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Anti-Obesity and Hypotriglyceridemic Properties of Coffee Bean Extract in SD Rats

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Abstract

Coffee bean extract (CBE) was prepared from raw green coffee beans and contained 10.0% caffeine and 27.0% chlorogenic acid. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 1% CBE for 4 weeks. Although there was no difference in food intake between rats fed the control diet without CBE and those fed the CBE-containing diet, body weight gain and white adipose tissue weight were significantly decreased in CBE-fed rats than in control rats. The CBE-fed group exerted a significant and extreme reduction in serum and liver triglyceride concentrations compared to the control group. Also, in the CBE-fed group, activities of fatty acid synthetic enzymes in the hepatic cytosol were significantly decreased, while that of fatty acid oxidative enzymes in the hepatic mitochondria was significantly increased. Our results suggest that CBE has potent anti-obesity and hypotriglyceridemic properties, and there is a possibility that these effects are exerted at least in part by the suppression of lipogenesis and the acceleration of lipolysis.
Food Sci. Technol. Res., 15 (2), 147 152, 2009
Anti-Obesity and Hypotriglyceridemic Properties of Coffee Bean Extract in SD Rats
Kazunari TaNaka1*, Shoko NishizoNo1,2, Shizuka TaMaru1, Mihoko koNdo1, Hiroshi shiModa3, Junji TaNaka3 and
Tadashi okada3
1 Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki
851-2195, Japan
2 Cooperative Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen, Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2191, Japan
3 Research & Development Division, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd., 1 Numata Kitagata-cho, Ichinomiya-shi, Aichi 493-8001,
Japan
Received September 22, 2008; Accepted December 2, 2008
Coffee bean extract (CBE) was prepared from raw green coffee beans and contained 10.0% caffeine
and 27.0% chlorogenic acid. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 1% CBE for 4 weeks.
Although there was no difference in food intake between rats fed the control diet without CBE and those
fed the CBE-containing diet, body weight gain and white adipose tissue weight were significantly de-
creased in CBE-fed rats than in control rats. The CBE-fed group exerted a signicant and extreme reduc-
tion in serum and liver triglyceride concentrations compared to the control group. Also, in the CBE-fed
group, activities of fatty acid synthetic enzymes in the hepatic cytosol were signicantly decreased, while
that of fatty acid oxidative enzymes in the hepatic mitochondria was signicantly increased. Our results
suggest that CBE has potent anti-obesity and hypotriglyceridemic properties, and there is a possibility
that these effects are exerted at least in part by the suppression of lipogenesis and the acceleration of li-
polysis.
Keywords: coffee bean extract, anti-obesity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, lipogenesis, lipolysis
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: katanaka@sun.ac.jp
Introduction
Coffee is among the most widely consumed beverages
in the world. Raw green coffee beans, which are materi-
als of coffee, are rich in caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and its
related components, such as quinic acid, caffeic acid, and
p-coumaric acid. Caffeine has been reported to promote li-
polysis in adipocytes of experimental animals and humans
(Hasegawa and Mori, 2000; Zheng et al., 2004; Lopez-
Garcia et al., 2006). Kobayashi-Hattori et al. (2005) has ob-
served that caffeine reduced body fat mass and body fat per-
centage in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed high-fat diets.
Chlorogenic acid, another main component of raw coffee
beans, has been found to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride
concentrations in serum and liver (Rodriguez de Sotillo and
Hadley, 2002). Although there are several reports that coffee
intake reduces body fat accumulation (Thom, 2007) and tri-
glyceride levels (Carson et al., 1994), moderate coffee intake
does not seem to easily induce the suppression of obesity
and the improvement of lipid proles (Acheson et al., 1980;
Greenberg et al., 2006). In general, a relatively large amount
of caffeine is required to reduce body fat. While roasting raw
coffee beans develops a mild and desirable aroma, it also re-
duces the caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents (del Castillo
et al., 2002). Therefore, to substantially enhance anti-obesity
and lipid-lowering activities, a large intake of roasted coffee
for a long period would be needed to reduce body fat and the
hypolipidemic effect. On the other hand, coffee bean extract
(CBE) is characterized to be rich in caffeine and chlorogenic
acid. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CBE
on body fat and lipid metabolism in rats.
Materials and Methods
Preparation and determination of CBE CBE was ob-
tained by extracting raw green coffee (coffea canephora)
beans with 70% ethanol at 70 for 2 h. The chemical com-
position of CBE preparation was determined. The crude pro-
tein and lipid contents, which were assayed by the Kjeldahl
method and Soxhlet method, were 29.2% and 0.3%, respec-
tively. Moisture, which was determined as the loss in weight
after drying 105 for 24 h, was 2.2%. CBE contained
10.2% ash, as measured by the direct ignition method (540,
overnight). Caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and its related com-
ponents were assayed by HPLC with a Capcellpack C18
(4.6 × 250 mm, Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) and a photodiode
array detector (SPD-10 Avp Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), us-
ing anhydrous caffeine (Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka,
Japan) and chlorogenic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd., St.
Louis, MO, USA) as standards. The solvents included either
2 mM H3PO4 (A) or CH3CN (B), and a linear gradient of
solvent A was changed to solvent B after 35 min. The ow
rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min. The amounts of caffeine
and chlorogenic acid were 10.0% and 27.0%, respectively.
The CBE included chlorogenic acid related components,
3-caffeoylquinic acid, a mixture of feruloylquinic acids, and
4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid accounting for 5.5%, 16.0%, and
5.2%, respectively.
Animals and diets Male, 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley
rats (Japan SLC, Inc., Hamamatsu, Japan) were housed
individually in stainless-steel cages under a controlled at-
mosphere (temperature, 22 ± 1; humidity, 55 ± 5%; light
cycle, 8:00-20:00). Rats were given a commercial pellet
diet (Type CE-2, Clea, Tokyo, Japan) for 5 days and then
divided into two groups of equal body weight. The control
diet was prepared according to the formula recommended
by the American Institute of Nutrition (Reeves et al., 1993)
(Table 1). Experimental diets contained 0.5% cholesterol and
0.125% sodium cholate and supplemented with 1% CBE,
at the expense of cornstarch as in the control diets. Rats had
free access to the diets and water for 4 weeks. Food intake
and body weight of the rats were recorded daily. After the
rats were fasted for 6 h, their blood was collected with de-
capitation, and perirenal and epididymal white adipose tis-
sues and liver were immediately excised and weighed.
All animal studies were carried out under the guidelines
for animal experiments at University of Nagasaki, Siebold
(Nagasaki, Japan), and under Law No. 105 and Notication
No. 6 of the Government of Japan.
Preparation of hepatic subcellular fractions A sample
of freshly excised liver was homogenized in 6 volumes of
0.25 M sucrose solution containing 1 mM EDTA in a 10
mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). After precipitating the nuclei
fraction, the supernatant was centrifuged at 100,000 × g for
60 min to precipitate microsomes, with the remaining super-
natant being used as the cytosol fraction. The mitochondrial
and microsomal pellets were resuspended in the same 0.25
M sucrose solution.
Serum and liver lipid analyses Serum lipids were as-
sayed enzymatically using commercial kits (Cholesterol
E-Test, Triglyceride E-Test, Phospholipid C-Test, Wako Pure
Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan; and HDL-C, 2-Daiichi,
Daiichi Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan). Lipid peroxide in serum
was measured by a hemoglobin methylene blue assay with
Determiner LPO kits (Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Ja-
pan). Liver lipids were extracted by the method of Folch et
al. (1957). The concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride,
and phospholipid were measured by the methods of Sperry
and Webb (1950), Fletcher (1968), and Rouser et al. (1966),
respectively.
Measurement of hepatic enzyme activities The activities
of cytosolic fatty acid synthase (FAS) (Kelly et al., 1986),
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (Kessy and
k. TaNaka et al.
tcartxenaebeeffoClortnoC
teidfogk/g
002002)eerf-nimativ(niesaC
0505lionroC
Mineral mixture (AIN-93G-MX) 35 35
Vitamin mixture (AIN-93-VX) 10 10
0505redwopesolulleC
22etartratibenilohC
tert 410.0410.0enoniuqordyhlyhtuB-
33enitsyC-L
001001esorcuS
α231231hcratsnroC-
55loretselohC
52.152.1etalohcmuidoS
010tcartxenaebeeffoC
0001ot0001othcratsnroC
Table 1. The composition of experimental diets.
148
Kletzien, 1984), malic enzyme (Ochoa, 1955), microsomal
phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) (Walton and Pos-
smayer, 1985), and mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltrans-
ferase (CPT) (Markwell et al., 1973) were determined in
the liver. Protein was assayed by the method of Lowry et al.
(1951), using bovine serum albumin as a standard.
Statistical analysis Data are reported as means ± SEM.
Data were inspected by the Student’s t-test. Values of p < 0.05
were considered statistically signicant.
Results
Although there was no difference in food intake between
rats fed the control diet and in those fed the CBE diet, body
weight gain was signicantly lower in CBE-fed rats than in
control rats (Table 2). Relative liver weight was comparable
between the two groups, but perirenal and epididymal white
adipose tissue weights were significantly low in the CBE
group.
The serum triglyceride level was extremely low in the
CBE group, compared with the control group (Table 3).
Feeding on the CBE diet induced the mild, but not signi-
cant, increase of the serum cholesterol concentration com-
pared to feeding on the control diet, but it did not modulate
the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentra-
tion, consequently resulting in a lower HDL-cholesterol/total
cholesterol ratio. The level of phospholipids in the serum
was identical between both diets. The lipid peroxide concen-
tration in the serum was signicantly low in the CBE group.
Anti-Obese Effect of Coffee Bean Extract
tcartxenaebeeffoClortnoC
Body weight (g)
3±2412±341laitinI
*41±30301±683laniF
*21±1619±442niaG
0.1±5.125.0±7.22)yad/g(ekatnidooF
Tissue weight (g / 100g of body weight)
82.0±49.531.0±33.6reviL
White adipose tissue
*90.0±56.002.0±47.1lanerireP
*60.0±28.011.0±82.1lamydidipE
Perirenal + epididymal 3.03 ± 0.30 1.47 ± 0.13*
Each value is the mean ± SEM of 6 rats.
*Significantly different from the control group at p< 0.05.
tcartxenaebeeffoClortnoC
Serum lipids
Triglyceride (mmol/L) 2.04 ± 0.36 0.75 ± 0.13*
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.35 ± 0.37 6.50 ± 0.51
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) 0.67 ± 0.07 0.62 ± 0.04
HDL-cholesterol/ Total cholesterol ratio (%)
05.1±98.91.2±9.51
Phospholipid (mmol/L) 2.36 ± 0.16 2.49 ± 0.11
Lipid peroxide (nmol/mL) 15.6 ± 1.0 10.5 ± 1.2*
Liver lipids (µ )g/lom
Triglyceride 85.4 ± 7.5 49.7 ± 3.6*
71±2816±971loretselohC
Phospholipid 35.7 ± 0.7 40.2 ± 1.3*
Each value is the mean ± SEM of 6 rats.
*Significantly different from the control group at p< 0.05.
Table 2. Effects of dietary coffee bean extract on growth parameters in rats.
Table 3. Effects of dietary coffee bean extract on serum and liver lipid concentrations in rats.
149
The level of triglyceride in the liver was significantly
lower in the CBE group than in the control group, whereas
that of cholesterol was comparable between both groups
(Table 3). Moreover, the hepatic phospholipid concentration
increased in the CBE group compared to the control.
The activities of enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis,
such as FAS, G6PDH, and malic enzyme, in the hepatic cy-
tosol were signicantly lower in the CBE group than in the
control group (Table 4). There was no difference in the activ-
ity of PAP, the rate-limiting enzyme of triglyceride synthesis,
in the hepatic microsomes between the control and CBE
groups. The activity of hepatic mitochondrial CPT, the rate-
limiting enzyme of mitochondrial β-oxidation, was signifi-
cantly higher in rats fed the CBE diet than in those fed the
control diet.
Discussion
Obesity is one of the risk factors for several lifestyle-
related diseases, including coronary heart diseases, diabetes
mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and is characterized by fat stor-
age in the adipose tissues. The intake of certain beverages
and functional foods has been shown to be effective at the
suppression or reduction of body fat accumulation (Maki et
al., 2002; Nosaka et al., 2003; Ikeda et al., 2005). Rats who
were fed CBE, which contains 10.0% caffeine and 27.0%
chlorogenic acid as the principal constituents, showed sup-
pressed body weight gain irrespective of food and energy
intake compared to those fed the control diet not containing
CBE (CBE group: 82.3 ± 3.6 kcal/day; control group: 86.8
± 2.0 kcal/day). The perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue
weights in CBE-fed rats were markedly lower than control
rats, strongly suggesting that slower body weight gain in the
CBE group is exerted by the suppression of visceral fat ac-
cumulation.
Caffeine has been demonstrated to reduce the weight
of adipose tissues in experimental animals (Hasegawa and
Mori, 2000; Zheng et al., 2004). Kobayashi-Hattori et al.
(2005) have shown that the intake of caffeine elevated the
serum level of catecholamine in rats fed a high fat diet, and
they presumed that the enhancement of the production of
catecholamine accelerated lipolysis. Caffeine of CBE is
thought to encourage the degradation of fat in adipose tissues
by stimulating catecholamine secretion. The portion of fatty
acids that released from adipose tissues is transferred to the
liver and is then oxidized. Therefore, the decreasing deposi-
tion of visceral fat may be in part related to the enhanced
oxidation of fatty acids in the liver. In the present study, CBE
increased the activity of mitochondrial CPT in the liver. This
enhanced activity is considered to be responsible for the re-
duction of adipose tissue weight and the suppression of body
weight gain.
Another reason for the anti-obesity activity of CBE may
be the suppression of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
Han et al. (1999, 2001) have pointed out that slower absorp-
tion of dietary fat decreased the deposition of visceral fat.
Shimoda et al. (2006) have shown that CBE and caffeine,
but not chlorogenic acid, suppress the elevation of the serum
triglyceride level after oral oil administration to mice. Thus,
the caffeine in CBE might suppress body fat accumulation
via suppressing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Since
we did not measure fecal fat excretion, it is unclear whether
CBE suppressed dietary fat absorption in the intestine. How-
ever, CBE intake effectively decreased both liver and serum
triglyceride concentrations. If CBE induces the inhibition of
intestinal fat absorption, the activities of hepatic lipogenic
enzymes may increase to compensate for the reduction in the
k. TaNaka et al.
tcartxenaebeeffoClortnoC
nietorpgm/nim/lomn
Lipogenic enzymes
Cytosol
Fatty acid synthase 5.29 ± 0.90 1.90 ± 0.78*
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase 17.2 ± 2.2 11.0 ± 1.0*
*94.1±8.3148.0±3.91emyznecilaM
semosorciM
Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase 4.46 ± 0.19 5.29 ± 0.40
Lipolytic enzyme
Mitochondria
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 3.93 ± 0.38 5.05 ± 0.31*
Each value is the mean ± SEM of 6 rats.
*Significantly different from the control group at p< 0.05.
Table 4. Effects of dietary coffee bean extract on hepatic lipogenic and lipolytic enzyme activities in rats.
150
triglyceride level in the body. In the present study, these en-
zyme activities were signicantly suppressed by CBE intake,
indicating that dietary fat absorption in the intestine was
not suppressed. More detailed experiments are necessary to
clarify this effect.
CBE effectively lowered serum and hepatic triglyceride
concentrations. The activities of cytosolic FAS, malic en-
zyme, and G6PDH in the liver were decreased, whereas that
of mitochondrial CPT in the liver was increased in CBE-
fed rats. The reduction in the serum and hepatic triglyceride
levels in CBE-fed rats is thought to be induced by both the
suppression of fatty acid synthesis in hepatic cytosol and the
acceleration of fatty acid oxidation in hepatic mitochondria.
Chlorogenic acid has been shown to inhibit FAS activity (Li
et al., 2006), while there are few reports that caffeine affects
the activities of fatty acid synthetic enzymes. Therefore,
chlorogenic acid in CBE may be responsible for the suppres-
sion of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Shimoda et al. (2006)
have observed that caffeine and chlorogenic acid alone have
no effect on CPT activity in the liver mitochondria of mice.
The combination of caffeine and chlorogenic acid or other
components of CBE may induce the enhancement of CPT
activity. Kobayashi-Hattori et al. (2005) has reported that
caffeine intake elevates the activity of acyl-CoA oxidase in
the liver. Caffeine in CBE may therefore accelerate hepatic
lipolysis by increasing acyl-CoA oxidase activity but not
CPT activity.
The serum lipid peroxide level in the CBE group was
two-thirds of that in the control group. Since chlorogenic
acid has an antioxidant property (Rodriguez de Sotillo et al.,
2002), it is presumed to contribute to the reduction in the
lipid peroxide level. The antioxidant activity of CBE is ex-
pected to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by sup-
pressing oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
total cholesterol.
Raw green coffee bean contains cafestol, which is a di-
terpene, and potently increases serum cholesterol level in
humans and experimental animals (Urgert and Katan, 1997;
Post et al., 2000). CBE prepared from raw green coffee
beans contains cafestol. However, CBE-fed rats showed no
signicant increases in the serum cholesterol concentration
compared to a control diet. Also, the level in the liver was
the same between the control and CBE groups. Since CBE
contains a relatively large amount of chlorogenic acid, which
decreases low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cho-
lesterol concentrations (Rodriguez de Sotillo and Hadley,
2002), it might not increase the serum cholesterol level.
In conclusion, CBE appears to effectively suppress body
fat and serum triglyceride levels through at least in part the
decrease in fatty acid synthesis and the acceleration of fatty
acid oxidation, showing that CBE may be a novel functional
food material for suppressing fat deposition.
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Coffee is a popular drink that is considered one of the most consumed beverages around the world. It contains more than 1000 biologically active compounds such as caffeine, diterpene alcohols, and chlorogenic acid. The effect of coffee on health is controversial depending on the type and the amount consumed of coffee. This review was prepared to clarify the effect of different preparation methods on coffee lipids content, as well as to study the effect of consumption of coffee prepared by different methods on body lipids profile. Coffee can be prepared by several methods, but the most two popular methods are brew and espresso. Coffee lipids which are called diterpenoid alcohols (cafestol and kahweol) can influence the body’s cholesterol level. The content of coffee lipids can be altered due to the methods of coffee preparation. Cafestol remains in the beverage of coffee when hot water is directly poured onto powdered coffee, when well-milled coffee is boiled in water a few times or when the metal filter is used instead of a paper filter, like in French Press. However, to good fortune, most of them are retained by the paper filter, which substantially reduces the cholesterol-raising effects potentially associated with coffee through consuming filtered coffee. Diterpenoids in unfiltered coffee cause an elevation of total cholesterol TC and low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol levels, whereas lowering the high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol levels in the body. However, consumption of filtered coffee slightly affects serum cholesterol levels. Also, the results of other studies revealed that the roasting degree of coffee is not related to an increase in the total cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol concentrations, but can be related to an increase in HDL cholesterol level after consumption of medium roasting MR coffee.
... Studies have demonstrated that prolonged intake of a 20% fructose solution significantly increases body weight in animal models. For instance, Feyisa et al. [25] observed a marked weight gain after 6 weeks of fructose intake in rats, while Tanaka et al. [26] reported similar results with 8 weeks of 20% fructose consumption, showing statistically significant weight gain in both male and female rats. Additionally, Batista et al. [27] found that rats consuming a 20% purified fructose solution over 8 weeks regulated their energy intake by reducing food consumption but compensating with the fructose solution, suggesting a direct role of fructose in promoting weight gain. ...
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Purpose: This study aims to explore the protective effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) against metabolic disturbances induced by high fructose (HF) intake, with a particular focus on modulating the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) / mother against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2) signaling pathway. Materials and Methods: Four groups of rats (n=7 per group) were included: Control, ADF, HF (20% fructose in drinking water), and HF+ADF. The ADF protocol was applied with 24 hours of ad libitum feeding followed by 24 hours of fasting over a 5-week period. After five weeks, body weight (BW), muscle, and fat mass were measured. Serum samples were analyzed using ELISA to assess levels of TGF-β1, Smad2, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and total oxidant-antioxidant status (TOS-TAS). Results: Results indicated that that HF significantly increased final BW, and ADF reduced this weight gain (p=0.001). ADF also led to lower gastrocnemius-soleus muscle weights compared to controls (p=0.001), but mitigated fructose-induced retroperitoneal fat accumulation. TAS levels were higher, and TOS levels were lower in the ADF groups, showing an antioxidant shift (p
... Caffeine has been demonstrated to inhibit fat absorption, while chlorogenic acid reduces hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels (68). Furthermore, animal studies have shown that GCBE and caffeine can lower increased TG level in olive oil-loaded mice (69,70). ...
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CITE THIS ARTICLE Alshammaa Z A A, Alshammaa D A. The metabolic effect of medicinal plants and synthetic anti-obesity products on human health. Plant Science Today. 2024; 11(3): 704-718. https:// Abstract A significant public health issue is the widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity across all age groups. This common nutritional disorder affects more than general appearance. Obesity is now recognized as a medical condition that necessitates treatment to lower the risk of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a prevalent global health problem that re-requires urgent research and regulatory compliance. While synthetic anti-obesity drugs are available, they pose significant risks of adverse effects and variable outcomes. These drugs, which include single medications such as orlistat, liraglutide, and Lorcaserin, and combination therapies like naltrex-one/bupropion and Phentermine/topiramate are effective in reducing body fat. However, patients often report side effects ranging from mild symptoms like nausea, insomnia, and dizziness to severe complications such as an increased risk of CVD or stroke. Conversely, there is a growing interest in using anti-obesity natural compounds, including single agents such as various types of tea, cinnamon, etc. This review highlights the various mechanisms of anti-obesity action of natural plants and synthetic medications, including metabolism and energy expenditure, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, pancreatic lipase inhibition, amylase inhibition , enhancement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of adipogenesis and thermogenic stimulation. It provides insights into the metabolic effects of both medicinal plants and pharmaceutical drugs on human health, examining their effectiveness and the prevention benefits of each type. Medicinal plants are considered the best alternative for margining obesity due to their cost-effectiveness and minimal adverse effects. While diet modification and increased physical activity through regular exercise are often recommended to prevent obesity, these measures can be challenging for many people. In contrast, the administration of medicinal plants are relatively convenient, making them an accurate and ideal alternative.
... Caffeine has been demonstrated to inhibit fat absorption, while chlorogenic acid reduces hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels (68). Furthermore, animal studies have shown that GCBE and caffeine can lower increased TG level in olive oil-loaded mice (69,70). ...
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Full-text available
A significant public health issue is the widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity across all age groups. This common nutritional disorder affects more than general appearance. Obesity is now recognized as a medical condition that necessitates treatment to lower the risk of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a prevalent global health problem that re- requires urgent research and regulatory compliance. While synthetic anti-obesity drugs are available, they pose significant risks of adverse effects and variable outcomes. These drugs,which include single medications such as orlistat, liraglutide, and Lorcaserin, and combination therapies like naltrexone/bupropion and Phentermine/topiramate are effective in reducing body fat. However, patients often report side effects ranging from mild symptoms like nausea, insomnia, and dizziness to severe complications such as an increased risk of CVD or stroke. Conversely, there is a growing interest in using anti-obesity natural compounds, including single agents such as various types of tea, cinnamon, etc. This review highlights the various mechanisms of anti-obesity action of natural plants and synthetic medications, including metabolism and energy expenditure, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, pancreatic lipase inhibition, amylase inhibition, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of adipogenesis and thermogenic stimulation. It provides insights into the metabolic effects of both medicinal plants and pharmaceutical drugs on human health, examining their effectiveness and the prevention benefits of each type. Medicinal plants are considered the best alternative for margining obesity due to their cost-effectiveness and minimal adverse effects. While diet mod- ification and increased physical activity through regular exercise are often recommended to prevent obesity, these measures can be challenging for many people. In contrast, the administration of medicinal plants are relatively convenient, making them an accurate and ideal alternative.
... Shimoda et al. (2006) give evidence that green coffee bean extract administration reduces weight gain and visceral fat accumulation which may be involved in their active compounds, caffeine and CGA [19]. Coffee bean extract is considered to reduce adipose tissue weight and to attenuate body weight gain by increasing lipogenic enzyme activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in the liver and decreasing lipolytic enzyme of cytosolic fatty acid synthetic (FAS), malic enzyme, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity [20]. Green coffee bean suppresses adipogenesis involved in wingless-type MMTV integration site family 10b (WNT10b) and galanin-mediated adipogenesis cascades by downregulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) [21]. ...
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Background Supplemental green bean coffee extract (GBCE) with caffeine has been shown to prevent weight gain. There are different dosages of GBCE that contain chlorogenic acid (CGA), and the data for their effectiveness in preventing weight gain (500 mg/day) is currently out of date. To better understand the effects of GBCE containing CGA on body weight, the present study sets out to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. Methods Using electronic databases, including Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases, literature was searched up to October 13, 2022. For the meta-analysis examining the impact of GBCE containing CGA (500 mg/day) on body weight with a random-effects model, the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered. We calculated weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To gauge study heterogeneity, the Cochran Q statistic and I-squared tests ( I ² ) were employed. Results The meta-analysis includes three RCTs with 103 individuals (case = 51, control = 52). The combined findings of GBCE with CGA at least 500 mg/day result in body weight reduction ( WMD : − 1.30 and 95% CI : − 2.07 to − 0.52, p = 0.001) without study heterogeneity ( I ² = 0%, p = 0.904) and without publication bias estimated using Egger’s and Begger’s test ( p = 0.752 and p = 0.602, respectively). Conclusions According to the meta-analysis, GBCE with CGA 500 mg/day lowers body weight. Nevertheless, despite its limited sample size and short-term study, this study was successful. Long-term research on the effectiveness and safety of GBCE and CGA on body weight require more clinical trials. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021254916.
... Green coffee became popular for weight loss since few years ago, GCBE may be an effective weight loss aid as it was found that the body fat mass of mice fed with GCBE decreased significantly even with a high dietary fat. Also, rats showed a decrease in weight gain, liver weight and supression in rates of adipogenesis [16]. Another study showed that CCBE taken daily for 8 weeks decreased significantly the body weight and BMI in meta-analysis of randomized clinical trial [17]. ...
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Green coffee beans are coffee seeds (beans) of Coffee fruits that have not yet been roasted. The roasting process of coffee beans reduces the amounts of the chemical chlorogenic acid. Therefore, green coffee beans have a higher level of chlorogenic acid compared to roasted coffee beans. Chlorogenic acid together with caffeine in green coffee are thought to have many health benefits including anti-obesity,anti-tumour, antidiabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects.Also green coffee and its active ingradients may provide a non-pharmacological and non-invasive approach for treatment and prevention of some chronic abnormalities as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this review, the health benefits of green coffee and its main components eg. chlorogenic acids will be detailed.
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