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Quand la misère chasse la pauvreté: essai
Abstract
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... Les pressions accrues sur les écosystèmes engendrent ainsi d'importantes pressions sociétales, dont une réduction des capacités des individus à subvenir à leur besoins. Le lien entre pauvreté et baisse de la biodiversité a d'ailleurs été démontré dans de nombreux travaux (Rahnema, 2003). La réduction des ressources disponibles implique une concentration et un 1 Le processus consultatif vers un International Mechanism of Scientific Expertise on Biodiversity (IMoSEB) a été lancé en 2005 en vue de garantir la conservation de la biodiversité. ...
... 50 CHAPITRE 1 surenchérissement des extractions de celles-ci, aggravant des pénuries et accélérant la perte de la biodiversité. Sous couvert de préservation de l'environnement naturel et de réduction de la pauvreté, des solutions techniques et industrielles sont proposées (Rahnema, 2003). L'essor de l'agro-industrie, et de l'agrobusiness plus généralement, est en partie fondé sur la préservation et l'accroissement du bien-être des populations. ...
... L'économie de la fonctionnalité cherche par exemple à faire évoluer la polarisation du régime actuel vers la sphère autonome, pourtant relativement présente pour bon nombre de citoyens (notamment à l'échelle d'un quartier ou d'une association). Cette part de réciprocité est en effet à l'origine d'un « ciment social » fondamental, constituant alors une source de richesse sous-estimée en économie classique (Rahnema, 2003), au contraire considérée par les anthropologues comme fondatrice de nombreux modes de fonctionnement (travaux de Marcel Mauss). 1 La méthodologie de mesure nous importe peu ici. ...
Dans un contexte de déséquilibres écologiques et socio-économiques, des stratégies et politiques sont conçues à différentes échelles institutionnelles pour tendre vers un modèle de développement soutenable. Une étude de métabolisme permet, par la mesure de certains flux de matières et d’énergie, d’appréhender le fonctionnement d’un territoire d’un point de vue physique. Cependant, cette connaissance sur les conséquences écologiques d’un territoire est difficilement mise en lien avec les grandes questions sociétales et les jeux d’acteurs impliqués dans ces échanges. Afin de tendre vers un rééquilibrage global, il est donc question de garantir le respect des principes d’équité, de justice et de liberté dans les réponses apportées aux besoins fondamentaux des acteurs. La construction d’un intérêt collectif sur les territoires apparaît dans ce travail comme une réponse possible afin de définir et mettre en œuvre des politiques de soutenabilité forte conciliant enjeux territoriaux et globaux. Une des hypothèses est que les modes d'interaction de type coopératif favorisent des comportements propices à la construction de cet intérêt collectif. L’enjeu de ce travail est de mieux comprendre en quoi une étude de métabolisme pourrait être mobilisée afin de participer à une dynamique de construction territoriale soutenable. Cette recherche s’appuie sur le travail de terrain mené dans le cadre du projet ANR Villes Durables Confluent, ainsi que sur le système d’approvisionnement alimentaire pour illustrer notre démarche
... It means that most private small-scale farmers are kept away from benefits of this developing sector and consequently from an opportunity of development. For example, in India, population still suffers from malnutrition whereas the country is one on the more important producer of basmati rice (Rahnema 2002). Moreover activities concentration and wealth appropriation by few actors is often synonym of capital flight for favourable taxation places. ...
... Attractive and lucrative character of HVAP (Dolan et al. 1999 could create a competition for land and resources with local production and food-producing. Accesses to international market and adaptations to satisfy developed countries expectations involve adoption of skills and technologies imported that could destroy knowledge and know-how (Rahnema 2002). These adaptations could change dramatically lifestyles and cause disruptions in local population habits, imitating northern functioning and rubbing local specificities. ...
... (1) Rahnema, Majid (2003). Quand la misère chasse la pauvreté, Paris : Actes Sud. ...
... Todo este plan expansionista, destinado en el fondo a custodiar y mantener la hegemonía de unos pocos a costa de la miseria de muchos, encuentra así en las empresas transnacionales su mejor aliado, pues no sólo son el motor sino también las principales beneficiarias del actual proceso de globalización capitalista. En palabras de Rahnema (2003), lo que seguimos llamando ayuda no es más que un gasto destinado a fortalecer las estructuras generadoras de la miseria. ...
Si preguntásemos a las personas de a pie qué entienden por “cooperación al desarrollo”, lo más probable es que la mayoría nos respondiesen algo así como todo el conjunto de acciones que realizan los países desarrollados para ayudar a los países más pobres. El imaginario popular global entiende así que la cooperación internacional es algo positivo; algo parecido a una contribución altruista y solidaria por parte de “los que más tienen”. Sin embargo, no es oro todo lo que reluce. Como veremos en las líneas que siguen, en el a priori cordial mundo de la cooperación internacional existen toda una serie de controvertidos intereses muy bien definidos que no se mueven precisamente bajo lo que podríamos llamar el compás de la solidaridad. Y es que probablemente -al menos para los Estados- no existan las buenas acciones desinteresadas.
... Toujours selon Gilbert Rist, cet économicisme est « un mythe du 20e siècle […], une idéologie dominante, aussi bien des libéraux que des marxistes » (Rist 1997). La célèbre phrase « Laissez les pauvres tranquilles » de Gandhi, reprise par Majid Rahnema (Rahnema, 2003), un des auteurs phares du courant, résume alors de manière brute mais illustrative le fond de l'approche des Postdevelopment Studies : les communautés devraient se défaire de la matrice moderne universalisante, pour pouvoir établir des alternatives to development (Escobar, 1995b), vivre leurs propres ontologies. Bien des chercheur·es s'engagent aujourd'hui dans l'accompagnement des communautés dans la (re)définition et la défense de leurs propres ontologies (Blaser, 2013 ;Escobar, 2008aEscobar, , 2018a. ...
Ce volume se comprend comme une contribution au défi qui se pose aux Sciences sociales et humaines d’appréhender les transformations sociétales profondes - conçues comme nécessaires pour faire face aux crises multiples contemporaines. Le chapitre 1 part de l’axiome que la transition des sociétés (post)industrielles vers la soutenabilité consiste en un changement sociétal d’ordre ontologique, et argumente que les SHS doivent se doter d’outils conceptuels « en-dehors » de l’épistème moderne afin de se mettre en capacité d’observer et d’analyser les signes éventuels de l’émergence d’autres ontologies. Pour ce faire, il propose d’enrichir les cadres conceptuels des Sustainability Transitions Studies avec des outils conceptuels a-normatifs dont se dote la Critical Development Geography contemporaine. Ainsi, le chapitre 2 analyse l’évolution des approches et concepts de la Critical Development Geography dans son double effort d’analyser les changements sociétaux et l’altérité dans les Suds. Il retrace sa sortie successive du cadre normatif moderne, notamment à partir des années 1990, et montre le potentiel de certaines notions comme celles de l’hybridité, des conflits ontologiques et des territorialités divergentes pour appréhender des ontologies en dehors de l’épistème moderne. Le chapitre 3 explore ensuite les cadres conceptuels desquels se dotent les Sustainability Transitions Studies, jeune champ de recherche international et interdisciplinaire qui s’attache à l’étude et la conceptualisation de transitions sociétales vers la soutenabilité. Il met en lumière certaines faiblesses conceptuelles qui empêchent de cerner les transformations sociétales profondes et les conditions de leur émergence. Le chapitre 4 propose un assemblage conceptuel au croisement entre ces deux champs de recherche, permettant de saisir le caractère ontologique et spatial de dynamiques de transformations à partir d’innovations sociales par le bas. Ces propositions conceptuelles s’appuient sur une exploration-démonstration à partir d'une étude de cas d’innovations sociales en moyenne montagne en France et en Italie.
... Whether the means of acquittal of rights, which are found throughout history in different forms, establish a relationship of belonging to a human community, the major problems faced by the latter do not result from a lack of money which, in modern societies, has become an end in itself, an object of desire. This encourages us to move towards both personal and collective projects characterized by "voluntary simplicity" (Rahnema, 2003) "happy sobriety" (Rabhi, 2013). However, our modes of representation and calculation of wealth essentially centered on the amounts of money in the possession are counterproductive because they keep us on the path of this unsustainable growth where the desire to possess more and more compensates for the depression of malaise (Viveret, 2005: 339). ...
The aim of the research is to propose a new foundation of the phenomenon of money in the light of a systemic approach to zakatable assets that goes beyond the economic perspective reducing money to an accounting or transactional intermediary of exchange. This new foundation allows future generations of scientists to explore the interaction between man and the living environment and the constructed worlds (milieu, umwelt, fûdo 風 土) to benefit from the resources offered as needed without exhaustion. The value of things depends on what they represent for each human being within his constructed world. Quality of life is not and cannot be an emergent property of the quantity of money accumulated. This new foundation leads to a break with theories of value by substituting an approach in terms of quality of relationships for those focused on quantities. The study developed a new definition of money as a means of acquittal to fulfill the rights of the Creator and the rights of the creatures. Finally, it raised fundamental questions: who has the right to create money ex nihilo? According to what values? For what mission? And in whose interest? By neutralizing the mainstream economic language via the substitution of the notion of means of acquittal of rights to that of money, the research opens a perspective to invent new forms of inhabiting the Earth, organizing life among humans, and establishing a foundation for cooperative or win-win relationships. The means of acquittal of rights are a common good that should not be privatized to escape the control of human communities through the loan with interest based on money creation ex nihilo. Hence the need to go beyond the juristic conceptualization that conceives money as an auxiliary to the prohibition of ribā.
... In fact, there are several ways of exploring the interaction between economy and history, which is not limited to the history of thought: to investigate the evolution of the place of the economy in the life of societies, to show the importance of the mastery of historical data in economic analysis [23], to follow the great authors and pioneer developments in economics [24], to address some of the positive and negative aspects of economists' lives rather than focusing on their thinking [25], to change our approach to the study of history, by shifting the attention of big families or big battles to the daily life of ordinary people [26]; shed light on the myths and paradoxes that populate economic thought [27] and explain how the industrial revolution, by causing the growth of industrialized countries, at the same time led to the emergence of underdevelopment [28]. The radical transformation of our lifestyles, in particular a reinvention of chosen poverty, has now become the sine qua non of any serious fight against the new forms of production of poverty [29]. ...
Economists have much to learn from Umberto Eco, a philosopher by training, a semiologist by conviction, because semiology constitutes for him the modern form of philosophy. The most important thing in my opinion is his conception of language as an original, ingenious way of looking at things, of expressing them, including through humor and irony, which expresses a form of life, an art of exist, a search for meaning at a time when it is becoming more and more difficult to find meaning under the reign of money. In the end, Eco gives the impression of playing with language to neutralize it in one way or another. When you start paying attention to words, things don't seem so certain anymore. This explains his fascination with lies, because the strength of language, according to him, is not to be able to say what is, but what is not.
... Essa situação de recusa em aceitar a condição objetiva de pobreza necessita, no entanto, ser aprofundada a partir de novos estudos empíricos. De acordo com Paugam (2013a) e Rahnema (2004), o status social repousa, em grande medida, sobre a participação das pessoas nas atividades produtivas, o que desvaloriza as que querem e podem trabalhar, mas as suas aptidões não correspondem às exigências do mercado. As pessoas pobres do Território Meio Oeste Contestado têm dificuldades de se inserir no mercado formal de trabalho por não disporem de saúde física e escolaridade ou, no caso das mulheres, por serem também responsáveis pelas atividades domésticas. ...
artigo analisa a subjetividade da pobreza e de ações públicas a partir da perspectiva de famílias pobres e atores institucionais, no Oeste de Santa Catarina. Para além da pesquisa documental foram realizadas entrevistas com 40 famílias pobres e 38 atores institucionais. O estudo se apoia nos conceitos da territorialização da ação pública, da pobreza objetiva com ênfase na sua dimensão absoluta e relativa e da pobreza subjetiva, com foco na sociologia da pobreza. Entre os entrevistados, mais da metade se considera pobre e atribui esta situação à falta de bens materiais, enquanto os demais não se consideram pobres, condição associada a status social desqualificado. As ações públicas territorializadas melhoraram as condições de vida das pessoas, mas os investimentos públicos não foram suficientes para promover a superação da condição de pobreza. A pobreza é estigmatizada pela maioria dos atores institucionais, dificultando uma eficaz implementação de ações públicas para seu tratamento.
... The foundations of their territorial capabilities, i.e. coexistence with other living species, have been strongly undermined by the encounter with human organizations based on the exploitation of natural resources. Majid Rahnema (2003), who conducted a survey of Aboriginal Canadians, shows the fragility of these societies in the face of the domination of the "white man", as does Serge-Christophe Kolm (1984) about the Pintubis tribe in Australia. But here we are not dealing with interterritorial interactions, but rather with intercivilizational interactions. ...
Territorial ecology is methodologically structured around the analysis of the metabolism of territories, whether urban or territorial. This chapter presents the main principles of metabolism, before showing the different variations, and then highlighting the few limitations, to which it would be appropriate to provide answers. Social metabolism differs from industrial metabolism in that it would be used to analyze human societies and not specifically the industrialized parts of them. The special issue of the journal, Regional Environmental Change published in June 2012, following a workshop in Paris in 2009, constitutes a key moment in the affirmation of work on historical analysis of the territorial footprint of cities. Determining a city's water footprint is as important as its food or energy footprint. The methods deployed to determine this are quite similar to those developed in the area of food supply.
... The foundations of their territorial capabilities, i.e. coexistence with other living species, have been strongly undermined by the encounter with human organizations based on the exploitation of natural resources. Majid Rahnema (2003), who conducted a survey of Aboriginal Canadians, shows the fragility of these societies in the face of the domination of the "white man", as does Serge-Christophe Kolm (1984) about the Pintubis tribe in Australia. But here we are not dealing with interterritorial interactions, but rather with intercivilizational interactions. ...
... The addition of monetary added values for GDP calculation ignores what is free but valuable. This paradox leads us to rethink the very idea of wealth by seeking to extract it from its materialistic straitjacket (Rahnema, 2004). Wealth is not reduced to monetary wealth, and its multiple and qualitative rather than quantitative dimensions must be considered through its measurement (Caillé, 2012). ...
The aim of the study is to explore the limitations of financial indicators of wealth and poverty in the light of a systemic approach which considers zakat assets as a system composed of parts that can interact with each other beyond first appearances. This allows human communities to attract what is beneficial and repel what is harmful in all circumstances, especially in times of crises and pandemics. Among the most important results reached by the study: the need to design indicators that are not only based on the quantity of money held by people, to highlight the quantities, volumes, sizes and areas related to resources to preserve the diversity of living things and ecosystems. The study recommends rehabilitation of the role of local actors in the design of indicators so that they are not the exclusive prerogative of international experts who are far removed from the daily concerns. This promotes freedom of initiative in the governance of local affairs in favour of the ‘de-financialization’ of human life.
... Par ailleurs, des réflexions récentes (Rahnema, 2003) (DSRP, 2001). Pour aboutir à ces objectifs l'Etat du Sénégal préconise une politique « de création de richesse » par le développement des petites et moyennes entreprises. ...
... Ainsi le développement peut se voir comme un risque destructeur des structures économiques, sociales et mentales traditionnelles propres à d'autres groupes sociaux que diffèrent du mode de vie occidental moderne. Dans ces cas, la façon d'agir pour le soulagement des pauvretés, menées par des institutions comme la Banque Mondiale, peuvent constituer plutôt qu'une « aide » un affaiblissement de leur force et de leur capacité sociale et mentale (Rahnema, 2004). ...
Avec l’émergence diffuse et spontanée de nombreuses actions collectives alimentaires (Amaps, supermarchés coopératifs, lutte contre le gaspillage, etc.), un mouvement de fond s’opère au sein des territoires. Ma thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte en interrogeant la façon dont les actions collectives alimentaires, notamment celles qui sont portées par les agriculteurs dans les territoires ruraux, participent au développement territorial. Les principales pistes d’investigation se situent entre la coordination des acteurs et leur interaction avec l’espace. Afin d’y répondre, deux cas d’études ont été mobilisés de façon croisée. Le premier concerne un magasin de producteurs situé à Ambert (France) ; le deuxième consiste en un projet de développement d’une communauté traditionnelle située à Sao Mateus do Sul (Brésil). Sur ces terrains, j’ai réalisé principalement des entretiens qui m’ont fourni des données pour une analyse à partir de trois points de vue : social, spatial et temporel. La question sociale a été principalement abordée à travers l’analyse de la coordination entre individus / collectifs et le commun qui leur permet d’agir ensemble. La question spatiale a été instruite par l’analyse des objets matériels qui révèlent les dimensions matérielles / idéelles / organisationnelles du territoire. Enfin la question temporelle a été traitée par les analyses des trajectoires individuelles / collectives mais aussi par l’interaction dialectique entre ancrage / ouverture territoriale, innovation / tradition, articulant le temps passé, présent et futur. Finalement l’étude croisée entre ces deux terrains a permis de mettre en évidence les nombreuses interactions entre espace, société et temps, discutées en termes de circularités. La thèse aboutit également à la production d’outils et de cadres d’analyse qui permettent de rendre visibles ces interactions et d’engager le débat quant à la participation des actions collectives alimentaires aux processus de développement territorial.
... Alors pourquoi ce terme de pauvreté fut réapproprié et non un autre ? L'invention de la pauvreté (Rahnema, 2003) renvoie à une relecture des événements des dernières décennies ; elle a fourni un cadre explicatif cohérent aux populations qui se trouvaient face à une récurrence d'événements, notamment les disettes, qui ne pouvaient plus être considérés comme des crises passagères, et qui étaient devenus totalement incompréhensibles, inassimilables à l'intérieur des cadres décrivant habituellement la réalité. Ainsi, au même titre que les autres réalités économiques et sociales, les migrations circulaires ont été intégrées au sein de cette nouvelle grille de lecture. ...
... N'a-t-on pas tort de négliger la culture comme lieu de construction d'une nouvelle relation entre les Haïtiens et les biens consommables ? 2 Il est difficile de définir la pauvreté dans l'absolu. C'est une notion relative et variable selon les périodes, les sociétés (Sen, 1982 ;WAgle, 2002) La pauvreté ne signifie pas la même chose en Europe, aux États unis, en Haïti (Galbraith, 1979 ;Sach et Esteva, 1996 ;Rahnema, 2003 ;Bauman, 2009). La pauvreté est la situation d'individus, de groupes démunis de ressources jugées essentielles et se trouvant dans une précarité. ...
Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, worries the analyst, on the one hand, because of the violent earthquake, which destroyed on January 12, 2010, almost all of the urban space, and the main symbols of the state, but also because poverty, under the combined effects of environmental vulnerabilities and the crisis of adaptation to globalization, is expanding its tentacles. Far from addressing poverty in Port-au-Prince, according to the economic prism that conceals the trap raised by the object of study, the preferred approach is to analyze the various speeches broadcast on poverty in the capital, its appropriation by elites and the masses who are trying to profit, according to their interests without denying the weight of history.
... Autant de qualités que les donateurs pourraient leur envier et qui sont peu valorisées dans l'approche de l'aide, parfois même appréhendées comme des freins, car difficilement prévisibles. Considérant la structuration du pouvoir en réseau, il s'agirait alors de redéfinir les rapports donateur-récipiendaire, pour revenir à la réalité des besoins et des contextes, en s'appuyant sur les ressources immatérielles locales et sur les « richesses de la pauvreté » (Anglade, 1983 ;Rahnema, 2003). ...
Malgré l’évolution des stratégies d’action, l’approche de l’aide par transfert de modèle d’un pays donateur à un pays récipiendaire reste décevante. Nous voulons expliquer ce (dys)fonctionnement par une analyse croisée des jeux de pouvoir, du donateur au récipiendaire, autour de deux modèles de développement appliqués à Madagascar (les paiements pour services environnementaux – PES – et la décentralisation). En effet, si l’aide se poursuit, c’est que certains acteurs savent en tirer parti. Nous souhaitons identifier ces acteurs et la manière dont ils font dévier l’aide tout en maintenant les conditions de sa pérennité. Pour cela, nous présentons une typologie d’acteurs et leurs stratégies afin de comprendre les effets secondaires de l’aide et les freins à sa remise en question.
... Abdul-Razzak Kaddoura, a nuclear scientist from Syria, later participated in a 2016 ESREA Triennial Conference, Maynooth, Ireland Symposium " Past Futures -Learning from Yesterday's Imaginations " 5 UNESCO panel that produced a (favorable) report on the NIEO and reiterated many of the ideas of the Faure report (UNESCO, 1976). Majid Rahnema, who had just resigned as Minister of Rahnema, 2004; Rahnema & Bawtree, 1997. ...
... Majid Rahnema, 2008 Descriveremo ora come la trasformazione delle casas baratas di Bon Pastor in un quartiere di palazzine abbia comportato la penetrazione di nuovi modelli di comportamento, nello spazio denso di significati e valori che abbiamo descritto nel terzo capitolo. Questo processo non è che l'articolazione locale di un evento di maggior portata: la costruzione fisica e simbolica del modello Barcellona, che ha richiesto la sostituzione sistematica di stili di vita, usi dello spazio e forme di socialità che per decenni avevano caratterizzato lo spazio urbano. ...
... In short, as Serge Latouche (1989) says, development is the westernisation of the world. Rahnema (2003) thus states that wretched poverty chases poverty in the countries of the South. In the face of "the arrogance of the economist" (Latouche, 1989) and the instrumentalisation of the concept of sustainable development by productivist thought, the question of decrease and reflections on how to achieve it thus seem pertinent: a convivial relationship as part of a dynamic of giving and qualitative exchange (the relational goods described by Mauro Bonaïuti, 2003), a non-rival economy (Gensollen, 2004), the rediscovery of economics through "self-organisation" that values the principles of reciprocity and non monetary economics, a return to what is local through better knowledge of local hard and "soft" skills… It is thus work on these concepts of information society, sustainable development and even development itself that must open up new avenues of research on the principle of the responsibility of those who govern and stop the "juggernaut of modernity", to borrow the expression used by A. Giddens (1991). ...
The aim of this communication is to present new focuses for research in the field of Information Systems and Ecology. In the first part, we will present, through a review of the literature, the rather negative role played by ICT on the environment: paper, transportation, consumption, waste⋯ The aim of the second part is to discuss the rather positive role played by ICT with regard to knowledge of the environment: simulation, traceability, efficacity⋯ Many questions about research are then liable to be developed in favour of research into the principle of social responsibility, and this will be the subject of the third part: coporate social responsibility, politaical social responsibility, individual social responsability.
... In particular, solidarity often arises because individuals feel that it will help them better face social constraints. Rahnema (2003) explained this as it applies to hunger. In many human societies, community solidarity and food sharing have gradually disappeared as increasing numbers of individuals no longer feel concerned by the issue of hunger. ...
The paper analyses the potential of several local initiatives in terms of sustainability. By sustainability, it is not question here to understand if one initiative is sustainable per se, but to understand if these whole initiatives might lead to a global changing in behaviors that could favor sustainability. The point defended in this paper is that the multitude of these initiatives is sharing common principles. Although sometimes very different in practice, these initiatives are based on a common ground of values. Taken together, they are representing an important movement of actors following an intention of conventional regime to propose in alternative to the existing one. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate this last assertion. After a first part defining what is intended with conventional regime, in the theoretical field of the economy of conventions, several case studies will be presented and analyzed through this theoretical background. Cases are chosen both in a European context and in the "South" context, in order to better figure their diversity. An analysis of these cases will then be presented, in order to show the similarity of these a priori very different initiatives in terms of conventional principles. This paper, the which ambition is programmatic, aims at demonstrating that a track for sustainability could be found in the extension of this alternative conventional regime, based on principles such as proximity, increasing of capabilities and the use of participatory democracy. The change of scale should then be necessary in terms of principles and values, and not in operational terms, through the creation of big entities trying to reproduce what has been succeeded at a local scale.
We have entered a new temporality, in the Anthropocene. This is marked both by an acceleration and by a shift. Not only does the future of the human adventure appear uncertain, but it seems as though it could be time-limited (our days are numbered) and, so to speak, distorted. Just as it is not certain that various plant and animal species will have time to adapt to new climatic conditions, it is not certain that we will know how to inhabit this new temporality—very different to the one that allowed humanity to emerge and evolve over hundreds of thousands of years. Yet, while, more than ever, we should be preparing for the future, it seems, in Westernized societies, we are continuing to invest ever more heavily in the immediate present. Everything contributes to this attitude: among other things, individualism, consumerism, the propensity for boundless enjoyment, and the virtualization of existence. It is as though we had all the time in the world (as though time itself belonged to us) and had lost the ability to wait for anything. Perhaps we have also internalized the idea that we can no longer expect anything good from the future and that, therefore, it is better to enjoy the present time.
Develop tourism as a tool in the fight against poverty requires first to agree on the meaning of the word poverty and to clarify the political intentions of the project. Reflection on the reduction of poverty through tourism can be synthetised in three steps: first, the beneficial effects of tourist revenues flows in host societies, then the collateral damage resulting from tourism and, finally, to define the conditions necessary to integrate positively tourism project in the host territories. In the end, it is indispensable to develop a proactive policy, because the poorest will not benefit from famous income flow. Taking into account complex and contradictory impact of international tourism (including inflation, revenue leakage, accelerated destructuring of local societies), it is necessary to include it in a sustained and coherent territorial project by local communities to identify real benefits.
Poverty is a global concern and international tourism is seen as a tool to fight against poverty. This is the issue addressed in this reflection: What is poverty? Consider tourism as a remedy requires first of all to question the nature of evil. It is therefore necessary to start by analysing poverty without limiting to its economic approach. Poverty is a multidimensional concept, which should be studied in a systematic approach. Tourism attracts international bodies and many politicians (at local and national levels) by its development opportunities. Tourism distinguishes itself by its adaptability and its ability to transform hosting environments. It is the consumers who go to the producers (host territories). This activity therefore provides direct revenue for the host societies. Hence the creation of specific jobs and the stimulation of investments. However, if the economic potential is undeniable, this activity should be placed in a real development project in order to benefit the poorest territories.
The Anthropocene is emerging as a time of collapse. However, it seems to us that it is already the result of previous collapses, which are of a spiritual and psychological nature, and that we need to analyse them in order to design an education that will give us strength. Children and adolescents are in a special position today – overprotected and over informed, they are at the same time excluded from political life, which, particularly in the area of ecology, concerns them first and foremost. The question is how to help them to feel, think and participate. In our opinion, education is a battle, in that it has to combat the virtualization and abstraction of our lives and rebuild the power to feel. Individuals who are sufficiently ‘rooted’ will be resistant. This rootedness is not only being rooted in nature, it is also being rooted in life. It is important that children and adolescents feel the ‘pleasure of being’, so as to experience the ‘desire to be’, and also to want the world to be.
In the autumn of 2018, a ‘student manifesto for an ecological awakening’ was circulated in France, written by students of the Grandes Ecoles, frustrated by the very inadequate nature of the measures taken in ecological matters, and eager to commit to the necessary transformations by paying with their own hands: “We, future workers, are ready to question our comfort zone so that society changes profoundly”. By the end of December, more than 28,000 students had signed this statement. Following on from institutions such as Schumacher College (Sterling et al., 2018), the Campus de la Transition (Transition Campus) was created in 2017 by a collective of teacher-researchers, students and professionals concerned with promoting high-level academic training in the service of the ecological and social transition, by giving all participants in this project the experience of ‘putting themselves in transition’, in a place that is itself in transition (from the point of view of the ecological renovation of the building, mobility issues, food, social inclusion, etc.). This place is the Domaine de Forges, in Seine et Marne, 12 hectares made available to the project by the religious congregation to which the author belongs, convinced of the urgency of action in this area and open to the non-confessional dimension of the approach. How can the Transition Campus contribute to generating a new way of relating to the world among those who feed unsustainable economic models and lifestyles?
The neoliberal policies exercised in large parts of the world pose a certain problem. It is interesting to think about the place of neoliberalism in the history of capitalism, the driving factors behind it, and obviously, its effects. A critical analysis is required in order to understand the paradox whereby the system’s effects are enormously damaging, but no viable alternatives emerge to replace that system, whilst ordinary citizens, largely dispossessed of their power to act, do not rise up in revolt. When we reflect on this state of affairs, we cannot help but think of the question of evil, and our tendency to voluntarily ignore it.
No Brasil, as mulheres conquistaram igualdade jurídica a partir da Constituição de 1988. Nos últimos anos, políticas públicas estatais voltadas para grupos de maior vulnerabilidade social as têm trazido para a centralidade da gestão familiar. É a relação entre essas mulheres e as políticas públicas de enfrentamento à pobreza que este artigo analisa. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na região Oeste de Santa Catarina, entre abril e maio de 2016. Selecionamos 10 municípios com base nos critérios de diversidade de contextos sociais, econômicos e demográficos e entrevistamos 40 famílias assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família e 10 profissionais da assistência social. Utilizamos como método de coleta de dados, entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que na divisão do trabalho por gênero, as atividades domésticas e cuidados com os filhos ficam a cargo das mulheres e implicam no reforço da situação de pobreza, gerando privações em relação ao trabalho remunerado, uma vez que exigem presença constante nos domicílios. Outra situação de vulnerabilidade é a violência doméstica, que levou algumas mulheres a optarem pelo término do relacionamento afetivo, o que, na maioria dos casos, obrigou-as a arcarem sozinhas com o sustento dos filhos. Outras, temendo represálias, não efetuam denúncias aos órgãos competentes. As mulheres entrevistadas vivem uma maior vulnerabilidade em relação aos homens e embora as políticas públicas implementadas nas últimas décadas tenham melhorados suas condições de vida, não há ações específicas direcionadas à sua emancipação.
Les transformations post-socialistes ont fait évoluer les formes de la pauvreté en Europe de l’Est. Après avoir défini la notion de pauvreté et en avoir examiné les instruments de mesure, cette étude propose une appréhension statistique des formes qu’elle peut prendre. Tandis que la pauvreté monétaire (absolue et relative) tend à décroitre dans la plupart des pays de la zone depuis 1998-1999, les formes non monétaires semblent persister. Les principales causes de ces évolutions sont présentées et discutées pour quatre groupes de pays : les PECO-8 ayant adhéré à l’UE en 2004, les Balkans (y compris la Bulgarie et la Roumanie), les États de la CEI à revenu intermédiaire (y compris la Russie) et les États de la CEI à bas revenu.
Les deux auteurs de l'article que nous publions ci-après font une analyse très critique de « l'idéologie du développement durable ». Fondant leurs réflexions sur l'économie planétaire, ils pensent que le mot durable représente la dernière stratégie de l'idéologie du développement pour s'imposer. Prenant délibérément et clairement le parti de condamner le développement pour les déséquilibres économiques, écologiques et sociaux qu'il engendre, ils décortiquent la démarche de développement durable soutenue par les gouvernements et certaines entreprises multinationales. Sans doute l'articulation des mots est-elle la clé de tout message. Peut-on, dès lors, considérer que, dans la formule, développement a la valeur du principe et que durable correspond à la règle que celui-ci appelle ? Si telle est la signification de ce rapprochement, nous pouvons en déduire qu'il vise à être un hymne à la croissance. Une croissance dont les risques seront suffisamment maîtrisés pour lui permettre de durer. Ce souci est cependant présent dans toutes les décisions dont les effets sont espérés longs dans le temps. Mais c'est parce que les choix économiques supportant le développement sont contestés par une partie importante de la population des pays occidentaux qu'il a pu paraître utile d'y opposer une formule choc. Face à l'idéologie de l'anti-développement contestant le progrès par la croissance technicienne et suscitant l'inquiétude, celle-ci a eu pour mission de rassurer. Son succès est incontestable. Il peut d'ailleurs être mis en parallèle avec celui du principe de précaution dont il épouse le destin en étant employé à tout bout de champ, dans n'importe quel domaine. C'est dire combien sa portée peut sembler faible. Et si, tout simplement, cet entichement pour le développement durable n'était que la traduction des inquiétudes de nos société riches ?
The Covid-19 crisis is testing human societies. It is obviously first and foremost a health problem – it causes deaths and numerous diseases – but it is also an economic problem – it is expensive, it weighs on the usual economic functioning – and finally, it is a hindrance to freedom – circulation, sociality, vaccination, etc. – and to the development of the human condition. This crisis highlights the interdependence between the environment, the economy and freedom, and reveals our condition and its future.
Les déclarations politiques et les modes d’emploi destinés à combattre la pauvreté se succèdent tandis que la pauvreté s’inscrit durablement dans notre société. Désormais, les leaders politiques et économiques du moment considèrent le tourisme comme un outil privilégié pour réduire la pauvreté. Des politiques touristiques judicieuses doivent permettre un rattrapage économique en faveur des plus pauvres.L’article insiste sur la complexité du tourisme et la nécessité de prendre en compte le projet touristique dans sa globalité. Le territoire d’accueil est le support de consommations touristiques qui nécessitent des aménagements spécifiques. Mais la répartition des revenus du tourisme, la circulation internationale et la distribution finale des bénéfices doivent être considérées à l’échelle de tous les acteurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui interviennent dans le champ du tourisme.
Ce mémoire de recherche de M1 questionne les grands fondements théoriques de la consommation engagée. Diviser en 3 grandes parties non exhaustives il revient sur les fondements écologiques, la volonté de s'extraire du marché et la décroissance.
Face aux différents niveaux de crises (économique, sociale, démocratique, du sens…) qui laissent un nombre croissant de personnes dans des situations insoutenables, le travail social doit et peut se situer en médiateur et en tiers facilitateur pour créer des dynamiques locales n’excluant pas les personnes habituellement écartées des espaces démocratiques de parole. Au travers d’une recherche action intitulée « Pour une nouvelle gouvernance de l’urgence et de l’entraide alimentaire sur l’agglomération caennaise», des acteurs font le pari de la co-construction de ce qui devient progressivement un véritable projet économique et politique de territoire. Ils vont se fédérer au sein d’une association : Act’terre solidaire et constituer un espace laboratoire au service des composantes du territoire.
This essay is intended to analyze the advantages to associated with a developing country like México from the perspective of the theories of the Agency, Institutional, Resource-based Theory and the Theory of Transaction Costs. It is widely recognized that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the side of the national capital, may fulfill an important role for development strategy of many countries when it contribuits to act as a catalyst in the production and generate jobs, and as a media for Technology transfer. Generally, FDI contributes to capital formation, expansion and diversification of exports, increasing competition, provide access to top technology and improving management systems.
This essay is intended to analyze the advantages to associated with a developing country like México from the perspective of the theories of the Agency, Institutional, Resource-based Theory and the Theory of Transaction Costs. It is widely recognized that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the side of the national capital, may fulfill an important role for development strategy of many countries when it contribuits to act as a catalyst in the production and generate jobs, and as a media for Technology transfer. Generally, FDI contributes to capital formation, expansion and diversification of exports, increasing competition, provide access to top technology and improving management systems.
This essay is intended to analyze the advantages to associated with a developing country
like México from the perspective of the theories of the Agency, Institutional, Resource-based
Theory and the Theory of Transaction Costs. It is widely recognized that Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) on the side of the national capital, may fulfill an important role for
development strategy of many countries when it contribuits to act as a catalyst in the
production and generate jobs, and as a media for Technology transfer. Generally, FDI
contributes to capital formation, expansion and diversification of exports, increasing
competition, provide access to top technology and improving management systems.
Eradication of poverty or fight against poverty is one of the main slogans of many national and international institutes who claim defending humanitarian ideas, however their strategies seem to be quite disperse and disharmonic. It seems that one of the essential reasons which brings this dispersion and disharmony in their planning, as well as in their action plans, is different ways of conceptualizing poverty. This article begins with an ontological and genealogical review of the concept of poverty in its historical process. Next, the role of higher education in reducing different types of poverty will be analyzed. Iranian studies concerning original factors of poverty in Iranian society and suggestions to reduce this phenomenon compose another section of this article. This finally prepares the context for a comparative study of the process of higher education extension in Iran and its impacts on poverty, which does not exhibit a significant sign of reduction.
Nas últimas três décadas, as orientações estratégicas definidas para o setor ferroviário em
Portugal contribuíram para o progressivo encerramento e desmantelamento da rede ferroviária
nacional, com particular incidência no transporte ferroviário regional. Em 25 anos o único
troço que reabriu ao tráfego ferroviário após encerramento foi em 1995 e corresponde ao
troço da Linha do Tua, entre Carvalhais e Mirandela (4 km). A realidade portuguesa contrasta
com a europeia, onde ferrovia regional é parte fundamental de uma rede de transportes,
desempenha um papel importante na mobilidade, na economia e no desenvolvimento regional
– motivos suficientes para a reabertura de linhas ao tráfego ferroviário. Em Espanha reabre
em 2003, após encerramento parcial em 1991, o Ferrocarril de La Robla. Este artigo
apresenta uma comparação entre Portugal e Espanha no que diz respeito ao caminho de ferro
regional, tendo como objeto a Linha do Tua e o Ferrocarril de La Robla. A metodologia é de
carácter qualitativo e é um estudo descritivo-comparativo. O método de recolha de dados
consistiu, para além da análise documental, numa entrevista semiestruturada efetuada a um
Professor e Investigador em Economia dos Transportes de uma universidade portuguesa. As
considerações finais mostram que a reabertura do Ferrocarril de La Robla, contribuiu para
melhorar o transporte de mercadorias e de passageiros, potenciar turismo ferroviário e foi um
“catalisador-chave” para a criação de novas atividades económicas e culturais em torno do
caminho-de-ferro. Contrastando com esta realidade o encerramento progressivo da Linha do
Tua trouxe consequências aos municípios por ela servidos.
Palavras-Chave: Strategic Guidelines; Regional Railway; Linha do Tua; Ferrocarril de La
Robla
JEL Classification: L92, R40, R10
O ambiente de execução sociocultural e económico, em várias partes do mundo, tem
promovido uma intensa reflexão acerca do seu processo de cumprimento que passa,
fundamentalmente, pela ausência de oportunidades e pelo segmento dos que vivem com
baixos rendimentos, procurando fortalecer o orçamento das pessoas e, consequentemente, darlhes
a oportunidade de entrarem na cadeia produtiva. A partir dessas reflexões, surgiram os
conceitos, empreendedorismo e inovação social, que, na atualidade, contribuem com
experiências e propostas que destacam as visões que os fundamentam. Este estudo teve como
objetivo analisar uma experiência de empreendedorismo e inovação social, capital humano,
tendo como objeto de estudo o Banco Palmas, situado na cidade de Fortaleza, no Estado do
Ceará, no Brasil. Este banco foi criado para responder à necessidade de fomentar as áreas de
criação de rendimento e trabalho que, fazendo uso de um sistema económico societário, que
permitem superar o eixo da pobreza localizado numa área periférica, denominada por
Conjunto Palmeiras, com uma população de 30 mil habitantes. Para isso, utilizou-se a
pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, tendo o trabalho de campo sido conduzido na localidade que
é objeto de ação do Banco Palmas. Essas ações servem como um referencial às práticas
inovadoras e têm uma significativa participação e envolvimento da população local.A amostra
foi composta por 266 indivíduos, associados e colaboradores do banco Palmas e foi utilizado
para análise a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Esta pesquisa teve anuência para sua
realização. Em relação aos associados constataram-se o crescimento econômico nos
comércios e o fortalecimento econômico nos parceiros do banco Palmas, e que formação do
Capital Humano e Capital Social através da capacitação e treinamentos contribuíram para o
consumo de produtos e para geração de emprego. Dos colaboradores, 84,6% avaliaram o
Banco Palmas como bom e ótimo frente a todas as ações implementadas pelo Banco Palmas
com sua política de microcrédito, inclusão social, Empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento
local. Além disso, 80,7% concordaram que houve desenvolvimento do Capital Humano e
social através das ações promovidas pelo Banco Palmas, e 61,5% afirmam que a Capacitação
é fundamental para uma efetiva gestão de Capital Humano e Capital Social. Os dados obtidos
sugerem que os conceitos de desenvolvimento de empreendedorismo e inovação social e
capital humano são postos em prática pelo banco palmas com resultados relevantes na
comunidade local. Associados e Colaboradores do Banco Palmas através dessas diversas
ações se reconhecem como atores ativos de transformação de sua realidade. O investimento
na formação humana é considerado uma das principais fontes de inovação, pois é necessário
que as organizações dos vários setores da economia incorporem a gestão estratégica do
Capital Humano, como preconizado na literatura sobre este tema, que considera o Capital
Humano o conjunto de todas as capacidades, conhecimento, competências e experiência dos
empregados ou gestores, envolvendo, igualmente, a criatividade e a inovação.
Palavras-chave: Empreendedorismo. Inovação social. Capital humano. Banco Palmas.
JEL Classification: M19, L31.
Consumerism as a Simulacra of Gift. Re-reading Baudrillard 44 Years Later
All of Baudrillard’s works revolve around the melancholy disenchantment of Modernity. Yet one finds in The Consumer Society, one of his very first books, all of the elements of the Baudrillard ‘style’: not only an exceptional quality of writing but also a strange fascination for that very thing which is denounced and which leaves the reader perplexed as to the message that is delivered. Of course, if our author explores with such minutia the consumerist festival, it is not to celebrate it but to denounce its imposture and show what is going on behind the scenes. However, the reader’s judgment remains in a sort of suspended uncertainty as a consequence and without a political perspective. The consumerist festival is a decor or simulacra, but it remains that it is truly real in itself, notwithstanding what lies behind the scenes. In the end, Baudrillard’s message seems to be that there is no use resisting the inevitable in which the victim is also the accomplice.
The cocoa crisis of the late 1970s greatly affected the survival strategies of producers. It manifests in the scarcity of production (land, labour), the decrease in production and revenue, the transformation of the ecological milieu and the decrease in rainfall. In order to overcome these constraints, producers have adopted various strategies that either aim at diversifying their sources of revenue or reduce family responsibilities. The main result of this study is the observation that, the most efficient of these strategies were those shaped while taking into consideration social relationships. They include strategies to diversify revenue, credit, mobilisation of the labour factor, the respect of guidance rules. The diversification of revenue which was based on solidarity and cooperation constitute an important element of the producers' survival strategies because they have ensured an ineligible first degree security in cocoa crisis.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.