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Análisis y modificación de la susceptibilidad hipnótica
Abstract
El objetivo del presente trabajo se centra en analizar las diferentes variables que pueden incidir en la modificación de la susceptibilidad hipnótica. Para ello, se describen los principales programas estandarizados que se han desarrollado, haciendo particular hincapié en el último, el Carleton Skills Training Package (CSTP) (Gorassini y Spanos, 1986). Se analiza cuáles pueden ser los elementos novedosos de este programa y las principales controversias que se han generado a raíz del mismo. De igual modo, a la luz de los resultados expuestos, se analiza las repercusiones que pueden tener estos datos para el esclarecimiento de la hipnosis.
... For example: "your arm is rising". To this can be added that following is promoted when preceded by experiences as natural as ocular fixation and that are appraised in terms of hypnotic events (Cangas, 1998(Cangas, , 1999. Along this line, different procedures have been applied to make subjects who do not follow suggestions become highly suggestible (Cangas & Pérez Álvarez, 1997;Diamond, 1974;Gorassini & Spanos, 1986;Sasch & Anderson, 1967). ...
Hypnosis has often been considered a mysterious phenomenon. In recent decades, procedures have been developed that have allowed us to explain this behavior in terms of variables of social or cognitive theories. However, previous approaches have not permitted formulating or delimiting the conditions that are responsible for following suggestions or their explanation in terms of involuntariness. For this purpose, two experiments were performed. In the first one, two hypnotic protocols were compared, the differences of which were aimed at influencing the voluntary and involuntary explanation of following suggestions and the effect of multiple exposure to both protocols. In the second experiment, four procedures to facilitate the voluntary interpretation of behavior were incorporated. The results of the first experiment yielded no statistically significant differences. However, in the second experiment, it was noted that changing the assessment questionnaire of the hypnotic experiences decreased following suggestions by 26%, and together with this, the use of explicit instructions did so by 67%. These results are discussed with regard to changes in rule-governed or instructional behavior in the so-called hypnotic phenomenon. One of the most debated points in the comprehension of hypnosis is whether suggestibility is a stable construct or, in contrast, a type of behavior susceptible to modification. Supporters of the first position are the so-called " state theorists, " who understand hypnosis as a kind of special altered state of consciousness or trance, to which only the virtuosos of hypnosis (the highly suggestible) could have access (Bowers & Davidson, 1991; Hilgard, 1986). In contrast, the " non-state theorists " consider that hypnosis does not constitute a special altered state of consciousness, but instead that behaviors attributed to the
... De ser esto cierto, nos encontraríamos ante una base no ya psicológica, sino biológica del fenómeno placebo. De la misma forma, en hipnosis se habla constantemente de sugestionabilidad o hipnotizabilidad del sujeto (17), existiendo muchos estudios que tratan de dilucidar si existe o no el sujeto hipnótico; o sea, aquél con mayor predisposición a entrar en un estado hipnótico. Si bien se ha estimado que sugestionabilidad y comportamiento hipnótico correlacionan positivamente (18), probablemente suceda así porque el nivel del paciente en esta variable (el cual se puede medir mediante los diversos tests existentes), incide directamente en la confianza que irá depositando en el terapeuta, estableciéndose el rapport adecuado entre ambos. ...
RESUMEN: El título del presente trabajo no trata de reflejar la existencia de una relación directa y lineal entre expectativas, placebo e hipnosis en el sentido de que uno pudiera provocar lo otro de forma directa y sin más variables entre ellos. Sí que se pretende, en cambio, remarcar la importancia que estas variables pudieran tener como mediadoras y catalizadoras del proceso hipnótico, poniendo de manifiesto su valor no ya sólo en hipnosis sino también, de forma más general, en psicoterapia y medicina. ¿Qué espera el paciente cuando se sienta delante de un prestigioso terapeuta? ¿Qué efectos tienen las expectativas puestas en un tratamiento tan misterioso y supuestamente curativo como es la hipnosis? A lo largo de las siguientes páginas se tratará de responder a estas preguntas. Abstract The title of the present work does not try to reflect the existence of a direct and linear relation between expectancies, placebo and hypnosis in the sense that one could cause the other directly and without other variables among them. What is intended, however, is to underlie the importance that these variables could have as mediators in the hypnotic process, showing their value not only in hypnosis but also, in a more general sense, in psychotherapy and medicine. What expects the patient when seating in front of a prestigious therapist? What effects have the expectations put in a treatment as mysterious and supposedly healing as hypnosis? Throughout the following pages some of these questions are going to be answered.
... Ya hace varias décadas que se desarrollaron una serie de programas para incrementar la sugestionabilidad hipnótica entre los que pueden mencionarse el de Sach y Anderson (1967), Tart (1970), Diamond (1972), y el ya mencionado y famoso Programa de Carleton. Estos programas, con ligeras variantes, han sido ampliamente investigados y se ha comprobado su eficacia para modificar la sugestionabilidad hipnótica (Cangas, 1999). Según este autor, los programas de entrenamiento para incrementar la sugestionabilidad hipnótica, amén de sus diferencias, tienen las siguientes características comunes (Cangas, 1999): ...
Este texto práctico está dirigido en primera instancia a los estudiantes y profesionales de la salud que se encargan de la atención a las personas con problemas de dolor: médicos, enfermeros, psicólogos y otros, aunque pretende soslayar en lo posible la aridez de lenguaje científico, con el fin de que el texto sea comprensi ble por lectores no especializados en el tema, pues todos en algún momento hemos sufrido o sufriremos de dolor, y todos podríamos beneficiarnos con el uso de técnicas de hipnosis y relajación
Dealing, in clinical practice, with easily hypnotizable subjects is very useful, given the abundant use of hypnosis in various area of health care. This paper try to understand if and how is possible to increase the hypnotic susceptibility through a program called Carleton Skill Training Program (CSTP), a program oriented to low hypnotic susceptibility subjects. It investigates the theory underlying the program in order to further explicate the purposes and essential steps that make it up. Finally we debate the fundamental components of the CSTP as well as have been identified by several scholars who have studied it in order to understand the reason for his evident success.
Tape recordings, interviews, and participant observation in a hypnosis workshop were used to perform a social psychological analysis of becoming hypnotized. During the first sessions, most persons were struck by the ambiguity and vagueness of “hypnosis” and doubted the authenticity of their own “trances.” By the last session, most persons had learned how to behave like good hypnotic Ss and had come to accept new definitions of their own feelings and of the term hypnosis. The ways in which these changes occurred are compared with the ways in which attitude change occurs in laboratory settings, particularly as a result of role playing and forced compliance.
Male and female subjects with initially low hypnotic susceptibility were either administered a skill-training procedure aimed at inculcating positive attitudes and appropriate interpretational sets toward hypnotic responding or assigned to a no-treatment control condition. Skill-trained subjects obtained significantly higher posttest scores than controls on objective and subjective dimensions of susceptibility and on measures of attitudes toward hypnosis. Over half of the skill-trained subjects but only one control subject scored in the high-susceptibility range on post testing. Questionnaire measures of imagery vividness and absorption predicted posttest susceptibility in skill-trained females, whereas a combination of attitudes toward hypnosis and imagery vividness predicted posttest susceptibility in skill-trained males. Theoretical implications are discussed.
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a new training procedure on the modification of hypnotic susceptibility. 10 Ss were scored on their objective and subjective performances on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Forms A and C, both before and after training. Training consisted primarily of (1) providing the circumstances necessary for a clear conception of the appropriate sensory experiences, (2) allowing S to proceed by self-paced successive approximations, (3) structuring the procedure in order to place S in a double-bind situation, and (4) providing verbal reinforcement and opportunities for S's self-reinforcement. The results indicate that both the objective and subjective post-training changes in hypnotic susceptibility are statistically significant. Ss maintained a significant increase when tested by a new hypnotist, although the scores were slightly but significantly reduced. The increased performance on items not included in the training sessions revealed significant generalization. This investigation provides evidence that hypnotic susceptibility can be modified.
In this study, the effect of imitation upon the modification of hypnotic susceptibility was investigated. Of specific concern were the influences of vicarious reinforcement and model status. Preand post-test measurements on 110 Ss revealed that the overall effects of imitation produced a significant increase in susceptibility. Limited support was found for model-status leading to increases in susceptibility, but results indicated that vicarious reinforcement had no such effect. This last finding was discussed in terms of a possible confounding due to the presence of direct reinforcement in the pre- and post-test sessions. No significant interactions involving these two variables were uncovered.
Studied the effectiveness of training in increasing the susceptibility of 36 Ss to hypnosis. These Ss had obtained low scores on the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale of N. P. Spanos et al (1983). Ss were assigned to a cognitive skills training condition aimed at instilling positive attitudes toward hypnotic suggestion or were given no such training. 50% of the trained group subsequently tested as high susceptibles, but none of the untrained Ss posttested as high susceptibles. Skill training gains were apparent on subjective and behavioral aspects of susceptibility. Trained Ss also showed more word list amnesia than did untrained Ss. Hypnotic susceptibility appears to be modifiable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)