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Nutrition and aging skin: Sugar and glycation
Abstract
The effect of sugars on aging skin is governed by the simple act of covalently cross-linking two collagen fibers, which renders both of them incapable of easy repair. Glucose and fructose link the amino acids present in the collagen and elastin that support the dermis, producing advanced glycation end products or "AGEs." This process is accelerated in all body tissues when sugar is elevated and is further stimulated by ultraviolet light in the skin. The effect on vascular, renal, retinal, coronary, and cutaneous tissues is being defined, as are methods of reducing the glycation load through careful diet and use of supplements.
... The satisfaction level depends on education level, tumor size, and histopathological results in the form of malignanc. 5,9 However, the authors did not find any statistically significant difference in satisfaction rate between two groups, although the purse-string technique results in a shorter length of the scar and no wrinkle observed. The authors realized that this study still has limitations. ...
... The difference between scar and wrinkles could also be caused by differences in the surgeon skills and differences in the use of surgical tools. 5,9,12 Nevertheless, these factors were not analyzed in this study. ...
... Whisker box plots showing the median scar length and width between purse string and conventional groups.The wrinkles found in two subjects (15.38%) of the conventional suture group. In the perspective of subjects' satisfaction on the esthetic findings in both groups, there was no difference between the pursestring suture group with the satisfaction rate of 9 (8-9, Likert scale) and the conventional suture group with the satisfaction rate of 9 (8-10, Likert scale).5The scars in purse string method. ...
... Glycation is an aging reaction of naturally occurring sugars and dermal proteins [46], which begins in early life, develops clinical symptoms at around 30, and progressively accumulates in tissues and skin due to the glycated collagens that are difficult to be decomposed [47]. AGEs derived from natural sugars (such as glyceraldehyde-3-PO4, glucose-6-PO4, and fructose) are formed several times faster than AGEs derived from glucose. ...
... High-sugar foods activate the reward system of hypothalamic regulation to promote the intake of more foods that are easily metabolized as glucose [49]. A correlation has been shown between a high-sugar diet and elevated sugar levels in the blood and skin, and a low-sugar diet can reduce skin sugar levels [47]. ...
Our skin is an organ with the largest contact area between the human body and the external environment. Skin aging is affected directly by both endogenous factors and exogenous factors (e.g., UV exposure). Skin saccharification, a non-enzymatic reaction between proteins, e.g., dermal collagen and naturally occurring reducing sugars, is one of the basic root causes of endogenous skin aging. During the reaction, a series of complicated glycation products produced at different reaction stages and pathways are usually collectively referred to as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs cause cellular dysfunction through the modification of intracellular molecules and accumulate in tissues with aging. AGEs are also associated with a variety of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal failure (uremia), and Alzheimer’s disease. AGEs accumulate in the skin with age and are amplified through exogenous factors, e.g., ultraviolet radiation, resulting in wrinkles, loss of elasticity, dull yellowing, and other skin problems. This article focuses on the damage mechanism of glucose and its glycation products on the skin by summarizing the biochemical characteristics, compositions, as well as processes of the production and elimination of AGEs. One of the important parts of this article would be to summarize the current AGEs inhibitors to gain insight into the anti-glycation mechanism of the skin and the development of promising natural products with anti-glycation effects.
... As well as environmental agents, dietary factors, especially the consumption of too much sugar, are also thought to cause wrinkles [25]. The factors responsible for this are advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that are formed when glucose and fructose bind to and crosslink collagen and elastin fibers within the dermis [26]. Cross-linking of these proteins alters skin's mechanical properties and prevents their repair following damage [25,26]. ...
... The factors responsible for this are advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that are formed when glucose and fructose bind to and crosslink collagen and elastin fibers within the dermis [26]. Cross-linking of these proteins alters skin's mechanical properties and prevents their repair following damage [25,26]. With the inclusion of carnosine, which we have previously shown to limit AGE formation [25], NC should also reduce AGE levels. ...
Introduction:
Extrinsic factors, such as solar radiation and urban pollution, cause damage that alters the structure, function and appearance of skin. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a night cream containing melatonin, carnosine and Helichrysum italicum extract (referred to here as Night Cream) to reduce extrinsic skin damage, and to evaluate the efficacy of this Night Cream to reduce clinical signs of age and photodamage under normal conditions of use.
Methods:
Recovery from extrinsic damage was assessed by exposing human skin explants to ultraviolet (UV) A, infrared light, blue light or pollution and then treating the stress-exposed explants with Night Cream. Markers of oxidative stress were examined by immunohistochemistry. Anti-aging and calming properties were determined in four single-center, open-label trials involving 117 individuals. Subjects applied Night Cream to their face once nightly for up to 12 weeks. Improvements in clinical signs of age and photodamage, and reduction of lactic acid-induced stinging were evaluated by investigator assessment and subject self-assessment.
Results:
Night Cream significantly reduced oxidative stress in human skin ex vivo. Clinically, hydration (+ 64.4%; p < 0.05) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values (- 10.0%; p < 0.05) were improved within 1 h of use. Wrinkle counts were reduced by up to 18.9% (p < 0.05), and brown and UV spot numbers by 5.5% (p < 0.05) and 13.2% (p < 0.05), respectively. Lactic acid-induced stinging was significantly reduced within 7 days of use, with 86.7% of subjects reporting that their skin felt calmer.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that Night Cream reduces skin damage caused by environmental factors and that its nightly use can improve clinical signs of aging with additional skin calming benefits.
... A high-sugar diet, ultraviolet irradiation, and eating barbecued fried foods, lead to the accumulation of AGEs and acceleration of skin aging. However, strict control of blood sugar for four months can reduce the production of glycosylated collagen by 25%, and low-sugar food prepared by boiling can also reduce the production of AGEs [93][94][95]. When the mice were fed with carbohydrate-controlled diets for 50 weeks, the epidermis and dermis were significantly thinned, autophagy was inhibited, and inflammation was exacerbated. ...
... [81,82] Sugar and baked goods Associated with skin thickness, AGEs, autophagy, and inflammation. [93][94][95][96] ...
We regularly face primary challenges in deciding what to eat to maintain young and healthy skin, defining a healthy diet and the role of diet in aging. The topic that currently attracts maximum attention is ways to maintain healthy skin and delay skin aging. Skin is the primary barrier that protects the body from external aggressions. Skin aging is a complex biological process, categorized as chronological aging and photo-aging, and is affected by internal factors and external factors. With the rapid breakthrough of medicine in prolonging human life and the rapid deterioration of environmental conditions, it has become urgent to find safe and effective methods to treat skin aging. For diet, as the main way for the body to obtain energy and nutrients, people have gradually realized its importance to the skin. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the skin structure, aging manifestations, and possible mechanisms, summarize the research progress, challenges, possible directions of diet management, and effects of foodborne antioxidants on skin aging from the perspective of food and nutrition.
... Impaired carbohydrate metabolism plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, and consequently associated with skin diseases (Stefanadi et al., 2018;Ness, 2004;Lakdawala et al., 2013;Cosgrove et al., 2007;Danby, 2010). Several studies (Jannapureddy et al., 2021;Vedantham et al., 2012;Ramasamy and Goldberg, 2010) have demonstrated that increase in aldose reductase (AR) enzymatic activity is associated with oxidative stress, and AR inhibition reduces ROS and advanced glycation end products, which has been linked to skin cell senescence (Jannapureddy et al., 2021;Vedantham et al., 2012;Ramasamy and Goldberg, 2010;Ananthakrishnan et al., 2009). ...
Human skin plays an important role protecting the body from both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Skin aging at cellular level, which is a consequence of accumulation of irreparable senescent keratinocytes is associated with chronological aging. However, cell senescence may occur independent of chronological aging and it may be accelerated by various pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress driven keratinocyte senescence is linked to the rate limiting polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR). Here we investigated the role of three novel synthetic AR inhibitors (ARIs) AT-001, AT-003 and AT-007 in attenuating induced skin cell senescence, in primary normal human keratinocytes (NHK cells), using three different senescence inducing agents: high glucose (HG), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitomycin-c (MMC). To understand the efficacy of ARIs in reducing senescence, we have assessed markers of senescence, including SA-β-galactosidase activity, γ-H2AX foci, gene expression of CDKN1A, TP53 and SERPINE1, reactive oxygen species generation and senescence associated secretory phenotypes (SASP). Strikingly, all three ARIs significantly inhibited the assessed senescent markers, after senescence induction. Our data confirms the potential role of ARIs in reducing NHK cell senescence and paves the way for preclinical and clinical testing of these ARIs in attenuating cell aging and aging associated diseases.
... The skin-healthy dietary pattern and its scoring system need to be tested, refined, and validated, in future work. Footnotes: a UPF consumption in US adults is up to 57% of energy [89]; b MP consumption is as low as 27% of energy [89]; c Dietary guidelines recommend an increase consumption of plant foods, and whole food plant-based diets are associated with better skin health [90,91]; d Dietary guidelines recommend a serving of dairy as part of a healthy diet; e Dietary guidelines recommend consuming more whole grains, at least 50%, and whole grains contribute to skin health [90]; f Essential fatty acids and ω-3 PUFA are beneficial for skin [58,92,93]; g Excess sodium may be stored in skin and contribute to aging of skin [94,95]; h Too much sugar may contribute to inflammation in skin [96,97]. An infographic was created (see Figure 1) from this dietary pattern to help visualize foods important for skin health. ...
Background/Objectives: Youthful, smooth skin is highly desired in modern society. Individuals invest in cosmetics, plastic surgeons, and dermatologists in pursuit of perfect skin. However, many do not seek out dietary changes to improve skin health. Although research has been conducted on the role of nutrition and select nutrients and phytonutrients on skin health, there is a lack of healthy food recommendations for clear skin. Methods: The literature was assessed to determine which nutrients and phytonutrients play a significant role in the protection and maintenance of skin health. Key compounds were highlighted as there is evidence to suggest they have a significant role in skin health: vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols/flavonoids, copper, selenium, and silicon. USDA FoodData Central and FooDB (food database), were utilized to select foods and food groups containing the key nutrients and phytonutrients. Results: A skin-healthy dietary pattern is proposed in addition to a scoring system to assess diet. A sample skin-healthy daily diet was designed, using only whole foods, that met the Daily Values for vitamins and minerals and contained key compounds for skin health. Conclusions: There is a clear link between nutrition and skin health, or nutritional dermatology; however, more research needs to be done to find the intersection between both disciplines.
... [25] Other matrix proteins such as elastin and fibronectin can also be affected by glycation, further deteriorating skin function. [21,22,23,24] Glycated collagen and other proteins exhibit high resistance to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This further delays collagen turnover and its replacement with functional proteins. ...
Introduction and purpose: Excessive sugar consumption is one of the main dietary problem of the modern Western diet. Numerous studies have shown that a high intake of simple sugars is associated with an increased risk of developing various diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the consumption of large amounts of sugar also affects skin condition, accelerating its aging and exacerbating the course of certain dermatological conditions. This study aims to present the underlying mechanisms of these processes and demonstrate the impact of a low-glycemic index diet on skin health. Description of the state of knowledge: The skin is the largest organ of the body, and its condition is closely linked to diet. Excessive sugar consumption can contribute to biochemical changes such as skin protein glycation, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation. The glycation process leads to damage of collagen and elastin fibers, which reduces skin elasticity and contributes to the formation of wrinkles. Elevated levels of MMP-1/MMP-2 and LOX in the skin can affect collagen fragmentation and disrupt its structural integrity. Studies have also shown that a high-glycemic index diet can exacerbate inflammatory conditions such as acne and psoriasis and promote hormonal imbalances. Conclusion: In summary, excessive consumption of simple sugars significantly affects skin condition through mechanisms such as glycation, inflammation induction, and hormonal disturbances. Therefore, a low-glycemic index diet may be an effective tool in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases. Future studies should focus on gaining a more precise understanding of these relationships and developing dietary recommendations to improve skin health.
... In comparison to the control group, the UVB-exposed mice demonstrated a significant decrease in alanine, 4-pyridoxate, homoserine, proline, ribose, isocitrate, and maltose levels within their skin tissues, while an increase in 2-Hydroxybutyrate and glucose levels. The significant elevations of the glucose in the skin tissues of UVB-exposed mice, serving as one of the signs of skin aging (Danby, 2010), which could be ameliorated by the EPS. The other significantly changed levels of metabolites in the UVB group, such as 2-Hydroxybutyrate, alanine and glucose were partially reversed after the EPS pretreatment, suggesting good protection of the EPS against UVB-induced metabolites disorder in skin. ...
Introduction
Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause damage to the skin, leading to sunburn and photo-aging. Chemical sunscreen products may give rise to health risks including phototoxicity, photosensitivity, and photosensitivity. Natural polysaccharides have attracted considerable interests due to diverse biological activities.
Methods
A novel polysaccharide isolated was purified and structurally characterized using chemical methods followed by HPLC, GLC-MS, as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The photoprotective effect of the EPS on UVB-induced damage was assessed in vitro using cultured keratinocytes and in vivo using C57BL/6 mouse models.
Results
The average molecular weight of the EPS was 5.48 × 10⁶ Da, composed of glucose, mannose and galactose residues at a ratio of 2:2:1. The repeating units of the EPS were →3)-β-D-Glcp (1→3) [β-D-Galp (1→2)-α-D-Glcp (1→2)]-α-D-Manp (1→3)-α-D-Manp (1→. In cultured keratinocytes, the EPS reduced cytotoxicity and excessive ROS production induced by UVB irradiation. The EPS also exhibits an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation found in the photodamage in mice. ¹H NMR-based metabolomics analysis for skin suggested that the EPS partly reversed the shifts of metabolic profiles of the skin in UVB-exposed mice.
Conclusion
The EPS exhibits skin photoprotective effects through regulating oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings highlight that the EPS is a potential candidate in sunscreen formulations for an efficient solution to UVB radiation.
... Studies indicate a strong link between sugar, specific food processing methods (such as grilling, frying, and baking), and skin aging due to the formation of advanced glycation end (AGE) products [25][26][27]. A diet high in sugar, exposure to UV radiation, and the consumption of barbecued and fried foods contribute to AGE product accumulation, thereby accelerating the aging process of the skin. ...
In the contemporary era, youthful and healthy skin is a pivotal determinant of beauty. Choices pertaining to one’s dietary and lifestyle practices wield substantial influence over skin health. Currently, the focal point of attention lies in strategies that delay skin aging and maintain skin quality. Remarkably, the skin, the body’s largest organ, serves as the primary defense barrier against external elements. Skin aging encompasses intrinsic and extrinsic categories, both susceptible to genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Given the strides in science and technology, the pursuit of effective and safe interventions for skin aging assumes paramount importance. Thus, this review delves into the intricate relationship between diet, lifestyle, and skin aging, culminating in an exploration of the crucial role played by excess iron in this intricate nexus. Understanding these dynamics holds promise for advancing our knowledge of skincare and the quest for timeless vitality.
... Studies indicate a strong link between sugar, specific food processing methods (such as grilling, frying, and baking), and skin aging due to the formation of advanced glycation end (AGE) products [25][26][27]. A diet high in sugar, exposure to UV radiation, and consumption of barbecued and fried foods contribute to AGE product accumulation, thereby accelerating the aging process of the skin. ...
In the contemporary era, youthful and healthy skin is a pivotal determinant of beauty. Choices pertaining to one's dietary and lifestyle practices wield substantial influence over skin health. Currently, the focal point of attention lies in strategies to delay skin aging and maintain skin quality. Remarkably, the skin, the body's largest organ, serves as the primary defense barrier against external elements. Skin aging encompasses intrinsic and extrinsic categories, both susceptible to genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Given the strides in science and technology, the pursuit of effective and safe interventions for skin aging assumes paramount importance. Thus, this review delves into the intricate relationship between diet, lifestyle, and skin aging, culminating in an exploration of the crucial role played by excess iron in this intricate nexus. Understanding these dynamics holds promise for advancing our knowledge of skincare and the quest for timeless vitality.
... A carbohydrate-restricted diet is expected to have benefits not only for metabolic syndrome but also for various diseases and conditions such as dementia, locomotive syndrome (sarcopenia and frailty), and aging. [5][6][7][8][9] It can be assumed that carbohydrate restriction reduces the glycation of proteins in organs associated with carbohydrate intake, thereby maintaining and improving organ function. [10] Providing consumers with information on the sugar and carbohydrate contents of the fruit wine they choose as an aperitif allow them to enjoy the unique Japanese alcoholic beverages in the Japanese food culture more in the context of increasing health consciousness. ...
... Repeated hyperglycemia due of chronic consumption of refined foods rich in carbohydrates could also have an impact on facial attractiveness. Indeed, it has been shown that chronic hyperglycemia accelerates glycation processes which, in turn, have an impact on skin aging [50,51]. As skin aging directly impacts age appearance [52], hyperglycemia could affect age perception. ...
The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate associated with many adverse health effects. The physiological mechanisms linked to this consumption, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, may impact non medical traits such as facial attractiveness. To explore this issue, the relationship between facial attractiveness and immediate and chronic refined carbohydrate consumption estimated by glycemic load was studied for 104 French subjects. Facial attractiveness was assessed by opposite sex raters using pictures taken two hours after a controlled breakfast. Chronic consumption was assessed considering three high glycemic risk meals: breakfast, afternoon snacking and between-meal snacking. Immediate consumption of a high glycemic breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women while controlling for several control variables, including energy intake. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption had different effects on attractiveness depending on the meal and/or the sex. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption, estimated by the glycemic load, during the three studied meals reduced attractiveness, while a high energy intake increased it. Nevertheless, the effect was reversed for men concerning the afternoon snack, for which a high energy intake reduced attractiveness and a high glycemic load increased it. These effects were maintained when potential confounders for facial attractiveness were controlled such as age, age departure from actual age, masculinity/femininity (perceived and measured), BMI, physical activity, parental home ownership, smoking, couple status, hormonal contraceptive use (for women), and facial hairiness (for men). Results were possibly mediated by an increase in age appearance for women and a decrease in perceived masculinity for men. The physiological differences between the three meals studied and the interpretation of the results from an adaptive/maladaptive point of view in relation to our new dietary environment are discussed.
... Normally, both the elastin and collagen are usually linked in a manner and a pattern that allows them to be repaired. However, glycation causes cross-links, thus, interfering with the usual repair and remodeling mechanism due to the formation of a complex known as an advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which are formed in the late stage of glycation reaction as brown substances [35,36]. The accumulation of AGEs in the skin increases with age and is amplified through several exogenous factors such as UV radiation leading to dull yellowing, wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and other skin problems thereby making glycated skin rough with a callus-like texture resulting in premature aging and sensitive skin [37]. ...
... Exogenous AGEs come from diet, cigarette smoke, ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, etc. Endogenous AGEs are produced in physiological metabolism of the skin or diseases related to inflammatory reactions or chronic metabolic disorders [48]. In the dermis, glucose and fructose could connect to amino acids in collagen and elastin, thus leading to the production of AGEs [49]. Consistently, our immunofluorescence assay showed substantial accumulation of AGEs in the dermis of both normal skin and psoriatic perilesional and lesional skin. ...
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease, in which epidermal keratinocytes play a vital role in its pathogenesis via acting both as the responder and as the accelerator to the cutaneous psoriatic immune response. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a class of proinflammatory metabolites that are commonly accumulating in cardiometabolic disorders. Recent studies have also observed increased level of AGEs in the serum and skin of psoriasis patients, but the role of AGEs in psoriatic inflammation has not been well investigated. In the present study, we initially detected abnormal accumulation of AGEs in epidermal keratinocytes of psoriatic lesion collected from psoriasis patients. Furthermore, AGEs promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes via up-regulated Keratin 17 (K17)-mediated p27KIP1 inhibition followed by accelerated cell cycle progression. More importantly, AGEs facilitated the production of interleukin-36 alpha (IL-36α) in keratinocytes, which could enhance T helper 17 (Th17) immune response. In addition, the induction of both K17 and IL-36α by AGEs in keratinocytes was dependent on the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) signaling pathways. At last, the effects of AGEs on keratinocytes were mediated by receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Taken together, these findings support that AGEs potentiate the innate immune function of keratinocytes, which contributes to the formation of psoriatic inflammation. Our study implicates AGEs as a potential pathogenic link between psoriasis and cardiometabolic comorbidities.
... Currently, AGEs are increasingly being recognized as important factors in studying the issue of skin aging [38], which makes collagen fibers unable to recover after production. Glucose and fructose play pivotal roles as catalysts in triggering this cross-linking effect [39]. The saccharification process is considered one of the key parameters for accelerating the signs of skin aging [40]. ...
In recent years, skin aging has received increasing attention. Many factors affect skin aging, and research has shown that metabolism plays a vital role in skin aging, but there needs to be a more systematic review. This article reviews the interaction between skin metabolism and aging from the perspectives of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism and explores relevant strategies for skin metabolism regulation. We found that skin aging affects the metabolism of three major substances, which are glucose, protein, and lipids, and the metabolism of the three major substances in the skin also affects the process of skin aging. Some drugs or compounds can regulate the metabolic disorders mentioned above to exert anti-aging effects. Currently, there are a variety of products, but most of them focus on improving skin collagen levels. Skin aging is closely related to metabolism, and they interact with each other. Regulating specific metabolic disorders in the skin is an important anti-aging strategy. Research and development have focused on improving collagen levels, while the regulation of other skin glycosylation and lipid disorders including key membrane or cytoskeleton proteins is relatively rare. Further research and development are expected.
... A carbohydrate-restricted diet is expected to have benefits not only for metabolic syndrome but also for various diseases and conditions such as dementia, locomotive syndrome (sarcopenia and frailty), and aging. [5][6][7][8][9] It can be assumed that carbohydrate restriction reduces the glycation of proteins in organs associated with carbohydrate intake, thereby maintaining and improving organ function. [10] Providing consumers with information on the sugar and carbohydrate contents of the fruit wine they choose as an aperitif allow them to enjoy the unique Japanese alcoholic beverages in the Japanese food culture more in the context of increasing health consciousness. ...
In this study, sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and amino acids in plum and yuzu wines were quantified with a new and simple method involving an electrochemical detector (ECD) and core-shell column [S-30/70=St (styrene)/DVB (divinylbenzene)-5TMDAH (tetramethyldiaminohexane)]. Analysis was conducted under the following conditions: A column temperature (40°C), flow rate (0.3 mL/min), injection volume (20 µL), and mobile phase (0.1 mol/L NaOH). Glucose, fructose, and sucrose had retention times of 14.68 min, 16.22 min, and 19.29 min, respectively, when measured using an ECD. When the sugar content was compared among the plum wines, plum wine A had the lowest sugar content. A comparison of the sugar content of the different types of yuzu showed that yuzu wine C had the lowest sugar content. In addition, plum wine C showed higher values of amino acid components (2.27 µmol/mL of alanine, 0.67 µmol/mL of GABA, and 5.28 µmol/mL of glutamic acid) compared with A and B. This straightforward LC technique is reliable in the determination of carbohydrates and amino acid contents in wine, useful criteria for consumers in selecting wines parallel to their ideal health outcomes.
... Actually, in diabetic animals, endothelia showed signs of senescence, senescence associated β-gal (SA-β-gal) expression, reduction in sirtuins 1-7 and in FOXO1 DNA binding ability (Mortuza et al. 2013). If excess of glucose is a leading factor of senescence induction (Liu et al. 2020a;Zhang et al. 2017;Danby 2010;Yin et al. 2021), particularly for mesenchymal stem cells (Yin et al. 2021), the role of l-lactate in the regulation of a glycemic-induced senescent phenotype should be particularly interesting. In type 2 diabetic patients, with a chronical hyperglycemic state, (Brouwers et al. 2015;Adelsmayr et al. 2012), l-lactate is a leading biomarker, so it is presumable that l-lactate should play a role as a regulator in the glycemic impact of the stress response. ...
l -lactate is a catabolite from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose, which plays a paramount role as a signaling molecule in various steps of the cell survival. Its activity, as a master tuner of many mechanisms underlying the aging process, for example in the skin, is still presumptive, however its crucial position in the complex cross-talk between mitochondria and the process of cell survival, should suggest that l -lactate may be not a simple waste product but a fine regulator of the aging/survival machinery, probably via mito-hormesis. Actually, emerging evidence is highlighting that ROS are crucial in the signaling of skin health, including mechanisms underlying wound repair, renewal and aging. The ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, play both beneficial and detrimental roles depending upon their levels and cellular microenvironment. Physiological ROS levels are essential for cutaneous health and the wound repair process. Aberrant redox signaling activity drives chronic skin disease in elderly. On the contrary, impaired redox modulation, due to enhanced ROS generation and/or reduced levels of antioxidant defense, suppresses wound healing via promoting lymphatic/vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and death. This review tries to elucidate this issue.
... In both in vitro experiments [70] and in vivo [71] studies, it has been shown that UV irradiation may also enhance the formation of AGEs in the skin. A diet too high in sugar (hyperglycemia) and certain methods of food preparation are also responsible for higher levels of AGEs in the skin [72]. Interestingly, a non-invasive method (AGE-Reader, DiagnOptics B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands) has been developed to measure the skin content of AGEs. ...
The relationship between oxidative stress and skin aging/disorders is well established. Many topical and oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, carotenoids, polyphenols) have been proposed to protect the skin against the deleterious effect induced by increased reactive oxygen species production, particularly in the context of sun exposure. In this review, we focused on the combination of vitamin E and selenium taken in supplements since both molecules act in synergy either by non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways to eliminate skin lipids peroxides, which are strongly implicated in skin and hair disorders.
... AGEs banyak ditemukan pada makanan yang dipanggang, digoreng, atau dibakar, tetapi kandungan yang sangat rendah dalam makanan yang dimasak berbasis air seperti merebus dan mengukus. Oleh karena itu, makanan rendah gula yang dimasak dengan air akan menurunkan asupan AGEs eksogen yang telah terbentuk sebelumnya dan produksi endogen protein terglikasi [7], [47]. ...
Geriatric have different skin characteristic compared with they who are in young age. There is a change in both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors causing skin aging which is marked by skin wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and textural changes. The composition of collagen in geriatrics has decreased and there is an increase in matrix metalloproteinases resulted in skin aging. These conditions together with exposure to UVR, infection, and other risk factors cause various skin problems such as xerosis cutis, decubitus ulcers, dermatophytosis, and herpes zoster. Skin problems can be prevented by changing lifestyles, using some cosmetics, medications, and having treatments. The prevention methods continues to grow and is still being researched to get optimal results and best suit skin conditions. Treatment of skin diseases in geriatrics should be carried out with caution considering the multimorbidity and immunosuppression that often occur in geriatrics. This article discusses skin differences in geriatrics, mechanisms of skin aging, common skin diseases, prevention, and safe treatment in geriatrics.
... We showed that the cell surface RAGE contributed to HSV recognition by corneal endothelial cells and route signaling to TLR9. AGE can be formed by the collagen or elastin of the extracellular matrix in the skin of elderly individuals [24]. This can also occur in the Descemet's membrane of diseased cornea or FECD [8], and the altered extracellular matrix environment can signal back to the endothelial cells through RAGE [25]. ...
Senescence, sterile inflammation, and infection cause dysfunction of corneal endothelial cells, leading to visual morbidity that may require corneal transplantation. With increasing age, the extracellular matrix is modified by non-enzymatic glycation forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The modifications are primarily sensed by the receptors for the AGEs (RAGE) and are manifested as a type I interferon response. Interestingly, in our study, human corneal endothelial cells (HCEn) cells did not respond to the typical RAGE ligands, including the AGEs, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and serum amyloid-A (SAA). Instead, HCEn cells responded exclusively to the CpG DNA, which is possessed by typical corneal pathogen, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Upon HSV-1 infection, the surface expression of RAGE was increased, and endocytosed HSV-1 was associated with RAGE and CpG DNA receptor, TLR9. RAGE DNA transfection markedly increased interferon-β secretion by CpG DNA or HSV-1 infection. HSV-1 infection-induced interferon-β secretion was abolished by TLR9 inhibition and partially by RAGE inhibition. Global transcriptional response analysis confirmed that RAGE and TLR9 were both significantly involved in type I interferon responses. We conclude that RAGE is a sensor of HSV-1 infection and provokes a type I interferon response.
... Aging is an unavoidable natural law of human beings and starts at a very early stage, with individual divergences 2 . Traditionally, females aged 28 will see their peak physiological state in all aspects 3 ; but the current medical theory claims that female skin aging begins at the age of 20 with processes such as glycosylation 4 and will gradually pass the deadline for physiological perfection. Then, aged skin will inevitably move towards rapid aging, and aging will further be accompanied by other hypofunctions in bones, teeth, hearing and so on 5 . ...
Objective:
The effective protection of skin cells and timely repair of damaged ones are of great significance for the maintenance of human skin's normal functions. Researches on skin cells mainly focus on the functions of repair factors. Relatively few studies have been made to clarify how skin cells sense the environment, absorb and transport nutrients, and achieve self-healing. CTAR®system, a new system, is proposed and demonstrated against human skin aging.
Materials and methods:
This study is made based on the research outcomes of the 2013 and 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: precise regulation of cellular vesicle transport networks, and cellular perception and responding mechanisms to oxygen. The technologies and methods derived from the award-winning theories were applied in the field of skin anti-aging.
Results:
It has shown that skin aging is a result of a series of injuries that have not been adequately repaired and then accumulate. The latest research on anti-aging of skin including channel identification, vesicle transport, induced activation, and damage repair has spawned CTAR®system, a hypoxia-induced and targeted anti-aging and repair system.
Conclusions:
We determined that a considerable part of skin aging problems can be partially solved by taking full advantage of the vesicular trafficking system in skin and improving skin's metabolism levels and physiological functions under low oxygen levels with CTAR®system.
... AGEs are biomolecules of various nature (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) that are abnormally covalently bound by glucose or fructose, with the final effect of inhibition of their function. The term "glycation" is used to distinguish this process from glycosilation, a physiological enzyme-mediated binding of sugars that occurs at specific sites of target molecules to enable their functions [10]. Scientific interest in AGEs has grown rapidly in the past decades: published papers went from less than 10 per year in 1991 to about one thousand per year in the last seven years (2014-2020). ...
The surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products (RAGE) and its soluble (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory (EN-RAGE) forms belong to the superfamily of toll-like receptors and play important roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, directly or through binding with advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). We reviewed the literature on the role of RAGE in skin diseases. Research in this field is still rather limited (28 articles) but suggests the involvement of RAGE and RAGE-related pathways in chronic inflammatory diseases (lupus, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and lichen planus), infectious diseases (leprosy, Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin lesions), alterations of the repairing processes in diabetic skin, systemic sclerosis, and ulcers. These data prompt further research in this field, which not only will be useful to better understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of diseases, but is also likely to have intriguing clinical implications. Indeed, when their role in the complex and multifactorial inflammatory balance will be adequately defined, RAGE and related molecules could be used as markers of disease severity and/or response to treatment. Moreover, future promising therapeutic perspectives could be topical administration of some of these molecules (e.g., sRAGE) to modulate local inflammatory response and/or the development of anti-RAGE antibodies for systemic treatment.
... The increase in wrinkles in the 250 g group was notable and unexpected. Since a significant increase in total sugar intake was noted in this group after eight and sixteen weeks, this increased sugar intake may have led to glycation of collagen fibers, thereby disrupting the collagen structure [22]. The effects of whole food intake on skin health in humans is a relatively new area of research. ...
Mangos are rich in β-carotene and other carotenoids, along with several phenolic acids that may provide oxidant defense and photoprotection to the skin. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of Ataulfo mango intake on the development of facial wrinkles and erythema. A randomized two-group parallel-arm study was conducted to assess 16 weeks of either 85 g or 250 g of mango intake in healthy postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin type II or III. Facial photographs were captured at weeks 0, 8, and 16, and wrinkles at the lateral canthi and erythema at the cheeks were quantified. Skin carotenoid values were measured with reflection spectroscopy. Deep wrinkle severity decreased significantly in the 85 g group after 8 (p = 0.007) and 16 (p = 0.03) weeks compared to baseline measures. In contrast, those in the 250 g group showed an increase after 16 weeks in average wrinkle severity (p = 0.049), average wrinkle length (p = 0.007), fine wrinkle severity (p = 0.02), and emerging wrinkle severity (p = 0.02). Erythema in the cheeks increased with 85 g of mango intake (p = 0.04). The intake of 85 g of mangos reduced wrinkles in fair-skinned postmenopausal women, while an intake of 250 g showed the opposite effect. Further studies feeding 85 g of mangos are warranted.
... For example, hyperglycaemia accelerates glycation, a covalent bonding process that cross-links the amino acids present in the collagen and elastin that support the dermis. Cross-linked collagen fibers are incapable of repair through the usual process of remodeling, directly impacting youthful skin appearance, which relies on flexible and repairable collagen fibers (Danby, 2010). Thus chronic hyperglycaemia generated by chronic between-meal snacks could affect attractiveness because skin aging directly impacts age appearance (Nkengne et al., 2008), and age affects attractiveness (Samson et al., 2010). ...
Since the second half of the 20th century, a massive increase in the consumption of refined carbohydrates has occurred, generating well-described detrimental health effects such as obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and dental caries. Certain physiological mechanisms involved, particularly through chronic hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, suggest that a non-medical trait such as facial attractiveness could also be affected. To explore this possibility, variation in facial attractiveness was evaluated relative to refined carbohydrate consumption. Attractiveness was assessed from facial pictures as judged by raters of the opposite sex. Estimates of refined carbohydrate consumption were based on the glycaemic load of three mealtimes at-higher glycaemic risk (breakfast, afternoon snack and between-meal snack). In the presence of several control variables, facial pictures of women and men with higher between-meal glycaemic loads were preferred by opposite-sex raters. Structural equation modeling suggests that this result is possibly mediated by an increase in apparent age for men and an increase in femininity for women. The different physiological ecologies of the three meals at-higher glycaemic risk are discussed as well as the interpretation of the results in terms of adaptation or maladaptation to the modern and unique dietary environment.
... This process of uncontrolled glycation also reduces the cell's ability to generate nitric oxide from L-arginine, which is required for proper cross-linking of collagen fibers, and inactivates proteins responsible for collagen and elastin repair. 22 Clinically, this results in lower skin tensile strength, as seen in the aged skin of older individuals. 24 ...
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that a whole-food, plant-based (WFPB) diet can aid in the prevention, and in some cases reversal, of some of the leading chronic diseases in the United States. The medical literature on the relationship between diet and disease is steadily growing. Over the last decade, the possible connection between diet and many dermatological conditions has been studied, including skin aging. OBJECTIVE: As patients are increasingly seeking dietary advice from their dermatologist related to preventing and reversing the aging of skin, dermatologists need an evidence-based approach to tackle this challenging topic. This review focuses on dietary factors that contribute to telomere length, a marker for cellular aging. Although various factors contribute to accelerating telomere shortening, this review focuses on dietary factors that contribute to telomere length, specifically gerontotoxins and antioxidants. These can be measured in the blood, making them biomarkers of accelerated cellular skin aging. Included in this discussion is an evidence-based approach to increase the amount of antioxidants and decrease the amount of gerontotoxins in the diet, resulting in healthier skin. METHODS: A comprehensive MEDLINE (PubMed) literature review search was performed. Keywords used included: WFPB, telomerase, coronary artery disease, cellular aging, cigarette smoke, photoaging, telomeres, antioxidants, gerontotoxins, intrinsic cutaneous aging, extrinsic cutaneous aging, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin E, CoQ10, polyphenols, chlorophyll, zeaxanthin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids. Inclusion criteria included the above stated keywords and access to full text. RESULTS: A WFPB diet maximizes the antioxidant potential within our cells by providing essential vitamins, including vitamins A, C, and E. It also helps to eliminate harmful carcinogens and gerontotoxins within our bloodstream and has been shown to lengthen telomeres, which prevents cellular damage. CONCLUSION: Evidence obtained within this literature review supports a WFPB diet for preventing skin aging. .
... In fact, an unbalanced diet with the domination of refined carbohydrates has been linked to the development of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome [13][14][15], which in turn is associated with diabetes and skin diseases [16], while a balanced nutritional diet helps maintain healthy skin and ensures its normal functioning [17][18][19]. The results of several studies have demonstrated that skin aging is also associated with a higher dietary intake of carbohydrates [20][21][22]. It has been established that the primary constructional molecules of the skin, elastin and collagen, can be damaged by carbohydrates via nonenzymatic glycation, the covalent attachment of sugar to a protein, and subsequent production of AGEs [8,[23][24][25][26], and these processes are closely linked to oxidative stress [27]. ...
Skin aging has been associated with a higher dietary intake of carbohydrates, particularly glucose and galactose. In fact, the carbohydrates are capable of damaging the skin’s vital components through nonenzymatic glycation, the covalent attachment of sugar to a protein, and subsequent production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This review is focused on the role of D-galactose in the development of skin aging and its relation to oxidative stress. The interest in this problem was dictated by recent findings that used in vitro and in vivo models. The review highlights the recent advances in the underlying molecular mechanisms of D-galactose-mediated cell senescence and cytotoxicity. We have also proposed the possible impact of galactosemia on skin aging and its clinical relevance. The understanding of molecular mechanisms of skin aging mediated by D-galactose can help dermatologists optimize methods for prevention and treatment of skin senescence and aging-related skin diseases.
... A wrinkle is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin, also known as a rhytide. The appearance of wrinkles is one of the typical sign of aging processes [23]. Different causes which can enhance wrinkle formation include, habitual sleeping positions, loss of body mass, prolonged immersion in water, habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, and poor hydration. ...
Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays multifaceted role in regulating the various biological processes such as skin repairmen, diagnosis of cancer, wound healing, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulation. Owing to its remarkable biomedical and tissue regeneration potential, HA has been numerously employed as one of the imperative components of the cosmetic and nutricosmetic products. The present review aims to summarize and critically appraise recent developments and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic efficacy of HA for skin rejuvenation. A thorough analysis of the literature revealed that HA based formulations (i.e., gels, creams, intra-dermal filler injections, dermal fillers, facial fillers, autologous fat gels, lotion, serum, and implants, etc.) exhibit remarkable anti-wrinkle, anti-nasolabial fold, anti-aging, space-filling, and face rejuvenating properties. This has been achieved via soft tissue augmentation, improved skin hydration, collagen and elastin stimulation, and face volume restoration. HA, alone or in combination with lidocaine and other co-agents, showed promising efficacy in skin tightness and elasticity, face rejuvenation, improving aesthetic scores, reducing the wrinkle scars, longevity, and tear trough rejuvenation. Our critical analysis evidenced that application/administration of HA exhibits outstanding nutricosmetic efficacy and thus is warranted to be used as a prime component of cosmetic products.
... In addition, repair processes are less efficient. Basal glycation that occurs over a number of years contributes to aging and can lead to various pathologies by exerting deleterious effects that, while similar to those caused by diabetes, are expressed later and often to a lesser degree [130]. In contrast, it can also be hypothesized that the dietary restriction and qualitative and quantitative changes observed in the elderly diet, may limit their consumption of exogenous AGEs [131]. ...
Glycation is both a physiological and pathological process which mainly affects proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Exogenous and endogenous glycation produces deleterious reactions that take place principally in the extracellular matrix environment or within the cell cytosol and organelles. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation begins by the non-enzymatic glycation of free amino groups by sugars and aldehydes which leads to a succession of rearrangements of intermediate compounds and ultimately to irreversibly bound products known as AGEs. Epigenetic factors, oxidative stress, UV and nutrition are important causes of the accumulation of chemically and structurally different AGEs with various biological reactivities. Cross-linked proteins, deriving from the glycation process, present both an altered structure and function. Nucleotides and lipids are particularly vulnerable targets which can in turn favor DNA mutation or a decrease in cell membrane integrity and associated biological pathways respectively. In mitochondria, the consequences of glycation can alter bioenergy production. Under physiological conditions, anti-glycation defenses are sufficient, with proteasomes preventing accumulation of glycated proteins, while lipid turnover clears glycated products and nucleotide excision repair removes glycated nucleotides. If this does not occur, glycation damage accumulates, and pathologies may develop. Glycation-induced biological products are known to be mainly associated with aging, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, renal failure, immunological changes, retinopathy, skin photoaging, osteoporosis, and progression of some tumors.
... Due to its greater risk of glycation, a hyperglycemic diet is a predisposing factor for skin aging. 83 It is challenging to study this relationship because obesity and diabetes are associated in most patients. ...
Studies assessing the impact of extrinsic factors on skin aging have increased during the last with the increase in life expectancy. Although most of the studies are about the sun radiation impact, many factors should be considered in elderly people, beyond environmental conditions. Lifestyle factors, like diet, sleeping, smoking, should be analyzed carefully, as common age-related conditions (menopause, diabetes, pulmonary diseases, etc.). All these factors could accelerate the natural decline of skin structure and functions, possibly affecting the responses to treatments and drugs. This review demonstrates that growing evidence regarding environmental factors that are associated with lifestyle and comorbidities deserve greater attention from researchers and dermatologists and may require new approaches in the management of skin aging.
Tropical tuber and root crops are essential for food security,
nutrition, and coping with climate change. In the human diet, starchy
roots and crop tubers are crucial. Even within a similar geographic
area, there are several roots and tubers that contribute to a rich
biodiversity. As a result, in addition to adding variety to the diet, they
provide a wide range of positive nutritional and physiological benefits,
including antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypo-glycemic, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A wide range of
bioactive substances, including as glycoalkaloids, phenolic
compounds, bioactive proteins, phytic acids, and saponins, are thought
to be responsible for the reported effects. There is still much to learn
about the beneficial health and nutritional properties of several starchy
tuber crops. Various edible roots are also utilized as traditional
medicines in various Asian nations. Tubers can be used to make a
number of dishes and may also be employed in industrial settings. The
bioactivities of the constituent chemicals may be impacted by
processing. The use of tubers as functional foods as well as nutritional
supplements for disease risk mitigation and wellness has enormous
promise.
Skin ageing is a complex phenomenon that results in alterations to the physiological functioning of the skin as well as very noticeable phenotypic changes. Particularly, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin fibres experience structural and functional alterations as they age
The formation of a heterogeneous set of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is the final outcome of a non-enzymatic process that occurs in vivo on long-life biomolecules. This process, known as glycation, starts with the reaction between reducing sugars, or their autoxidation products, with the amino groups of proteins, DNA, or lipids, thus gaining relevance under hyperglycemic conditions. Once AGEs are formed, they might affect the biological function of the biomacromolecule and, therefore, induce the development of pathophysiological events. In fact, the accumulation of AGEs has been pointed as a triggering factor of obesity, diabetes-related diseases, coronary artery disease, neurological disorders, or chronic renal failure, among others. Given the deleterious consequences of glycation, evolution has designed endogenous mechanisms to undo glycation or to prevent it. In addition, many exogenous molecules have also emerged as powerful glycation inhibitors. This review aims to provide an overview on what glycation is. It starts by explaining the similarities and differences between glycation and glycosylation. Then, it describes in detail the molecular mechanism underlying glycation reactions, and the bio-molecular targets with higher propensity to be glycated. Next, it discusses the precise effects of glycation on protein structure, function, and aggregation, and how computational chemistry has provided insights on these aspects. Finally, it reports the most prevalent diseases induced by glycation, and the endogenous mechanisms and the current therapeutic interventions against it.
Background: While current wound treatment strategies often focus on antimicrobials and topical agents, the role of nutrition in wound healing and aesthetic outcomes is crucial but frequently overlooked. This review assesses the impact of specific nutrients and preoperative nutritional status on surgical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, spanning from inception to October 2023. The study focused on the influence of macronutrients and micronutrients on aesthetic outcomes, the optimization of preoperative nutritional status, and the association between nutritional status and postoperative complications. Inclusion criteria were English-language, peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials related to nutrition's impact on skin wound healing and aesthetic outcomes. Exclusion criteria included non-English publications, non-peer-reviewed articles, opinion pieces, and animal studies. Results: Omega-3 fatty acids and specific amino acids were linked to enhanced wound healing and immune function. Vitamins A, B, C, and zinc positively influenced healing stages, while vitamin E results were variable. Polyphenolic compounds showed anti-inflammatory effects beneficial for recovery. Malnutrition was associated with increased postoperative complications and infections, whereas preoperative nutritional support correlated with reduced hospital stays and complications. Conclusion: Personalized nutritional plans are essential in surgical care, particularly for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. Despite the demonstrated benefits of certain nutrients, gaps in research, particularly regarding elements like iron, necessitate further studies. Nutritional assessments and interventions are vital for optimal preoperative care, underscoring the need for more comprehensive guidelines and research in nutritional management for surgical patients.
Background
Observational studies have linked coffee, alcohol, tea, and sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption to facial skin aging. However, confounding factors may influence these studies. The present two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) investigated the potential causal association between beverage consumption and facial skin aging.
Methods
The single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with coffee, alcohol, and tea intake were derived from the IEU project. The SSB‐associated SNPs were selected from a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). Data on facial skin aging were derived from the largest GWAS involving 16 677 European individuals. The inverse variance‐weighted (IVW) was the main MR analysis method, supplemented by other methods (MR‐Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode). The MR‐Egger intercept analysis was used for sensitivity analysis. Moreover, we conducted a replication analysis using data from another GWAS dataset on coffee consumption to validate our findings.
Results
Four instrumental variables (IVs) sets were used to examine the causal association between beverage consumption (coffee, alcohol, tea, SSB) and facial skin aging. Our results revealed that genetically predicted higher coffee consumption reduced the risk of facial skin aging (OR: 0.852; 95% CI: 0.753–0.964; p = 0.011, IVW method). The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings, with no evidence of pleiotropy or heterogeneity. The results of replicated MR analysis on coffee consumption were consistent with the initial analysis (OR = 0.997; 95% CI = 0.996–0.999; p = 0.003, IVW method).
Conclusions
This study manifests that higher coffee consumption is significantly associated with a reduced risk of facial skin aging. These findings can offer novel strategies for identifying the underlying etiology of facial skin aging.
Aging is defined as a complex biological phenomenon in which many activities are impaired and molecular damages accumulate at the cellular level in the body. As a result, the body is unable to resist and respond to a variety of age-related diseases and ailments. According to Unani concept, in old age when innate fluid diminished, the skin becomes cold and dry in temperament resulting in wrinkles and early aging of the skin. Other factors are sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, smoking, etc. that are responsible for damaging the cells and premature wrinkles formation through free radicals. This article aims to discuss the factors responsible for skin aging described in Unani and Allopathic medicine.
Aging is defined as a complex biological phenomenon in which many activities are impaired and molecular damages
accumulate at the cellular level in the body. As a result, the body is unable to resist and respond to a variety of age-related
diseases and ailments. According to Unani concept, in old age when innate fluid diminished, the skin becomes cold and dry in
temperament resulting in wrinkles and early aging of the skin. Other factors are sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, smoking,
etc. that are responsible for damaging the cells and premature wrinkles formation through free radicals. This article aims to
discuss the factors responsible for skin aging described in Unani and Allopathic medicine.
Keywords: Skin aging; Photoaging; Unani Medicine; Temperament; Solar radiations
Aging is a natural intrinsic process associated with the loss of fibrous tissue, a slower cell turnover, and a reduction in immune system competence. In the skin, the continuous exposition of environmental factors superimposes extrinsic damage, mainly due to ultraviolet radiation causing photoaging. Although not usually considered a pathogenic event, photoaging affects cutaneous biology, increasing the risk of skin carcinogenesis. At the cellular level, aging is typified by the rise of senescence cells a condition characterized by reduced or absent capacity to proliferate and aberrant hyper-secretory activity. Senescence has a double-edged sword in cancer biology given that senescence prevents the uncontrolled proliferation of damaged cells and favors their clearance by paracrine secretion. Nevertheless, the cumulative insults and the poor clearance of injured cells in the elderly increase cancer incidence. However, there are not conclusive data proving that aged skin represents a permissive milieu for tumor onset. On the other hand, tumor cells are capable of activating resident fibroblasts onto a pro-tumorigenic phenotype resembling those of senescent fibroblasts suggesting that aged fibroblasts might facilitate cancer progression. This review discusses changes that occur during aging that can prime neoplasm or increase the aggressiveness of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.
Aim and Background: Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics. Methods and Materials: Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis. Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women. Conclusions: In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.
Background
: Carotenoids play important role in delay of aging process. Orange coloured tubular calyx of flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. contains crocin, an apocarotenoid which forms a major component of stigma of saffron. Due to presence of crocin in orange coloured tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, it can be used as an economical substitute to saffron for its medicinal and cosmetic utilities. Lutein from flower petals of Tagetes patula L, is another popular carotenoid which has antioxidant effect and many health benefits. The carotenoids are highly unstable when exposed to atmosphere, hence in the present study crocin and lutein rich extracts were entrapped into phytosomes to improve stability and efficacy of topical preparation.
Hypothesis
: Oxidative stress is considered to be a major contributor to the process of aging. Carotenoids viz, Lutein and crocin, being powerful antioxidants, can delay aging of skin through upregulating col type I gene and elastin gene. The carotenoids have very low oxidation potential, due to which they get oxidized fast and protect oxidation of other compounds which make them highly unstable. One of the ways to improve stability of these phytoconstituents, is their entrapment in phytosomes. Preparation of phytosomes will have dual advantages of improving stability as well as bioavailability of molecule.
Methods
: The phytosomes of Carotenoid rich extract of tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and the petals of Tagetes patula L. (standardized for crocin and lutein content) were prepared using lipid film hydration technique and these phytosomes were then incorporated into gel base. The gel formulation was evaluated for stability as per ICH guidelines. Efficacy of formulation was evaluated by D-galactose induced aging model. Aging in skin was induced by administration of D-Galactose (100mg/kg b.w.s.c.) to albino mice for 42 days. The gel formulation was applied topically for 42 days. Then the effect of formulation on skin aging was evaluated by estimation of biochemical parameters viz. glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological studies of treated skin samples. Also expression of COL type I and elastin genes was carried out from the skin samples by RT-PCR method.
Results
: Percent entrapment (%w/w) of crocin and lutein in phytosomes were found to be 60.20 and 50.81 respectively. Accelerated stability studies showed improvement in stability of carotenoids viz. crocin and lutein and the content of crocin and lutein in formulation was found in the range of 99.98 % w/w to 99.85%w/w at the end of three months. The formulation containing extract of Phytosomes of carotenoid rich extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and the petals of Tagetes patula L. exhibited potent antiaging activity through significant (p<0.05)increase in dermal and epidermal layers, and increase in GSH levels of skin as compared to the untreated group. The treatment with the gel formulation revealed upregulation of col type I and elastin genes. There was significant reduction in lipid peroxidation as revealed through reduction in MDA levels as compared to untreated group.
Conclusion
: Crocin and lutein have potential to prevent skin aging via upregulation of COL type I gene and elastin gene. Upregulation of genes resulted into increase in the thickness of epidermal and dermal layer along with reduction in oxidative stress in skin. Entrapment of carotenoid rich extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Tagetes patula in Phytosomes enhanced the stability and efficacy of the formulation.
The potential role of plant-based foods in the promotion of skin health is an emerging area of nutrition research. Plant-based foods are rich in bioactive compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, polyphenols, and phenolic acids, which can contribute to oxidant defense, lower inflammation, and promote structural support of the skin. Epidemiological studies have associated higher intakes of select fruits and vegetables with positive skin health.1,2 Beneficial effects of certain fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and polyphenolic-rich beverages on the skin have been reported, with each of these providing a unique phytochemical composition. While most studies use extracts, this review will focus on data from whole foods and minimally processed products. Collectively, the evidence to date suggests a promising future for plant-based dietary interventions that promote skin barrier health and function. However, additional research is required to address issues such as the optimal quality and duration of intake as well as potential mechanisms. Studies in the above areas will help formulate specific targeted dietary recommendations.
The purpose of the review was to study the data of the modern literature on the effect of diet on the skin condition and the course of some dermatological diseases. Recent studies have shown a strong link between diet and a number of dermatological conditions. Food allergies and Western eating patterns can dramatically alter microbiome composition and intestinal permeability. In conditions of disturbed microbial balance and changes in the barrier function of the intestine, the penetration of immunogenic molecules into the systemic circulation, including food antigens, bacterial toxins and pathogens, which can accumulate in the skin, disrupt the epidermal barrier and contribute to chronic inflammation, increase. However, in children with atopic dermatitis, elimination diets did not show a significant advantage in reducing the severity of the disease; on the contrary, adverse events associated with malnutrition, lack of vitamins and minerals were more often recorded. Despite the fact that dietary intervention is an important aspect of the treatment and prevention of a wide range of dermatological diseases, many questions remain open today.
Background
Holistic dermatology focuses on treating the human body as a whole and implementing life-style changes to enhance the treatment and prognosis of skin disease. Understanding the interplay between modifiable life factors and patients’ dermatologic health will help physicians better inform patients on self-care methods to mitigate the burden of their skin disease(s).
Objective
To review the current scientific literature on the relationship between modifiable life factors and dermatological outcome of skin disorders.
Methods
A systematic literature search on PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science was conducted to identify research articles examining the relationship between dermatology and six major categories of modifiable life factors: diet, sleep, exercise, stress, alcohol, and smoking.
Results
A substantial amount of evidence supports the relationship between modifiable life factors and dermatologic outcomes. There were the most studies on diet, stress, alcohol, and smoking but all life factors were supported by some degree of scientific evidence.
Conclusion
All the modifiable life factors explored in this review play a critical role in modulating the onset and progression of skin disease. We anticipate more research studies in the future and an increasing integration of holistic dermatology into patient care.
To a large extent, age-related facial skin changes, wrinkles and flabbiness, are attributed to the structural alterations in dermis, including of collagen fibers fragmentation and disorganization. There are various cosmetological correction methods that aim to activate neocollagenesis and dermal remodeling. From this perspective, intradermal injections of exogenous collagen preparations seem logical. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of Collost 7% collagen complex applied to correct the age-related facial skin changes, as well as clarify the possible mechanisms of skin rejuvenation resulting from a course of intradermal injections. 35 participants entered the study, 30 of them finished it. A set of indicators describing age-related skin changes was assessed with the help of clinical scales; the assessment revealed a pronounced improvement in the quality of the patients' skin, including smoothed relief in the area of localization of fine wrinkles. The therapy resulted in a statistically significant improvement of the skin's elasticity, which, combined with the changes discovered through US scanning (greater dermis thickness and echodensity), is an indirect indication of skin restructuring associated with accumulation of fibrous protein structures. These results allow parallels with the experimental data that shows activation of neocollagenesis in the skin of laboratory animals after a course of Collost 7% gel. The research revealed no serious adverse events. A course of collagen administered intradermally can be recommended as an aesthetic correction procedure, as well as means of prevention of atrophy that has a significant effect on skin's appearance and health status.
Возрастные изменения лица в виде морщин, дряблости кожи во многом связаны со структурными изменениями дермы, в том числе с фрагментацией и дезорганизацией коллагеновых волокон. Различные методы косметологической коррекции направлены на активизацию неоколлагенеза и ремоделирование дермы. С этой точки зрения логичным видится проведение внутрикожных инъекций препаратов экзогенного коллагена. Целью исследования было изучить эффективность и безопасность применения коллагенового комплекса Коллост 7% в коррекции возрастных изменений кожи лица, а также уточнить возможные механизмы развития эффекта омоложения кожи после курса внутрикожных инъекций. В исследование были включены 34 участницы, завершили его 30 участниц. Оценка комплекса показателей возрастных изменений кожи с помощью клинических шкал продемонстрировала выраженное улучшение качества кожи и разглаживание ее рельефа, особенно в области локализации тонких морщин. После завершения курса лечения достоверно повысилась эластичность кожи лица, что вкупе с изменениями, выявленными при УЗ-сканировании (повышение толщины дермы и ее акустической плотности), косвенно свидетельствует о структурной перестройке кожи с накоплением белковых волокнистых структур. Полученные результаты позволяют проводить параллели с данными экспериментальных исследований, показывающими активизацию неоколлагенеза в коже лабораторных животных после курсового введения геля Коллост 7%. Серьезных нежелательных явлений при проведении исследования не выявлено. Курсовое внутрикожное введение коллагена можно рекомендовать как процедуру эстетической коррекции, а также в качестве профилактики развития атрофических процессов, которые существенно сказываются на внешнем виде и здоровье кожи.
This study demonstrates the antiglycation activity of Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lignin from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentate), which has also been proven to assist in the treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular complications. We determined the antiglycation activity of NDG based on spectroscopic analysis, molecular interactions and circular dichroism studies with albumin. It was also seen that NDG inhibits the aggregation of albumin, after glycation, using Thioflavin T binding and confocal imaging. Results suggest that NDG is a potent inhibitor of advanced glycation end products formation. NDG was found to impart protective effects on albumin by preventing glycation modification of lysine residues (Lys20, Phe36, Lys41, Lys131, and Lys132) due to glycation.
Nutraceuticals are defined as a food, or part of a food, that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. Kim Pearson covers key considerations when recommending nutraceuticals to aesthetic patients, including the importance of choosing well-researched nutrients, provided in bioavailable forms, at a dose proven to be effective
Background.ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, enhancing the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). These encompass a characteristic fluorescence pattern, which can be non-invasively measured as skin autofluorescence (AF). In this study we investigate whether skin AF is elevated in STEMI, its association with inflammatory and glycaemic stress and its predictive value for future events.
Methods.Skin AF was measured in 88 STEMI patients (mean age 64±13 years) within 72 hours and around six months after discharge, in 81 stable coronary artery disease (sCAD) patients (64±10 years), and in 32 healthy controls (63±11 years). The cumulative one-year incidence of all-cause mortality and hospitalisation for myocardial infarction or heart failure was documented.
Results.Skin AF was significantly higher in STEMI compared with sCAD and controls, irrespective of confounders, and was associated with HbA1c and C-reactive protein. Skin AF decreased significantly in STEMI patients, when measured >200 days after discharge. In STEMI patients, skin AF above the median was predictive of future events (hazard ratio 11.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 90.8, p=0.019).
Conclusion.Skin AF is elevated in STEMI, is associated with inflammation and glycaemic stress, and predicts future major adverse cardiac events. (Neth Heart J 2009;17:162–8.)
Research on trends in consumption of added sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the United States has largely focused on calorically sweetened beverages and ignored other sources.
We aimed to examine US consumption of added sugar and HFCS to determine long-term trends in availability and intake from beverages and foods.
We used 2 estimation techniques and data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (1965 and 1977), Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1989-1991), and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004) to examine trends in HFCS and added sugar both overall and within certain food and beverage groups.
Availability and consumption of HFCS and added sugar increased over time until a slight decline between 2000 and 2004. By 2004, HFCS provided roughly 8% of total energy intake compared with total added sugar of 377 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1), accounting for 17% of total energy intake. Although food and beverage trends were similar, soft drinks and fruit drinks provided the most HFCS (158 and 40 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) in 2004, respectively). Moreover, among the top 20% of individuals, 896 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of added sugar was consumed compared with 505 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of HFCS. Among consumers, sweetened tea and desserts also represented major contributors of calories from added sugar (>100 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1)).
Although increased intake of calories from HFCS is important to examine, the health effect of overall trends in added caloric sweeteners should not be overlooked.
The accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) due to non-enzymic glycation of proteins has been implicated in several pathophysiologies associated with ageing and diabetes. The formation of AGE is accelerated in hyperglycaemic conditions, which alter the structure and function of long-lived proteins. Thus inhibition of the formation of AGE is believed to play a role in the prevention of diabetic complications. In the present study we evaluated the antiglycating effect of aqueous extracts of various plant-based foods. The effect of aqueous extracts of these agents in terms of their ability to prevent the accumulation of AGE due to fructose-mediated in vitro glycation of eye lens soluble proteins was investigated. The degree of protein glycation in the absence and presence of dietary extracts was assessed by different complementary methods, i.e. non-tryptophan AGE fluorescence, AGE-induced cross-linking by SDS-PAGE and glyco-oxidative damage by carbonyl assay. Five out of the seventeen agents tested showed significant inhibitory potential against in vitro protein glycation in a dose-dependent manner. Prominent among them were ginger, cumin, cinnamon, black pepper and green tea, which inhibited in vitro AGE formation to lens proteins 40-90 % at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Assessing their potential to reduce the amount of glycated protein using boronate affinity chromatography and also their ability to prevent the formation of specific antigenic-AGE structures by immunodetection further substantiated the importance of ginger, cumin and cinnamon in reducing AGE burden. These findings indicate the potential of some dietary components to prevent and/or inhibit protein glycation. Thus these dietary agents may be able to be exploited for controlling AGE-mediated diabetic pathological conditions in vivo.
Endogenous advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) include chemically crosslinking species (glycotoxins) that contribute to the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Renal excretion of the catabolic products of endogenous AGEs is impaired in patients with diabetic or nondiabetic kidney disease (KD). The aim of this study was to examine the oral absorption and renal clearance kinetics of food AGEs in DM with KD and whether circulating diet-derived AGEs contain active glycotoxins. Thirty-eight diabetics (DM) with or without KD and five healthy subjects (NL) received a single meal of egg white (56 g protein), cooked with (AGE-diet) or without fructose (100 g) (CL-diet). Serum and urine samples, collected for 48 hr, were monitored for AGE immunoreactivity by ELISA and for AGE-specific crosslinking reactivity, based on complex formation with 125I-labeled fibronectin. The AGE-diet, but not the CL-diet, produced distinct elevations in serum AGE levels in direct proportion to amount ingested (r = 0.8, P < 0.05): the area under the curve for serum ( approximately 10% of ingested AGE) correlated directly with severity of KD; renal excretion of dietary AGE, although normally incomplete (only approximately 30% of amount absorbed), in DM it correlated inversely with degree of albuminuria, and directly with creatinine clearance (r = 0.8, P < 0.05), reduced to <5% in DM with renal failure. Post-AGE-meal serum exhibited increased AGE-crosslinking activity (two times above baseline serum AGE, three times above negative control), which was inhibited by aminoguanidine. In conclusion, (i) the renal excretion of orally absorbed AGEs is markedly suppressed in diabetic nephropathy patients, (ii) daily influx of dietary AGEs includes glycotoxins that may constitute an added chronic risk for renal-vascular injury in DM, and (iii) dietary restriction of AGE food intake may greatly reduce the burden of AGEs in diabetic patients and possibly improve prognosis.
Nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, leading to chemical modification and cross-linking are of importance in the pathology of diabetic complications. We studied the effect alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on the content and characteristics of the protein collagen from skin of high-fructose fed rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 each. Two groups of rats were fed with a high fructose diet (60 g/100 g diet) and administered either LA (35 mg/kg b.w., i.p) (FRU+LA) or 0.2 ml vehicle (saline) (FRU) for 45 days. The other 2 groups were fed with control diet containing starch (60 g/100 g diet) and administered either saline (CON) or lipoic acid (CON+LA). The rats were maintained for 45 days and then sacrificed. Plasma glucose, insulin, fructosamine, protein glycation, and blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) were measured. Collagen was isolated from skin and the physicochemical properties of collagen were studied. Fructose administration caused accumulation of collagen in skin. Extensive cross-linking was evidenced by enhanced glycation and AGE-linked fluorescence. Increased peroxidation and changes in physicochemical properties such as shrinkage temperature, aldehyde content, solubililty pattern, susceptibility to denaturing agents were observed in fructose-fed rats. SDS gel pattern of collagen from these rats showed elevated beta component of type I collagen. These changes were alleviated by the simultaneous administration of LA. Administration of LA to fructose-fed rats had a positive influence on both quantitative and qualitative properties of collagen. The results suggest a mechanism for the ability of LA to delay diabetic complications.
Tissue advanced glycation end products (AGE) are a measure of cumulative metabolic stress and trigger cytokines driven inflammatory reactions. AGE are thought to contribute to the chronic complications of diabetes and ESRD. Tissue autofluorescence is related to the accumulation of AGE. Therefore, skin autofluorescence (AF) may provide prognostic information on mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Skin AF was measured noninvasively with an AF reader at baseline in 109 HD patients. Overall and cardiovascular mortality was monitored prospectively during a period of 3 yr. The AF reader was validated against AGE contents in skin biopsies from 29 dialysis patients. Forty-two of the 109 (38.5%) HD patients died. Cox regression analysis showed that AF was an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality (for overall mortality odds ratio [OR] 3.9), as were pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD; OR 3.1), C-reactive protein (OR 1.1), and serum albumin (OR 0.3). Multivariate analysis revealed that 65% of the variance in AF could be attributed to the independent effects of age, dialysis and renal failure duration, presence of diabetes, triglycerides levels, and C-reactive protein. AF was also independently linked to the presence of CVD at baseline (OR 8.8; P < 0.001). AF correlated with collagen-linked fluorescence (r = 0.71, P < 0.001), pentosidine (r = 0.75, P < 0.001), and carboxy(m)ethyllysine (both r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Skin AF is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in ESRD. This supports a role for AGE as a contributor to mortality and CVD and warrants interventions specifically aimed at AGE accumulation.
The popularity of high-protein diets has surged recently as obesity has become more and more common in the United States and other developed nations. In view of the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease among obese people, it is important to understand potential effects of high-protein diets on the kidney. The hypothesis that high-protein diets are nephrotoxic because of their excessive dietary advanced glycation end product (AGE) content and an increased amino acid load that enhances AGE formation in situ was explored. This review discusses the following evidence: (1) High-protein diets are deleterious to the kidney; (2) AGE are metabolic mediators of kidney damage; (3) dietary protein-derived AGE contribute to proinflammatory and pro-oxidative processes in diabetes and kidney disease; and (4) dietary protein-derived AGE produce functional and structural abnormalities that are involved in kidney damage. Future research should consider dietary AGE as a potential therapeutic target for kidney disease in obesity, diabetes, and perhaps other causes of chronic kidney disease.
Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a property used for the noninvasive assessment of skin advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and concentration of redox-regulated fluorophores. SAF was shown to closely mirror cardiovascular risk and to constitute a more sensitive parameter for diabetes screening than fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. It has also been suggested that SAF measurement is independent of fasting status. Our study was designed in order to test whether SAF changes postprandially.
We have investigated 21 Caucasian subjects (10 healthy subjects, 11 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus). SAF was measured in the fasting state, as well as 2 and 4 h following a meal with a medium AGE content.
Two hours postprandially, SAF significantly increased by 10.2% in the whole group, by 11.6% in the group of individuals with diabetes, and by 8.7% in healthy subjects (for all measurements P < 0.05 vs. baseline).
SAF increases postprandially in individuals with diabetes mellitus and in healthy subjects. Therefore, we suggest that measurements of SAF should be performed in the fasting state in order to increase sensitivity and specificity of the method for assessing cardiovascular risk and diabetes screening.
We tested whether polyphenolic substances in extracts of commercial culinary herbs and spices would inhibit fructose-mediated protein glycation. Extracts of 24 herbs and spices from a local supermarket were tested for the ability to inhibit glycation of albumin. Dry samples were ground and extracted with 10 volumes of 50% ethanol, and total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) were measured. Aliquots were incubated in triplicate at pH 7.4 with 0.25 M fructose and 10 mg/mL fatty acid-free bovine albumin. Fluorescence at 370 nm/440 nm was used as an index of albumin glycation. In general, spice extracts inhibited glycation more than herb extracts, but inhibition was correlated with total phenolic content (R(2) = 0.89). The most potent inhibitors included extracts of cloves, ground Jamaican allspice, and cinnamon. Potent herbs tested included sage, marjoram, tarragon, and rosemary. Total phenolics were highly correlated with FRAP values (R(2) = 0.93). The concentration of phenolics that inhibited glycation by 50% was typically 4-12 microg/mL. Relative to total phenolic concentration, extracts of powdered ginger and bay leaf were less effective than expected, and black pepper was more effective. Prevention of protein glycation is an example of the antidiabetic potential for bioactive compounds in culinary herbs and spices.
Nonenzymatic glycation produces compounds with characteristic fluorescence in long-lived proteins. We recently described the influence of age in rat collagen-linked fluorescence. To examine the effect of age in humans, we studied the subcutaneous collagen-linked fluorescence in samples from 26 subjects of both sexes (age range, 42 to 78 years) who were undergoing vascular surgery. Intensity of fluorescence at 385 nm (upon excitation at 335 nm) and 440 nm (upon excitation at 370 nm) increased exponentially with age (r = .827, y = 114 + e0.038x, P less than .001; and r = .905, y = 36 + e0.039x, P less than 0.001, respectively). The two sets of data exhibited a high degree of correlation (r = .980, P less than .001, n = 26). Age-adjusted fluorescence data did not correlate with sex, body weight, or type of vascular pathology. The collagen fluorescence accumulation rate was 3.7% per year, and the characteristic time (CT) was 26 to 27 years. We conclude that the fluorescence measurement is a reliable methodology that can be used as a marker for biological age until new, more-specific tools are available.
A recently described nonreducible, acid-heat stable compound, histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL), is a collagen cross-link isolated from mature skin tissue. Its abundance is related to chronologic aging of skin. The present communication describes the quantity of HHL from aged human skin of the same individuals in sun-exposed (wrist) and unexposed (buttock) sites. Punch biopsies were obtained from these sites from nine people of age 60 or older. HHL contents (moles/mole of collagen) at these sites were for wrist 0.13 +/- 0.07 and for buttock 0.69 +/- 0.17 (mean +/- SD, p less than 0.001). In addition, it was found that acute irradiation of the cross-linked peptides with UVA (up to 250 J/cm2) and UVB (up to 1 J/cm2) had no effect on HHL structure. The same treatment significantly degraded another nonreducible, stable collagen cross-link, pyridinoline. The results suggest that chronic sunlight exposure may be associated with an impediment to normal maturation of human dermal collagen resulting in tenuous amount of HHL. Thus, the process of photoaging in dermal collagen is different from that of chronologic aging in human skin.
The Maillard, or nonenzymatic, browning reaction between carbonyl and amino groups is a common reaction in foods which undergo thermal processing. The Maillard reaction is a desirable consequence of many industrial and domestic processes and is responsible for the attractive flavor and brown color of some cooked foods. An early recognized consequence of the Maillard reaction was the destruction of some essential amino acids, such as lysine. More recently, research interest has focused on the production of toxic and antinutritive compounds. This review examines the nutritional and toxicological consequences of the Maillard reaction in light of the findings of such research. In particular, the effect of Maillard reaction products on the digestion, absorption, and excretion of nutrients is considered. The cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and immunochemical aspects of selected Maillard reaction products are also examined and suggestions are made for future areas of investigation.
The human colonic microbiota imparts metabolic versatility on the colon, interacts at many levels in healthy intestinal and systemic metabolism, and plays protective roles in chronic disease and acute infection. Colonic bacterial metabolism is largely dependant on dietary residues from the upper gut. Carbohydrates, resistant to digestion, drive colonic bacterial fermentation and the resulting end products are considered beneficial. Many colonic species ferment proteins but the end products are not always beneficial and include toxic compounds, such as amines and phenols. Most components of a typical Western diet are heat processed. The Maillard reaction, involving food protein and sugar, is a complex network of reactions occurring during thermal processing. The resultant modified protein resists digestion in the small intestine but is available for colonic bacterial fermentation. Little is known about the fate of the modified protein but some Maillard reaction products (MRP) are biologically active by, e. g. altering bacterial population levels within the colon or, upon absorption, interacting with human disease mechanisms by induction of inflammatory responses. This review presents current understanding of the interactions between MRP and intestinal bacteria. Recent scientific advances offering the possibility of elucidating the consequences of microbe-MRP interactions within the gut are discussed.
Extracellular aging--accumulating molecular damage by glycation, oxidation, and crosslinking of long-lived extracellular proteins, mainly collagen and elastin--is a major cause of several important human aging pathologies. Crosslinking increases mechanical stiffness of blood vessels and urinary bladder. Crosslinking impairs the functioning of the kidney, heart, retina, and other tissues and organs. Glycation adducts trigger inflammatory signaling, provoking tissue damage and cancers. Crosslinking tightens up the extracellular matrix (ECM), hardening it against natural turnover processes. Known crosslink breakers (e.g., alagebrium, of the thiazolium halide family) are only partly effective because they break only a subset of AGE crosslink structures (sugar-derived alpha-diketone bridges). So far, no agent has been found that breaks the prevalent glucosepane and K2P crosslink structures. Enzymes that would be able to recognize and disassemble glycation products may be too big to migrate into the ECM and repair collagen or elastin in vivo. Two approaches to therapy development are presented here. ECM turnover enhancement would enhance natural processes to digest old ECM and replace it with new. It will be important to tune the collagen degradation to a rate slow enough to prevent dire side-effects, such as hemorrhage from leaky blood vessels as collagen molecules are removed and replaced. Glycation breaker discovery would use high-throughput screening and rational drug design to find molecules that are able to break glucosepane crosslinks and K2P crosslinks of extracellular proteins. Candidates would be further screened for selectivity and toxicity in order to avoid damage to other molecules.
Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) show both the Hayflick phenomenon and differentiation in vitro. The aim of this study was to induce senescence in keratinocytes using two sugars, glucose and glyoxal. Induction of senescence in early-passage NHEK was characterized by monitoring cell morphology, short-term growth characteristics, cell proliferation, and viability assay. In addition, apoptosis, senescence-associated (SA) beta-gal activity, proteasomal activity and glycation, and glycoxidation of total proteins were determined. Our results show that a 3-day treatment with 100 mM glucose or 0.1 mM glyoxal induces in early-passage NHEK various cellular and biochemical characteristics comparable to those observed in serially subcultured late passage NHEK. Furthermore, sugar-treated prematurely aged NHEK showed impaired differentiation, as measured by the quantification of involucrin. There is preliminary evidence that a preexposure of NHEK to mild heat shock (41 degrees C, 1 h, 6 h in advance) can abrogate some of the sugar-induced negative effects, which is an example of mild stress-induced hormesis. This experimental model can be useful to study the effects of potential antiaging interventions.
Differences in skin aging features between Asians and Caucasians are commonly known, whereas little is known about such differences in various Asian populations.
A survey was carried out in Tokyo, Shanghai and Bangkok to identify specific features of skin aging in each population and to evaluate whether our conventional photo scale is an appropriate tool for this type of comparative study.
Eighty-seven women residing in Tokyo, 100 women residing in Shanghai, and 90 women residing in Bangkok were examined by a specialist. Facial wrinkles (forehead, glabella, upper eyelid, crow's feet, lower eyelid, cheek, nasolabial groove and mouth corner) and cheek sagging were evaluated using photo scales previously obtained from Japanese subjects. Comparisons were made according to 10-year age groups.
Women in Bangkok showed the most severe level of wrinkles, followed by those in Shanghai in the three groups. Significant differences were observed between Thai and Japanese women in the intensity of wrinkles at many facial sites. Chinese women had significantly more severe wrinkles in the area around the eyes compared to Japanese women, while Thai women had significantly more severe wrinkles in the lower halves of their faces compared to Chinese women. In cheek sagging scores, significant differences were observed between Japanese and Thai women in their 30s and 50s, but not between Japanese and Chinese women or between Chinese and Thai women in all age groups.
These results indicate variations in skin aging features among women from three Asian cities thereby suggesting the diversity of Asian skin. Our scaling method proved to be appropriate for facial wrinkles, but required modification to compare cheek sagging among Asian populations.
Throughout evolution, exposure to sunlight and the photosynthesis of vitamin D(3) in the skin has been critically important for the evolution of land vertebrates. During exposure to sunlight, the solar UVB photons with energies 290-315 nm are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and converted to previtamin D(3). Previtamin D(3) undergoes a rapid transformation within the plasma membrane to vitamin D(3). Excessive exposure to sunlight will not result in vitamin D intoxication because both previtamin D(3) and vitamin D(3) are photolyzed to several noncalcemic photoproducts. During the winter at latitudes above approximately 35 degrees , there is minimal, if any, previtamin D(3) production in the skin. Altitude also has a significant effect on vitamin D(3) production. At 27 degrees N in November, very little ( approximately 0.5%) previtamin D(3) synthesis was detected in Agra (169 m) and Katmandu (1400 m). There was an approximately 2- and 4-fold increase in previtamin D(3) production at approximately 3400 m and at Everest base camp (5300 m), respectively. Increased skin pigmentation, application of a sunscreen, aging, and clothing have a dramatic effect on previtamin D(3) production in the skin. It is estimated that exposure in a bathing suit to 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) is equivalent to ingesting between 10,000 and 25,000 IU of vitamin D(2). The importance of sunlight for providing most humans with their vitamin D requirement is well documented by the seasonal variation in circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Vitamin D deficiency [i.e., 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] is common in both children and adults worldwide. Exposure to lamps that produce UVB radiation is an excellent source for producing vitamin D(3) in the skin and is especially efficacious in patients with fat malabsorption syndromes. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency globally is an underappreciation of sunlight's role in providing humans with their vitamin D(3) requirement. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and those that do have a very variable vitamin D content. Recently it was observed that wild caught salmon had between 75% and 90% more vitamin D(3) compared with farmed salmon. The associations regarding increased risk of common deadly cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease with living at higher latitudes and being prone to vitamin D deficiency should alert all health care professionals about the importance of vitamin D for overall health and well being.
Glycation is the non-enzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In vivo skin autofluorescence (lambda(ex)/lambda(em)=370/440 nm) was used as a non-invasive clinical tool to study skin AGE accumulation in healthy panellists. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was shown that for panellists below the age of 40, glycation associated in vivo skin fluorescence intensity increased as a function of chronological age and body mass index (BMI). Above the age of 40, the fluorescence was associated to age but not to BMI, suggesting that the effect of age became dominant over BMI. Since the accumulation of AGEs is expected to affect the biomechanical properties of the skin, in vivo skin elasticity data were gathered on a second panel. It was found that skin elasticity depended on age and BMI in a similar fashion as to what we observed for the skin fluorescence data. It is hypothesised that skin AGE accumulation contributes to the loss of skin elasticity in aged and/or overweight people.
To investigate the effect of native, heated and glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-UC colonic microbiota in vitro.
Continuous flow culture (CFC) models of the human colonic microbiota inoculated with faeces from UC and non-UC volunteers were maintained on BSA as growth substrate. Changes in bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acids were determined. UC and non-UC microbiota differed significantly in microbial populations, with elevated numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and clostridia in the microbiota from UC patients. Compared with native BSA, glycated BSA modulated the gut microbiota of UC patients in vitro towards a more detrimental community structure with significant increases in putatively harmful bacteria (clostridia, bacteroides and SRB; P < 0.009) and decreases in dominant and putatively beneficial bacterial groups (eubacteria and bifidobacteria; P < 0.0004). The levels of beneficial short-chain fatty acids were significantly decreased by heated or glycated BSA, but were increased significantly by native BSA.
The UC colonic microbiota maintained in CFC was significantly modified by glycated BSA.
Results suggest that dietary glycated protein may impact upon the composition and activity of the colonic microbiota, an important environmental variable in UC.
Aging and related diseases are accompanied by increased Oxidative Stress (OS) and accumulation of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs). One important component of AGEs accumulation with aging appears to be the sustained exposure to dietary AGE (dAGEs), which contributes to overloading of anti-AGE receptors and depletion of anti-oxidant reserves. In this review, we present experimental animal and human data which support this postulation. Lowering the content of AGEs in the normal diet significantly prevents AGEs accumulation and the increased OS caused by aging and also extends lifespan in mice. In humans, short-term trials indicate that a Low AGEs diet reduces oxidant burden and inflammatory markers. Long-term studies are in progress and will help establish definitive causality between age-related disease states and modern dietary practices in Western societies.