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Measure Twice, Cut Once: Developing a Research-Based Interpretive Signs Checklist
Abstract
Interpretive signs are used extensively in tourism and leisure settings to convey important messages and concepts to visitors. While the installation of signs ensures information is widely available and can be repeatedly accessed by large numbers of visitors, their static and inflexible nature means interpretive signs have to be particularly well- designed if they are to interpret topics in a manner that visitors find attractive, interesting and meaningful. This paper provides suggestions for how the six key features of interpretation can be successfully incorporated into signs, and arises from research conducted while developing a website to illustrate 'best practice' design of signs and exhibits. The paper concludes with the Interpretive Signs Checklist which consists of a set of criteria against which interpretive signs can be judged. This checklist is designed to be used 'in situ', and provides a systematic, objective tool for designing new signs as well as evaluating and improving existing signage
... As exposições existentes nesses locais competem pela atenção dos visitantes (e por espaço) com uma variedade de outras atividades e funções. Constituem meios estáticos, preparados para serem utilizados por um longo tempo, que demandam, de maneira geral, consideráveis investimentos de tempo, capacidade técnica e recursos financeiros para sua elaboração, questões que aumentam a importância de planejamento e execução adequados (Ballantyne & Hughes, 2003;Bryant, 2006;Fallon & Kriwoken, 2003;Healy et al., 2016;Pearce & Moscardo, 2007). Portugal possui um número significativo de centros de interpretação, dentro e fora de áreas protegidas, os quais, entretanto, são muito diversos no que se refere às estratégias, objetivos, nível de conservação e qualidade da interpretação (Morais et al., 2015). ...
... "Uma área natural nem sempre pode ser totalmente compreendida simplesmente olhando-a demoradamente" afirmam Hughes & Morrison-Saunders (2005, p. 162, parafraseando Rolston, 1998, tradução da autora). Os meios de interpretação não pessoais, como painéis, placas e exposições, são a principal forma de comunicação com o público em AP, pois facilitam a disponibilização permanente das mensagens a um grande número de visitantes (Ballantyne & Hughes, 2003;Benton & Sinha, 2011). Nestes territórios, centros de visitantes funcionam como espaços educativos informais análogos aos museus, centros de ciência, jardins zoológicos e botânicos, aquários e a outras atrações que agregam a atividade de visitação à proteção de um patrimônio, onde a aprendizagem pode ocorrer mesmo que a principal motivação dos visitantes seja outra (Bitgood, 2002;Heimlich et al., 1996;Pennisi et al., 2017;Schwan et al., 2014). ...
... A forma tradicional de apresentação de coleções e redação de textos em museus e centros de visitantes, que predominou por muito tempo e ainda está em processo de transformação, é apoiada no fornecimento de informações técnicas, descontextualizadas e de maneira pouco atrativa para o público moderno (Ballantyne & Hughes, 2003;Carnall et al., 2013). (Bitgood, 2002;Schwan et al., 2014). ...
Esta dissertação dedica-se à compreensão dos fatores que contribuem para a qualidade e a eficácia de exposições interpretativas instaladas em centros de visitantes em áreas protegidas, pelo papel central que desempenham na comunicação entre o público e as organizações gestoras dessas áreas.
Apoiado no estudo de exposições instaladas no Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, no Brasil, e no Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, em Portugal, este trabalho contribui para a redução da lacuna de estudos sobre interpretação em áreas protegidas nesses países, ao integrar a análise de documentos de planejamento das áreas protegidas, a perspectiva dos visitantes e a visão de agentes envolvidos no planejamento, na gestão e no uso dessas exposições.
Como contributo prático, esta dissertação oferece um instrumento abrangente para avaliação de exposições em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Sua finalidade é apoiar os técnicos de áreas protegidas no planejamento, implantação e operacionalização de espaços expositivos, de caráter interpretativo, mais eficazes.
... Ballantyne and Hughes [18] point out that the number of visitors to nature sites has increased in recent years, which also means an increase in the demands put on workers working in nature sites. Site managers have responded to this pressure by installing in situ visitor signs to inform visitors about the features, events and/or facilities they encounter. ...
... According to Wolf, Stricker and Hagenloh [27], guidelines for the design of closed spaces cannot be always used outdoors. In the open air, interpretative media have to be particularly effective in communication because of the presence of many random sensory stimuli that are not conducive to concentration [18]. Moscardo et al. [26] note that another issue related to signs interpreting nature is that a sign is always static, while nature, including animal behavior, is dynamic. ...
The article presents the results of research conducted in order to determine the comprehensibility (intelligibility) of the text of signs on educational paths in Warsaw’s city forests. This evaluation was carried out with the use of an online IT tool—Promovolt. The obtained results were confronted with the assessment of users of educational paths and the opinion of an expert group, which consisted of people involved in the design of educational materials. The results indicate that the majority of the analyzed interpretative signs are dedicated to secondary school students because of the level of text comprehensibility. At the same time, 20% of the text is understandable only to recipients with higher education. This means that the educational paths in the urban forests of Warsaw, with interpretative signs allowing independent learning, do not sufficiently support the ecological education of children and youth from primary schools up to 15 years of age, as well as people with basic or vocational education.
... Secondly, The LL has significant impact on tourists' senses. Well-designed LLs are emotionally and intellectually stimulating [30], can promote visitors' enthusiasm for nature [27], make recreational zones more aesthetically pleasing [31], facilitate their historical authentic senses [32], raise their awareness and senses of meaning [33], cater to their taste and manifest exoticism [26], promote their national pride and identity [24], and others. The LL is the medium par excellence for reflecting and transmitting imagination and imaginaries [34], contributes to create a sense of identity for visitors [35]. ...
Using creativity to promote recreational services is crucial. Accordingly, creative linguistic landscapes (CLLs) are being used to improve visitors’ experiences in some recreational zones. However, relevant research is still in its early stages. Therefore, this study was conducted. It summarized the leisure function categories and function evaluation indicators of CLLs in recreational zones respectively based on image materials and related online reviews. The leisure function outcomes of all CLL types were ranked using the fuzzy PROMETHEE method; based on this ranking, a CLL configuration optimization mode was suggested. The findings reveal the following. (1) Currently, there are mainly nine leisure function types of CLL in practice, although the type structure is severely imbalanced; there are 12 primary corresponding function evaluation indicators, although each of them draws significantly different attention. (2) There are notable variations among the outcomes of different types of functions of CLL: mood adjustment is the most advantageous function of CLL for leisure services, followed by emotional guidance and cognitive building functions; (3) According to the study findings, in the configuration of CLL, which aims at leisure function optimization, the “function focusing and coordinating mode (the superior functions of CLL are focused on and its various functions are coordinated)” should be adopted. The results provide meaningful lessons for the establishment of rational and effective CLL in recreational zones.
... This is especially important when creating educational materials. As Ballantyne and Hughes [56] emphasize, educational boards need to be especially effective for communication due to the presence of many random sensory stimuli that are not conducive to concentration. In addition, people's motivation to learn, and thus to engage in interpretive media, may be greater in museums and other indoor settings compared to open-air settings [57]. ...
In view of the increasing conflict between society and forest management and a significant increase in the social functions of the forest, informal forest education is becoming increasingly important. In Poland, it is carried out mainly based on the field educational infrastructure, which consists, among other things, of forest educational paths equipped with educational boards. The paper presents the results of research on the assessment of the availability of texts presented on educational boards. The study was conducted on the basis of photographs of educational boards located on six educational paths in the forests of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Lublin. Using the Google Lans application, the main text from each board was read and then analyzed in the Promovolt software program to determine the level of text accessibility using the Fog Index. The results were then compared with the opinion of respondents using an online survey, which indicated that most of the boards are written in language that is either simple, understandable to middle/high school students, or quite difficult but understandable to first-degree students. On the other hand, the respondents generally indicated the level of accessibility of the text to be easier because, in their opinion, it is enough to have a primary education to understand the content of the boards. This observation leads to the conclusion that in order for education to be more effective, simple language should be used, which can be understood by the less educated members of the population.
... Authors developed the technical evaluation to test the functionality of non-personal interpretive exhibits which covered the guidelines to construct the behavioural objective (call for action), title, themes, text, colours andgraphics as well as the organization of theinterpretive messages (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003;Gross et al. 2006;Moscardo et al. 2007;Veverka 2013;Bitgood 2014). ...
The adventure and ecotourism sectors are gaining wide attention from tourists for the past few years. However, these two topics remain unpopular among the researchers and conferences. Thus, the Department of Recreation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry decided to organise a special conference to gather academicians and practitioners to discuss about these sectors.
... There is a growing body of evidence showing the positive effects of environmental education in terms of promoting sustainable development activities [33,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59], and so educational trails can be helpful in mitigating some of these conflicts. On the other hand, it should also be considered that educational boards are a potentially disturbing factor in the natural forest landscape and, due to their static nature [60] when compared to the natural world, full of sensory stimuli, these boards may reduce the level of vigor by forcing people to stop and focus on specific information, rather than engaging their senses to a greater extent [61]. ...
Background and Objectives: Nowadays, a significant part of the human population lives and works in urban agglomerations. Limited contact with nature, polluted air, stress, and a sedentary work style all contribute to problems with the physical and mental health of a considerable number of city dwellers. There are many studies indicating the positive, restorative properties of natural environments, such as forests, on human well-being. Our aim was to investigate whether suburban commercial forests in combination with informal environmental education can bring restorative properties to people, especially those who are economically active. Materials and Methods: Four psychological questionnaires were used to determine the restorative properties of a suburban commercial forest on young active people: the Profile of Mood Scale (POMS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS), and the Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). The experiment involved 60 participants who took forest baths (the act of spending time in a forest and opening your senses to the natural surroundings to experience feelings of peace and wellbeing) in a suburban commercial forest surrounding Świdnik, a city of 40,000 inhabitants located directly next to Lublin (a provincial city with a population of 339,811). The volunteers were divided into three groups; Group A walked an educational route with educational boards (route A1). Group B walked another route with a forest educator who described various forest management activities conducted in this forest (route A2). Group C walked alone, without an educator, along route A2. All three groups arrived at the site of forest stand redevelopment as the end of their route. After a short 10-min exposure to this site, the volunteers again completed the psychological questionnaires. Results: Our study clearly indicates a positive effect from forest bathing in suburban commercial forests. Both the walk with a forest educator and the walk along the educational trail supported psychological recovery for the participants of the experiment, which shows that informal environmental education carried out in forests can be successfully combined with forest bathing, supporting the positive effects of this activity.
... Authors developed the technical evaluation to test the functionality of non-personal interpretive exhibits which covered the guidelines to construct the behavioural objective (call for action), title, themes, text, colours andgraphics as well as the organization of theinterpretive messages (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003;Gross et al. 2006;Moscardo et al. 2007;Veverka 2013;Bitgood 2014). ...
This concept paper is a section in book article. This paper about the idea of developing the hiking preparedness model for mountaineering activity in Malaysia using the Design and Development Research (DDR) approach.
... Authors developed the technical evaluation to test the functionality of non-personal interpretive exhibits which covered the guidelines to construct the behavioural objective (call for action), title, themes, text, colours andgraphics as well as the organization of theinterpretive messages (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003;Gross et al. 2006;Moscardo et al. 2007;Veverka 2013;Bitgood 2014). ...
This e book was published based on papers presented at the 3rd. International Conference on Adventure and Ecotourism (ICAE) 2019.
... Authors developed the technical evaluation to test the functionality of non-personal interpretive exhibits which covered the guidelines to construct the behavioural objective (call for action), title, themes, text, colours andgraphics as well as the organization of theinterpretive messages (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003;Gross et al. 2006;Moscardo et al. 2007;Veverka 2013;Bitgood 2014). ...
The current scenario of ecotourism development and issues in Malaysia.
... Authors developed the technical evaluation to test the functionality of non-personal interpretive exhibits which covered the guidelines to construct the behavioural objective (call for action), title, themes, text, colours andgraphics as well as the organization of theinterpretive messages (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003;Gross et al. 2006;Moscardo et al. 2007;Veverka 2013;Bitgood 2014). ...
Soil is the outermost layer of the earth’s crust that has undergone weathering, it has a life of microorganisms and supports plant life. This study was held in the experimental forest of University Putra Malaysia, the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Peninsular Malaysia. This objective the research is for investigate soil morphology and classiication in Ayer Hitam Forest. Mapping of the area under investigation was carried out using conventional soil survey techniques with physiographic approach using maps with a scale of 1: 30,000. The results show that Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve have different soil morphologic between the 5 study sites and have similar soil order, the Ultisols soil. The soil in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve is formed from highly weathered soil due to high rainfall in this location.
... In terms of exhibit characteristics, proximity between visitors and animals, even when the animals were sleeping, appeared to assist in developing emotional engagement (Bitgood, Patterson, & Benefield, 1988;Luebke et al., 2016). Interpretive techniques such as interpretive signage and keeper talks were a way of countering some of the visitors' negative assumptions and misinformation, however, observations of visitors' involvement with signage revealed low readership levels for each of the signs observed, which conforms to the findings of other studies (Bitgood, 1989;Simpkin, 1994;Hancocks, 1995;Ballantyne & Hughes, 2003;Moscardo, Woods, & Saltzer, 2004). ...
This article explores enablers and inhibitors of emotional engagement between visitors and Tasmanian devils at Healesville Sanctuary, Australia. A qualitative research approach was utilized including 44 interviews (ten with staff and 34 with visitors) and eight hours of observations of 622 visitors. Findings are presented in relation to six themes: (a) visitors’ motivations for viewing Tasmanian devils, (b) visitors’ emotional responses to Tasmanian devils, (c) role of previsit expectations, (d) species’ attributes inhibiting emotional engagement, (e) species' attributes enabling emotional engagement, and (f) elements of exhibit design and interpretation influencing emotional engagement. Results show clear views of active animals, first-person interpretation, and an understanding of conservation threats were enablers of forming an emotional connection. Inability to view animals and general misconceptions of devils were inhibitors of forming an emotional connection. Implications for exhibit management, interpretation, and conservation are discussed.
... (Ballantyne & Hughes 2003 @BULLET Have local activities or events (e.g., festivals, workshops, bushwalks) that link to the themes/site been mentioned? @BULLET Are signs placed where visitors will see them (e.g., in direct line of vision, at natural stopping points)? ...
This manual was devised to help overcome the professional isolation often experienced by staff working in Australian VICs (Visitor Information Centres). It is specifically designed to facilitate the sharing of ‘best practice’ approaches to information dissemination, customer service, staff training, sign and exhibit design and evaluation. Material is based on research in the areas of visitor studies; interviews with thirteen VIC managers; and surveys conducted with approximately 407 visitors at 18 VICs in Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The manual is written in a non-academic style and is designed to be used by managers, staff and volunteers. It includes photographs, discussion questions and checklists to enable you to evaluate and improve your services and facilities. The manual concludes with four case studies designed to describe examples of ‘best practice’ in more detail (see Appendix A).
Unbalanced or absent Indigenous representation in interpretive materials at government administered heritage sites in settler-colonial contexts can create contention and perpetuate a misinformed or one-dimensional visitor experience and historical narrative. This research therefore examines representation in interpretive materials accessible in 2019 at heritage sites with Indigenous ancestral connections in settler-colonial contexts. This study uses 10 U.S. case study heritage sites and two supplementary sites in Washington, Idaho, and Hawai‘i. Researchers utilized participant observation and systematic photography during two 2019 research phases to document interpretive materials. Quantification generated 731 analytic units which were subsequently assessed for the presence of inductively and deductively generated codes. The assembled empirical results illustrate three overarching themes: (1) controlled historical narrative; (2) absence of shared authority; and (3) challenges in representing and/or integrating different ways of knowing. This research contributes to heritage studies and practical heritage site management in two ways: (1) offering a timely multi-sited and multicultural sample of settler-colonial heritage site interpretive materials comparable to other sites; and (2) illustrating empirical trends in interpretive materials that privilege settlers over Indigenous peoples. This research suggests that future interpretation could benefit from a more balanced multivocal approach that recognizes ancestral and contemporary Indigenous homelands and the complexity of Indigenous-settler interactions.
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to comparatively analyse explicit and implicit attitudes of visitors from sun and beach destinations towards two types of visual conservation messages: persuasive and prohibitive.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative empirical investigation of transversal section was carried out using a structured questionnaire. The geographic area of study is located in the Mexican Riviera Maya. The data was collected between the months of September 2016 to January 2017 from a total of 129 actual visitors of 12 different nationalities. Student t tests analyses were conducted to measure difference between explicit and implicit attitudes towards both types of messages.
Findings
Persuasive visual messages of conservation shown to be effective at both, explicit and implicit, levels, while prohibitive ones were less effective than persuasive ones ay implicit level, corroborating that the persuasive messages are more effective than prohibitive ones, and that the implicit measurements tend to offer information that is not always revealed by explicit means.
Practical implications
Results can be exploited by those who are tasked with maintaining a delicate balance between tourism and the environment to achieve greater impact in developing the attitudes they need to show to their tourists, through the design and creation of persuasive conservation, even barrier, visual messages that are able to draw well to the visitors' subconscious and unconscious.
Originality/value
Persuasive visual messages of conservation are produced to be effective at both explicit and implicit levels. However, inhibiting messages prove to be less effective with regard to persuasive messages at the implicit level, which reinforces that persuasive messages are more effective. Effective than the prohibitive ones and that the Implicit measurements offer information that is not always disclosed by explicit means. Persuasive messages aim at persuading and the recipient is not interested on the message. There is a possibility that the recipient will react negatively. Therefore, messages should be prepared using an indirect approach.
In-situ signage is a cost effective environmental education tool used in marine protected area (MPA) management, and the design and location of signage is crucial to attract the attention of targeted audiences. The implementation of multiple-use MPAs increases the challenges of communicating awareness of MPA boundaries and permitted activities. Currently, little is known about how effective signage in multiple-use MPAs is in communicating information to stakeholders that will promote supportive attitudes and behaviours towards MPAs. This study evaluated the usefulness of in-situ signage in an existing multiple-use MPA, to determine if signs pertaining to the MPA captured the attention of recreational users, and provided adequate information. Structured interviews with recreational fishers, divers, and other users, were used to determine users׳ awareness of being in an MPA, their awareness of management objectives and associated zoning scheme, together with levels of agreement or disagreement on whether or not current in-situ signage adequately communicates information about the MPA. It was evident that the types and accessibility of in-situ signs in the MPA may not be effective at capturing the attention of intended audiences and providing relevant information, with the exception of signs located at the dive site, due to their design, size, and placement. Awareness differed among the three user groups, together with their views on the effectiveness of signage. Many recreational fishers believed existing signage was inadequate and unclear, and expressed frustrations with the complexity of zoning rules and location of their boundaries. Based on this study, recommendations about the presentation, content, and placement of signage relative to access points, and information required by MPA users, is provided. Full text is available via this link.
http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1QjOs,714MMRZ0
Marketing and management literature is awash with discussions about competing predictive models of leisure behaviour. Most of these include the concepts of service quality and satisfaction. However, related studies of visitors to botanic gardens have not been as well represented, nor are they evident in the mainstream leisure and tourism literature. This lack of literature is surprising because botanic gardens in Australia are demanding considerable financial commitments from governments so as to provide the twin roles of conserving and displaying biological specimens, and providing public education and recreation opportunities. Much of the literature on service quality has been well established and driven by the study of commercial transactions. Little is available that deals with visitor behaviour in the public leisure domain at venues such as botanic gardens. This paper presents findings from a survey of visitors to botanic gardens in six Australian capital cities. Perceptions of service quality plus demographic profiles and measures of behavioural intentions post‐visit were collected from more than 1000 adult visitors. Exploratory factor analysis of 23 visitor‐defined attributes of service quality was used to identify underlying dimensions of service quality. Hierarchical linear regression was then used to identify the significant predictive effects of visitor service quality for overall satisfaction and behavioural intentions after the visit. The findings were used to develop a four‐factor model of visitor service quality for visitors to botanic gardens. Furthermore, there appeared to be significant and meaningful predictive power of visitors’ intended behaviour based on their ratings of visitor service quality attributes. For garden management staffs, implications included the need to encourage the continued engagement with social researchers to complement their role as scientific collections managers as well as visitor managers. For researchers, implications include the need to consider a refined concept and measurement of service quality for public, non‐profit organisations providing popular leisure experiences and visitor benefits.
Informal environmental learning experiences such as those provided at interpretive centres, museums and heritage sites are increasingly being used by teachers to promote environmental education aims. This paper critically examines the relationship between informal environmental interpretive experiences and formal environmental education. The similarities and differences are delineated and implications are drawn for the use of interpretive experiences in the environmental education school curriculum. The informal environmental learning (IEL) checklist is presented as a means of enabling both teachers and interpreters to evaluate and where necessary alter informal learning experiences to meet the needs of student groups. -Authors
Interpretive signs help visitors understand and appreciate important aspects of our natural and cultural heritage. But, to do this, they need to be designed in an effective, user-friendly way. This comprehensive guide provides a series of principles froe effective sign design, with instruction based on research, the latest in educational and psychological theory, real-world examples, and practical guidelines. A must-read for interpreters, Designing Interpretive Signs includes valuable information about choosing sign locations, attracting and keeping visitor’s attention, organizing information so the visitors can easily follow it, and generally improving signs for a wide range of sites.
This book offers a rational and philosophical approach to environmental interpretation, the educational purpose of which is particularly relevant in an age when specialization tends to distance most people from direct experience of the way the environment works. In reviewing the practice of interpretation, the author emphasises that effective work in this field must be finely tuned. The interpreter must constantly bear in mind the real value and significance of the features interpreted and the needs of the visitors to whom interpretation is addressed.
This paper begins with the premise that interpretation is the key to ensuring the quality of the tourism experience and argues that successful interpretation is critical both for the effective management and conservation of built heritage sites and for sustainable tourism. The paper introduces the concept of mindfulness and outlines its use in developing a model for designing effective interpretation at built heritage sites. A supporting set of principles for this design is provided. It is argued that mindfulness is an integrating concept that can be used to enhance the quality of visitor experiences and create a sustainable link between tourism and built heritage.
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