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Basics Of Qualitative Research: Techniques And Procedures For Developing Grounded Theory

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... Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to report some of the insights gained from the research on the development of a philosophy and practice of Servant Leadership, focusing particularly on the role of service. Consistent with grounded theory's approach to the literature (Strauss and Corbin, 1990), an overview of Servant Leadership and leadership development are presented next, as an introduction to the literature that initially guided the investigation. The literature on service is discussed within the discussion section, as its significance to the study only emerged during the analysis of the data, and as such served to illuminate the findings (Fouche and Delport, 2002;Strauss and Corbin, 1990). ...
... Consistent with grounded theory's approach to the literature (Strauss and Corbin, 1990), an overview of Servant Leadership and leadership development are presented next, as an introduction to the literature that initially guided the investigation. The literature on service is discussed within the discussion section, as its significance to the study only emerged during the analysis of the data, and as such served to illuminate the findings (Fouche and Delport, 2002;Strauss and Corbin, 1990). ...
... The grounded theory method followed the conventions of Strauss and Corbin (1990) and relied upon a collection of incidents collated during interviews with students, teachers, housemasters, the headmaster and the Hiltonian Society Board members. In total thirty-six interviews were conducted over a period of four years in South Africa, the United Kingdom and Kenya. ...
... The grounded theory approach developed by Corbin and Strauss in 2014 was employed in this study. 17 Grounded theory combines techniques to integrate information and draw conclusions about causal mechanisms and conditions. 17 As one of the most notable research methodologies, grounded theory involves moving from empirical information to theoretical abstraction. ...
... 17 Grounded theory combines techniques to integrate information and draw conclusions about causal mechanisms and conditions. 17 As one of the most notable research methodologies, grounded theory involves moving from empirical information to theoretical abstraction. 17 The distinctive features of grounded theory include the simultaneous collection and analysis of data, theoretical sampling, constant comparison at each stage of analysis, memo writing for comparative analysis, and reflexivity, which guide the analytical processes of theory building. ...
... 17 As one of the most notable research methodologies, grounded theory involves moving from empirical information to theoretical abstraction. 17 The distinctive features of grounded theory include the simultaneous collection and analysis of data, theoretical sampling, constant comparison at each stage of analysis, memo writing for comparative analysis, and reflexivity, which guide the analytical processes of theory building. 17 ...
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Background Congress 60 is an NGO that offers services to drug abusers, but its underlying theory has not been explored in previous studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in the physical dimensions of the people treated in Congress 60. Methods Grounded theory methodology was used to arrive at the underlying theory of Congress 60. The data were collected from 2021 to 2023 through interviews with 21 individuals, participant observation, and a review of available texts from Congress 60. Data were analyzed in MAXQDA 2020 following the constant comparison method recommended by Corbin and Strauss in 2014. Findings The core concept included "Addiction-related transformations in body structures". Addiction-related transformations in body structures include addictive body structures (addiction and chronic substitution, and nervous system and external substances) and healthy body structure (opium tincture medicine, opium tincture dosage measurement, and taper-up-off of opium tincture in over time or Dezhakam Step Time). Conclusion The theory of "Addiction-related transformations in body structures" derived from this study explains the process of entering and leaving addiction from the perspective of Congress 60. A person using drugs enters Congress 60 with addicted body structures. In Congress 60, using the right dose of opium tincture medicine and the Dezhakam Step Time (DST) method, the person’s body structures return to normal. The findings of this study offer a novel perspective on addiction, suggesting potential avenues for further research through the exploration of various hypotheses.
... Briefly, this theory is a reciprocal process of data collection, data coding, and comparative analysis up to the theoretical saturation (Glaser and Strauss, 1967;Strauss and Corbin, 1998). The data analysis steps in Straussian grounded theory include open coding, axial coding, and selective coding (Chen and Boore, 2009;Corbin and Strauss, 2015). Each coding step is performed based on the previous step so that the whole process is reciprocal, i.e., the researchers can move forth and back between different steps (Langellier, 2015). ...
... The phenomenon is the core issue, phenomenon, idea, or event of the research (Corbin and Strauss, 2015) that the actions and interactions in the studied field are related to (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007;Hull, 2013). Coding and categorization aim to identify the phenomenon and develop subcategories based on the identification of the phenomenon (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). ...
... Conditions are a series of events or incidents that presumably shape and cause the phenomenon (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). The conditions are divided into three groups of causal conditions, intervening conditions, and contextual conditions (Strauss and Corbin, 1998 (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007;Corbin and Strauss, 2015;Hull, 2013;Strauss and Corbin, 1998). According to Table 1, axial coding yielded 81 concepts and 11 subcategories for the category of causal conditions. ...
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The agricultural sector is one of the most susceptible sectors to water scarcity. So, the need for the adaptation of its actors to the water scarcity conditions cannot be denied. However, adaptation to water scarcity is faced with various issues such as numerous and serious social barriers, which jeopardize the efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation measures and projects. This research aimed to analyze the social barriers to the implementation of water scarcity adaptation projects in the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, Iran using Straussian grounded theory. The research population was composed of the key informants of water scarcity adaptation who were sampled with the snowball method. The participants were interviewed, and the transcripts were subjected to qualitative analysis by grounded theory. The result of coding the collected data was the extraction of 348 codes and 64 subcategories. Based on the paradigm model, the core category was identified to be "stakeholders' low understanding and misrecognition" and all other categories made sense with respect to it.
... Analysis. An open coding method was adopted to analyze three types of data collected in the study, i.e., the forum posts, ChatGPT records, and interview transcripts [9]. Three researchers independently coded the data and grouped the codes into emergent themes. ...
... For the analysis of interview transcripts, as two participants were interviewed in Mandarin, the three researchers, who are also native Mandarin speakers, first gained consensus on their interview transcript codes and then translated them into English for further analysis. The research team used affinity diagramming [6] as a modified version of grounded theory analysis [9]. All codes were transcribed on sticky notes with random arrangements. ...
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Online debates can enhance critical thinking but may escalate into hostile attacks. As humans are increasingly reliant on Generative AI (GenAI) in writing tasks, we need to understand how people utilize GenAI in online debates. To examine the patterns of writing behavior while making arguments with GenAI, we created an online forum for soccer fans to engage in turn-based and free debates in a post format with the assistance of ChatGPT, arguing on the topic of "Messi vs Ronaldo". After 13 sessions of two-part study and semi-structured interviews with 39 participants, we conducted content and thematic analyses to integrate insights from interview transcripts, ChatGPT records, and forum posts. We found that participants prompted ChatGPT for aggressive responses, created posts with similar content and logical fallacies, and sacrificed the use of ChatGPT for better human-human communication. This work uncovers how polarized forum members work with GenAI to engage in debates online.
... Grounded Theory: This study employed the grounded theory method to systematically identify and refine the esthetic characteristics of blue-and-white porcelain. Grounded theory, established as a qualitative research method by Glaser and Strauss in the late 1960s and early 1970s, is based on the core principle of deriving theoretical frameworks directly from empirical data through constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling, rather than predefining theoretical assumptions [57,58]. At the operational level, data collection and analysis in grounded theory are conducted through iterative cycles. ...
... At the operational level, data collection and analysis in grounded theory are conducted through iterative cycles. The first phase, open coding, involves researchers analyzing the initial textual or visual data line by line without predefined theoretical frameworks, identifying concepts, attributes, and dimensions [58,59]. Next is the axial coding phase, where the concepts identified in the previous stage are linked to core phenomena, exploring causal relationships, conditions, interactions, and outcomes among various concepts [60]. ...
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Blue-and-white porcelain, as a representative of traditional Chinese craftsmanship, embodies rich cultural genes and possesses significant research value. Against the backdrop of the generative AI era, this study aims to optimize the creative processes of blue-and-white porcelain to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of complex artistic innovations. Traditional methods of crafting blue-and-white porcelain encounter challenges in accurately and efficiently constructing intricate patterns. This research employs grounded theory in conjunction with the KANO-AHP hybrid model to classify and quantify the core esthetic features of blue-and-white porcelain, thereby establishing a multidimensional esthetic feature library of its patterns. Subsequently, leveraging the Stable Diffusion platform and utilizing Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) technology, a generative artificial intelligence (AIGC)-assisted workflow was proposed, capable of accurately restoring and innovating blue-and-white porcelain patterns. This workflow enhances the efficiency and precision of pattern innovation while maintaining consistency with the original artistic style. Finally, by integrating principles of sustainable design, this study explores new pathways for digital innovation in blue-and-white porcelain design, offering viable solutions for the contemporary reinvention of traditional crafts. The results indicate that AIGC technology effectively facilitates the integration of traditional and modern design approaches. It not only empowers the inheritance and continuation of the cultural genes of blue-and-white porcelain but also introduces new ideas and possibilities for the sustainable development of traditional craftsmanship.
... The interviews lasted for an average of 53 min. The study sought to achieve pragmatic saturation, "a definition of saturation that stays true to foundational assumptions of grounded theory", which can, however, never be absolute [32,33]. ...
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Introduction Research into management and leadership in healthcare has revealed that the organizational context influences quality improvement, which is why research is needed to better understand the particulars of leadership in the relatively unexplored field of prehospital emergency care. This includes aspects of managerial work related to managers' experiences and their understanding of their roles and existing operational routines. Therefore, this study aims to explore managers' experiences with management and leadership in the context of prehospital emergency care in Sweden. Methods A qualitative interview study design was conducted with 15 unit managers in prehospital emergency care from four of Sweden’s 21 regions. The transcripts from the in-depth interviews were subjected to inductive content analysis and reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Results Three generic categories related to the managerial role were identified: challenges, openness and trust, and experience-based leadership. The challenges managers faced were a. lack of physical proximity; b. staff needs for knowledge and competency development; c. staff level of responsibility related to operating procedures and guidelines; and d. work culture. Trust was developed through open and personalized communication, trusting relationships, authenticity, and empathic ability. Experience-based leadership was cultivated over time through practice, reflection, guidance from peers, theoretical leadership training, and the adaptation of organizational structures. Conclusions We found the managerial role to be location independent, characterized by openness and trust, and cultivated through experience. In an environment characterized by academic training and work at distances, leaders manage individuals and remote teams while respecting individuals’ independence. They supported staff competence development and their desire to take responsibility through open and trusting relationships established through creating opportunities for competency development and a “learning-by-doing” epistemology built upon reflective practice.
... Kuckartz 2012Kuckartz , S. 51, 2018, welche aus Platzgründen in diesem Aufsatz nicht dargestellt wird. Parallel zur Interpretation erfolgte ein ergänzendes prozessbegleitendes Reflektieren der Erhebungs-und Auswertungsprozesse mit "theoretischen Memos" (Kuckartz 2010, S. 133 ff.;Corbin und Strauss 2008), um die deskriptive Argumentation zu verdichten und Versuche einer Theoretisierung bzw. Theorieerweiterung zu ermöglichen (vgl. ...
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Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel basiert auf qualitativen Interviews mit 34 Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 16 Jahren, die in Deutschland und Ghana leben und verschiedenen religiösen Gruppen angehören oder sich als Atheist:innen identifizieren. Aus einer konstruktivistischen Perspektive, die Kinder als (religiöse) Akteur:innen in ihren Lebenswelten betrachtet, wird analysiert, wie sie die COVID-19-Pandemie und die öffentlichen Schutzmaßnahmen im Hinblick auf religiöse und säkulare Deutungsmuster interpretieren und wie sie diese Interpretationen mit der Nutzung religiöser und gesundheitlicher Praktiken als Bewältigungsstrategien in der Pandemie verknüpfen.
... In the first stage of the analysis, coding was carried out according to a data-driven content analysis approach to extract key themes from the data (Corbin & Strauss, 2012). At this stage, twenty-six different themes emerged relating to young people's lives on the margins of society in the past and present. ...
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The article is based on ethnographic research conducted in 2022 in Finland among homeless youth (aged 18–29) living on the margins of society and suffering from substance addiction. Using an ethnographic landscape and interview findings as a backdrop, the article explores what preceded their substance-abuse problem and the early stages of it. The analysis focuses on belonging and how the interviewees recall the early stages of their marginalisation. By examining childhood in a Nordic welfare state context and using belonging and childhood innocence as conceptual tools, the analysis traces the early fractures of belonging antedating present marginality. Given the frontlines of inclusion as a starting point, where does such marginalisation lead to? In addition to the well-discussed concepts of ‘becoming’ and ‘being’ a child, the analysis also brings past childhoods, the ‘been’ child, into the discussion, revealing difficult ethical tensions between generations.
... The analysis began with open coding, where two independent coders reviewed vignette transcriptions to identify key data features. In the second stage, codes were refined, grouped into themes, and examined through axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2014). Each coder initially performed an independent analysis to identify potential themes. ...
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This article examines algorithm awareness among young TikTok users, focusing on their understanding and experiences with the platform's recommendation and moderation systems, and how these perceptions influence their engagement. Adopting a user-centric perspective, the study uses the vignette method with 50 young users across Italy to simulate scenarios involving TikTok's algorithmic systems, aiming to uncover users' algorithm awareness. The findings reveal that users interpret recommendation and moderation systems differently and engage with them critically based on these interpretations. Previous encounters with algorithmic systems, especially unexpected outcomes, enhance awareness of recommendation and moderation algorithms, fostering a more critical stance toward them.
... Evolution does not imply anything negative; when it does, it exhibits positive characteristics for the better; however, more and more people are discussing disintegration and collapse. In "writing the storyline" (Corbin & Strauss, 2008), the theory becomes clearer and validated through the application of data and by returning to several informants for their responses. (4) This stage is also a stage that runs parallel to the previous step. ...
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Tambale is a common element of houses in the Kaili Ledo community, which is used as the terrace, front porch, courtyard, and living room. Tambale comes from the native language of the Kaili Ledo tribe, who inhabit the Palu Valley and the original Kaili Ledo Raranggonau settlement in the East Mountains of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tambale is unique because it is the determinant of space in the residential spatial process when building a house, adding new rooms, and arranging a space. It is the first determiner made, added, and set. As a vernacular product of the society, it is also a communal space used by the nuclear family and the community because the Kaili people like spiritual, cultural, and social gatherings and celebrations carried out together. This study explores Tambale as a determinant of residential spatial processes. It uses grounded theory as a research method, which will construct meaning and symbols from the nature of the space. It concludes that Tambale, as a vernacular product of the Kaili Ledo community, differs from other residential spatial processes anywhere in the world. Indeed, it is a dominant determinant of space in the dwellings of Sou, Palava, and Banua.
... Variation in participants' age, education, socio-economic background, and location was ensured, with data saturation achieved at 10 participants when no new themes emerged. 22 ...
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The objectification theory proposes that membership in sexually objectifying societies gradually socializes queer individuals to adopt an observer's perspective on their physical self, which in turn leads to negative emotional and behavioral consequences. The queer community in India has existed for centuries, but their rights have only received attention recently. They still continue to be deprived of societal and legal status. With an aim to understand self-objectification among the queer community in India, this qualitative study attempts to explore the interplay of external factors and their relationships in shaping self-image and self-acceptance. This phenomenological study used an interpretive paradigm on the self-objectification of members of the queer community in India. The study was conducted on 10 individuals from the queer community using semi-structured interviews, and the obtained data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings indicate the profound impact of societal beauty norms, family dynamics, peer interactions, and media influence on their self-esteem, body image, and identity. Implications of these findings call for increased awareness, education, and support to create a more inclusive and accepting environment for the queer community. Future recommendations include the development of interventions, educational programs, and mental health support services tailored to the needs of this community.
... We adopted an exploratory case study approach (Yin, 2018) to examine the digital, intercultural and transdisciplinary, treating each group of students and their activities as embedded units of analysis. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) identified patterns related to students' collaborative practices, reflexivity and research skill development, supported by axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) to explore relationships between codes such as "digital affordances", "ambiguities" and "intercultural tensions". This combined approach allowed us to systematically analyse how the interplay of digital technologies, cultural contexts and collaborative problem-solving shaped students' experiences. ...
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Transdisciplinary problem-solving using digital technologies can further the internationalisation agenda within higher education through an inquiry-based collaborative online international exchange that is transformative and contributes real-world knowledge. Our study focused on a 12-week fully online programme bringing together undergraduates and postgraduates from a Hong Kong university and two Australian universities to research the well-being of university students. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field and habitus, we analysed the implementation and effectiveness of digital technologies in influencing the students’ experiences of sharing, learning and collaboration practices. The findings highlight the significance of online learning spaces for intercultural sharing beyond disciplinary spaces and generate tensions and ambiguities that provoke students to critically reflect on comparative cultural and social perspectives. This space for educational exploration and possibilities can move students beyond the taken-for-granted and expose them to diverse viewpoints and ways of thinking conducive to transdisciplinary learning and research. Implications for practice or policy: Higher education institutions and educators can leverage purposefully designed digital technologies and structured online exchange programmes to create equitable international and transdisciplinary collaboration and inquiry spaces. Educators can use multimodal digital technologies, such as collaborative platforms (e.g., Miro, Canva) and creative methods (e.g., digital storytelling, body mapping) for students to engage with ambiguity, negotiate cross-cultural tensions and build critical self-awareness in collaborative settings. Higher education institution policies can support students as co-creators of knowledge.
... Later, for interview analysis, an inductive and iterative approach was adopted [34]. After transcribing all the interviews from the native language (Urdu) to English, this study Sustainability 2025, 17, 1596 7 of 21 employed thematic analysis to identify key themes associated with the examined phenomena [35]. ...
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Multi-sided platforms (MSPs) can enable multiple user groups to create coordinated value. Like all transformative business models, these platforms emerged to resolve platform-related issues. Among the well-known MSPs, this research has focused on the ride-hailing platform InDrive as a successful case of MSP in Pakistan. Despite the presence of major companies like Uber and Careem, InDrive has gained recognition in a short period and has become the most downloaded ride-hailing application in Pakistan. InDrive focuses on empowering riders and drivers with greater fare-setting autonomy through negotiation; this peer-to-peer pricing model distinguishes it from its counterparts (Uber and Careem). This research examines the strategic features and innovations of InDrive’s business model to create a comprehensive framework for evaluating the effectiveness of strategic management, focusing on generating value by balancing the well-being of all stakeholders, ensuring equity, boosting productivity, and enhancing the impact of network effects. Notably, ride-hailing services (RHSs) are highly dynamic, as the features and offerings of these platforms may evolve. Therefore, balancing the sustainability of MSPs requires ongoing effort and an iterative approach.
... In this article, we describe low-cost strategies that can be implemented in the classroom as students read texts that are culturally relevant. The strategies stem from purposeful efforts to engage students in reading; observations and anecdotal notes were used to note their success (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). We group the strategies by two main categories that appear in motivation and engagement research: choice and social interaction. ...
... Subsequently, rounds of coding were conducted using Grounded Theory (Strauss and Corbin, 2002) for a categorical analysis of verbatim. A coding process with levels of abstraction was deployed to capture the meaning of the statements made by the ex-combatants regarding topics related to environmental damage or the care of natural resources. ...
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Colombia is home to the longest-running armed conflict in history. This situation has had negative repercussions on various social, economic, political, and environmental aspects. Specifically, this study aimed to analyze the environmental consequences of the armed conflict in Colombia through the interpretation of general notions about the conflict and its link to environmental degradation. To accomplish this task, an exploration of the context was conducted, including the general characteristics of the territory that contributed to the emergence of the conflict, the environmental damages caused during the war, and the main actors involved in the degradation of the territory, based on the perceptions, opinions, experiences, and feelings of former combatants. Information was collected through in-depth interviews. The results focused on understanding the significant elements of the link between the environmental situation and the post-peace agreement period. This study prompts reflection on the indirect implications of war and provides valuable insights for the design and implementation of public policies aimed at preventing environmental deterioration, promoting reconciliation, and improving the living conditions of the affected population.
... The whole process was audio-taped, screen-recorded, and later transcribed for analysis. Two coders performed thematic analysis [24] of the transcripts with reference to the screen recording to extract collaboration strategies, patterns, and breakdowns. The coders later held a discussion to reach a consensus on the themes. ...
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Prewriting is the process of generating and organising ideas before a first draft. It consists of a combination of informal, iterative, and semi-structured strategies such as visual diagramming, which poses a challenge for collaborating with large language models (LLMs) in a turn-taking conversational manner. We present Polymind, a visual diagramming tool that leverages multiple LLM-powered agents to support prewriting. The system features a parallel collaboration workflow in place of the turn-taking conversational interactions. It defines multiple ``microtasks'' to simulate group collaboration scenarios such as collaborative writing and group brainstorming. Instead of repetitively prompting a chatbot for various purposes, Polymind enables users to orchestrate multiple microtasks simultaneously. Users can configure and delegate customised microtasks, and manage their microtasks by specifying task requirements and toggling visibility and initiative. Our evaluation revealed that, compared to ChatGPT, users had more customizability over collaboration with Polymind, and were thus able to quickly expand personalised writing ideas during prewriting.
... After several rounds of iterative interpretation, the provisional codes were sent to a third research team member to verify the codes and ensure they aligned with the theoretical descriptions of each positive emotion. We then engaged in a series of second cycle, focused coding to build an understanding of how reported positive emotions contributed to student leadership learning (Saldaña, 2009;Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Each student response coded into the provisional codebook was analyzed in conjunction with their response to the second open-ended survey question, "How did these emotions affect your learning about leadership?" ...
Article
Purpose This project represents an exploratory qualitative investigation of the connection between undergraduate students’ experiences of positive emotions in academic leadership courses and their self-reports of leadership learning. Design/methodology/approach Our research team conducted a qualitative analysis of 298 post-course survey comments from students in academic courses focused on leader development over three academic years. These surveys included prompts inviting students to report dominant emotions they repeatedly felt within the classroom environment and how these salient emotions helped or hindered their learning over the course of the semester. Findings Our results suggest a complex interplay between the ways students’ self-reported experience of positive emotions during a leadership class influenced their leadership learning and course engagement. Overall, student responses revealed positive emotions through their course engagement, with interest, joy and serenity/contentment being the most frequently reported positive emotions. Participants attributed these emotions to influencing their willingness to attend class, participate in class activities, deepen their learning about leadership topics and apply their leadership learning beyond the class. Originality/value Educational research has long shown that emotions are relevant to specific learning processes. However, this research has not yet been applied to leadership-focused classrooms. Our novel study focused on the connections between emotional reactions to leadership courses and student learning and was designed to help unlock the primary mechanisms by which young people learn to lead through formal academic coursework.
... • Classical grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967): This type follows a more traditional approach. • Procedural grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1998): It has a set of procedures for doing the research. • Constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006): This type takes into account the idea that knowledge is constructed by people. ...
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This study explores the green technology upgrade path for food supply chain enterprises using grounded theory and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). It identifies six key elements of food supply chain resilience: network centrality, network connectivity, network heterogeneity, resource bricolage, entrepreneurs’ attention to new food technologies, and their alertness to such technologies. A theoretical model is constructed, and a questionnaire is designed based on these findings. The fsQCA reveals that configurational thinking exists among the key drivers of technology upgrades, with network centrality as a core element. Entrepreneurs’ attention to external new food technologies significantly impacts technological transformation, and network centrality is a necessary condition for upgrades. The study finds that the interaction of network connectivity, resource bricolage, and entrepreneurial attention generates a multiplicative effect, accelerating technological upgrading. The results highlight the importance of network centrality and the dynamic evolution of factors influencing green technological upgrades. The findings offer new perspectives for future research and enterprise strategies, emphasizing the need for active construction of cooperative networks, intensified entrepreneur training, optimized resource assembly strategies, and sufficient financial support. Future research could explore how digital transformation influences these upgrade paths. Additionally, studying the impact of international cooperation and trade policies on green technology upgrades in food supply chains would be valuable.
... The interview with each teacher was conducted virtually for 60-90 minutes (M = 75 minutes) via the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act version of Zoom for added protection of the privacy of the information shared. All interviews occurred in a semi-structured format to allow the interviewer the flexibility to ask the interviewee relevant clarification, elaboration, and follow-up questions (Corbin & Strauss, 2014). The interviews were all video-and audio-recorded by Zoom, and their audio recordings were subsequently transcribed verbatim using transcription software. ...
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While teacher stress has been widely researched, teacher joy (aligning with the principles of positive psychology) is relatively understudied. To contribute insights, this interview-based qualitative study investigated this research question: How do early childhood teachers make meaning of their experiences with teacher stress and teacher joy? Data collection involved interviewing 12 early childhood teachers (ages 27–47 years, M = 34 years) who were teaching children (in preschool to 2nd grade) in a northeastern state of the United States. Each interview was conducted individually and virtually via Zoom for an average of 75 minutes. Thematic analysis of the data identified four salient themes: (1) teacher stress as a contemplative factor in teacher mobility, (2) teacher joy coexisting with teacher stress and sustaining teaching commitment, (3) teacher joy derived from building relationships with children, and (4) teacher joy derived from witnessing children’s learning growth. The first two themes demonstrate stress and joy as defining aspects of teaching experiences. The last two themes reveal two essential sources of teacher joy. They align with the perspective of ‘the grass is greener where you water it,’ expressed by one teacher and resonated with all others.
... The disputed aspects can be traced back to the controversy between Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. Glaser reacted fiercely in his "Emergence Versus Forcing" (1992) against Straus' collaborative work with Judith Corbin (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). We do not need to tell the story of Grounded Theory since the "grounding" textbook, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), and multiple other publications have already done so (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007;Mey & Mruck, 2007). ...
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This paper explores the intersection of theology, postcolonialism, and theory-building within empirical theology, highlighting the complex interplay between linguistic constructions and lived experiences of the divine. Drawing on postcolonial epistemology, the study advocates an inductive research strategy, particularly through the use of Grounded Theory methodology. It critically engages with ongoing debates within Grounded Theory, emphasizing the need for reflexivity in recognizing dominant discourses that may shape the researcher’s understanding of participants’ experiences. By examining specific case studies, the text illustrates how research participants’ attributions to God challenge conventional theological concepts, prompting a reconsideration of the nature of God-related language. Ultimately, this work calls for a nuanced understanding of empirical theology in which both “God” and lived religious experiences emerge as essential elements of theological discourse, urging scholars to remain attentive to the realities of participants’ lived faith.
... A qualitative methodology was selected to capture women's personal narratives and perspectives, allowing for a nuanced analysis of how variables such as gender, class, and education affect their lives (Corbin & Strauss, 2008;Creswell, 2017). This approach shows complexities that quantitative methods may miss and helps study how gendered power and cultural norms influence decision-making (Denzin & Lincoln, 2018). ...
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Background: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) decision-making is key to understanding gender issues, especially for women in rural Bangladesh. In these communities, women’s health is shaped by family and societal power dynamics. Research Objective: This study aims to understand how factors such as family authority, cultural norms, and economic conditions affect women’s choices and autonomy regarding SRH decision-making. Data material and methods: Using qualitative methods, interviews with ten rural Bangladeshi women reveal the challenges they face in making SRH decisions. Thematic analysis identifies patterns in their experiences. The analysis is guided by three theories: Kabeer’s "power to choose," Kandiyoti’s "bargaining with patriarchy," and Crenshaw’s intersectionality theory. Together, these frameworks provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors limiting women’s SRH autonomy. Findings: The findings show that educated and financially independent women can challenge gender roles to some extent, but their freedom is still limited by patriarchal norms and family structures. Older, financially stable women have more decision-making power but face cultural restrictions, while younger, less educated women experience stricter control. Support from male family members improves women’s emotional well-being, but male-dominated decisions and elder female relatives often reinforce traditional norms. To maintain marital harmony, some women discreetly resist these limitations by secretly using contraception. Conclusion: Women’s SRH autonomy is shaped by the intersection of social, cultural, and economic factors. Policies that promote education, financial independence, and shared decision-making within families are essential for improving women’s health and well-being. Publisher
... Building on a qualitative approach combining secondary and respective primary evidence [99][100][101][102][103][104], secondary data were first organized into macro-meso-micro dimensions of Greece's energy landscape-ranging from macrolevel factors (international political economy of energy) to mesolevel dynamics (EE frameworks) and microlevel indicators (energy entrepreneurship). All data sources are listed in Appendix A-C. ...
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This study integrates Sustainable Energy Development (SED) with an Energy Ecosystems (EE) framework in Greece to reveal how macrolevel policies, mesolevel infrastructures, and microlevel behaviors shape energy transitions. Drawing on historical data primarily spanning 2010–2024, supplemented by 16 semi-structured expert interviews and a macro–meso–micro analytical approach, it examines SED dimensions—affordability, supply, consumption, and security—within the supplier–producer–distributor–consumer nexus. The findings show notable progress in solar and wind adoption but also underscore persistent challenges such as high import dependency, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructural gaps. By proposing targeted policy directions and suggesting a new modus operandi of local-level institutional coordination, the research illustrates how an SED–EE synergy can foster resilience, innovation, and social equity, thereby informing sustainable energy strategies not just for Greece but also for other regions facing similar structural hurdles. The novel integrative perspective of this paper, unlike prior approaches that address either macropolicy targets or microlevel entrepreneurial activity alone, clarifies how mesolevel dynamics facilitate or hamper SED goals. This theoretical and practical synthesis is expected to inform the design of more resilient, equitable, and innovation-driven energy policies.
... Purposive sampling technique was deployed to select one informant from each of the identified key OSH stakeholders (NSSA, EMCOZ, ZCTU, MPLSW, SAZ, ILO and Academia) for further in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that allows the researcher to use personal judgment to select the study respondents based on the basis of the knowledge of the population, its elements and the nature of your research aims (65). Purposive or judgmental sampling informed the selection of safety and health officers, top managers and key OSH stakeholders owing to the need for the researcher to extract specific in depth data that best answered the research objectives. ...
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... Participants' qualitative data collected in the interviews was coded using initial coding [7] where participants' statements were assigned emergent codes over repeated cycles with the codes grouped using a thematic approach. A single coder performed the coding (2 cycles) and reviewed the coding with one other researcher. ...
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