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A scientific note on oxalic acid by topical application for the control of varroosis

Authors:
Franco Mutinelli at Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie
Franco Mutinelli
A. Baggio
A. Baggio
A. Baggio
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Francesca Capolongo at University of Padua
Francesca Capolongo
Roberto Piro at Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie
Roberto Piro
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Scientific
note
A
scientific
note
on
oxalic
acid
by
topical
application
for
the
control
of
varroosis
F
Mutinelli
A
Baggio
F
Capolongo
R Piro
L
Prandin
L
Biasion
1
Istituto
Zooprofilattico
Sperimentale
delle
Venezie,
via
Romea
14/A,
I -
35020
Legnaro
(PD);
2
Istituto
di
Patologia
e
Igiene
Veterinaria,
Facoltà
di
Medicina
Veterinaria,
Università
di
Padova,
Agripolis,
I-35020
Legnaro
(PD),
Italy
(Received
9
June
1997;
accepted
7
October
1997)
oxalic
acid
/
varroosis
/ honeybee
/
honey
/
residues
Tests
on
the
use
of
oxalic
acid
for
controlling
varroosis
(Takeuchi
et
al,
1983;
Zjuman,
1987;
Radetzki
et
al,
1994;
Nanetti
et
al,
1995;
Imdorf
et
al,
1997)
have
given
very
good
results
either
in
terms
of
efficacy
(23.8-90.3%;
95%;
97.29%;
98%
and
99.5%,
respectively)
or
tolerability
by
bees.
In
these
previous
investigations
bees
were
sprayed
with
2-3%
oxalic
acid
water
solution
(3-5
mL
per
each
comb
side)
during
a
broodless
period.
It
was
our
aim
to
evaluate
the
activity
of
5%
(w/v)
oxalic
acid
in
a
water-sugar
solution
by
topical
application
on
the
bees.
We
also
planned
to
verify
the
possible
effect
of
these
treatments
on
the
oxalic
acid
content
of
honey.
The
trial
was
carried
out
on
15
Dadant-Blatt
hives
with
an
’anti-Varroa’
tray
and
five
or
six
combs
occupied
by
bees.
The
hives
were
located
in
the
province
of
Padova
(northeastern
Italy).
Five
hives
treated
with
20%
water-sugar
solution
were
used
as
control.
The
solution
used
for
the
topical
treatment
had
the
following
composition:
5%
(w/v)
oxalic
acid
(70
g
dihydrate
oxalic
acid,
Prolabo,
No
20
558.296),
sugar
(200
g)
and
distilled
water
to
1000
mL.
The
dosage
was
25-30
mL
per
hive
(5
mL
per
comb
covered
by
bees).
At
the
time
of
administration
it
was
sunny,
10
°C
and
some
bees
were
flying.
The
treatment
was
repeated
weekly
three
times
(30
October,
6
November,
13
November).
Perizin®
(Bayer)
was
used
for
the
control
treat-
ments.
It
was
administered
twice
at
a
12-day
interval
(21
November
and
3
December)
accord-
ing
to
the
producer
instructions.
The
first
con-
trol
treatment
was
carried
out
8
days
after
the
last
administration
of
the
acid.
Bee
mortality
was
determined
using
’under-
basket
traps’
applied
to
each
hive
(Accorti,
1994).
The
mean
efficacy
of
the
three
treatments
with
oxalic
acid
was
95%
(±
7.39%)
(table
I).
At
the
time
of
administration
capped
brood
accounted
for
approximately
3400
cells
per
hive.
A
73.7%
mean
efficacy
was
achieved
after
the
first
oxalic
acid
treatment.
The
results
obtained
in
each
hive
were
homogeneous
except
for
one
hive,
which
accounted
for
a
22.6%
efficacy.
In
the
treated
hives
no
queenlessness
was
recorded
and
bee
mortality
(12.59
bees/day)
did
not
differ
sig-
nificantly
from
that
observed
in
the
control
hives
(12.32
bees/day).
No
behavioural
changes
were
detected
in
bees
at
the
time
of
administration.
In
this
trial
topical
administration
of
oxalic
acid
resulted
in
a
mean
efficacy
slightly
lower
than
the
spray
one
(98.3%
after
only
one
treat-
*
Correspondence
and
reprints
Tel: (39) 49 8084261;
fax: (39) 49 8830277
ment
in
broodless
period)
(Nanetti
et
al,
1995),
but
it
is
surely
easier
and
faster
to
apply,
even
though
at
least
two
administrations
are
required
when
brood
is
still
present.
Oxalic
acid
has
been
determined
as
oxalate
using
a
commercially
available
kit
(Oxalate
SIGMA
Diagnostics
kit,
Cat
No
591-D)
adapted
to
honey
(detection
level
≥
3 ppm).
The
content
of
oxalic
acid
in
honey
taken
from
the
nest
of
treated
hives
did
not
change
during
the
trial
(pre-
treatment
oxalic
acid
content:
239.79
±
61.72
ppm).
The
difference
between
pre-
and
post-treatment
content
was
not
significant
(two-
tailed
t-test;
t
= 0.461,
ns)
(table
I).
This
shows
that
the
possible
increase
in
the
natural
content
of
this
organic
acid
in
honey
(Kary,
1987)
can
be
avoided,
when
the
protocol
described
above
is
followed.
From
the
toxicological
standpoint
it
is
advis-
able
to
avoid
ingestion,
inhalation
as
well
as
any
skin
or
mucosal
contact
with
oxalic acid
wearing
protective
glasses
and
gloves
(Reynolds,
1993).
Eine
wissenschaftliche
Notiz
zur
topikalen
Anwendung
von
Oxalsäure
in
der
Behand-
lung
der
Varroose
Note
scientifique
sur
I’application
topique
d’acide
oxalique
dans
le
traitement
de
la
varroose
REFERENCES
Accorti
M
(1994)
Le
api
e
il
monitoraggio
ambientale.
Valutazioni
a
lungo
termine
sulle
gabbie
per
la
rac-
colta delle
api
morte.
Apicoltura
9,
19-29
Imdorf A,
Charriere
JD,
Bachofen
B
(1997)
Efficiency
checking
of
the
Varroa jacobsoni
control
methods
by
means
of oxalic
acid.
Apiacta
32,
89-91
Kary
I
(1987)
Untersuchungen
zur
Rückstandsproble-
matik
in
Bienenhonig
im
Rahmen
der
Varroatose-
bekämpfung.
Dissertation,
Justus-Liebig
Univer-
sität
Giessen,
Deutschland,
1-124
Nanetti
A,
Massi
A,
Mutinelli
F,
Cremasco
S
(1995)
L’acido
ossalico
nel
controllo
della
varroasi:
note
preliminari.
Apitalia
22,
29-32
Radetzki
T,
Reiter M,
von Negelein
B
(1994) Oxalsäure
zur
Varroabekämpfung.
Schweiz
Bienen-Ztg
117,
263-267
Reynolds
JEF
(ed)
( 1993)
Supplementary
drugs
and
other
substances.
In:
Martindale
The
Extra
Phar-
macopoeia,
The
Pharmaceutical
Press,
London
Takeuchi
K,
Sakai
T
(1983)
Control
of
Varroa jacob-
soni
mites
with
oxalic
acid
spray.
Honeybee
Science
4, 113-116
(in
Japanese)
Zyuman
BV,
Kadochnikov
AYu,
Bannikov
AI,
Sha-
rikov
AP
(1987)
Combined
measures
against
Var-
roa jacobsoni
infestation
of
bees.
Veterinariya
(Moscow)
6,
40-43
(in
Russian)
... Veterinary drugs with these organic acids are freely available today [8]. Oxalic acid is not known to have a negative effect on honey bee health, hive development, or behaviour [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Oxalic acid is a natural compound in honey [20] and there is a low risk of accumulation in wax and honey [13,21,22]. ...
... Oxalic acid is not known to have a negative effect on honey bee health, hive development, or behaviour [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Oxalic acid is a natural compound in honey [20] and there is a low risk of accumulation in wax and honey [13,21,22]. There is no known resistance of Varroa destructor to oxalic acid to date [23]. ...
... In some literature sources of the Tun group, the volume of trickled solution was not . Efficacy values and annual median efficacy of "trickling"; References [1,[13][14][15][16]18,19,32,33,[41][42][43][44][45][46][50][51][52][53][54]56,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][66][67][68][70][71][72][73][74][75]77,80,81,84,85,87,89,[91][92][93][94][95][96][97] correspond to the numbered data points. T 1 comprises data over a period from 1998 to 2013, T 2 from 1998 to 2019, T 3 from 1997 to 2017, T 4 from 2001 to 2020, T 5 from 2005 to 2020, T 6 from 2004 to 2020, and T un from 1998 to 2020. ...
Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
Simple Summary Economically, Varroa destructor is the most important parasite to honey bees. There are many ways to deal with it, including pharmaceutical and biotechnological treatments. However, the mite has become resistant to many synthetic pesticides. There is little research on its response to organic acids. This report examines the question of whether it could become resistant to oxalic acid. The review uses literature from the past 30 years, and calculates and reviews the annual median efficacy for different application methods. If an efficacy of 70% or more is achieved, it can be concluded that the organism is not resistant. There is no evidence of resistance development, despite some outliers, which can be explained by the studies. Further tests are required to confirm the results. Abstract As Varroa destructor is one of the most important pathogens of Apis mellifera, there are numerous treatment methods, including pharmaceutical and biotechnological approaches. However, the rapid development of resistance to synthetic acaricides by Varroa destructor has become a significant concern. To date, there have been no investigations into the development of resistance to organic acids. This review examines the potential risk of oxalic acid resistance development by evaluating literature sources from the past 30 years following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Median annual efficacies are calculated and reviewed over time for several application methods. An efficacy higher than 70% is determined as not resistant. Independent of the method of application, no resistance development can be observed, although there are some outliers of the annual median. These outliers can be explained by brood status or study setting. However, the result is limited by the low number of efficacy values, and further standardised studies are needed.
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... Oxalic acid is one of the important organic acids, as it is used in many fields such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical manufacturing, construction and urbanization, and food preparation, as it preserves them from damage and putrefaction, and in the manufacture of fabrics and the removal of dirt, fats, chemical detector and rust remover. [1][2][3][4] Oxalic acid is found in the form of transparent, colorless crystals, soluble in water. It is very toxic if swallowed. ...
... When heated at a temperature of 100 ° C, the crystals lose water, and the formula becomes (COOH)2. [4,5] It is found in many types of vegetables and other plants. It is found abundantly in the form of potassium salt, in the sap of the sorrel plant, and in other plants from the group of wild Sorrel and Rumex plants. ...
Preparation of an Alternative Medium Composed of Wheat Bran to Produce Oxalic Acid from Candida Albicans
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
Oxalic acid is one of the important organic acids that has many uses in the field of medicine, agriculture, industry and others. Our current study aims to produce this acid in a safe, fast and cheap way by adopting microorganisms, especially Candida albicans. C. albicans was isolated from the mouth and from the surrounding environment, and then the isolates were screened for the purpose of obtaining the best productive isolates, then a culture medium was prepared from wheat bran as an alternative medium for laboratory media, and the effect of some factors such as temperature, pH, and salts on the percentage of oxalic acid production was tested. The results showed that the isolates from the mouth were the best in the percentage of oxalic acid production compared to the environmental isolates. pH 6 and the best salt is MgSO4.7H2O. All of the above confirms the high ability of C. albicans to produce oxalic acid. Wheat bran medium can also be adopted as an alternative medium for the production of this acid according to the aforementioned conditions.
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... The autumn OA application was also highly efficacious (92.6 ± 4.4) and comparable to the efficacy obtained in other studies that evaluated the efficacy of OA application in syrup by trickling or spraying (Mutinelli et al. 1997;Akyol and Yeninar 2009). These similar efficacies, despite that in the trickling and spraying method the administration must be repeated, show that the new formulation of OA and glycerin in cellulose strips allows the release of the active ingredient during a longer period than the traditional administration form does, spanning several reproductive mite cycles. ...
Oxalic acid in cellulose strips: towards an efficient and sustainable approach for the control of Varroa destructor
Article
  • Feb 2025
  • APIDOLOGIE
Varroa destructor is the main sanitary problem for honey bee populations worldwide. Current synthetic acaricides used to control the mite’s infestations have drawbacks such as negative effects on bee health, residues in hive products, and mite resistance development. As an alternative, the natural compound oxalic acid (OA) has shown acaricidal properties and commercial products are now available on the market. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of OA and glycerin in cellulose strips for V. destructor control, considering factors like dose, method of administration, colony development stage, and initial mite infestation levels. The research also analyzed OA residues and the main honey quality parameters during the nectar flow period. Field experiments conducted in different seasons suggested that the use of OA and glycerin in cellulose strips is an excellent strategy for V. destructor control. Its efficacy depends on the time of the year it is applied, the dose, and the method of administration. In addition, its use does not affect the quality parameters of the honey. Considering the negative impact of V. destructor on honey bee colonies and the urgent need of alternative control strategies to synthetic acaricides, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that this product is a promising tool for controlling V. destructor.
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... Aún se desconoce su mecanismo de acción contra varroa, sin embargo, su función acaricida se ha atribuido a la sensibilidad de los ácaros al pH ácido (Maggie et al., 2015;Nanetti, 2003). Por tanto, para que el ácido oxálico sea efectivo debe estar en contacto directo con el parásito en la fase forética (Aliano et al., 2006;Mutinelli et al., 1997). ...
Control integrado del ácaro Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata:Varroidae) con ácido oxálico en colmenas de abejas africanizadas en las condiciones tropicales de Costa RicaIntegrated control of the Varroa destructor mite (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) with oxalic acid in Africanized honeybee colonies in the tropical conditions of Costa RicaControle integrado do ácaro Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) com ácido oxálico em colmeias de abelhas africanizadas nas condições tropicais da Costa Rica
Article
  • Dec 2024
The effectiveness of oxalic acid in controlling the Varroa destructor mite was evaluated in the present study. The experiment was conducted in an apiary consisting of 16 Africanized honeybee (AHB) colonies in Atenas, Alajuela. The colonies were divided into four groups to apply the following oxalic acid treatments: 1) trickling method: the solution was applied to the top of the frames with a syringe; 2) towel method: a towel was placed on the frame; 3) impregnated cardboard method: four impregnated strips were used per colony; and 4) control group: no oxalic acid was applied. Treatments were administered in the brood chamber, and observations were made to determine any possible adverse effects. Flumethrin was subsequently administered as a shock treatment for five weeks. The most effective method for controlling Varroa was the towel treatment, which achieved 74.4% effectiveness, while the trickling and cardboard strip methods produced 63.0% and 50.0% effectiveness, respectively. The control group registered a natural mite fall of 34.1%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that oxalic acid demonstrated effectiveness in treating V. destructor in AHB colonies under tropical conditions. When comparing the application methods, the towel method was the most effective, followed by the trickling method, making these approaches viable alternatives in the integrated management of the Varroa mite. The concentrations of oxalic acid used in the study were safe for AHBs, as no evident adverse effects were observed on the colonies.
View
... The final varroacide efficacy in our experimental groups was boosted by the absence of a brood induced by the beekeeping techniques. Similar results in the absence of a brood were obtained by other authors [44,45]. The final acaricidal efficacy in the TC in QC groups was very high in both locations. ...
Integrated Pest Management Strategies to Control Varroa Mites and Their Effect on Viral Loads in Honey Bee Colonies
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
Simple Summary The aim of the study was to evaluate the viral load in honey bee colonies after adopting two brood interruption techniques that are used to control varroa mite. We evaluated the efficacy of two integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, “Queen Caging” (QC) and “Trapping Comb” (TC) procedures, in conjunction with an oxalic acid treatment, to control varroa infestations and consequently lower the viral loads of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV). Two distinct apiaries in Slovenia and Italy, each with a different climate, served as the research sites. In the experiment, the adult bee viral load, mite fall, colony strength, and acaricide efficiency were assessed. The study indicated that the TC approach might be more successful in lowering viral loads. Our results also showed that the acaricidal efficacy of the applied IPM protocols is high. Our study is the first attempt to assess viral infections in honey bees after IPM adoption. The results show the potential advantages of using targeted varroa treatments in combination with brood interruption strategies to manage honey bee viruses vectored by varroa mite. Abstract Honey bee viruses in combination with varroa mite are very damaging for honey bee colonies worldwide. There are no effective methods to control the viral load in honey bee colonies except regular and effective control of mites. Integrated Pest Management strategies are required to effectively control mites with veterinary medicines based on organic compounds. We evaluated the effect of two brood interruption techniques, queen caging (QC) and trapping comb (TC), followed by an oxalic acid treatment, on the mite fall, colony strength, and viral load of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV). In this paper, we report the data obtained in two experimental sites, in Slovenia and Italy, in terms of the varroacide efficacy, colony strength, and viral load. The number of adult bees after the adoption of the two techniques showed similar decreasing trends in both locations. The viral load of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus did not show any significant reduction after 25 days, reported as the number of Real-Time PCR cycles needed to detect the virus. The viral load of DWV also did not show a significant reduction after 25 days. The acaricidal efficacy of the applied protocols was high in both experimental groups and in both apiaries. Both the queen caging and trapping comb techniques, followed by an oxalic acid treatment, can be considered effective varroa treatment strategies, but further studies should be carried out to evaluate the long-term effects on viral loads to plan the Integrated Pest Management strategy with the right timing before wintering.
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... In our experiment, OA was applied by contact using a towel soaked in a glycerine solution of OA. Several authors have addressed the OA residues in honey or in carbohydrate stores after the application of this active substance (Mutinelli et al., 1997;Del Nozal et al., 2000;Bernardinie andGardi, 2001, Bogdanov et al., 2001). They failed to record a significant increase in OA content. ...
THE INFLUENCE OF FORMIC ACID, OXALIC ACID AND ESSENTIAL OILS ON THE FREE ACIDITY IN HONEY
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
The aim of the study was to monitor the changes in the free acidity of honey after administration of three anti-varrotic treatments with the use of formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA) and essential oils as the active substances in commercial preparation. To the first experimental group, 60 % FA was administered by vaporization using the vaporizer Nassenheider Professional® (group F). OA was administered by the contact in the form of 26.8 % (w/w) glycerine solution of OA on special workshop towels (group O). Essential oils were administered in the form of the commercial product Bisanar® (group B). The control group received no treatment during the experiment. Although the acidity of the honey in the B group during the experiment did not show significant difference compared to the control group (p = 0.769) and only a slight difference was determined in the O group (p = 0.416), the F group showed significant increase of the values compared to the control group (p = 0.015). The average value of free acidity in honey of this experimental group did not decrease notably under the legislative limit after two weeks following removing the treatment from the hive. Free acidity in the F group reached the value of 57.50 ± 25.19 mEq/kg (milliequivalents per kg) at the end of the experiment. Treatments by OA and Bisanar® are more suitable to supress varroosis during the summer without significant increase of free acidity in honey.
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... The problems associated with the use of pesticides provide considerable incentive to develop new treatment strategies and screening for potential pesticides that minimize these problems. Natural products having components with various modes of action might provide effective solution to the problem of honeybee pests and diseases [5] [6]. One of such natural products is propolis (bee glue), a complex mixture of several compounds collected by honeybees from plants, mixed with wax and used in the construction and protection of the beehives [7]. ...
AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA Insecticidal action of honeybees propolis extract against larvae of lesser wax moth
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  • Jun 2023
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the insecticidal action of honeybee propolis (bee glue) ethanol extract against larvae of lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, as a possible way of integrated pest management. Contact toxicity assay was conducted in the laboratory using 70% ethanol extracted propolis that dissolved in 55% ethanol at the concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (w/v), and distilled water and 55% ethanol as controls. The percent mortality due to the treatments of the extract showed a significant result at 24hrs and 48 hrs after dipping the young larvae for 30 s. It was found that 8% and 10% (w/v) of propolis caused 90% and 80% mortality of wax moth larvae, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that ethanol extract of propolis at higher concentrations is a powerful contact toxicant against young wax moth larvae.
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VETERINARY PREPARATIONS BASED ON OXALIC ACID AND THEIR EFFICIENCY IN VARROATOSIS
Article
  • Jan 2025
The purpose of the study is to review the methods of combating the Varroa destructor mite, based on the use of oxalic acid as an active substance, in Russia and abroad. The paper presents methods that include the use of different formulations of oxalic acid and compares their effectiveness. The influence of various factors – periods of development of bees, climatic conditions – on their effectiveness is shown. In Russia, tests of the effectiveness of oxalic acid were carried out in the absence of brood in families in the autumn in regions such as the Moscow Region, Krasnodar Region, and the Tyumen Region. The treatment was carried out by spraying the combs with a water-sugar solution (1:1) with an acid concentration of 3.2 % at a dose of 5 ml per frame and watering the bees into the spaces between the frames at the same concentration. In addition, feeding of oxalic acid with sugar syrup, fumigation with natural evaporation and the use of aerosols were used. Therapeutic efficacy in experimental families reached 90 % with a single treatment. The same efficiency was achieved as a result of double treatment by spraying the bees on the frames with a 2 % aqueous solution of oxalic acid at a dose of 10–12 ml in the spring (non-fertile) period at an air temperature of 27–29 °C and in the late autumn period at an air temperature of 3–11 °C. Foreign researchers have studied and proposed oxalic acid to combat varroatosis due to the fact that when it is used, this substance does not accumulate in bee products and there is no harm to bee colonies.
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Use of Essential Oils of Plants in Control of Varroa
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  • Aug 2024
Bee diseases are seen as an important problem for beekeepers and scientists working in this eld. There are many bee diseases, and these diseases cause mass deaths of bees. In order to completely combat these diseases, a lot of research is being carried out in this eld. For this reason, in this book titled Diagnosis and Treatment Methods of Bee Diseases, bee diseases are explained by experts in the eld, and current methods and solution techniques are included. This book aims to make bee diseases and possible treatment methods known. We hope that this book will be an important resource for beekeepers and scientists working in this eld, especially for those interested in the diagnosis and treatment methods of bee diseases.
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
Badania pozostałości środków ochrony roślin akredytowaną metodą multipozostałościową LC-MS/MS wykonano w Zakładzie Badania Bezpieczeństwa Żywności Instytutu Ogrodnictwa w Skierniewicach. Łącznie przebadano 18 próbek miodu rzepakowego, 3 próbki plastrów pszczelich, 2 próbki odsklepin oraz 1 próbkę pyłku. Pochodzenie botaniczne próbek zweryfikowano metodą mikroskopowej analizy pyłkowej w Laboratorium Badania Jakości Produktów Pszczelich Zakładu Pszczelnictwa IO w Puławach. We wszystkich próbkach produktów pszczelich stwierdzono obecność środków ochrony roślin. Wykryto następujące substancje czynne stosowane w środkach grzybobójczych: karbendazym, azoksystrobinę, boskalid, pentiopirad, tebukonazol. Z grupy środków owadobójczych stosowanych w formie oprysków stwierdzono obecność neonikotynoidów: acetamiprydu i tiachloprydu. W piętnastu próbkach miodu oznaczono acetamipryd (Mospilan), którego poziom w pięciu próbkach przekroczył najwyższy dopuszczalny poziom (NDP EU). W czternastu próbkach miodu wykryto obecność tiachloprydu (Proteus, Calypso). Ponadto aż w jedenastu próbkach miodu stwierdzono obecność amitrazu (substancji aktywnej leków stosowanych do zwalczania pasożyta pszczół V. destructor) oraz metabolitów jego rozkładu – 2,4-dimetyloforpszczelich natomiast wykryto acetamipryd i tiachlopryd, a w odsklepinach – DMF (metabolit amitrazu). Słowa kluczowe | miód rzepakowy, produkty pszczele, pozostałości pestycydów, metoda QuEChERS, LC-MS/MS Abstract | Tests of residues of plant protection products by the accredited multi-residue method LC-MS/MS were carried out at the Food Safety Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. A total of 18 rape honey samples, 3 wax comb samples, 2 honey capping wax samples and 1 pollen sample were tested. The botanical origin of honey samples was verified by pollen microscopic method in Bee Products Quality Testing Laboratory Apicultural Division Research Institute of Horticulture in Puławy. Active substances of pesticides were found in all tested samples. The following active substances used in fungicides were found: carbendazim, azoxystrobin, boscalid, penthiopyrad and tebuconazole. From insecticides used as spraying, the presence of neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiacloprid was found. Fifteen samples of honey were contaminated by acetamiprid (Mospilan), where five samples exceeded the maximum residue level (NDP EU). In fourteen honey samples the residues of thiacloprid (Proteus, Calypso) was detected. In addition, as much as eleven samples of honey were contaminated by amitraz (the active substance of drugs used to control the parasitic mite V. destructor) and the metabolites of its degradation – 2,4-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 2,4-dimethylphenyl-N’-methylformamidine (DMPF). In contrast, acetamiprid and thiacloprid were found in samples of combs, and DMF (the metabolite of amitraz) was found in the honey capping wax. Keywords | rape honey, bee products, pesticides residues, QuEChERS method, LC-MS/MS
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