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Los hongos silvestres comestibles : perspectiva global de su uso e importancia para la poblacion

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... In rural areas, edible mushrooms are important components of the subsistence of peasants and indigenous people (Boa 2005;Kamalebo and De Kesel 2020;López Camacho 2007;Melgarejo et al. 2014;Kaliyaperumal, Kezo and Gunaseelan 2018;Zent 2008). The extensive knowledge of this resource allows people to recognize and differentiate toxic species, ways of consumption, preservation and commercialization (Boa 2005;Kamalebo et al. 2018). ...
... In rural areas, edible mushrooms are important components of the subsistence of peasants and indigenous people (Boa 2005;Kamalebo and De Kesel 2020;López Camacho 2007;Melgarejo et al. 2014;Kaliyaperumal, Kezo and Gunaseelan 2018;Zent 2008). The extensive knowledge of this resource allows people to recognize and differentiate toxic species, ways of consumption, preservation and commercialization (Boa 2005;Kamalebo et al. 2018). Mushroom taxonomy is culturally constructed; people group fungi with common traits together, so they can quickly locate and identify edible mushrooms (Friedberg 1997). ...
... Edible mushrooms are quite nutritious with 27 to 48% of protein, 50-60% of carbohydrates and 2-8% of oils from 10% of their dry weight (Cano and Romero 2016). Since 1999, the Food and agriculture organization -FAO-has included edible fungi into the non-timber-forest products list (Boa 2005). They have promoted their sustainable use to contribute to the rational management of forests in the world, the conservation of their diversity and, to enhance the income and food sovereignty of rural peasants FAO 2000; Martínez-Carrera et al. 2000;Mayett and Martínez-Carrera 2010). ...
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Ecuador is a multicultural and megadiverse country where nearly 50 species of wild edible macrofungi (WEM), used by 12 indigenous peoples, have been reported. The Kichwa use 29 species of mushrooms, but aspects of their ecology are unknown. The aim of this study was to study the richness, use, substrates and fruiting seasons of WEM consumed by two peri-urban Kichwa communities settled in the piedmont between the Andes and the Amazon. Between May 2019 to April 2020, we conducted 56 interviews with adults and 12 walks in the chagras and forests. People recognized 26 fungal names related to 12 species of mushrooms, 11 basidiomycetes and one ascomycete. Three species were the most culturally important : Favolus tenuiculus, Bresodolia paradoxa and Lentinus concavus, defined by their abundance, economic importance and taste. Six mushroom species were newly reported for the Kichwa group and four species added to the list of species in the country. All the fungi were lignicolous; they were found on the trunks of 16 species of plants in the chagras. The plant-trees: P. discolor, Inga edulis and C. alliodora were the most common substrates. These species are abundant in the chagras and frequently used for their wood. Ecological and traditional knowledge related to WEM is important to enhance management practices in situ and ex situ.
... In México, wild mushrooms constitute an important natural resource for indigenous and mestizo rural communities in different regions (Moreno-Fuentes 2014). This relevance has been documented in different parts of the world (Yamin-Pasternak, 2011); where the cultural importance assigned to this particular biological group is based mainly on the anthropocentric categories of food and medicine (Lampman, 2007;Guzmán, 2008), in addition, in some cases, commerce (Boa, 2005;Moreno-Fuentes 2014). It is estimated that more than 300 species of wild mushrooms are used in the country (Garibay-Orijel et al., 2006); more recent approximations report the use of 371 species of edible wild mushrooms and 170 as medicinal ones; the high ethnomycological diversity is directly associated with the high biological diversity of the group; as well as the number of studies carried, placing Mexico as the main country in which ethnomycological research is carried out, after India and Nigeria (Moreno-Fuentes & Garibay-Orijel, 2014). ...
... On the other hand, the commercialization of edible mushrooms has focused on easily cultivated species; restricting the cultivation and commercialization of wild species (Royse, 2014) to local and seasonal markets. Wild species are rarely cultivated outside the traditional system, due to their specific ecological requirements associated with their developmental and reproduction, their mycorrhizal relationships, and environment conditions such as temperature and humidity; as well as seasonality (Boa, 2005;Savoie & Largeteau, 2010). Large-scale commercialization has focused on the production of cultivable saprobic species such as mushrooms (Agaricus campestris), oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) and shitake (Lentinula edodes). ...
... A. mellea dehydrated was packaged in hermetically sealed bags or glass jars, in a 40 g presentation for sale ( Figure 3a) and a local liquor (alcoholic drink) with the peculiar earthy flavor of A. mellea was made (Figure 3b). These two commercialization products promise a potential market within gourmet cuisine (Boa, 2005). On the other hand, the revaluation of traditional gastronomy was promoted with edible wild mushrooms (Dincã & Timiş-Gânsac, 2020), especially with A. mellea. ...
Article
The indigenous and mestizo communities in Mexico have used Armillaria mellea as a non-timber forest resource, mainly as food; ecologically it is an abundant species in forests. For this reason, we establish A. mellea as a species with cultural importance and a high potential for the development of sustainable regional and ethnomycotourism projects. The field work was carried out in the Ñhöñho communities of Texquedó and Xahai, Querétaro; Mexico. Semi-structured surveys were applied to local specialists in collecting mushrooms. Species were identified at the taxonomic level. Participation-action workshops were held for the organization and development of ethnomycotourism events. A total biomass of 107.11 kg of A. mellea was collected with the support of the “hongueros” (local mushroom collectors) during the rainy seasons of 2017, 2018 and 2019. A greenhouse-type solar dehydrator was designed to process the mushrooms with a minimum dehydration capacity of 30 and a maximum of 100 kg of fresh mushrooms; and value-added products were designed with edible wild mushrooms. On the other hand, tours and mushroom collections (edible and inedible) were designed with local specialists, academics and visitors; promoting and laying the foundations for the development of ethnomycotourism with an approximate economic income per year in each community of 700 to 1200 dollars. Finally, as a result of this project, the non-profit civil organization; Ethnomycology, Research and Community Development A.C.
... La reproducción es sexual y asexual por medio de esporas que se producen en la estructura reproductora del hongo. Son heterótrofos, pues dependen de materia orgánica en descomposición o de otros organismos para su supervivencia(Boa, 2005;Ceballos et al., 2009).De acuerdo con su hábito de crecimiento, se clasifican en saprobios, simbióticos y parásitos, en orden de mención, son aquellos que crecen sobre materia orgánica muerta, aquellos que establecen asociaciones benéficas y los que crecen parasitando o dañando a otros organismos(Abud et al., 2008). Una de las asociaciones simbióticas más amplias a nivel mundial son las micorrizas con alrededor del 95% de las plantas existentes en la tierra. ...
... Una de las asociaciones simbióticas más amplias a nivel mundial son las micorrizas con alrededor del 95% de las plantas existentes en la tierra. Esta interacción permite el intercambio y absorción de nutrientes, la protección contra patógenos y una mayor tolerancia de las plantas a factores de estrés(Boa, 2005;Ángeles Argáiz et al., 2019). Autores comoPérez-Moreno et al. (2021), retoman la importancia de los hongos micorrízicos comestibles en el aspecto ecológico y señalan que es un recurso genético sumamente importante que debe tomar mayor relevancia en las estrategias de desarrollo sostenible a nivel mundial para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas. ...
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El Nevado de Toluca posee características fisiográficas que le confieren una biodiversidad importante dentro de su ecosistema. El aprovechamiento de sus recursos, como los hongos comestibles silvestres, se realizan de manera local, aunque también están presentes las actividades de tala y el cambio del uso de suelo con elevados impactos erosivos. Esta modificación del ecosistema supone un desequilibrio para el óptimo funcionamiento del ecosistema y la permanencia de las especies que los habitan. El objetivo del presente capítulo fue evaluar la evolución histórica del clima en el Nevado de Toluca y conocer la diversidad de los hongos silvestres de importancia alimenticia para las comunidades recolectoras.
... Según su forma de vida, Los resultados muestran que en el Estado de México se distribuyen 252 especies fúngicas comestibles, cifra que lo ubica como una región de alta riqueza. De acuerdo con Boa (2004), 191 especies son consumidas de manera local y 61 especies presentan potencial para ser consumidas. El registro de esta cantidad de especies ubica a la región como una de las más importantes a nivel mundial e incluso comparable con países como Rusia con 205, Bulgaria con 115, República del Congo con 104 y Estados Unidos con 73 (Boa, 2004). ...
... De acuerdo con Boa (2004), 191 especies son consumidas de manera local y 61 especies presentan potencial para ser consumidas. El registro de esta cantidad de especies ubica a la región como una de las más importantes a nivel mundial e incluso comparable con países como Rusia con 205, Bulgaria con 115, República del Congo con 104 y Estados Unidos con 73 (Boa, 2004). ...
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URI: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/140876 En el presente trabajo se describió el conocimiento micológico tradicional de las comunidades del “Santuario el Agua Presa Corral de Piedra”, parque estatal del Estado de México, con el objetivo de elaborar un listado de los taxones fúngicos utilizados por estas comunidades e identificar cuáles son de mayor importancia cultural. Para la realización de este estudio se emplearon técnicas etnográficas tal como la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a diversos Sistemas Rurales Familiares (SRF) empleando el método de Bola de Nieve. Posteriormente, se realizaron Matrices de Redes Semánticas Naturales para calcular la importancia cultural de los taxones. Los taxones con mayor importancia cultural para el Santuario el Agua, Presa Corral de Piedra, fueron: Lyophyllum sp., Agaricus sp., Amanita sp., Helvella aff. jocatoi, H. aff. crispa, H. aff. sulcata, Turbinellus floccosus y Ramaria spp.; los hongos con mayor frecuencia de mención fueron: Lyophyllum sp., Agaricus sp., Helvella aff. jocatoi, Turbinellus floccosus, Lactarius deliciosus, Amanita del complejo caesarea, Boletus sp. y Morchella sp. Se determinaron 39 especies con uso comestible en San Mateo Almomoloa y 40 en Los Saucos., Burrola-Aguilar et al. (2012) registro 56 especies para Amanalco. Por consiguiente, el Santuario del Agua presa Corral de Piedra, presenta 76 especies silvestres comestibles, lo que es equivalente al 20.5% de las 371 especies comestibles del país. Se encontraron 2 categorías antropocéntricas para cada localidad, para “Los Saucos”, fueron la alimenticia y la medicinal, donde la medicinal incluye una sola especie de hongo: Tricholoma sp. “hongo de rayo”; para “San Mateo Almomoloa”, fueron la alimenticia y la insecticida (“hongo rojo”). Para las dos comunidades la categoría antropocéntrica más importante fue la alimenticia, está es tan importante, que la población ha desarrollado técnicas de deshidratación de algunos hongos con el fin de preservarlos y consumirlos posteriormente, tal como: Morchella sp., Helvella aff. jocatoi, H. aff. crispa y H. aff. sulcata. En “Los Saucos”, el padre, es el principal en transmitir las enseñanzas o experiencias, al contrario de “San Mateo Almomoloa”, el padre y abuelos son los que enseñan en la identificación de hongos comestibles y hongos tóxicos. Por lo tanto, las dos localidades se consideran zonas con potencial en recursos fúngicos y conocimiento micológico tradicional. Por último, es destacable que los informantes mencionan que el conocimiento de los hongos se está perdiendo, debido a que se están quedando sin bosque por el incremento de la tala (perturbación de los ecosistemas forestales).
... Scleroderma texense causes gastrointestinal poisoning following Guzmán (1977), , Guzmán-Dávalos and Guzmán (1985) and others (e.g., Chanona-Gómez, 2014). However, it is an edible mushroom together with S. citrinum in Nepal according to Boa (2005), along with other species in other countries, such as S. citrinum in Bulgaria, S. bovista and S. polyrhizum in Hong Kong, S. radicans and S. verrucosum in India, Scleroderma sp. in Indonesia, S. citrinum in Kyrgyzstan, and S. aurantiacum in Ukraine (Boa, 2005). Other species of Scleroderma have been reported to provoke intoxications, specifically S. albidum caused muscarinic effects in a 66 year-old Japanese man (Sato et al., 2019). ...
... Scleroderma texense causes gastrointestinal poisoning following Guzmán (1977), , Guzmán-Dávalos and Guzmán (1985) and others (e.g., Chanona-Gómez, 2014). However, it is an edible mushroom together with S. citrinum in Nepal according to Boa (2005), along with other species in other countries, such as S. citrinum in Bulgaria, S. bovista and S. polyrhizum in Hong Kong, S. radicans and S. verrucosum in India, Scleroderma sp. in Indonesia, S. citrinum in Kyrgyzstan, and S. aurantiacum in Ukraine (Boa, 2005). Other species of Scleroderma have been reported to provoke intoxications, specifically S. albidum caused muscarinic effects in a 66 year-old Japanese man (Sato et al., 2019). ...
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Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning. Therefore, studies to obtain data about their toxicity are needed. For this purpose, we used the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, a crustacean employed in toxicity tests and with wide application in the toxin detection, including mycotoxins. Mushrooms were collected in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, with which aqueous extracts were prepared. Dilutions of the stock solution of each extract were made to final concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Potassium dichromate (PD) was used as positive control and artificial seawater as negative control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts on nauplii of A. franciscana was calculated. The aqueous extracts obtained from Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Leucopaxillus amarus showed a LD50 < 70 µg/mL, similar to PD (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). This is the first indication of the probable toxicity of Leucopaxillus amarus in humans. Cantharellus cibarius and Scleroderma texense caused the lower toxicity to the nauplii. The brine shrimp bioassay was effective in evaluating the toxicity of Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense has been reported to be toxic, but it was not for this crustacean nauplii, and probably not to humans either, as recent literature has reported.
... El recurso micológico genera ingresos económicos y alimenticios, por lo que es consumido por los habitantes de zonas cercanas a los bosques, pero esto puede exponer al recurso a problemas debido al desmesurado crecimiento de la población y por obvia razón se provoca la disminución de los recursos naturales en los ecosistemas. Por otro lado, este recurso fúngico produce adicionalmente otros beneficios como los servicios ambientales de protección de suelos, retención de agua, principios activos y la conservación de la biodiversidad (Boa, 2005). ...
... Los hongos desempeñan un papel importante en el equilibrio ecológico de la naturaleza, colaborando en la descomposición de la materia orgánica en los bosques (Boa, 2005), y en las relaciones micorrízicas que establecen con algunas plantas. En este caso, la mayor parte de las especies de hongos identificadas en las micorrizas pertenecen al Phylum Basidiomycota, mientras que en casos más excepcionales se observan integrantes de Ascomycota (Álvarez y Naranjo, 2003). ...
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La Agenda de desarrollo al 2030, aprobada en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidades en 2015, estableció 17 objetivos para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible (ODS) que abarcan aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales. Representan un llamado universal a la adopción de medidas y políticas para poner fin a la pobreza, frenar la degradación ambiental en el planeta y garantizar que todas las personas gocen de paz y bienestar. Los ODS incluyen prioridades tan diversas como las acciones para frenar el cambio climático, la disminución de la desigualdad económica, el fomento a la innovación y al consumo sostenible, o el mantenimiento de la paz y la justicia, entre otras. La biodiversidad, sin embargo, representa la base de todos los beneficios que las sociedades humanas obtenemos de la naturaleza. El concepto de servicios ecosistémicos surgió ante la necesidad de hacer conciencia y reconocer la importancia crucial de estos beneficios, como una estrategia para contrarrestar el impacto tan negativo sobre el ambiente que tiene nuestro modo de consumo moderno de recursos naturales. De una u otra manera, todos los ODS tienen alguna relación con la biodiversidad y con los servicios ecosistémicos, por lo que resulta de gran relevancia comprender y discutir la naturaleza y el valor de estos vínculos. Ese es el objetivo fundamental de esta obra, de carácter multi e interdisciplinario, que compila las valiosas aportaciones en el campo de especialización de cada autor, expuestas durante el seminario “Biodiversidad, Servicios Ecosistémicos y los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible en México”. La experiencia resultó un intercambio académico enriquecedor que fortaleció los vínculos entre investigadores y estudiantes de diferentes universidades y organizaciones no gubernamentales en México. Esperamos que este libro sirva como una invitación a la reflexión sobre posibles estrategias en favor del conocimiento y la conservación de la biodiversidad y todos aquellos beneficios que obtenemos de la naturaleza, como elementos clave en el camino hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos para el desarrollo sostenible hacia un futuro con condiciones sociales y ambientales más prósperas, con miras al 2030 y más allá.
... Lyophyllum shimeji naturally forms ectomycorrhizae and has been cultivated in synthetic media. This achievement is credited to the mycelium's capacity for rapid growth in various media, such as potato dextrose agar (PDA) [15][16][17][18]. The classification of this genus and the cultivation techniques, particularly Diversity 2024, 16, 210 2 of 13 for L. shimeji, have been thoroughly investigated in countries such as Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, and Italy [19]. ...
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Two novel species of Lyophyllum are proposed based on morphological and phylogenetic investigations. Lyophyllum bulborhizum sp. nov. has abundant black scales on the surface, is a dry, dark grey at the center, grey at the margin, has a clear bulbous stipe base, and has a narrowly cylindrical or narrowly clavate pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. Lyophyllum nigrum sp. nov. is tufted and has a dark grey pileus and subclavate, a greyish green-to-olive stipe, and a narrowly cylindrical or narrowly clavate pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. In addition, L. rhombisporum is described with morphology and phylogeny and compared with the type species. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences strongly support the two new species to be unique in the genus Lyophyllum. Full descriptions, colour photos, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses results of the two new taxa and the known taxon are presented in this study.
... Fungi have played a key role in the history of humanity (Webster & Weber, 2007). Prominently, they are used as food; more than 2,100 species are consumed worldwide (Boa, 2005). Edible mushrooms provide highly nutritious nourishment contributing to food security, and complementary income for mushroom sellers (Pérez-Moreno et al., 2021). ...
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This work analyzes the safe consumption of wild mushrooms in Mexico, addresses the mushroom poisoning phenomenon, and discusses the role of communication and environmental education to prevent them. We documented that most mushroom poisonings happen in mestizo and transculturized indigenous communities. We constructed the online 'Digital repository of edible and toxic mushrooms of Mexico. ' The repository contains: updated full listings of edible and toxic mushrooms, info-graphics of the most important species, a photograph catalogue, and information and treatment protocols for physicians. The website is a dynamic space consisting of educational information for health care specialists, mycologists, and society in general.
... Due to the large number and variety of enzymes that fungi can synthesize, they degrade a variety of simple and complex compounds where they take advantage of them as an energy source (Walker and White 2017). Boa (2005) Nutritional requirements act dynamically according to their nutritional environment and can make physiological and morphological changes depending on the availability of certain nutrients (Walker and White 2017). Physiologically, when nitrogen or carbon sources are scarce, some fungi degrade their cellular components (autophagy) using enzymes or autophagosomes (Alexopoulos et al. 1996). ...
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Chihuahua (México) has a forest area of 30%, with plant communities dominated by pine and oak species, which are economically exploited for their timber quality. Almost 500 species of macroscopic fungi grow in these areas, which are ecologically important for maintain a healthy ecosystem due to its symbiotic, parasitic, or saprophytic relationships with other organism and abiotic components. These are also an important non-timber resource for local communities because some macromycetes are considered edible for its nutritious value or alleged medicinal properties. Currently, studies on nutritional analysis, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial capacity has generated useful and beneficial knowledge to promote its widely consumption and potential benefits on health and diet. The present study aims to identify the species of macromycetes fungi from temperate forests in the state of Chihuahua and relate it to relevant information regarding the nutritional and functional properties that allow its consumption and use.
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