Experimental study of earth batteries

Abstract

We report successful design, construction and operation of an earth battery as an alternate energy source for low power electric supply applications. Different combinations of metallic and non-metallic solid, liquid and gas electrodes were investigated for maximum potential difference. In view of robust and cost effective use of this natural power technology by unskilled village consumers most suitable combinations of the commonly available metals were selected for further detailed characteristic studies. Combinations of Magnesium anode and Coke cathode; Zinc anode and Graphite cathode; Aluminum anode and Carbon cathode; Zinc anode and Copper cathodes gave 2.05, 1.40, 1.10 and 0.9 volts per cell. Typical rated power of a single Zn-Cu cell was measured to be few tens of microamperes. Small power electronic devices such as calculators, electronic watches, baby toys and cell phones and white light LEDs were operated on site. The voltage level was found to increase linearly by connecting multiple earth battery cells in series like commercial lead acid battery. The load current was found to increase by connecting earth cells in parallel. The source current capacities were also found to increase by increasing surface areas of the electrodes. However, single cell voltage was found to remain constant irrespective of the electrode sizes. This paper reports detailed characteristic study of the most cost effective and accessible metal electrodes earth batteries. Operation of earth battery as a free electricity source was demonstrated successfully.

Full text

Second International Conference on Electrical Engineering
25-26 March 2008
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Pakistan)
978-1-4244-2293-7/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE.
Experimental Study of Earth Batteries
N. Khan, Z. Saleem, N. Abas*
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, H-8/1, Johr Campus Islamabad, Pakistan
*Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.
nasrullahk@yahoo.com
Abstract: We report successful design, construction and operation of
an earth battery as an alternate energy source for low power electric
supply applications. Different combinations of metallic and non-
metallic solid, liquid and gas electrodes were investigated for
maximum potential difference. In view of robust and cost effective
use of this natural power technology by unskilled village consumers
most suitable combinations of the commonly available metals were
selected for further detailed characteristic studies. Combinations of
Magnesium anode and Coke cathode; Zinc anode and Graphite
cathode; Aluminum anode and Carbon cathode; Zinc anode and
Copper cathodes gave 2.05, 1.40, 1.10 and 0.9 volts per cell. Typical
rated power of a single Zn-Cu cell was measured to be few tens of
microamperes. Small power electronic devices such as calculators,
electronic watches, baby toys and cell phones and white light LEDs
were operated on site. The voltage level was found to increase
linearly by connecting multiple earth battery cells in series like
commercial lead acid battery. The load current was found to
increase by connecting earth cells in parallel. The source current
capacities were also found to increase by increasing surface areas of
the electrodes. However, single cell voltage was found to remain
constant irrespective of the electrode sizes. This paper reports
detailed characteristic study of the most cost effective and accessible
metal electrodes earth batteries. Operation of earth battery as a free
electricity source was demonstrated successfully.
I. INTRODUCTION
Reported free energy holy grails may include electrostatic
motors, geo-magnetic generators [1-2], air [3], sea [4] and
earth batteries [5-8]. Some free energy believers have often
been focusing on the perpetual motion machines using
scientifically unworkable ideas such as over unity devices,
millennium motors, resonance based self-charging and free
wheeling devices. There exists nothing as free energy source
such as mutual powering motor-generator set without any net
input or gravity based free running machines or negative
resistance based amplification. However, earth soil chemical
reactions and electron affinity based earth batteries may be
explored for low to high voltage DC potential to drive small
scale white emission LED lighting loads in remote hilly areas
or small scale electronic devices. They can also be considered
to replace high voltage low current charging power supplies
or ionization power supplies. Like earth batteries the sea
batteries also may be considered for similar applications.
However, air batteries can be used for bulk power production
and grid system operation [3]. In view of global energy crisis
to be caused by natural end of oil and gas within next 50 to
60 years time [9-11], it has become very important to look for
alternative energy sources to hold back the human race from
engagement to a great energy war [12-13].
Although, uranium [14] and coal [9] would continue to exist
for few centuries but they can not replace oil and gas despite
risks of radioactivity hazards (plutonium) and greenhouse
gases (CO2). Either, we can stop global warming at risk of
nuclear radiation or make the planet nuclear free at risk of
global warming due to increasing temperatures from1.4 to
5.8ºC from 1990 to 2100 by exponentially rising CO2
concentrations. Rise in earth surface temperature in past ten
hot years (1997-2007) was about 0.6ºC. Maximum
temperature has been recorded to be 52ºC in major cities of
Pakistan and 46ºC in Greece. Cool the home and heat the
planet or adapt to natural ways of life. We must stop use of
excessive energy for entertainment and retune ourselves to
new lifestyles requiring minimum amount of energy in the
form of cooling or heating. The scientists must work hard to
explore new sources of energy else be prepared to be
perished soon in a great energy war or global greenhouse
effect none knows which prevails earlier. This work is a
very honest effort to investigate the possibility of using
earth batteries for remote village lighting, communication
signaling and driving small scale electronic loads where
there is no alternate source of electricity or simple to
conserve electricity. Assuming uniform electrode profile the
potentials of some common metals electrode pairs in soils
are shown in Table 1. [15-17].
Table 1 Potential of Common Metals Suitable for Earth Battery
Anode materials
Cathode materials
Battery
Material
E (V)
Material
E (V)
Volts
magnesium
zinc
zinc
aluminium
iron
-1.75
-1.10
-1.10
-0.80
-0.50
coke
graphite
copper
carbon
coal
+0.30
+0.30
+0.20
+0.30
+0.30
2.05
1.40
0.90
1.10
0.80
To test the possibility of higher currents and voltage a few
large size C, Mg and Al electrodes are under construction or
testing. Unlike air batteries used in vehicles the earth
batteries have very low Wh capacities. It can not drive even
ordinary motorized baby toys. Above earth battery failed to
drive even an LED despite 0.7mA current due to low
voltage. It had an average 0.63 W power. It was still too
small to drive any motorized load except electronic digital
clock. A simple air battery may consist of aluminum foil (or
magnesium) and activated charcoal (or iron). Oxygen from
air may penetrate through saltwater soaked paper to react
with aluminum. Electrodes attached to aluminum and
carbon may produce enough useful voltage. Air battery cell
voltage depends upon reduction potential. Typical reduction

potentials of various materials at STP are shown in Table 2
[16-19]
Table 2 Standard Reduction Potentials of Elements at 25ºC
Per cell voltage ranges of air batteries are much lower than
air batteries. The best, Mg-C, earth battery has a maximum
2.05 volts whilst the best Li+(aq)-F2(g) air battery has 5.915
volts. However, air battery design needs to consider several
other economic aspects for commercial use. A common Zn-
Air battery can supply 312kWh in comparison with 22kWh
NiCd battery. Together they can power 200HP traction drive
at speed of 20mph or 35 mph using higher capacity batteries.
Recent trends are focused on increasing speed to 55mph to
cope with energy crisis. This technology is in use in several
countries since years. Air battery energy to weight and energy
to size ratios are 200-250Wh/kg and 300-375 Wh/L.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
An experimental study was conducted to measure exact
voltages and currents of an earth battery cells consisting of
zinc and copper electrodes. The electrodes arrangement on
earth’s surface in open air environment consists of simple
pricking of pointed electrodes on earth’s surface. The
electrode soil reaction voltage 0.92V may be used to drive
small scale lighting and electronic loads. Outside on bare
earth the currents and voltages were found higher at smaller
distances and lower at relatively larger distances between
cathode and anodes. The voltages and currents readings were
found unstable on the digital multi-meter. Repetition of above
experiment with interchange of electrodes from north to south
resulted in relatively increased voltages and currents.
Average magnitudes of voltages and currents were measured
to be 0.91±0.15V and 0.7±0.25mA for multiple electrodes.
Earth battery potential depends upon the electrode materials
and their standard reduction potentials. If we choose higher
positive and negative reduction materials the earth battery
voltage can be enhanced. Theoretical voltage of Zn-Cu earth
battery is 0.92V but our measurements conducted with UNI-
T professional digital VOAM # 1050444792 (Korea) were
about 0.90±0.25V. To construct a high voltage battery
suitable electrodes must be chosen. Common metals behave
similarly except current magnitude depends on electrode
surface areas. Variation of measured fluctuating voltages and
currents are shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Copper (south)-Zinc (north) earth battery voltages and
currents
When the same experiment was repeated inside lab using
insulated box mud cells the voltage and current was found
quite stable. It was supposed that the measurements made
outside on bare earth might have extra telluric earth currents
in addition to the normal earth battery currents. Further to
estimate the impact of telluric earth currents on the natural
directions on measured values of currents and voltages, the
zinc electrode was fixed in earth and copper electrode was
rotated for multiple directions from 0º (north) to 90º (east)
to180º (south) and to 270º (west). The voltages and currents
at fixed radius of 9 feet circle were found to vary slightly
vary in magnitudes as shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2 Earth battery V/I characteristics for fixed zinc and
mobile copper electrode.
Electrode did not chemically corrode even after 8 to 9 hrs
continuous use. Stronger currents flow from south to north
and weaker currents from east to west. Currents were also
stronger for positive north and negative south electrodes.
Currents were found to flow from south to north. However,
it was not possible to connect earth battery cells in series to
increase the voltage as the electrodes from bottom become
short circuited through earth electrolyte materials.
Nevertheless, parallel connection of cells resulted in
increased currents due to increased surface areas. Spiral

design of electrodes due to large surface areas increases the
current magnitudes. Maximum magnitude of the measured
voltage was found to be 0.9 ±0.35 volts with currents in the
range of 3±0.25 A. When the same experiment was repeated
outside on open land the magnitude of current increased to
15±10 A. Both the current and magnitudes continued to
oscillate as if the some random potential source in addition to
normal soil reaction voltage was found modulating the
constant DC earth battery voltage.
III. SERIAL OPERATION OF EARTH BATTERIES
Due to short circuiting of electrodes the voltage can not
increase on bare earth surface. We need to isolate individual
cells to add up the voltage. To demonstrate serial addition of
voltages 13 DC battery cells were prepared in separate paper
boxes. The isolated earth battery cells were connected in
series to increase the voltage as shown in Fig. 3. The distance
between Zn and Cu electrodes in different cells varied from 8
to 10cm in Fig .3 (a) and 0.5 to 1cm in Fig.3 (b).
The voltage varied from 10 to 12V DC with low current but
still able to light up an LED. The mud resistance between the
electrodes was tens of M . To reduce the resistance a thin
film approach was applied by appending mud coatings on the
16 inch square I mm thick copper and zinc plates as shown in
Fig.4.
a. A twelve cells 10.30V/45mA earth battery
b. A four cells 2.43V/0.20mA earth battery
Fig.3. Experimental demonstration of serial connection of
earth batteries
Fig.4 Four inch square Zn/Cu plate electrodes 2.5V/30 A
earth battery
Four cells connected in series produced 2.5 to 3.25V DC
with 30 A current due to larger surface areas. It is to note
the voltage and current depend upon moisture content in dry
much. When it is complete dry the current reduces to zero
due to high resistance between electrodes. The reaction of
metal with soil requires moisture. Better if we go for mud
electrolyte instead of simple dry mud. The batteries
electrodes become partially rusted after long term operation.
A few results on rusting have already been published
elsewhere [20]. Further studies on large surface areas of
multiple electrodes are under investigation now.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Results of experimental study on earth batteries using
copper and zinc electrodes are very encouraging. The initial
results for month operation of earth batteries has shown
reasonable potential for use in remote locations for
signaling as well as charging cell phone and white light
illumination applications. This interesting study was

undertaken as part of HEC funded research project on
Renewable Energy category. Being UET graduate (1984) I
feel a lot pleasure to present this research work through ICEE
2008 held in UET Lahore, Pakistan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was conducted as part of a Pakistan Higher
Education Commission funded renewable energy project no.
20-717: Minimum Ignition Study of Combustible Fuel Gases,
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, CIIT Johr
Campus Islamabad, Pakistan.
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