-Carbinetum betuli N. Ozel 1999. Kaz Mountain
iii. Alliance Cisto laurifolii-Pinion pallasianae Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1978.
Astragalo oxytropifolii-Pinetum caramanicae Kargioglu and Tatli
2005. Yandag (Isparta)
Dorcynio hirsuti-Populetum tremulae Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
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Dorycnio graeci-Pinetum nigrae Vural 1985. Baskomutan National
Park
Ferulago galbaniferae-Pinetum pallasianae Ekim 1977 em. Akman,
Barbéro and Quézel 1979. Sundiken Mountain
Hieracio pannosi-Cistetum laurifolii Ture, Tokur and Ketenoglu
2005. Delielmacik
Junipero oxycedri-Cistetum laurifolii Hamzaoglu and Duran 2004.
Dinek Mountain (Kirikkale)
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-Astragalus listonia Kilinc 1985. Tosya
Querco cerridis-Cistetum laurifolii Vural 1985. Baskomutan National
Park
iv. Alliance Quercion anatolicae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1979.
Allio calyptrati-Quercetum pubescentis Ocakverdi and Unal 1991.
Kartallik, Sizak, Maklac Hill (Karaman)
Ast ragalo-Quercetum m acrol epidis Serin, Ketenoglu and
Kucukoduk 1996. Haci Baba (Karaman)
Homalothecio-Quercetum vulcanici Ocakverdi and Unal 1991.
Karadag
Jasmino fruticantis-Crataegetum meyeri Hamzaoglu and Geven
1999. Kervansaray Mountain (Kirsehir)
Jasmino fruticantis-Quercetum pubescentis Hamzaoglu 2000.
Buzluk Mountain (Kirsehir)
Jasmino fruticantis-Quercetum cerridis Hamzaoglu and Duran
2004. Dinek Mountain (Kirikkale)
Junipeterum oxycedro-foetidissimatis Vural 1985. Baskomutan
National Park
Junipero foetidissimae-Juniperetum excelsae Ture, Tokur and
Ketenoglu 2005. Ormanguzle
Junipero oxycedri-Quercetum pubescentis Ture, Tokur and
Ketenoglu 2005. Bozuyuk
Onobrychido tournefortii-Quercetum pubescentis Karaer, Kilinc
and Kutbay 1999. Koyulhisar
Pinetum pallasianae Cetik 1963. Eldivan (Cankiri)
Piptathero-Quercetum pubescentis x infectoria Ocakverdi and Unal
1991. Karaman Gedigi, Yeldibi Hills
Populetum tremula Tatli 1985. Gavur Mountain (Erzurum)
Pyro elaeagnifoliae-Quercetum anatolicae Akman and Ketenoglu
em. Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1979. Ayas, Beynam, Beypazari
Quercetum macrolepido-trojanae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Usak, Ulubay, Simay
Quercetum pubescentii Akman and Ketenoglu 1976 em. Akman,
Barbéro and Quézel 1979. Eldivan (Cankiri)
Quercetum trojano-pubescentis Hamzaoglu, Duran and Menemen
2002. Kazankaya Canyon (Yozgat-Corum)
Quercetum macrolepido-cerridis Vural, Yaman and Sahin 2007.
Delice (Kirikkale)
Salvio tomentosi-Cistetum laurifolii Tatli, Eyce and Serin 1994.
Konya
Trifolio-Quercetum pubescentis [Ketenoglu] ex Adiguzel and Vural
1995. Soguk Su National Park
Trifolio-Pinetum sylvestris Tatli 1985. Gavur Mountain (Erzurum)
v. Alliance Staphylleo pinnatae-Buxion sempervirentis Quézel,
Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Doronico macrolepidis-Piceetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1992. Harsit-Kurtun
Vincetoxico nigri-Fagetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Dereli, Yavuz Kemal
Pruno laurocerasi-Fagetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Between Cide and Dereli
Telekio speciosae-Abietetum bornmuellerianae Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980. Between Azdavay and Cide
The associations directly connected to the order Querco cerridis-
Carpinetalia orientalis are:
Carici-Pinetum maritimae Kilinc and Karaer 1995. Sinop Peninsula
Junipero-Pinetum nigra Ozen and Kilinc 2002. Kunduz Forest
(Samsun)
Phyllireo latifoliae-Quercetum frainettinis Yarci 2000 Isiklar Mountain
(Tekirdag)
Phyllireo mediae-Carpinetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Between Unye and Trabzon
Pino sylvestris-Cedretum libani Quézel, Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Erba
Querco hartwisianae-Quercetum petrae Yarci 2000. Istranca
Mountains
Tilio argentae-Quercetum petrae Yarci 2000. Isiklar Mountain
(Tekirdag)
2. Querco pseudocerridis-Cedretalia libani Barbéro, Loisel
and Quézel 1974.
i. Alliance Abieto cilicicae-Cedrion libani Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1978.
Abieto-Saponarietum elatii Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987. Seydisehir
Abieto-Cedretum libani Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987. Seydisehir.
Acero tauricauli-Abietetum cilicicae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Taurus Mountains
Adenocarpo complicati-Pinetum nigrae Serin 1996. Beysehir and
Ilgin (Konya)
Arabido-Juniperetum excelsae Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag
(Konya)
Centaureo lycopifoliae-Pinetum pallasianae Varol, Ketenoglu,
Bingol, Geven and Guney 2006. Baskonus Mountains
Cephalanthero-Pinetum nigrae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Seydisehir
Cicerbito-Cedretum libani Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Cochleario-Pinetum nigrae Ocakverdi and Oflas 1999. Hadim
(Konya)
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Corno australis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Amanos Mountains
Ebeno hirsuta-Juniperetum excelsae Serin 1996. Beysehir and
Ilgin (Konya)
Geranio libanotici-Pinetum nigrae Duman 1995. Engizek Mountain
(Kahramanmaras)
Iberido-Abietum cilicicae Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Juniperetum excelsae Bekat 1987. Barla Mountain (Egirdir)
Lathyro variabilis-Cedretum libani Duman 1995. Engizek Mountain
(Kahramanmaras)
Lecokio creticae-Abietetum cilicicae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Namrun
Micromerio-Juniperetum excelsae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Hadim (Konya)
Mycelido-Abietum cilicicae Ocakverdi and Oflas 1999. Hadim
(Konya)
Ostryo-Campanuletum pterocaulae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Hadim (Konya)
Pinus nigra-Lathyrus czeczottianus Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Beypazari, Isik Mountain
Potentillo calycinae-Abietetum cilicicae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Pos
Potentillo calycinae-Pinetum brutiae Varol, Ketenoglu, Bingol, Geven
and Guney 2006. (Baskonus Mountain)
Querco-Serratuletum grandifoliae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Seydisehir
Sileno-Pinetum nigrae Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Salvio heldreichi-Quercetum pubescenti Tatli, Eyce and Serin 1994.
Akdag (Ilgin /Konya)
Symphyto palaestini-Pinetum nigrae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Acipinar
Thlaspio microstyli-Cedretum libani Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Thlaspo oxyceratis-Pinetum pallasianae Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Feke, Sambeyli
Verbasco amani-Abietum cilicicae Varol, Ketenoglu, Bingol, Geven
and Guney 2006. Baskonus Mountain
ii. Alliance Lonicero nummulariafoliae-Cedrion libani Quézel,
Barbéro and Akman 1978.
Alliario officinalis-Cedretum libani Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Ciglikara
Cedretum libani Bekat 1987. Barla Mountain (Egirdir)
Diantho cibrarii-Quercetum vulcanicae Kurt, Akman, Quézel, Ekim
and Demiryurek 1996. Isparta
Pinetum pallasianae Bekat 1987. Barla Mountain (Egirdir)
Veronico syriaci-Cedretum libani Saglam 2007. Davras Mountain
(Isparta)
iii. Alliance Ostryo carpinifoliae-Quercion pseudocerridis Quézel,
Barbéro and Akman 1978.
Asperulo cymosae-Pinetum pallasianae Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Pos
Asyneumo-Quercetum trojanae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Seydisehir
Dorycnio graeci-Pinetum nigrae Tatli, Basyigit, Varol and Tel 2005.
Gumus Mountain (Kutahya)
Fagus orientalis-Vicia aurantia Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1979.
Amanos, Hatay
Pino sylvestris-Fagetum orientalis Tatli, Basyigit, Varol and Tel 2005.
Gumus Mountain (Kutahya)
Pinus brutia-Centaurea babylonica Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1978. Mersin
Tanaceto parthenii-Quercetum pseudocerridis Akman, Barbéro
and Quézel 1979. Feke, Sambeyli, Maran
Trifolio physodis-Quercetum cerridis Tatli, Basyigit, Varol and Tel
2005. Gumus Mountain (Kutahya)
iv. Alliance Adenocarpo complicati-Pinion pallasianae Quézel,
Barbéro and Akman 1978.
Pinus brutia-Lathyrus tuktensis Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1978.
Mugla
Symphyto brachycalicis-Pinetum pallasianae Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Ciglikara
v. Alliance Geranio libani-Cedrion libani Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1978.
Helleboro vesicarii-Rhoetum coriariae Duman 1995. Engizek
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Lecokio craeticae-Quercetum infectoria Duman 1995. Engizek
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Thlaspo cataonici-Cedretum libani Akman, Barbéro and Quézel,
1979. Bakir Mountain
There are also some associations that are directly attached to the
order Querco-Cedretalia libani:
Amygdalo-Bupleuretum subuniflorae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Seydisehir
Astragalo-Pinetum brutiae Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Astrogalo atropurpureus-Quercetum cocciferae Kargioglu and Tatli
2005. Yandag (Isparta)
Carecio-Pinetum nigrae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1982. Gokgedik Hill,
Sakirkaraagac (Konya)
Cisto-Linerietum simplecis Ocakverdi and Cetik 1982. Omerpinari,
Gozkaya and Tokmacik Hill
Cotoneastero-Papaveretum commutatae Ocakverdi and Cetik
1987. Seydisehir
Diantho micranthi-Pinetum nigrae Tatli, Eyce and Serin 1994.
Kiziloren Mountain (Konya)
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Ferulagini macrosciadiae-Pinetum caramanicae Kargioglu 2007.
Ahir Mountain (Afyon)
Fumano aciphyllae-Cotoneasteretum nummularii Ocakverdi and
Cetik 1987. Seydisehir, Akdag (Konya)
Galio ibicini-Quercetum pinnatilobae Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Galio tenuissimi-Quercetum cerridis Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Genisto-Styracetum officinali Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Lagoecio cuminoides-Sytracetum officinalii Varol and Tatli 2001.
Cimen Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Lathyro digitati-Quercetum cerridis Tatli, Eyce and Serin 1994.
Loras Mountain (Konya)
Minuartio globulosi-Juniperetum excelsae Saglam 2007. Davras
Mountain (Isparta)
Oryzopsido holciformi-Cedretum libani Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Ciglikara
Potentillo crantzii-Fagetum orientalis Varol and Tatli 2001. Cimen
Mountain (Kahramanmaras)
Pistacio-Amygdaletum orientalii Ocakverdi and Cetik 1987.
Seydisehir
Quercetum boissieri Behcet 1994. Hizan (Bitlis)
Quercetum cerridis-anatolicae Ocakverdi and Cetik 1982.
Doganhisar (Konya)
Querco vulcanicae-Juniperetum excelsa Kargioglu and Tatli 2005.
Yandag (Isparta)
Rhamno-Quercetum pubescentii Ocakverdi and Oflas 1999. Hadim
(Konya)
Salvio-Quercetum cocciferae Serin and Eyce 1994. Aladag (Konya)
Sileno squamigeri-Quercetum cerridis Saglam 2007. Davras
Mountain (Isparta)
3. Quercetalia pubescentis Doing Kraft 1955.
There are 2 associations directly connected to the order Quercetalia
pubescentis;
Carpino betuli-Fagetum orientalis Yarci 2002. Istranca Mountains,
Kirklareli
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-Ligustrum vulgare Akman, Yurdakulol
and Demirors 1983. Semen Mountains
Querco cerridis-Carpinetum orientalis Yarci 2002. Derekoy Kirklareli
Trifolio medii-Quercetum anatolicae Akman, Barbéro and Quézel
1979. Isik Mountain, Nallihan
There are also some associations directly connected to the class
QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS.
Ferulagini macrosciadiae-Pinetum brutiae Ekim and Akman 1990
Sundiken Daglari (Eskisehir)
Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana-Anthyllis vulneraria Akman and
Aydogdu 1986. Ankara
Pinus sylvestris-Orthilia secunda Akman and Aydogdu 1986. Ankara
Pistacio atlantica-Rhamnus graecus Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Sakarya and other interpontic valleys
Quercus pubescens-Trifolium pannonicum Akman and Aydogdu
1986. Ankara
Trachystemo orientalis-Fagetum orientalis Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Uludag, Mezit Valley, Kaz Mountain
Class QUERCO-FAGETEA (Br.-Bl and Vlieger 1937) Fuk.
and Fab. 1968.
Orders -
1. Rhododendro pontici-Fagetalia orientalis Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980.
i. Alliance Crataego pentagynae-Fagion orientalis Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980.
Ilici colchicae-Fagetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Samsun, Kastamonu
ii. Alliance Castaneo sativa-Carpinion orientalis Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980.
Campanulo alliariifolia-Castanetum sativae Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Between Unye and Trabzon
Carpino betuli-Populetum tremulae Korkmaz, Yalcin, Kutbay, Berk
and Bilgin 2008. unye (Ordu)
Epimedio colchici-Pinetum lazicae Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Of (Trabzon)
Erico arboreae-Carpinetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Giresun
Hedero-Castaneetum sativae Yurdakulol, Demirors and Yildiz 2002.
Abana
Rubo caucasici-Quercetum hartwissianae korkmaz, Yalcin, Kutbay,
Berk and Bilgin 2008. Kuyupinar (Ordu).
iii. Alliance Alnion barbatae Quézel, Barbéro and Akman, 1980.
Theliptero limbospermae-Alnetum barbatae Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Rize
The associations directly attached to the order Rhododendro pontici-
Fagetalia orientalis are: Abieti-Pinetum sylvestris Ozen and Kilinc
1995. Alacam, Gerze (Samsun) and Boyabat, Duragan (Sinop)
Carpino-Fagetum orientalis Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra (Samsun)
Castanea sativa-Sophora jaubertii Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Kastamonu, Cide
Fago-Abietum nordmannianae Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra
(Samsun)
Fago-Castanetum sativae Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra (Samsun)
Galio-Fagetum orientalis Ozen and Kilinc 2002. Kunduz Forest
(Samsun)
Rhododendro-Fagetum orientalis Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra
(Samsun)
Trachystemo orientalis-Fagetum orientalis Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1979. Sulhiye, Mezit, Kozpinar
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2. Pino sylvestris-Piceetalia orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980.
i. Alliance Veronico peduncularis-Fagion orientalis Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980.
Fago orientalis-Abietum nordmannianae Eminagaoglu and Ansin
2007. Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Fago orientalis-Piceetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Between Giresun and Trabzon
Parido orientalis-Piceetum orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Between Rize and Artvin
Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum sylvestris Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Giresun, Trabzon
Veronico melissaefoliae-Fagetum orentalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Between Erba and Unye
ii. Alliance Geranio iberici-Pinion orientalis Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980.
Abieti nordmanniana-Piceetum orientalis Eminagaoglu and Ansin
2007. Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Abieti nordmanniana-Pinetum sylvestris Eminagaoglu and Ansin
2007. Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Daphno glomeratae-Pinetum sylvestris Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Zigana
Junipero communi-Pinetum sylvestris Eminagaoglu and Ansin 2007.
Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Lilio ciliati-Pinetum sylvestris Quézel, Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Between Zigana and Rize
Picea orientalis-Paris incompleta Quézel, Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Giresun, Trabzon
Piceetum orientalis-Telekio speciosae Quézel, Barbéro and Akman
1980. Rize
Pino sylvestris-Piceetum orientalis Eminagaoglu and Ansin 2007.
Karagol, Sahara (Artvin)
Querco ponticii-Betuletum medwediewii Eminagaoglu and Kutbay
2006. Duzenli, Efeler, Ugurlu, Gorgit forests
3. Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski 1928.
i. Alliance Fagion sylvaticae Quézel, Barbéro and Akman 1980.
Fagus orientalis-Rubus coesius Akman, Barbéro and Quézel 1979.
Kaz Mountain
Trachystemo orientalis-Fagetum orientalis Akman, Barbéro and
Quézel 1980. Kastamonu, Daday, Azdavay
There is also an association directly attached to the order:
Abies bornmuelleriana-Hieracium oblongum Akman, Yurdakulol
and Demirors 1983. Ilgaz Mountain
Abies bornmuelleriana-Pinus sylvestris Akman, Yurdakulol and
Demirors 1983. Ilgaz and Semen Mountains
Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana-Fagus orientalis
Akman, Yurdakulol and Demirors 1983. Semen Mountains
Fagus orientalis-Castanea sativa Akman, Yurdakulol and Aydogdu
1983. Bolu
Fagus orientalis-Rhododendro ponticum Akman, Yurdakulol and
Aydogdu 1983. Bolu
Fagus orientalis-Cicerbita variabilis Akman, Yurdakulol and Aydogdu
1983. Bolu
Pinus sylvestris-Abies bornmuelleriana Akman, Yurdakulol and
Demirors 1983. Ilgaz and Semen Mountains
Saniculo-Abietetum bornmuellerianae Ozen and Kilinc 1995.
Alacam, Gerze (Samsun) and Boyabat, Duragan (Sinop)
4. Populetalia albae Br.-Bl. Ex Tchou 1948.
Pterocaryo pterocarpae-Alnetum glutinosae Quézel, Barbéro and
Akman 1980. Samsun
Salici-Platanetum orientalis Kutbay and Kilinc 1995. Bafra (Samsun)
Class ALNO-POPULETEA Knapp 1959
Order Platanetalia orientalis Knapp 1959.
Alliance Platanion orientalis Karpati and Karpati 1961.
Alno pubescentis-Liquidambaretum orientalis Akman, Kurt,
Demiryurek, Quézel, Kurt, Evren and Kucukoduk 1993. Burdur,
Isparta, Antalya
Irido xanthospuriae-Liquidambaretum orientalis Akman, Kurt,
Demiryurek, Quézel, Kurt, Evren and Kucukoduk 1993. Fethiye,
Marmaris, Denizli
Periploco-Liquidambaretum orientalis Vural, Duman, Guner,
Donmez and Sagban 1995. Koycegiz Dalyan
Querco ilicis-Liquidambaretum orientalis Ozturk, Celik, Guvensen
and Hamzaoglu 2008. Aydin
Class VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. 1939.
Order Vaccinio-Piceetalia orientalis Br.-Bl. 1939.
The associations below are directly attached to the order;
Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana-Fagus orientalis
Akman, Yurdakulol and Aydogdu 1983. Bolu
Hieracio tossiani-Abietetum bornmuellerianae Quézel, Barbéro
and Akman 1980. Kastamonu, Ilgaz Mountain
There is an association directly attached to the class VACCINIO-
PICEETEA; Rhododendro luteum-Vaccinium myrtillus Kilinc and
Karakaya 1992. Cambasi (Ordu)
Phytosociological studies in Turkey dated back to the 1960’s.
Many vegetation types such as forest, steppe, maquies and frigana
were studied in detail from the phytosociological point of view and
there have been still considerable amount of studies on this account.
In many papers published in Turkey the International Code
of Phytosociological Nomenclature were not followed. Although the
forest vegetation of Turkey has been studied exclusively, there
were many invalidly published names and a chaos among the
syntaxonomical units that we met in the course of the preparation of
this review. According to the code, the validity of a publication of a
Syntaxonomy of Turkish forests 77

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newly defined category, the publication must be done in a regularly
published and widely distributed journal. But some of the associations
have been unfortunately represented as a presentation in congress
or published in some sources that is not easy to reach.
It was observed that in some papers, the alliances which
were included in newly defined associations, were connected to an
inappropriate order. In this review, the alliances were assumed to
be major correct units and attached to the appropriate orders. In
some papers, upper limits, in which the associations were included,
were not declared. Only the associations were cited. These sort of
old dated works were neglected.
In some papers, the phytosociological units given in tables
and results are different from the ones given in discussion part. Also
in some cases, newly defined associations were connected to an
alliance in results part and to the other alliance in discussion part.
The phytosociological tables were needlessly complicated with the
units of steppe, maquis and frigana vegetations, although it was
defined from a forest.
Within the list given in the text, some associations were cited
under various categories due to the description of the associations
under same name in different publications. Inspite of their similar
names, it can be easily seen from the tables and similarity indices
that they have different floristic compositions.
For the preparation of this paper, we tried to reach all the
papers on forest vegetation and we exclude project reports, oral
and poster presentations and also Ph.D. theses according to the
code.
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