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Improved Performance of an Intensive Rotifer Culture System by using a Nitrifying Inoculum (ABIL)
Aquaculture Research
Abstract and Figures
A dense nitrifying culture (ABIL) has been examined for its capacity to stimulate rotifer growth in a labscale culture system. The nitrifiers were applied in different ways. When ABIL was added directly to rotifer batch cultures, it gave rise to significantly higher population densities (factor 1.5–2.5 higher, P < 0.05). The nitrifiers were subsequently examined for their capacity to enhance the start-up of bioreactors, commonly installed in aquaculture rearing tanks. Of the different carrier materials used in these bioreactors, i.e. CaCO3, gravel and a PVC matrix (Bionet), CaCO3 gave by far the best results. In a third set of experiments, effectively nitrifying bioreactor systems were connected to rotifer culture tanks and operated over a period of up to 10 days. It was demonstrated that the ABIL inoculated CaCO3-based bioreactor allowed excellent rotifer growth reaching rotifer densities up to 5500 rotifers per mL. Moreover, a new system in which the ABIL culture was recirculated through hollow fibres was developed and demonstrated to be effective for supporting rotifer growth up to 3500 rotifers per mL. Overall, the use of the dense nitrifying culture either in seed batch cultures, conventional bioreactors or hollow fibre bioreactor systems in support of rotifer cultures was demonstrated to be effective for improving the water quality and the rotifer growth.
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... Posteriormente, fue implementado el sistema de cultivo continuo (Walz, 1993) del cual se derivan sistemas de alta densidad, aproximadamente 7 000 rot·ml -1 (Bentley et al., 2008;Önal et al., 2010;Rombaut et al., 2003;Suantika et al., 2001) y de superalta densidad, alrededor de 160 000 rot·ml -1 (Yoshimura et al., 2003). ...
... Posteriormente, fue implementado el sistema de cultivo continuo (Walz, 1993) del cual se derivan sistemas de alta densidad, aproximadamente 7 000 rot·ml -1 (Bentley et al., 2008;Önal et al., 2010;Rombaut et al., 2003;Suantika et al., 2001) y de superalta densidad, alrededor de 160 000 rot·ml -1 (Yoshimura et al., 2003). ...
... Posteriormente, fue implementado el sistema de cultivo continuo (Walz, 1993) del cual se derivan sistemas de alta densidad, aproximadamente 7 000 rot·ml -1 (Bentley et al., 2008;Önal et al., 2010;Rombaut et al., 2003;Suantika et al., 2001) y de superalta densidad, alrededor de 160 000 rot·ml -1 (Yoshimura et al., 2003). ...
Los exitosos cultivos larvarios de peces marinos hacen posible la transición
de nivel experimental a comercial; en la actualidad existen industrias dedicadas a la producción de juveniles que basan su éxito en programas de cultivo larvario especializados (Marte, 2003). Por ejemplo, los cultivos de lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax Linneo, 1758) y dorada (Spaurus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) se expandieron de manera significativa por una mayor disposición de juveniles causada por el mejoramiento de sus técnicas de larvicultura (Shields, 2001). Lo anterior sucede cuando los protocolos de cultivo de larvas incrementan las tasas de sobrevivencia y crecimiento durante la compleja etapa de larva a juvenil, a partir del ofrecimiento de condiciones adecuadas entre las que destaca la definición de una estrategia de alimentación que garantice una estable y continua producción de juveniles (García-Ortega, 2009).
Sin embargo, en muchos casos las mortalidades masivas e impredecibles en las primeras semanas después de la eclosión de las larvas de peces marinos sigue siendo un problema importante (Sorgeloos et al., 1998). Respecto al cultivo larvario de pargos (Lutjanus spp.), es conocido que se presentan dos periodos de alta mortalidad, el primero corresponde a la transición de fuente de energía, de endógena a exógena, que implica la primera alimentación larval que tiene lugar del día tres al ocho poseclosión (dpe); y la segunda ocurre alrededor del día veinte poseclosión y que puede ser causada por los cambios fisiológicos en el inicio de la metamorfosis (Emata et al., 1994). En ambos eventos, el crecimiento y supervivencia de las larvas están influenciados principalmente por aspectos nutricionales (García-Ortega, 2009), por lo tanto, son prioridad las investigaciones que se dirigen a establecer los mejores protocolos de alimentación larvaria.
... Posteriormente, fue implementado el sistema de cultivo continuo (Walz, 1993) del cual se derivan sistemas de alta densidad, aproximadamente 7 000 rot·ml -1 (Bentley et al., 2008;Önal et al., 2010;Rombaut et al., 2003;Suantika et al., 2001) y de superalta densidad, alrededor de 160 000 rot·ml -1 (Yoshimura et al., 2003). ...
La demanda de organismos acuícolas para consumo humano, tales como pescados, mariscos y sus derivados, es cada vez mayor debido a su calidad nutricional; la disminución de los rendimientos de las pesquerías han mostrado un estancamiento. Los Lutjánidos son peces objetivo de las pesquerías artesanales en los estados costeros de las zonas tropicales y subtropicales de México, ya que son especies de gran demanda en el mercado y brindan grandes ingresos a los pescadores. Uno de los géneros de mayor importancia comercial perteneciente a esta familia, es el Lutjanus entre ellos las especies Lutjanus peru, Lutjanus guttatus, Lutjanus argentiventris y Lutjanus colorado. Se han sugerido que son especies con gran potencial en la acuicultura. El propósito del presente documento es aportar información sobre aspectos reproductivos, fisiología, hematología, calidad de agua en cultivo y variables ambientales que inciden en su población natural y salud de los pargos. Los cambios en las prácticas de manejo pesquero y contaminación del medio ambiente pueden generar nuevos determinantes para la salud de las pesquerías.
... Compuestos nitrogenados: Las altas concentraciones de compuestos nitrogenados son producto de la descomposición del alimento no consumido y heces (Campaña-Torres et al., 2009). El principal compuesto nitrogenado es el amonio (Rombaut et al., 2003) por su toxicidad y por ser el primer compuesto producto del catabolismo de las proteínas. ...
The aquaculture on tropical marine species is a challenge, especially when there is a huge pressure because overfishing, and constant growth of seafood demand, promoting efforts to do the marine fish culture profitable and feasible, not only for job creation with small and large business and fishing pressure declining, but also to create a integrate system of support activities. This book shows 10-year effort in the Parque Marino del Pacifico and the Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica) to scale the commercial production of juveniles of the fish known as Pargo Mancha, as an effort to encourage mariculture on an industrial and artisanal scale.
El cultivo de especies marinas con especies tropicales es todo un reto, sobre todo cuando los mares sufren una enorme presión sobre los recursos marinos por la excesiva pesca y por el constante crecimiento en la demanda de algunos productos marinos, lo que promueve esfuerzos para volver a la maricultura de peces factible técnica y rentablemente, no solo para la creación de empleos en empresas (grandes y pequeñas) y para disminuir la presión pesquera, sino también para crear todo un sistema de actividades de soporte y de actividades primarias. Este libro muestra el esfuerzo de 10 años en el Parque Marino del Pacífico y la Universidad Nacional para escalar la producción de juveniles del pez conocido como Pargo Mancha, como un esfuerzo de incentivar la maricultura a escala industrial y artesanal.
... Water quality has been considered to be the most important factor that influences the growth and survival of postlarvae (PLs) in a hatchery system. In culture systems, sequestration of ammonia has been achieved using biological (Malone and Pfeiffer 2006) and chemical (Gräslund and Bengtsson 2001) filters as well as application of microbes (Rombaut et al. 2003). The development of systems such as rotary biological contractor (Shankha 1980) or fluidized bed bioreactor (Miller and Libey 1985) prevents the accumulation of ammonia and nitrite (Chen et al. 1991). ...
... Many explanations exist for the enhanced population growth of rotifers with probiotic additions (Douillet, 2000b;Hirata et al., 1998;Hirayama, 1987;Planas et al., 2004). Bacterial community influences factors such as water quality, nutrient and vitamin supplementation, and a reduction of pathogens and bacterial toxins (Dhert et al., 2001;Douillet, 2000a;Rombaut et al., 1999Rombaut et al., , 2003Zink et al., 2011). Non-axenic culture conditions allow microorganisms to produce essential nutrients (Hirayama, 1987). ...
The effect of a commercial probiotic (NanoCrusta, Altacrusta, Mexico City, Mexico) on the growth performance of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766, was evaluated. In a first approach, probiotics were supplied in four densities (2.0 × 103, 1.1 × 105, 2.1 × 105 and 2.1 × 106 cells/ml), alone and in combination with Chlorella vulgaris (1 × 106 cells/ml). The test rotifer did not grow on the probiotic alone. However, when probiotics + C. vulgaris were added, the maximum densities (Dmax; ind/ml) and population growth rates (r) observed were higher. In the second experiment, probiotics were supplied at five higher densities (2.1 × 106, 4.2 × 106, 8.5 × 106, 1.7 × 107 and 3.4 × 107 cells/ml) with C. vulgaris and a control treatment with only C. vulgaris (probiotic‐free). Treatments supplied with probiotics between 2.1 × 106 and 1.7 × 107 cells/ml showed significantly higher Dmax and r than the control treatment. The results showed a positive effect of probiotic bacteria when supplied with C. vulgaris. The best outcome showed a Dmax 2.16 times and an r 1.63 times higher than the density of the control treatment. Growth rates were higher in the treatments with probiotics compared to the control. We conclude that application of NanoCrusta is feasible to improve B. calyciflorus production, but the effects need to be tested in larger scales.
... Rotifers exhibit exponential growth as long as favorable conditions are maintained, followed by a decrease and termination of growth when food is depleted or microbiological and chemical conditions decrease to below tolerance ranges (Conceição et al. 2010). All rotifer culture systems, including batch (Dhert et al. 2001;Loo et al. 2015), semi-continuous (Lubzens and Zmora 2003;Olsen 2004;Rajendiran and Subramanian 2007;Kostopoulou et al. 2012), and continuous (Rombaut et al. 2003;Kobayashi et al. 2008;Bentley et al. 2008;Önal et al. 2010), have been developed to maintain exponential growth by the addition of high food concentrations and to prevent excessive accumulation of nitrogenous waste (Conceição et al. 2010). Of all these systems, batch culture in outdoor ponds is most commonly used in rotifer production systems in hatcheries, mainly for their low production costs (Qi et al. 2009;Loo et al. 2015) compared to semi-continuous and continuous systems that are more productive and highly demanding in terms of technological knowledge for their applications and high cost (Loo et al. 2015). ...
In the present study, the mass production of the rotifer species Brachionus plicatilis was evaluated using closed outdoor algae culture systems in 450- and 1000-L polyethylene bags fed with the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana and supplemented with probiotic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. (SLP1). These bacteria were previously isolated from the digestive tract of the commercially important fish Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi, Family: Carangidae) and their stimulatory activity on growth in the microalga N. gaditana was verified. In each treatment, a significantly greater production of organisms (P < 0.05) was shown when fed with the microalgae and supplemented with beneficial bacteria over 9 days compared to control treatments without the addition of beneficial bacteria. Using denaturing gradient gel rlectrophoresis analysis (DGGE), the permanence of the SPL1 bacteria was demonstrated in a B. plicatilis culture in a 1000-L outdoor system when they were incorporated into the diet. With these results, it is shown that the use of this microalgae-bacteria mixture is feasible to improve rotifer production in outdoor batch culture systems. This is a potential input vector for beneficial bacteria as well as nutritional elements into the digestive tract of larval and juvenile stages of fish of economic importance, especially S. lalandi.
... Bioaugmentation well-known as the seeding of enriched nitrifying and denitrifying cultures into intensive aquaculture has been studied. Application of nitrifiers into shrimp ponds can lead to decrease in ammonia and nitrate nitrogen in shrimp ponds [11][12][13][14][15][16]. In contrast, other studies have indicated that effect of the probiotics containing non-indigenous nitrifying cultures is not stable as they will be edged out by the competing native microorganisms, besides facing growth inhibition and prolonged acclimation period [17,18]. ...
Bioremediation technology has been emergently considered as an economic and environmental-friendly manner to treat inorganic nitrogen in tropically coastal aquaculture ponds. Two laboratory scale experiments were conducted to examine efficacy of nitrogen removal of some bioremediators. The results indicated that total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite concentrations of treatments with inoculation of the nitrifying bacterial cultures were significantly lower than those of the treatments without inoculation just after three days and one day of experiment, respectively. TAN in treatments with inoculation was removed at 76.0% while that without inoculation was just removed at 53.7%. Nitrite in treatments without inoculation increased duration of first 20 experiment days while nitrite in treatments with inoculation decreased to 50% just after one day. For treatments with inoculation of denitrifying bacterial cultures, effect of nitrate removal was clear within one day after beginning of the experiment. The present of macroalgae Gracilaria sp. promoted TAN and nitrite removal after two to three days of the experiment. Moreover, the addition of CaCO3 could enhance TAN and nitrite removal in comparison to the control treatments.
Small Brachionus sp. (130-230 µm) in 2011-2012 and tiny Brachionus sp. (110-140 µm) in 2013-2014 were reared in batch culture (3 or 4 day cycles) and semi-continuous systems. For feeding rotifers, nonviable microalgae (Nannochloropsis sp.) were used and were continuously dosed with peristaltic pumps. The cultures provided air, oxygen, and sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate. An average total daily production of 552, 602 and 459 million rotifers d-1 with mean final densities of 1,099 rotifers mL⁻¹, 1,052 rotifers mL⁻¹ and 1,015 rotifers mL⁻¹ were harvested in three day (3-d) and four day (4-d) batch culture systems and semi-continuous culture systems, respectively. The average values of rotifers produced were adequate to supply the rotifers required in the parallel pilot rearing larval cycles, and 169 x 10³/yr (2012) to 564 x 10³ (2013) juveniles/yr were produced with a mean annual demand of 83.9 x 10⁶ rotifers/1,000 juveniles produced. The total operational cost per million rotifers/day was lower for the semi-continuous culture system (0.55) and 3-d batch system ($0.59). These production costs were lower than those of other reports with artificial feeds and recirculation systems. The main components of the total operational cost was food (71-77%) and labor (7-11%). The best production stability and reliability were in the semicontinuous system, which best met the required daily quantities for the larval rearing trials. For possible improvements and increased production, the results are discussed in terms of financial efficiency.
This research assayed the toxicity of 50 to 100 chemicals to each of 3 bacterial groups: aerobic heterotrophs, Nitrosomonas, and methanogens. Chemicals tested comprise important environmental pollutants such as chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and halogenated and other substituted benzenes and phenols. Toxicity data were obtained from the literature for fathead minnows and for the Microtox test for comparison with our bacterial data. Aerobic heterotrophs and methanogens showed similar sensitivities to toxicants, with the exception of an enhanced susceptibility of methanogens to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated alcohols. Nitrosomonas, Microtox, and the fathead minnow showed similar sensitivities as one another, which were significantly greater than the sensitivities of the aerobic heterotrophs and methanogens. Excellent correlations were found between chemical toxicities to the aerobic heterotrophs, methanogens (with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons omitted), and fathead minnows. Good correlations were found between Microtox and each of the other bacteria and the fathead minnow.
The determination of nitrite and nitrate content in water is usually performed by flow analysis according to the international standard ISO 13395. In order to avoid the use of expensive apparatus, this method was adapted to the conventional material encountered in our school laboratories.
Rotifers were reared on the artificial diet culture Selco® in batch and recirculation conditions at different water exchange rates. The different rearing conditions resulted in considerable changes in water quality, which in their turn affected rotifer growth and food consumption. At a daily water exchange rate of 100%, no positive effect was obtained in rotifer growth compared to the batch rearing system, but the rotifer culture period could be prolonged by 1 week. By increasing the daily water exchange rate from 100 to 300% the maximum rotifer density could be significantly (P
To determine the best type of carrier for marine nitrification, the macro-porous cellulose and polyester carriers were compared in continuous nitrification experiments using a 15.7 dm3 airlift-type bioreactor. Employing a feeding medium containing only ammonium chloride (as substrate) and sodium bicarbonate (as carbon source), ammonium loading rates of 2.6 and 0.65 kg-N/m3-carrier/d were obtained for polyester and cellulose carriers, respectively. The addition of a trace element solution (TE) resulted in a further increase of ammonium loading rates to 5.20 and 1.62 kg-N/m3-carrier/d, for the polyester and cellulose carriers, respectively. Nitrite oxidation became a rate-limiting step unless a minimum influent of inorganic carbon (g)/influent NH4-N (g) ratios of 1.2 and 5.0, and 0.02% TE at 50 and 40 g/m3 NH4-N concentration were maintained for the polyester and cellulose carriers, respectively. These differences in nitrification capacity and nutrient requirements are due to differences in the physico-chemical properties of the carriers. Measurement of the effectiveness factor showed that in celluose carriers, the diffusion of oxygen was limited. In addition, precipitation, which is common with seawater, occurred inside the cellulose carriers after approximately five months of continuous experimental runs. The precipitates further limited oxygen and other nutrients' transfer, and also caused inefficient circulation of the heavier cellulose carriers. Morphological observations show that the ammonia and nitrite oxidizers are Nitrosomonas marina and Nitrospina sp., respectively.
Agriculture in the United States has become the world leader in productivity through intensification, mechanization and automation. A similar path is appropriate for aquaculture since automation of aquaculture systems will allow the industry to: site production closer to markets; improve environmental control; reduce catastrophic losses; minimize environmental regulations by reducing effluents; reduce production costs; and improve product quality. The history of automated control in aquaculture has been brief; most of the systems have been custom-designed, personal computer systems. The current trend is toward the use of industrial process control systems composed of: sensors/transducers, meters/transmitters, communication multiplexers, actuators/output devices, computer hardware and computer control software. These process control systems can be as simple as one computer or as sophisticated as distributed control systems (multiple networked microcomputers). The choice of the system's architecture should be based on price performance, considering labor, product value, environment and vendor support. Success in designing pragmatic and affordable automated control systems for aquaculture will be widely applicable because it will enhance water management, reduce costs associated with manual monitoring and reduce significantly the chance of catastrophic system failures.