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Structure as architecture : a source book for architects and structural engineers / Andrew W. Charleson
Abstract
Incluye bibliografía e índice
... These ideological trajectories, for example brutalism, functionalism or structural rationalism, relate the functional and structural role of the material to its form and construction methods [2]. The principle of structural rationalism, suggesting that structural design should act as a form giving driver for architecture, was introduced by Eugène Violletle-Duc and Auguste Choisy in the 19 th century and has relevance in our age as well [3]. ...
... They benefit from form enhanced load-bearing capacity due to the increased stiffness of their folded form [19], [20]. Thus, folding can function as a tectonic driver for architectural forms [3]. ...
... These can be divided into two strands: 1) formative examples where folding is an overarching design concept and 2) non-formative folded structures where the structural potential of folding is exploited [19]. The non-formative structural projects go beyond the traditional folded plate typology by the use of advanced material compositions, special formworks or novel processing methods [3], [34], [35]. They are mostly realized in prefabrication but a few in-situ examples can be found as well [36], [37]. ...
... Consideration: visual corridors to local points and interesting zones of the city (Ristić et al., 2013), perception of the planning area and other parts of the MRB) (Tetior, 2006(Tetior, , 2008Đorđević et al., 2010;Filin, 2006Filin, , 2007; • self-descriptiveness (presence of the vertical and horizontal zoning of a building and identifying it on the facade area, roof shape and silhouette, shape and silhouette of entrances and staircases, lift nodes in the house, make the corners of the building. Using light artistic murals, art therapy, vertical and horizontal planting (Ikonnikov, 1971;Filin, 1995;Tetior, 2006Tetior, , 2008Fedosova, 2008;Ristić et al., 2013;Iosifidis, 2009;Chechelnickii and Fomenko 2012)); • adaptability (the system of multistorey residential building should be flexible, and open to further development; keeping the overall harmony of forms according to new needs; ability to change the shape and function of the building) (Rodney, 2002;Binder, 2002;Yudelson, 2007;Charleson, 2014). ...
... • harmony with the landscape (harmonic dualism with the landscape, inscribed into the landscape, and into the urban landscape); • landscaping of neighboring territories (environmentally friendly and diverse planting areas outside the landscape, to solve small forms of outdoor areas near MRB); • "green corridors" (all kinds of "green corridors", including over and under roads); • horizontal/vertical greening (greening roofs, terraces, buffer spaces, planting green walls with special panels (Nadia et al., 2013;Cameron et al., 2015;Elgizawy, 2016), green graffiti); • permaculture (availability of areas and buffer zones which are designated for food cultivation); • buffer spaces in the structure of multistorey residential buildings (orangeries, public areas for socializing, green gardens in the structure of buildings, social areas for residents encouraging of architectural tools); • the visible material of structures (ecologically natural materials -ceramics, brick, wood, glass. a minimal amount of materials with polymers (Charleson, 2014;Nagy et al., 2016)); • quantity of house floors (compliance with human size and landscape components (not higher than trees), construction of green areas in the buffer zones of MRBs, the advantage of low-rise and medium-storey building with single inserts and high-rise reference points); • variety of architectural forms and styles (harmonious diversity of architectural shapes and styles. Taking into account the national traditions and culture of the local people); • architectural details (availability of mirrored blinds on the facade of MRBs, and mirrors to improve the illumination, light and shade pattern, architectural lighting (Cuttle, 2003) and wall supergraphics (Santen, 2006), presence of advertising and graphic guidelines); • form of the windows and doorways, entrances into the buildings, roof shapes and silhouettes (availability of spatial structures of flat, variety horizontal and vertical forms of windows, roof height and its shape, derogations from "Red line", floor projection and hanging, open spaces in the MRB structure, division of the facade and its articulation, glazing pattern, stained glass windows, clearance of angles, solution of entrances into building, entrances into garages, resolving the 1st and 3rd vertical tiers of a home, the availability of composition accents); ...
... • roofs and walls with visible devices (electricity, heating, ventilation). Natural ventilation to improve the air (Charleson, 2014;Nagy et al., 2016); • color of the building (ecologically appropriate solution for colorful MRBs and their elements, considering the coloristic basin of the district and city, the presence of art-therapy (Santen 2006) on the facades of buildings, free space on the walls for street art and murals (Figure 9a)); • finishing of the house (environmentally appropriate finishing materials which do not have a negative physiological and visual load for person); ...
Contemporary historical preservation practice includes olfactory preservation as an experimental method of architectural preservation. The implementation of manufactured scents in historic buildings raises important issues of authenticity. This paper focuses on three important issues in the relation between olfactory preservation and authenticity: the importance of phenomenology in memory evocation; the relative character of the authenticity concept; and the significance of social values in historic preservation. This requires a critical examination of charters, documents and theoretical interpretations which reflect a broader concept of authenticity. The paper discusses certain articles of the Venice Charter, the Nara Document on Authenticity, as well as the sense of smell in architectural experience through critical analysis of the theories of John Ruskin, Viollet-le-Duc, Roger Scruton and Juhani Pallasmaa and their concepts of authenticity. Authenticity issues are illustrated by the examples of olfactory preservation: olfactory reconstruction of Philip Johnson's Glass House; interior restoration and olfactory reconstruction of the Arts Club in Mayfair, London; and the creation process of the perfume brand Arquiste, a meaningful example which relocates the olfactory reconstruction context. These critical analyses raise the question of scent in historic buildings as a value in itself.
... Consideration: visual corridors to local points and interesting zones of the city (Ristić et al., 2013), perception of the planning area and other parts of the MRB) (Tetior, 2006(Tetior, , 2008Đorđević et al., 2010;Filin, 2006Filin, , 2007; • self-descriptiveness (presence of the vertical and horizontal zoning of a building and identifying it on the facade area, roof shape and silhouette, shape and silhouette of entrances and staircases, lift nodes in the house, make the corners of the building. Using light artistic murals, art therapy, vertical and horizontal planting (Ikonnikov, 1971;Filin, 1995;Tetior, 2006Tetior, , 2008Fedosova, 2008;Ristić et al., 2013;Iosifidis, 2009;Chechelnickii and Fomenko 2012)); • adaptability (the system of multistorey residential building should be flexible, and open to further development; keeping the overall harmony of forms according to new needs; ability to change the shape and function of the building) (Rodney, 2002;Binder, 2002;Yudelson, 2007;Charleson, 2014). ...
... • harmony with the landscape (harmonic dualism with the landscape, inscribed into the landscape, and into the urban landscape); • landscaping of neighboring territories (environmentally friendly and diverse planting areas outside the landscape, to solve small forms of outdoor areas near MRB); • "green corridors" (all kinds of "green corridors", including over and under roads); • horizontal/vertical greening (greening roofs, terraces, buffer spaces, planting green walls with special panels (Nadia et al., 2013;Cameron et al., 2015;Elgizawy, 2016), green graffiti); • permaculture (availability of areas and buffer zones which are designated for food cultivation); • buffer spaces in the structure of multistorey residential buildings (orangeries, public areas for socializing, green gardens in the structure of buildings, social areas for residents encouraging of architectural tools); • the visible material of structures (ecologically natural materials -ceramics, brick, wood, glass. a minimal amount of materials with polymers (Charleson, 2014;Nagy et al., 2016)); • quantity of house floors (compliance with human size and landscape components (not higher than trees), construction of green areas in the buffer zones of MRBs, the advantage of low-rise and medium-storey building with single inserts and high-rise reference points); • variety of architectural forms and styles (harmonious diversity of architectural shapes and styles. Taking into account the national traditions and culture of the local people); • architectural details (availability of mirrored blinds on the facade of MRBs, and mirrors to improve the illumination, light and shade pattern, architectural lighting (Cuttle, 2003) and wall supergraphics (Santen, 2006), presence of advertising and graphic guidelines); • form of the windows and doorways, entrances into the buildings, roof shapes and silhouettes (availability of spatial structures of flat, variety horizontal and vertical forms of windows, roof height and its shape, derogations from "Red line", floor projection and hanging, open spaces in the MRB structure, division of the facade and its articulation, glazing pattern, stained glass windows, clearance of angles, solution of entrances into building, entrances into garages, resolving the 1st and 3rd vertical tiers of a home, the availability of composition accents); ...
... • roofs and walls with visible devices (electricity, heating, ventilation). Natural ventilation to improve the air (Charleson, 2014;Nagy et al., 2016); • color of the building (ecologically appropriate solution for colorful MRBs and their elements, considering the coloristic basin of the district and city, the presence of art-therapy (Santen 2006) on the facades of buildings, free space on the walls for street art and murals ( Figure 9a)); • finishing of the house (environmentally appropriate finishing materials which do not have a negative physiological and visual load for person); ...
The article is devoted to one of the actual problems concerning the current state of the facades on apartment buildings in residential districts in Kiev - videoecology. The main purpose of the article is to determine the degree of visual aggressiveness of multistorey residential buildings in Kiev. It also investigates the problem of finding the optimal criteria for creating an ecologically healthy and friendly inhabited environment in the capital city of Ukraine. The modern visual environment in the capital is contaminated, not only because of the increasing numbers of promotional billboards, but also because of the contemporary architecture of high-rise buildings such as office buildings, apartment buildings. Their composition is usually based on a simple description of a rhythm. There are also repetitions of the end parts of buildings in "lowercase" buildings, which are high-rise buildings that alternate with nine or identical apartment groups. It creates a sense of oppressive monotony and leads to psychological and visual fatigue, especially when these repetitions are the only pattern the eye perceives. In the article a theoretical block of ecological-aesthetic criteria is defined, which must be met by the modern architecture facades of multistorey residential houses in Kiev.
... Savamala is therefore a representative case for intensive collision of top-down and bottom-up pressures. Endowed with a prime location in the Serbian capital, Savamala has been directly or indirectly targeted by most General Urban Plans since the beginning of the 20 th century (GUP 1923, GUP 1950, GUP 1972, GP 2003(revised in 2005, 2014, and GUP 2016) as well as having captured the attention of national and international capital through large-scale architectural projects ("Town on the Water", CIP Europolis, Beko Masterplan, Belgrade Waterfront Project etc.). In Savamala, a complement of post-socialist urban development is found in small-scale cultural practices, crowdsourcing activities, creative industries, urban factories, and cooperative economies which, slowly but surely, spread from upper Savamala to the riverbanks (Cvetinovic et al., 2013). ...
... Consideration: visual corridors to local points and interesting zones of the city (Ristić et al., 2013), perception of the planning area and other parts of the MRB) (Tetior, 2006(Tetior, , 2008Đorđević et al., 2010;Filin, 2006Filin, , 2007; • self-descriptiveness (presence of the vertical and horizontal zoning of a building and identifying it on the facade area, roof shape and silhouette, shape and silhouette of entrances and staircases, lift nodes in the house, make the corners of the building. Using light artistic murals, art therapy, vertical and horizontal planting (Ikonnikov, 1971;Filin, 1995;Tetior, 2006Tetior, , 2008Fedosova, 2008;Ristić et al., 2013;Iosifidis, 2009;Chechelnickii and Fomenko 2012)); • adaptability (the system of multistorey residential building should be flexible, and open to further development; keeping the overall harmony of forms according to new needs; ability to change the shape and function of the building) (Rodney, 2002;Binder, 2002;Yudelson, 2007;Charleson, 2014). ...
... • harmony with the landscape (harmonic dualism with the landscape, inscribed into the landscape, and into the urban landscape); • landscaping of neighboring territories (environmentally friendly and diverse planting areas outside the landscape, to solve small forms of outdoor areas near MRB); • "green corridors" (all kinds of "green corridors", including over and under roads); • horizontal/vertical greening (greening roofs, terraces, buffer spaces, planting green walls with special panels (Nadia et al., 2013;Cameron et al., 2015;Elgizawy, 2016), green graffiti); • permaculture (availability of areas and buffer zones which are designated for food cultivation); • buffer spaces in the structure of multistorey residential buildings (orangeries, public areas for socializing, green gardens in the structure of buildings, social areas for residents encouraging of architectural tools); • the visible material of structures (ecologically natural materials -ceramics, brick, wood, glass. a minimal amount of materials with polymers (Charleson, 2014;Nagy et al., 2016)); • quantity of house floors (compliance with human size and landscape components (not higher than trees), construction of green areas in the buffer zones of MRBs, the advantage of low-rise and medium-storey building with single inserts and high-rise reference points); • variety of architectural forms and styles (harmonious diversity of architectural shapes and styles. Taking into account the national traditions and culture of the local people); • architectural details (availability of mirrored blinds on the facade of MRBs, and mirrors to improve the illumination, light and shade pattern, architectural lighting (Cuttle, 2003) and wall supergraphics (Santen, 2006), presence of advertising and graphic guidelines); • form of the windows and doorways, entrances into the buildings, roof shapes and silhouettes (availability of spatial structures of flat, variety horizontal and vertical forms of windows, roof height and its shape, derogations from "Red line", floor projection and hanging, open spaces in the MRB structure, division of the facade and its articulation, glazing pattern, stained glass windows, clearance of angles, solution of entrances into building, entrances into garages, resolving the 1st and 3rd vertical tiers of a home, the availability of composition accents); ...
This paper analyses the implications of participatory urban design in Belgrade, namely of the series of recent unsolicited activities that has contributed to setting up a specific micro environment in the neighbourhood of Savamala. Its main aim is to promote bottom-up urban development, surpass current profit-oriented trends, and benefit from sociospatial contradictions as opportunities for creativity and participation.
The Savamala neighbourhood is among the most important landmarks in Belgrade. Endowed with rich historical heritage and extraordinary spatial potential, Savamala is now a traffic bottleneck with intense pollution, urban noise and socio-spatial conflicts. In order to set up an engine for urban development, several streams of participatory activities have been launched by NGOs and IOs, such as: online campaigns and networking, informal research activities, pop-up events and instant actions for societal progress and bottom-up economic activities. The Actor-network theory (ANT) methodological approach demystifies the circumstances of participation and the role of various actors in building pathways of urban transformations in Savamala, while the Multi-agent system (MAS) proposes the framework for tracing their behaviour at the neighbourhood level.
A complex post-socialist framework presents a challenge for these participatory activities to provide opportunities for urban transformations, based on social interest rather than on real estate speculations. In the lack of official strategies and institutionalised support, the MAS-ANT method involves estimating whether an economy of social exchange could contribute to improving the quality of life and functionality of urban systems.
... Bütün bunların ötesinde strüktür mimari bütünde, tasarımı zenginleştiren unsurların başında gelir. Strüktürü mimari tasarımın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olarak gören Charleson (2005) da strüktürü gizlemenin bir nevi tasarımı etkisizleştirdiğini vurgular. Öte yandan Macdonald (2001) strüktürü -doğal olarak kolonu-mimari biçimin tasarımında kullanmanın pek çok yolu olduğunu söyler. ...
... Yapının içinde üretilmiş olan tanımlı boşlukta, kare alanları tarayan dörderli kolon grupları ana mekân içinde yeni mekânlar üretmektedir. Ana işlevsel alanların brüt beton duvarlar tarafından sınırlandırıldığı yapıda, merkezde toplanma holü 29 adet dairesel kesitli, rastgele serpiştirilmiş kolonlarla karakterize edilmiştir (Şekil 2c), (Charleson 2005). Avunma holü adı verilen ana mekânda, kolonlar mekânları gruplayarak ara mekânları oluşturur ve bu ara mekânlarda insan toplulukları, görsel ve işitsel olarak geçirgen, bağlantılı ara ve alt mekânlarda gruplanarak bir araya gelir (Şekil 2d). ...
Abstract: The column has been a part of architecture since the period that human beings
were assumed to begin to build. In Greek Architecture, columns reflected in form as an
expression of structural necessity, have been used as the basic element that creates
aesthetics for thousands of years. In this process, there was not much change in the
material of the column; changes in the formal structure were observed in the elements
such as the material, shape, and size of the column in order to refine the massive
appearance of the buildings. However, the column becoming a spatial element begins
with Roman architecture. Columns combined with the domes, a new structural discovery
for that period, created impressive voids in the buildings. These voids have become
design problems that need to be dealt with over time. Thus, architecture, by getting rid of
the sculptural monumental understanding that deals with the mass of the buildings, has
begun to seek to produce a spatial fiction.
The vertical character of the column and its relationship with architecture did not change
much over the following centuries. The accumulation of knowledge and experience has
led to new developments in material knowledge, especially after the Industrial Revolution.
In this period, new construction techniques emerged, and masonry systems were
abandoned with the use of materials such as concrete and steel, leaving their place to
the monolithic system. The column has been hidden for a long time in contemporary
buildings, especially in recent times where reinforced concrete and steel monolithic
structures were widely used and were used only as structural elements that transfer the
vertical loads acting on the structure. On the other hand, emerged of sub-specialties in
the technical field in the last century has made the structural system design, which was
constructed by calculating, much more important in architecture. The column began to
change its identity toward a visible element in the structure system and integrated into
the architectural design as a producer of the space, form, and meaning, as a result of
technology-based developments that strengthen the effect of the structure in architecture.
In this context, the aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of columns in designing
the architectural space, which is the intention of architectural creation. The productive
role of the column in design beyond the load-bearing tasks in architecture has been
evaluated through the examples where the column is used as a design element in the
spatial configuration.
The results of the evaluation show that the column is freed from its load-bearing function
and used as an architectural design element in different ways to create the space.
Meanwhile, it is also found that the column has become the focal point of the design, by
moving beyond its structural functions that allow the construction of the physical form of
these buildings. The direct relationship of the developments in building technologies with
the structure design has been a transformative force that affects the characteristics of the
column. While the column was a part of the structure with its technical and constant
features still, its rigid and vertilinear nature changed and in this way, its productive role in
architectural design was reinforced. It is known that technology develops rapidly in every
field today, and it is clear that developments in architectural and engineering knowledge
will diversify and increase the contribution of the column to architecture.
Ozet: Kolon, insanoğlunun yapı inşa etmeye başladığı varsayılan dönemden itibaren mimarinin bir parçası olmuştur. Yunan mimarisinde, strüktürel zorunluluğun ifadesi olarak biçime yansıyan kolonlar, binlerce yıl kütle plastiğini oluşturan temel öge olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu süreçte, kolonun materyal yapısında çok fazla değişim olmamış, biçimsel yapısındaki değişiklikler, yapıların masif görünümünü zarifleştirmek amacıyla, kolonun malzemesi, kütlesel biçimi ve boyutu gibi unsurlarında gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak kolonun mekâna dair bir eleman olmaya başlaması Roma mimarisiyle başlar. Kolonlar, o dönem için yeni bir strüktürel keşif olan kubbeler ile birleşerek, yapıların içerisinde etkileyici boşluklar oluşturmuştur. Oluşan bu boşluklar zamanla ilgilenilmesi, özen gösterilmesi gereken tasarım problemleri haline gelmiştir. Böylece mimari tasarımda yalnızca yapıların kütlesi ile ilgilenen heykelsi anıtsal anlayıştan sıyrılarak mekânsal kurgu üretme arayışı başlamıştır. Sonraki yüzyıllar boyunca kolonun düşey doğrusal yapısı ve mimariyle kurduğu ilişki çok fazla değişmemiştir. Bilgi ve deneyimin birikerek artması özellikle Endüstri Devrimi sonrası materyal bilgisinde yeni gelişmelerin yaşanmasını sağlamıştır. Bu dönemde yeni yapım teknikleri ortaya çıkmış, beton, çelik gibi malzemelerin kullanımıyla yığma sistemler terkedilerek yerini karkas sisteme bırakmıştır. Kolon, özellikle betonarme ve çelik karkas yapıların yaygın kullanıldığı yakın dönemlerdeki çağdaş yapılarda uzunca süre gizlenerek yalnızca yapıya etkiyen düşey yükleri aktaran yapı elemanları olarak kullanılmıştır. Öte yandan geçtiğimiz yüzyıl içinde teknik alanda alt uzmanlıkların oluşması, hesaplanarak inşa edilen strüktür sistem tasarımını mimaride çok daha önemli hale getirmiştir. Yapı tasarımında ve üretiminde teknoloji temelli gelişmeler de strüktürün mimarideki etkisini güçlendirirken, strüktür sistemi içinde görünür bir unsur olarak kolon kimlik değiştirmeye başlayarak mimari kurguya, tasarım "üreten" olarak dâhil olmaya başlamıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın hedefi, mimari yaratımın niyeti olan mekânın oluşturulmasında, kolonların katkısını değerlendirmektir. Kolonun tasarım ögesi olarak kullanıldığı örneklerle, mimari tasarımdaki yük taşıma görevlerinin ötesinde tasarımda üreten rolü; mekân bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Seçilen yapıların değerlendirilmesiyle kolonun taşıyıcı olma işlevinden sıyrılıp mimari tasarım ögesi olarak, mekânı oluşturmak amacıyla farklı yöntemlerle kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Değerlendirme sırasında ulaşılan önemli tespitlerden birisi de kolonun, yapıların fiziki olarak oluşmasına imkân veren strüktürel görevlerinin ötesine geçerek tasarımın odak noktası haline gelmiş olmasıdır. Yapı teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerin
strüktür tasarımıyla doğrudan ilişkisi, kolonun öz niteliklerinde değiştirici bir güç olmuş,
kolon teknik ve değişmez özellikleriyle strüktürün bir parçası iken, geçirdiği karakter
değişimi ile katı ve doğrusal yapısını kırmış ve mimari tasarımda üreten rolünü
pekiştirmiştir. Teknolojinin her alanda hızla geliştiği günümüzde, mimarlık ve mühendislik
bilgisinde yaşanacak gelişmelerin kolonun mimariye katkısını çeşitlendireceği ve
arttıracağı açıktır.
... Dalam penerapan konfigurasi struktur ini, Charleson mengkategorikannya dalam dua sikap, yaitu form-followers, yaitu struktur digunakan untuk menopang bentuk/rancangan arsitektur, dan form-givers, yaitu struktur dipertimbangkan di awal untuk menentukan bentuk, sehingga jika strukturnya berubah, maka bentuk bangunanpun berubah. Dari studinya Suckle (Charleson, 2005), pertimbangan struktur yang dilakukan oleh 10 arsitek yang ditelitinya, walaupun tampil sangat kuat dalam desain arsitektur umumnya diselesaikan di akhir setelah proses yang panjang dalam mengolah bentuk, sehingga struktur tidak menghalangi, tetapi mengikuti maksud dari desain [2]. ...
... Dalam penerapan konfigurasi struktur ini, Charleson mengkategorikannya dalam dua sikap, yaitu form-followers, yaitu struktur digunakan untuk menopang bentuk/rancangan arsitektur, dan form-givers, yaitu struktur dipertimbangkan di awal untuk menentukan bentuk, sehingga jika strukturnya berubah, maka bentuk bangunanpun berubah. Dari studinya Suckle (Charleson, 2005), pertimbangan struktur yang dilakukan oleh 10 arsitek yang ditelitinya, walaupun tampil sangat kuat dalam desain arsitektur umumnya diselesaikan di akhir setelah proses yang panjang dalam mengolah bentuk, sehingga struktur tidak menghalangi, tetapi mengikuti maksud dari desain [2]. ...
AbstrakKaidah struktur seringkali merupakan penghambat proses kreativitas arsitek dalam merancang bentuk bangunan. Banyak karya arsitektur yang hanya bermain pada kemasan saja, tanpa mempertimbangkan efisiensi struktur terutama pada rancangan gedung besar, baik gedung tinggi, maupun bentang lebar. Umumnya gedung tinggi walaupun fungsi dan tampilannya berbeda menggunakan struktur yang sama, yaitu struktur inti dan rangka (core and frames), yang dibedakan dari bentuk (aditif, substraktif, rotasi, repetisi), warna, jenis material, sehingga ketidakteraturan struktur disembunyikan demi mengejar bentuk bangunannya. Hal ini dikarenakan transformasi bentuk sebagai langkah eksplorasi arsitek dalam mewujudkan desainnya tidak menyertakan pertimbangan estetika struktur sebagai bagian dari proses kreatifnya. Pendekatan struktur masih terkesan penuh dengan rumus dan angka yang dianggap akan menghambat proses kreatif dalam olahan bentuk dan ruang. Oleh karenanya tidak sedikit rancangan yang memanipulasi bentuk luarnya dengan konstruksi tambahan, yang cenderung ornamental. Arsitek umumnya menghindar menampilkan struktur sebagai bagian dari estetika, padahal analisis struktur merupakan proses yang harus dilalui dalam konsep perancangan demi terbangunnya sebuah rancangan gedung. Kajian ini adalah suatu model pendekatan struktur pada gedung tinggi dengan mengikuti tahapan dasar dalam proses analisis struktur. Diharapkan kajian ini dapat memberikan gambaran pendekatan kualitatif pada konsep struktur dan diterapkan dalam proses penyusunan konsep perancangan arsitektur sehingga dapat menghasilkan bentuk struktur yang baik.kata kunci: kaidah struktur, bangunan tinggi, kreativitas arsitek, estetika strukturAbstractRule of structure often is an inhibitor of the process of creativity of architects in designing building’s shape. Many architectural works only play on the packaging, without considering the efficiency of the structure, especially in the design of large buildings, both tall and wide-spanning buildings. Generally, tall buildings although their function and appearance are different use the same structure, namely the core and frame structure, which is distinguished from shape (additive, subtractive, rotation, repetition), color, type of material, so that structural irregularities are hidden in pursuit the building shape. This is because the transformation of form as exploration step in realizing the design architect does not include aesthetic considerations structures as part of the creative process. The structural approach still seems full of formulas and numbers which are considered to hinder the creative process in processing forms and spaces. Therefore many designs manipulate the outer shape with additional construction, which tends to be ornamental. Architects generally avoid presenting structures as part of aesthetics, whereas structural analysis is a process that must be passed in the design concept in order to construct a building design. This study is a structural approach model in tall buildings by following the basic step in the structural analysis process. It is hoped that this study can provide an overview of qualitative approach in structural concepts and could be applied in the process of architectural design concepts so that it could produce the right structural design.key words: rules of structure, tall building, architect creativity, aesthetic structures
... MC Donald in his book of "structure and architecture" proceeds on importance of structure in the formation procedure of architectural work, proceeding on architectural-structural analysis through developing questions such as "what is architecture?" Holgate (1986Holgate ( -1996 sees structure as an aesthetic element of architecture, introducing whole architectural designing process such as creativity and whole effective factors such as political, economic, industrial considerations and functional needs of the building, showing themselves in philosophy of structure design [6][7][8][9]. ...
... 5 Of course, in some of Calatrava's works there are some hesitations about structure form output. The example of such issue is StodelHofman urban train station (Golabchi, 2012, p:172) 6 The origin of such architectural approach in Calatrava's works can be found in the works such as T.W.A airport. Statue-like approach and its effect of interior space can be easily seen in these works. ...
The aim of current paper was to study the role of structure and structural thinking in the architectural design process in the three contemporary architectural schools. Paying attention to the structure along with other components of architecture (i.e. form and function) is of great importance in the architectural design process. Such attention in the past by the architects caused unity of the structure with other components. In the current era, development of the sciences and technology in different fields such as architecture and complexity in design and architecture has caused professionalization of different stages of design process. Hence, the professions such as structure engineering and architectural engineering have required static thinking and establishment of the structure, to loose structure unity with other architectural components, at some cases. In this paper, since structure influences and is influenced by the tow components of form and function it was tried to study their triple relationship in the form of three contemporary architectural schools (i.e. modern architecture, High-tech architecture and deconstruction architecture). To do so, a triple theoretical model was developed in order to explain the relationship among three components of structure, form and function. The research method of the study was descriptive-analytical. Hence, first the relationship among these components was described in each school with focus on the issue of structure. Then relying on the content analysis method and referring to written and visual resources of architectural example of each school, it can be concluded that modern architecture focuses on separation of form and function from structure, deconstruction architecture emphasizes on the issue of “ structure follows form” and in the high-tech architecture structure is a determining factor in formation and construction.
... Figure 2. Herzog & de Meuron, Beijing National Stadium, 2008 Filigree constructions vs solid constructions. The relationship between structure and architecture in the contemporary age "…Architectural form is often understood simply as a enveloping form or shape, excluding any consideration of interior and exterior structural organization…" (Charleson 2005) If it is true that, in some cases, the external building shape may be completely unrelated to the structural system, it is also true that in a lot of complex contemporary buildings the shape cannot be separated from the structure, especially referring to contemporary high-rise buildings or free-form architectures. ...
... The biomes «…demonstrate the degree of synthesis of forms possible with shell structures. Although in this case structure acts as building skin in a very minor way, it defines an organic architectural form whilst achieving rational, economic and transparent construction…» (Charleson 2005 Another synthetic material was used for the building of NIO architects designed on forecourt of Hoofddorp's Spaarne Hospital. It is a facilities block located in the middle of the square that serves as a junction for the local bus service. ...
Historically, building shape and structure have been designed, in solid construction, at the same moment. Their relationship is evident in the organization of the building inner space. On the contrary, in filigree construction, the interior space isn't often directly defined by the structure and the separation between building's interior and exterior is much more clear especially if we consider contemporary architectures where filigree structures are frequently used. The paper points out the role of structure in relation to the building shape in the contemporary age. Different architectures have been analysed (such as high-rise and free-form buildings) in order to put in evidence the criteria and the technologies used to build them and in order to underline the differences or similarities of the design approach used by the architects with the aim to re-veal -or not- the relation between structure and architecture.
... Property determining parameters relevant to architecture can be designed as changing include: shape, color (appearance), sound (noise), and odor (scent). Fig.3 shows some trends of kinetic energy [12]. ...
Coordinate technologies play an important role in many industrial applications, especially for eco nano buildings and spaces. Lately, the global new architecture seems to be more automated as appeared in the parametric architecture, topological, animate, metamorphic, and isomorphic and per formative architecture. They all depend on the visualization, the high precision techniques, and the 4th dimension all within sustainability. But till now, there is no main environmental space code, unit or standards to deal with to insure that the environmental design became in a form of an easier one to be the design of the era as all the global calls aware us to preserve the nature from pollution. Mainly within the call for the nanotechnology, if there is found a least architectural volumetric unit which can fulfill all the environmental sustainable systems within the visionary and the 4th dimensional acts, then we can act with the environment with easier spaces that can be duplicated in a uniform way, to work easily for measure and estimate the budget of his supposed built space.
Therefore, the main liable issue concerns the research for the least architectural volumetric unit, and we can call it the nano-architectural unit. As nano-architecture is a virtual and proposed kind of architecture, which the architects aim to create it or follow it the nanotechnology to insure that the 3D technology is to submit as an application in all branches of science, to achieve a dream of the present-day from sustainability and environment for future generations. Accordingly, recent studies have confirmed that 3D coordinate technology using digital printing has an important subtle impact on industry, especially for green buildings and spaces.
... Thanks to the interaction with the DC designers, the whole project was made available for the course (Fig. 1 shows an example) [15], together with other sources of inspirations [16,17,18,19]. Students can design and imagine possible variations to improve this original project's architectural and structural aspects or create a new one with similar characteristics. ...
The paper presents an application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) methodology in a structural analysis course taught in English of the third year Architecture bachelor program at Politecnico di Torino (Italy). This experimentation regards a class which is composed mostly of international students, that is, a heterogeneous audience with different background. In general, students struggle with the technical aspects typical of structural analysis course. PBL has been found as a possible solution to this problem in Engineering programs. The aim of redesigning the course is to support students’ learning while evaluating the PBL application in a non-technical context with an international audience. This article describes the structure and the results of the PBL implementation. In particular, the participation has increased compared to the previous academic year in terms of presence during the lectures, interest in the subject, interaction between the lecturer and the students, and exams’ results. These results are encouraging and confirm the validity of the PBL methodology as actually applied.
... It should be noted that the relationship between America and Europe was based on a mutually supportive and bi-directional effect and also the technology was played the most important role in this connection. By the way, what's happening in Germany is also must be very important in this discussion (Charleson, 2014). ...
Technology has always played an important role in improving the quality of human biological space at various timescales. Indeed, alongside each architectural movement, technological changes in building materials can be seen. The evolution of technology, especially after the industrial life style and human revolution, requires serious reviews and investigations. It means, by its reading and investigation it is possible to grasp the correct understanding of modern architecture and apply them in the analysis of modern styles. The acceleration of industrial evolutions after the invention of the steam engine caused widespread changes in all aspects of human life, especially in cities and architecture. As a result, changing in the way of lifestyle and human affiliation on industrial productions increased day by day, but the adaptation of architectural issues with these developments require passing of times. As a result, like the former, technology regains its position in the shaping of place in the architectural design. The main aim of this study is (1) the accurate evaluation of this trend, (2) the affection of architectural technology, especially, in contemporary times, and (3) its results in shaping and organizing locations.
... For the designing of a safe and lightweight structure, the structural form with efficient internal force transmission is the goal of structural innovation. The bio-inspired branching structure (BIBS), namely, tree-like structure, is widely used as a support structure in large-span spatial structures, additive manufacturing and internal architecture of plants because of its large supporting space, minimal load path and uniform distribution of internal force with good structural integrity [1][2][3][4][5][6], its structural form determines internal force flow, significantly affects the internal force transfer efficiency (IFTE) and structural behavior. Form finding is a key issue in the design process of tree-like structures, further shape optimization with structural analysis is still required. ...
Structure’s internal force transfer efficiency is the bases of pursuing the creative structural form. This paper reveals the mechanical mechanisms of the bio-inspired branching structures and further presents a numerical form-finding and shape optimization method for bio-inspired branching structures based on graphic statics with the constraints of strength, stiffness of boundary conditions are considered. Efficient structural form is obtained by connecting the internal force equilibrium and the structural performance in designing process. The reciprocal diagrams in graphic statics are used to solve the form-finding problem to generate compression or tension-only tree-like structure. Establishing the formula of the evaluation criteria of internal force transfer efficiency to characterize the structural performances, the criteria is compared with the continuum topology optimization method, the shape of tree-like structure is optimized by maximizing the structural efficiency under static loads. As a result, suitable external constraints can make a structure efficient and improve the structural redundancy, material properties determine the structural form, which in turn affects the structural behavior. Consequently, the interrelation mechanisms between material-property, structural-form, and structure-performance of the highly efficient bio-inspired branching structures are found. The internal force transfer efficiency and the strength and stiffness of boundary condition are the main factors to determine the optimal solution in the topological design exploration of load-bearing structure, these factors could be controlled to obtain the effective and elegant structural form for practical fabrication. The proposed numerical method could provide intuitive understanding and real-time feedback for the optimal solution, avoid the single solution obtained by the conventional optimization techniques and limited control to modify the output topology. Besides, more structural performance (e.g. buckling, vibration) can be considered in the structural designing process.
... The exterior form and structure of a building act like the two sides of a coin. In designing innovative spaces, the structure serves both as a pivotal agent of imagination and ingredient for the creation of beauty [1]. As famously stated by an esteemed Japanese structural engineer Tsuboi Yoshikatsu [2] "The beauty of architecture comes hand in hand with a rational structural system." ...
... The phenomenon of non-enactment occurs when areas of the structure exposed to higher degrees of illumination than ambient light, to the extent that they lose their shape in the blurry brightness. The columns that continue through the windows represent this situation in the wooden Showroom Hergatz where the wooden columns passing through the windows are lighting when the sun is bright so that they merge with the total brightness in the background and the columns look as if they are not attached to the ground and stand at the top of the window line, But this visual effect becomes unnoticeable on a hazy day see Fig. 5, (Charleson, 2015). ...
this paper proposes to study the role of structural elements in buildings for functional, aesthetic aspects and lighting and Interest in the optimization of the structural system for load-bearing walls of concrete to increase the external lighting openings and reduce the cost while enhancing the strength of concrete as well as reducing its density. The problem lies in the fact that the bearing walls of the walls have less use of lighting openings in addition to the high cost due to the use of the traditional process of design without use optimization processes of design as they have a major role in reducing the cost while maintaining the aesthetic required. During this study, this accomplished through analyzing the case studies of the broad museum building and the Victoria Gate where different types of concrete used. SolidThinking Inspire used to create the study model using the morphology tool. The design of the model depends on the algorithm for optimization of the topology, and the optimization models compared with the case studies selected before the improvement process in terms of shape, increase in stiffness, the difference in density, and area of the lighting openings. The optimization results found to be effective and designed with the highest strength to prevent deformation that reflected in the increase in lighting openings and reduce cost.
... At the beginning of the course, a sketch of a reference bridge and the full details are presented to the students ( Fig. 1) [7]. Moreover, as personal deepening, other sources of inspiration are also been given to the students [8,9,10,11]. ...
... The second test was a V-shaped formwork with an inner width of 1.8 cm. The goal in this test was to produce reinforced ultra-thin structures that were resistant to buckling, so that they could be applicable for facades, roofs, or larger self-supporting structures [58,59]. The formwork for thin folded structures was configured to change volume and angle during the slipping, while simultaneously integrating carbon fibres in the vertical and horizontal direction. ...
Over the past decade innovative techniques for shaping concrete have emerged, all aiming to use less material and reduce the need for traditional formwork. One very promising method is to shape concrete dynamically: referred to as Smart Dynamic Casting (SDC), this process was pioneered in 2012 as the first robotically-driven system for slipforming bespoke concrete structures. The process has successfully been adapted to produce structures using ultra-thin formworks that are cast using our digital set-on-demand procedure. More generally we frame this approach as Digital Casting Systems (DCS), which allows the user precisely to determine the hydration rate of the material, thus eliminating formwork pressure. This paper highlights the major findings from SDC that led us to continue developing DCS. It lays out the material concepts fundamental the family of DCS, which, by eliminating the need for bulky formworks, has a large potential impact on future construction methods.
... Struktur dalam arsitektur di definisikan sebagai bagian-bagian terpenting dalam bangunan yang dapat membuat bangunan tersebut dapat berdiri kokoh. Structure as architecture, karangan Andrew W. Charleson (2005) mengeksplorasi potensi struktur, yaitu balok, kolom, frame, struts dan anggota struktural lainnya, untuk meningkatkan 'persepsi struktur sebagai unsur integral arsitektur bukan hanya sebagai suatu terapan teknologi. Yaitu, untuk menghadiri semua aspek dari desain, bekerjasama dengan insinyur struktur tentu saja, dalam rangka mewujudkan konsep desain. ...
Struktur merupakan penyalur beban yang ditimbulkan oleh gaya external maupun gaya internal pada bangunan. Kekokohan struktur bangunan menentukan keamanan dan kenyamanan pengguna dan juga menjadikan perencanaan dan perancangan sebuah bangunan menjadi efesien dan efektif. pada segi bentuk dan ruang, struktur menjadi sebuah model standar yang monoton sehingga membatasi estetika bangunan. Penelitian ini mengkaji apa yang dapat merubah struktur tersebut menjadi sebuah pendukung tampilan estetika bangunan. Struktur pada saat ini sudah inovatif dan dapat diandalkan untuk mengangkat citra sebuah desain arsitektur. Struktur bangunan menjadi pembentuk utama model rancangan sekaligus pembentuk pada fasade. Dijelaskan juga masalah yang terjadi pada perancangan bangunan berkaitan dengan struktur utamanya untuk menjadi pola pembentuk fasad bangunan. Beberapa contoh diangkat seperti pada City of Sicence Valencia, Wisma Dharmala Sakti Jakarta dan bangunan penjaga taman di Jepang. Kesimpulannya bahwa struktur juga dapat terlihat estetis dengan adanya sentuhan pola bentuk pada fasad bangunan, hal ini memberi karakter pada rancangan bangunan. Kata Kunci: Struktur bangunan, estetika bentuk, fasad bangunan
The structure serves to distribute the building's load generated by the external and internal force. The strength of the structure determine the safety and the comfort of users. It also determines the planning and the design of a building to be efficient and effective. In terms of form and space, the structure became a standard model and monotonous, limiting the aesthetics of the building. This study examines the change of the structure to support the aesthetic appearance of a building. Structure at this point has been an innovative and a reliable way to rise the image of an architectural form. The structure forming the building shape and at the same time forming the facade. It is also described the problem that occurs in building design related to the main structure, to be a pattern to form the facades. Some examples are presented; the City of Sicence Valencia, Wisma Dharmala Sakti Jakarta and a building in a park in Japan. It conclude that the structure can performe aesthetically by appliying the design pattern on the facade, this as well gives the character to the building.
Keywords: Structure, aesthetic forms, the building facade
... In general, a limited of awareness of precedents -both international and local -limited the scope of interviewees' expectations and aspirations towards creative cross-disciplinary collaborations. The integration of structural and architectural aspects of buildings [17] was not perceived as a significant issue by most interviewees. Participating structural engineers in particular had difficulties to conceive their work as a creative contribution to, and potentially a significant co-authorship in, architectural design processes. ...
This paper presents a broad initial overview of creative cross-disciplinary collaborations between architects and structural engineers in the context of architectural design in China. Based on a series of in depth interviews, it discusses potentials of and challenges for cross-disciplinary creativity in typical forms of architectural practice, including Local Design Institutes, international firms operating branch offices in China, and local independent architectural practices. China's cultural history as well as a strong emphasis on speed and economy in recent decades have established an environment in which creativity in cross-disciplinary collaboration is limited by professional culture, linearization and segmentation of design processes as well as lack of awareness of relevant design precedents. While exceptions can be identified, all forms of architectural design practice are experiencing similar challenges. The paper concludes that in order to address these challenges and encourage creativity in cross-disciplinary collaborative designing involving architects and structural engineers, changes in the organization of practice, in education and professional culture will be required.
... [p. 125] From the other side of the disciplinary divide, architects have long endeavoured to productively integrate structure into architectural design, as Andrew Charleson's book "Structure as architecture" [7] and many similar others illustrate. These structurallyoriented approaches to architectural design are driven by the ambition to create built space with a quality that transcends diverging disciplinary viewpoints and values. ...
While laying the foundations for an understanding of structural design as a potentially higher form of achievement, this paper argues that Billington's conception of structural art also established it as the work of a heroic creative genius driven solely by engineering values. By clearly distinguishing structural art from the domain of architectural achievement, the concept contributes to a separation of the two disciplines, and offers little support to those seeking to establish cross-disciplinary collaborative approaches to structural designing. With the criteria defining works of structural art primarily employed to describe completed works of art retrospectively, new questions to be considered may be what kind of design processes will lead to structural art? Do desirable types of design processes necessarily exclude other disciplines? This paper argues that responding to these contemporary challenges may bring about new interpretations of structural art and draw more attention to efforts directed at bridging diverging values already early on in discipline specific education.
... They are threedimensional, spatial structures where the increased stiffness of the folded form enhances load-bearing capabilities (Lynn, 2004). Thus, folding functioned as a tectonic driver for architectural forms (Charleson, 2005). ...
This paper discusses the potential of emerging digital fabrication techniques to produce material-efficient thin folded concrete structures. Although in the 50s and 60s folded structures provided a common optimal solution for spanning large distances without additional vertical supports, today, the number of these projects decreased significantly due to their complicated formworks and labour-intensive realization. Digital fabrication methods for concrete hold the promise to efficiently produce intricate folded mass-customized shapes with enhanced load-bearing capacity. This paper focuses on a robotic slip-forming process, Smart Dynamic Casting (SDC), to produce various thin-walled folded concrete elements with the same formwork providing smooth surface finish and gradual variations along the height. An empirical research methodology was applied to evaluate the fabrication feasibility of digitally designed thin folded geometries with one-to-one scale prototypes. Despite the discovered design limitations due to fabrication and material constraints, the exploration led to a new promising research direction, termed `Digital Casting'.
... Aesthetics is the regular complexity and integrated fluidity. Finally, Andrew [13] emphasized that factors such as modulation, depth and texture, and design of details can become a tool for developing the sense of aesthetics. ...
The role of structure has been always considered essential in understanding the architecture. In the historical buildings of Iran, the function of structural elements follows the general form of the building. In this study, the modern structural analysis of historical building aimed at discovering the deep knowledge of experienced and skilled constructors in their works, developing the modern structural theories, and establishing modern solutions for strengthening of structural elements. Taj-Ol-Molk Dome was used as the case study that it is entitled to “the most beautiful dome”. In this study, the qualitative and interpretive method was used to explore the role of aesthetics in Iranian domes. In the structural analysis based on structural simulation, the total displacement was less than 0.0002 at the maximum mode. In addition, the Von-Mises stress at the joint bearing surfaces was 2.3 × 10⁶–3.5 × 10⁶ which was less than the yield stress of the materials. Based on Mohr–Coulomb theory, the entire structure is below the standard risk level. A variety of brickwork styles were used based on mathematical calculations to reduce applied forces to the building. The form of Taj-Ol-Molk Dome is completely in harmony with the catenary curve form. The structural patterns lead to the bearing stress as completely compressive and without tensile and bending stress. Based on the findings, the golden ratio in the façade of building coordinated the cross section and dome-span. Finally, the structural features of the dome and the principles of structural aesthetic vision of the building are explained.
... Viollet-Le-Duc also believed that the beauty of the Gothic churches was due to the fact that even its columns express its structural purpose, and from the perspective that the structures and components of the Gothic architecture are adaptable to the structural architecture of the industrial revolution, they sought to have complex and elegant Gothic architecture (Ibid). Le-Duc's beliefs about structure as a "formative" were effectively and conclusively sought by Nervi in the 1950s (Charleson, 2005). About the necessity ...
Particular attention to the relationship between architecture and nature, especially in the past three decades, has flourished a very distinctive accomplishments, and yet more useful than the past, in terms of the emergence of new architectural approaches as well as the coordination of new technologies, such as nanotechnology. Structure, as one of the essential components of architecture, is of particular importance. Different and sometimes contradictory approaches to designing structure and architecture, “with” each other or “on” each other, may create different qualities and affect the value of architecture and structure. Relying on the fact that the dialogue between the architect and the designer of the structure is one of the necessities of creating an architectural work, this paper puts a substantial emphasis on the learning of structural sciences by the architects and their mastery in the recognition of structural principles. Furthermore, with a critical look at the adherence of architecture to structure and the key role of naturalism the paper seeks out the origins of this problem in the method of structure training for architects. The pathology of failure to realize the use of nature strategies for the harmony of architecture and structure in the current architecture of Iran is the main research question in this study. This research has been based on three pillars of analysis, assessment and evaluation. In the first step, using a causal-comparative research methodology, the challenges of naturalism in architectural techniques after the industrial revolution are addressed and the position of structure in the naturalistic approach of these styles is evaluated. In the second step, applying interpretive-historical research method, the critics of architecture under discussion are addressed and the achievements of nature in architecture and in particular structure in academic arena are then pointed out. The survey and analysis with the help of SPSS software is the last instrument used for assessment and evaluation in this research. It should be noted that in this survey, the structural and experimental knowledge of the architect in forms, structures and natural structures were considered as the independent variables, whereas the design skills of architect in the harmony of architecture and structure using more naturalist strategies were considered as the dependent variable.Comparison of previous research with the survey indicates that the failure of Iran’s current architecture for the harmony with structure and better exploitation of nature is due to the incorrect reception of the Iranian public architecture in this area, which is often formed in the area of education. Finally, this research accentuates on the purposeful change in teaching method of technical courses to improve the understanding of the behavior and structures by architects. Suggestions to improve such an important phenomenon in professional workspace are also presented.
... Detail also expresses the process of being, shows a holistic structure construction system, and conveys messages from the architect. Other than that, detail is the embryo of buildings or architecture (Charleson, 2005;Schmid, 2004). It plays an integral role in architectural design to generate solutions for buildings and development in architectural practice. ...
... Telling about structural designs from their architectural exposure as a design value was another approach in the literature by Charleson. In his opening in the book [23], he wrote that "This book therefore seeks to change a view of structure, common among architectural students at least, as a purely technical component of architecture, and at worst, a necessary evil". And, he continued by that "As designers, we need to ask ourselves how structure might assist us to add aesthetic and functional value to our design work, thereby enriching it". ...
Architecture is an interdisciplinary area itself; a world of design, materials, textures, history, culture, art, technology, construction, visualisation, economics, management and so on. As it consists of many diverse knowledge-areas, the curriculum of architecture is often too loaded with different types of modules. Some modules are delivered only thematically, while some are introductory in order to prepare students to the next core modules. This paper focuses on the content development of the module of Introduction to Architecture and Building Construction, which is delivered to the fresher year of the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design in their spring semestre. The module is required to complete in the four-year curriculum and is formed of two theoretical hours and two practical hours in a week. In accordance with the title as well as the structure of the module, the content was developed in two-folds. The number of the students registered for the module was 24. For the part of Introduction to Architecture, each student was assigned a well-known architect to study, which aimed to make students familiar with the names, their career path, their design approach and building characteristics, the history of movements they followed, their strands in interior design and product design. For the part of Introduction to Building Construction, it was aimed to make the students familiar with the world renowned designs as well as materials and construction technology they used. Using the series of videos explaining the design and construction process of some of the selected buildings in the lectures and the follow-up discussions formed the latter part of the module. Accordingly, the paper explains how the module content was developed, why the rationales were behind and what was aimed to achieve by this kind of structure and content.
... Although the structural morphology includes geometric morphology, it is essentially a "mechanical form", that is the combination of form and force, which is derived from the equilibrium shape and force flow, or the form resistance. Therefore, to reconstruct the texture of the shell structure, the key premise is the relationship between force and shape [1]. ...
... An older division technique − the theory of categories, formed already in Aristotel's Organon, comprises 12 points; in addition to 1) the introductory one (which is distinctly intuitive, subjective or a matter of the first impression) and 12) the concluding one (which comparatively marks the meaning of created space), also ten ana- lytical ones. 9 For the needs of architecture, they can be simplified and defined as: 2) con- text, 3) identity, 4) function, 5) composition, 6) experience, 7) position, 8) experience in movement, 9) measure, 10) connection into a whole and 11) texture and colour. We can no- tice that safety and structure design, except within "function" (usefulness) and perhaps "connection into a whole", is not dealt with separately. ...
The paper deals with the assessment of earthquake architecture in the sense of
the overlapping requirements of modern earthquake engineering and modern
architecture, which can use structural logic as an architectural expression. The
so-called earthquake architecture has arisen as a consequence of a special approach
to architectural design, which draws its inspiration from earthquake
engineering and where the elements or measures of earthquake-engineering
technology are articulated as special elements of architectural expression.
TASARIM+KURAM 10.14744/tasarimkuram.2021.48303 --------
Extended Abstract
All beings, living or non-living, maintain their physical integrity through their structural system. Space as an architectural creation, is made possible by the existence of the structure. Thus, the architectural fabric can remain stable and resist forces. It is not possible to construct a building without the structure. Especially since the 20th century, the structure has begun to be considered as an element that enriches the design by getting rid of its function that keeps the building performs it. Thus, with the developments in building construction methods and materials, structure has strengthened its role as an effective design element in architecture.
Columns are structural elements that transfer the loads acting on the structure vertically within the structure. In this study, it was desired to question the effect and contribution of the column, which has an important structural role, to the architecture beyond being a carrier. In this context, the development of the concept of structure and its relationship with architecture are examined, and the formation of space, form and meaning as three important elements in architecture are discussed in terms of its relationship with the role of the column in architectural design. Within the scope of the study, 12 buildings were selected, in which the column was used as a design element, and the columns were used in architectural design; their contributions at functional, spatial, formal and semantic levels were evaluated.
In the examples where the relationship of the column with the function is discussed, the tasks they undertake in the architectural space are interpreted within the scope of the purpose of use of the space. Limiting, separating, grouping and defining the areas in the space are found as some of these tasks. With the evaluation of the examples, it has been seen that columns can create a space within the space with their order and the way they come together. Another important finding is that columns have become able to contain space. The massive nature of the column has transformed with technological
developments, having a void, and become permeable. In this manner, columns were designed and constructed as elements that conjunct the areas by taking on roles to define the space. With the aim to understand the effect of the columns in the production of form, the examples where columns are used in architectural design in the production of form are examined. Evaluating the examples, it has been seen that the columns can shape the structure not only functionally, but also with the effects arising from the context. In this context, it was determined that the form of the columns also changed over time. With the recent capabilities, columns can be arranged with void, angled or segmented. Developments in the carrier properties of the column with technological abilities, supported to create new
construction forms. It is also found that, the order of the spatial elements in which the column comes together, determines the
form. In the examples where the relationship with meaning is discussed, the semantic situations that emerge with the way the columns come together with the other elements in the structure, existence and coexistence are interpreted. Due to the subjective and variable nature of the meaning, the interpretations of the selected building’s architects and the relevant researchers were taken into consideration in the selected examples. Thus, the interpretations were compared and the semantic states produced by the columns in the structures were revealed. In this context, it has been seen that the forms of the columns, as well as the additions and voids in their physical integrity, have an effect on the meaning. Furthermore, it is seen that effects of light and shadow interacting with the columns, the form features (color, texture, material, geometry, etc.) also change the formation of meaning. The column is become an instrument in associating the architectural structure with its context and
function and supports the meanings to be formed in this direction.
The obtained results reveal that the column can be used as a part of the architectural design and used as an effective design element to create the space, meaning and form. Consequently, it has been seen that the column goes beyond being a carrier element, and is used as a design element in architecture, and even becomes the focal point of the design. An important point that needed to be emphasized considering the findings is the contribution of structural systems to
architecture would be raise by diversifying thanks to the engineering knowledge, production, and construction methods developed. In particular, the collective efforts of architects and designers, together with experts in the field of engineering, will support developments in the impact of structural elements on architecture.
Contemporary architectural structure characterized by some features that have a similarity with the structures of the past periods, one of these features is Iteration. The sources of this concept, its strategies, and its generated system differed from contemporary to traditional architecture in previous studies, especially between the building structure and its skin. One of these strategies called Nature simulation or" Biotic Structures". The research problem stipulated the" The need to clarify the relationship of Iteration system within nature simulation strategy between architectural form and its structure". To solve the problem, three steps were conducted,-after identifying the definition of Iteration and Iteration systems and critique of previse studies: First, Establish a theoretical framework about Iteration systems indicators within this strategy ,second , investigating the nature of relationship levels of these systems between the outer skin and the structure created through an practical study on selected samples that fall into three different functional types, and third: analyze the results and determine the conclusions. 1. Introduction The research has been focused on what we called as"Bio structure in contemporary Architecture". Which is formed by many effects such as (the human environment factors and physical environment factors), when these factors are complement each other they effect on this structure so make it a structure in harmony with nature .These structures are making use of the organism from its apparent or mechanical specialization, all this to produce an efficient structure with consistency of parts. These structures created a strategy that based on rules which control of structure. The research has included three parts to understand this structure: The first, included the concept of architectural structure, its function, types and the studies that explained the architectural structure, where included recitation systems to determine the problem of research. The second has explained the concept of system and repetition then is explained the definition of iterative system and its specialization and also it's provide the most important strategies that taken from nature. Where the third is included a practical study and this study is provided for different functional patterns and also provide the importance results and strategies.
The integration of structure and architecture is gaining increasingly more attention with the development of building materials and construction techniques. It is in this context that the concept of "Strong Structures" was born in the modern Swiss architectural discourse to explore the balance between technology and art in structural design. "Strong" stands for multiplicity and transcendence， with the intention of allowing the structure to go beyond its load-bearing property while at the same time fundamentally shaping the form and space. This paper clarifies the concept of "Strong Structures"， the exploration and cooperation between the structural engineer and architects， and the comparison between the material and spatial representation of two building cases， attempts to provide a different perspective for the current structural and architectural design in China.
Contemporary architectural structure characterized by some features that have a similarity with the structures of the past periods, one of these features is Iteration. The sources of this concept, its strategies, and its generated system differed from contemporary to traditional architecture in previous studies, especially between the building structure and its skin. One of these strategies called Nature simulation or” Biotic Structures”. The research problem stipulated the” The need to clarify the relationship of Iteration system within nature simulation strategy between architectural form and its structure”. To solve the problem, three steps were conducted, - after identifying the definition of Iteration and Iteration systems and critique of previse studies -: First, Establish a theoretical framework about Iteration systems indicators within this strategy, second, investigating the nature of relationship levels of these systems between the outer skin and the structure created through an practical study on selected samples that fall into three different functional types, and third: analyze the results and determine the conclusions.
Deflections tend to have more significance in modern structures, especially those that are either taller, longer, or have wider spans than earlier designs. It is also necessary to provide desirable distributions of internal forces in order to achieve effective, efficient and elegant structures.
This book presents four structural concepts relating to deflections and internal forces in structures, and demonstrates a number of routes and physical measures together with their implementation for creating desirable distributions of internal forces and for designing structures against deflection. Hand calculation examples, with and without using the implementation measures, are provided to quantify the effectiveness and efficiency of the structural concepts. Practical examples, including several well-known structures, are considered qualitatively to illustrate the practical implementation of the structural concepts and show their structural rationale.
The book is especially suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying civil engineering or architecture, and should enhance the holistic comprehension of structural engineers and architects.
برز مفهوم التكرار في بعض الطروحات المعمارية كآلية تصميمية تهدف أما إلى إخفاء المتكرر عن إدراك المتلقي، أو زيادة التأكيد على العناصر المتكررة، مما دفع إلى طرح تساؤل حول خواص التكرار التي تُحول الشيء من الإبتعاد عن الإنتباه إلى جذبه، وبالتالي ظهور المشكلة البحثية المتمثلة بـ "عدم وجود تصور واضح عن التكرار كآلية تدفع بالشكل المعماري إلى الإختفاء أو الظهور في إدراك المتلقي"، وتحدد منهج البحث بأربع مراحل؛ أولها التعريف بمفاهيم البحث الرئيسية المتمثلة بـ (التكرار، الإظهار، والإخفاء)، وثانيها بيان الطروحات والمشاريع المعمارية التي ناقشت العلاقة بين المفاهيم الثلاثة بهدف الوصول إلى فهمٍ لأبعاد هذه الآلية والعوامل التي تدفعها للإتجاه نحو الإختفاء أو الظهور، وقد تم تحليل المعرفة التي تم التطرق لها في المرحلة الثالثة إلى عدد من العوامل الرئيسية المتمثلة بـ (المسافة، نسبة طول إلى عرض العناصر المتكررة، نوع التكرار، عدد العناصر المتكررة، والفترة الزمنية للإبصار)، وعدد من العوامل العامة المؤثرة على إدراك الأجسام (كالتلوين التمويهي، الإضاءة، والفوضى)، والتي تم إختبار صحتها في المرحلة الرابعة بتطبيقها عملياً على عينتين منتخبتين وفق معايير محددة، ليتم التوصل من ذلك إلى مجموعة من النتائج والإستنتاجات التي تبين خواص التكرار وتساعد المصممم على فهم الآلية وكيفية التعامل معها لدفع الشكل المعماري نحو أحد الطرفين (إختفاء أو ظهور).
Repetition appeared in some architectural studies as a mechanism design aiming at either hiding the repeated item from the consumer, or emphasizing it. That created a query about the nature of repetition and its characteristics that change the item from being invisible to being emphasized. Moreover, the problem of the research emerged as: "the lack of perception of repetition as a mechanism of invisibility that enables the architectural form to either appear or disappear, in the consumer's awareness." The research was divided into four stages, the first of which is introduced meaning of the main terms in the research (which are repetition, visibility and invisibility); The second, presenting the architectural studies that take relationship among those terms to reach an understanding of the technique and its limitations. Acomprehensive analysis of these studies was given in the third part to classify the information presented in them according to distance, the ratio of the length and the width of the repeated items, repetition type, the number of repeated elements, as well as the length of time the consumer is exposed to the item. In addition to that, a number of other general factors were analysed; these factors (like camouflage colouring, lighting, and chaos) affect the perception of objects. These are applied on two selected samples in the fourth part according to certain standards to reach the final results and conclusions to clarify the characteristics of repetition and help the designer to understand it and, thus, achieve invisibility or visibility.
This is a guide to both the basics and the details of tall building design, delving into the rudimentary aspects of design that an architect of a tall office building must consider, as well as looking at the rationale for why and how a building must be built the way it is.
Liberally illustrated with clear, simple black and white illustrations showing how the building structure and details can be built, this book greatly assists the reader in their understanding of the building process for a modern office tower. It breaks down the building into three main components: the structure, the core and the facade, writing about them and illustrating them in a simple-to-understand manner. By focusing on the nuts and bolts of real-life design and construction, it provides a practical guide and desk-reference to any architect or architecture student embarking on a tall building project.
Abstract. Purpose. There are a need to find effective structural systems including shells in today conditions of the development of scientific and technological advances and the growth of social needs. The main requirements imposed on shells or its parts except reliability and the required bearing capacity are an architectural view, aesthetics, ergonomics and high indicators of efficiency. Use of reliable and modern materials to search and designing of the new structural concept is an important issue. Steels, modern concretes with various fillers and composites belong to the materials that meet the stated requirements. The effectiveness of the developed structures depends on the usage of these materials and their conditions of behavior it means that materials need to be under pressure of the forces, which they resistance well this means steel needs to use in stretched or compressed elements and concrete needs to use in compressed. Considering this, the decision to combine the space grid and slabs in an integral space design and further its research to a wide implementation in practice of domestic and foreign construction are relevant and promising direction of building structures. Methodology. Based on theoretical studies of the current state of construction and space steel and concrete composite structures identify the most promising and effective designs. Given the physical and mechanical properties of materials and properties of structural elements offer and develop a new type of space coverings. Findings. Proposed and developed new space structures – steel-concrete grid-cable composite shells with the release of their main advantages and design features. Originality. The new efficient construction shells that appointment for covering large-span buildings and areas. Practical value. Developed steel and concrete composite grid-gable roofs appointment for industrial and civil construction. Applications developed designs for the construction of large-span covering objects provides a significant economic benefit through the efficient use of materials.
Timber Shell: Wood in Building
Oliver Neumann, Jessica Hunter, AnnaLisa Meyboom, Alex Cheng, Thomas Tannert
Abstract
Contemporary design technology has given architects the ability to imagine and visualize complex structures to an extent that is currently beyond our ability to effectively fabricate and build. The described research is intended to mediate between the imagination of the designer and the current modes of construction; this project is part of a larger proposition to use wood as a sustainably sourced material that can be formed, curved and machined to create new digitally produced and tested formations. TimberShell creates prototypes for full-scale timber monocoque structures. Material computation affords us the ability to use the natural bending properties of wood to both bend components into shape and to create a robust load carrying structure once individual wood components are locked in by lamination. The geometry of the shell panel eliminates twisting. The research shows how doubly-curved timber shells that can be applied in either tension or compression. The panels can be used to create and cover spanning structures such as pools, gyms and auditoriums.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jea.v3n2a15
Architects apply their knowledge about the aesthetic effects of architectural elements when organizing three-dimensional architectural environments. In contrast to the extensive number of studies relating design parameters with viewers' evaluative responses, there have been few attempts to understand the impact of specific architectural elements on viewers' visual attention. Using an eye tracker to record participants' eye movements, we investigated the relationship between gaze patterns and the formal properties of architectural elements as viewed by architecture majors and non-majors. The results suggest that (1) majors focus more on three-dimensional architectural elements than do non-majors, who focus more on two-dimensional visual elements, and (2) the aesthetic effects of architectural elements as reflected in a viewers visual attention conform to Gestalt principles of perception. This study significantly adds to the research in this area by (1) extending previous eye-tracking research via a quantitative analysis, (2) expanding the knowledge regarding the aesthetic roles of architectural elements, and (3) establishing grounds for a connection between physiological data and aesthetic principles.
Structures in the nature motivate innovation in architectural and engineering disciplines in termsof aesthetical, functional and structural advantages. Using efficient, lightweight structural forms similar tothose in nature reduces material and energy usage and waste amount. In this sense, it can be clearly seenthat based on learning from nature in relation to meeting gradually increasing and changing requirementsthrough limited resources and creating modern structural designs, biomimicry will provide much morecontribution on architecture and related fields. In this direction, in the study based on comprehensiveliterature research, lots of varying living organisms in the nature have been analyzed in terms of structure;architectural structures developed by inspiring from natural structures have been sampled and influencesof solutions inspired from nature on architectural environment have been focused.
Based on the analysis of the structural performance and the degree of freedom of the form, the synergetic mechanism of double helix structure and shading systems is discussed and established. Thus, combining with architectural parametric design technology, the synergetic mechanism is reflected in the complicated structural forms through computer programs, and the feasibility of synergetic mechanism is demonstrated within the design of China World Business Center.
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to compare the aesthetic responses of three groups (architects, engineers and non‐experts) to a set of non‐conventional structures.
Design/methodology/approach
A group of 150 respondents (divided into three equal sub‐groups of architects, structural engineers, and non‐experts) were selected to participate in the main study, which used 14 different non‐conventional structural systems. The images of these systems were derived from an earlier pilot study. The evaluation tool included 38 semantic items, also derived from the pilot study. Two statistical analyses were applied to the collected data: factor analysis and ANOVA.
Findings
Finds, first, that factor analysis revealed a set of factors identified by all participants as meaningful dimensions, by which they evaluate structural systems. Second, ANOVA revealed differences between the three groups when evaluating different structural systems using the identified factors. Differences between the groups were attributed to their different backgrounds and technical training.
Practical implications
The study argues that understanding the aesthetic experience of architects, engineers and ordinary users of structures is essential. First, it helps the designers to establish the basis for selecting appropriate structural methods and materials in relation to building design. Second, it would also help the designers to better understand the relationship between the structure and architecture in terms of a trade‐off between the technical and aesthetic issues. Third, it helps the designers to better understand how their designed structures are perceived by the public.
Originality/value
This study introduces an alternative approach to the study of the aesthetics of structures, with a focus on non‐conventional structures.
Taking Muping Sports Center as an example, this paper advocates the application of parametric digital technology to the bionic design of building structure. From the perspectives of morphology and structural engineering, it has also elaborated the key elements in practicing the structural bionic morphology based on digital technology in practice.
The paper deals with the assessment of earthquake architecture in the sense of the overlapping requirements of modern earthquake engineering and modern architecture, which can use structural logic as an architectural expression. The so-called earthquake architecture has arisen as a consequence of a special approach to architectural design, which draws its inspiration from earthquake engineering and where the elements or measures of earthquake-engineering technology are articulated as special elements of architectural expression.
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