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The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
Abstract
"Discusses how the Internet revolution has produced a powerful counterrevolution. The explosion of innovation we have seen in the environment of the Internet was not conjured from some new, previously unimagined technological magic; instead, it came from an ideal as old as the nation. Creativity flourished there because the Internet protected an innovation commons. The Internets very design built a neutral platform upon which the widest range of creators could experiment. The legal architecture surrounding it protected this free space so that culture and information--the ideas of our era--could flow freely and inspire an unprecedented breadth of expression. But this structural design is changing, both legally and technically."
... architecture (Lessig 2002, Yoo et al. 2010. For example, the service layer may be restricted in terms of who can enter, modify, and delete code underlying the functions (Eisenmann et al. 2008, Tiwana et al. 2010). ...
The assumption that generativity engenders unbounded growth has acquired an almost taken-for-granted position in information systems and management literature. Against this premise, we examine the relationship between generativity and user base growth in the context of a digital platform. To do this, we synthesize the literature on generativity into two views, social interaction (expansion of ecosystem boundaries) and product view (expansion of product boundaries), that jointly and individually relate to user base growth. Both views help us explain how opening a platform relates to the emergence and resolution of conflicting expectations in a platform ecosystem that result in new functions and expanded use. We adopt a panel vector autoregressive approach combining data from six large transaction platforms that engaged with open-source developer communities. We found that the dominant narrative of generativity engendering growth, although generally supported by our analysis, obscures the fact that the inverse is also true; that is, growth can lead to expansion of product boundaries (inverse generativity) and that generativity can be bounded; that is, growth can stabilize ecosystem boundaries (bounded generativity). Against this background, we propose an extended generativity theory that presents generativity and growth in an integrative view and raises awareness about the limitations of the “unbounded growth” claim. We conclude that there is value in separating the two views of generativity conceptually and analytically, along with their relationship to user base growth, and we call for research on the pathways through which generativity produces growth.
History: Ola Henfridsson, Senior Editor; Robert Wayne Gregory, Associate Editor.
Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2023.1209 .
Subject
Different kinds of intellectual property rights have been introduced in the last decades; among the most notable of the many new subject matters were source code and genetic code. The principle subject of this dissertation is how the alternative to intellectual property in informatics is increasingly also being introduced in biology: “Open source” is by now the most usual way to describe innovation in informatics that is based on sharing, distributing and improving the source code of software programs and operating systems. Such an alternative is
increasingly being regarded as desirable in biology because of the tensions between the proliferation of intellectual properties and the changing conceptions about scientific research into genes, genomes, proteomes, cells and so forth. This is the first sense of the title of the dissertation – Common Genomes: the title underlines the importance of the uninhibited exchange of information in the distributed networks of the life sciences. On the other hand, the title is also about the introduction of open source in biology in another sense: what is being exchanged is not any kind of information but information about DNA in close
correspondence to a change in the scientific understanding of life and nature.
To put id differently, open source in biology is not only an exception to intellectual
property laws in a scientific discipline. The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate what conditions would allow open source in biology to also be involve a more desirable alternative to intellectual property in related fields such as plant biotechnology, plant breeding and the conservation of biodiversity. This, however, requires a more nuanced perspective than is possible when understanding the introduction of open source in biology from the viewpoint
of the long, comprehensive and thoroughly studied history of intellectual property. In fact, quite the opposite is the case: increasingly modern histories of intellectual property need to be understood in line with the on-going developments in informatics while open source as a topic begins to involve the multiple ways wherein nature and science are interrelated and separated in modern biology.
In the last decade, development of algorithmic recommendation systems has constituted the main competitive factor between music streaming services. In this article, we identify how a new turn, labelled ‘the auxiliary services phase’, is rising to prominence. We analyze Spotify’s move from being a mere music distributor, to becoming a general provider of audiovisual content – involving investments in podcasts, vodcasts, audiobooks, etc. – where expanded service offerings and exclusive content development constitute increasingly important platform strategies. Although this turn empowers innovation, it is worrisome from a music industry perspective as it challenges power balances between music industry and platform actors.
3D printing (3DP) has enjoyed rapid growth yet has also prompted ethical and social concerns. For example, the ability to print unethical objects and intellectual property (IP) infringement. This paper follows the dual-cycle information system design model and implements a multi-method to propose a blockchain-enabled digital platform solution to protect 3DP digital assets’ IP. It combines the advantages of patented watermarking technology and blockchain technology, including encryption, authentication, and transaction services of 3DP designs according to users’ needs. The platform may help promote the standardised development of the 3DP industry and the international digital assets’ IP protection process.
The digital humanities have become a new avatar of scientific and educational progress and are part of the ideology of progress, of a linear and cumulative science. Therefore, our work questions the marketing pretension of the new digital learning environments for languages that herald an educational revolution registering itself in the idea of technological progress and addresses digital technologies in the teaching of a foreign language. We will insist in particular on the need not to ignore the term innovation, and we will see that a pedagogy that aims to be truly innovative requires a fundamental reflection, both at the educational level and at the technological levels to meet the needs of the current mobility of international students.
O artigo analisa as características do contemporâneo a partir do surgimento da cultura digital, em função do intenso desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, com ênfase nas chamadas tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação. Partindo dessa conceituação, refletimos sobre a importância da escola e, mais especificamente, sobre as possibilidades de operar profundas transformações por dentro da própria escola. Para tal, a inspiração de nossas pesquisas está nos movimentos hackers, em sua ética, cultura e pedagogia. Os hackers têm participação ativa no seu grupo social, com intensa produção de conhecimentos, fazendo-os circular para que possam ser apropriados e aperfeiçoados por todos. Ancorados em estratégias de colaboração e compartilhamento, os processos de produção desses novos aparatos buscam responder aos diferentes desafios que emergem do cotidiano. O artigo busca compreender quais as potencialidades dessa perspectiva para a educação, admitindo-as também como alternativas para intervenções desde dentro do sistema, naquilo que estamos denominando de construção de uma escola com um jeito hacker de ser. Concluímos desenvolvendo a ideia de que precisamos de uma escola que considere a perspectiva ativista de empoderamento, autoria e produção colaborativa como base para o fortalecimento da educação pública e democrática, fundamentada num ecossistema pedagógico de aprendizagem, comunicação e produção permanente de culturas e conhecimentos. O título faz referência à urgência de encontrar formas de criar cavalos de troia que desestabilizem o sistema e tomem de assalto a escola a partir de uma proposta de (re)construção colaborativa, criativa, emancipatória e democrática.
Die Vorstellung eines globalen Dorfes als Abbild einer Lebenswirklichkeit in der virtuellen Welt zeigt Problemstellungen in Bezug auf Kriminalitätserscheinungen auf. Dabei können Lösungsansätze aus einer quasi-kommunalen Sicht kommend entwickelt werden. Die tatsächlichen und rechtlichen Verschränkungen, denen sich die Dorfgemeinschaften über Jahrhunderte ausgesetzt waren, spiegeln die netzbezogenen Themenstellungen auch in Bezug auf die Kriminalität wider. Es können so hierauf aufbauende Governance-Ansätze entwickelt und gleichzeitig die Fragen einer globalen Vernetzung auch des Rechts angegangen werden. Dieses Kapitel beschreibt die Probleme der Rechtsetzung und Rechtsdurchsetzung im globalen Raum und sucht Parallelen und Lösungsansätze, die sich aus einer dezentralen Perspektive heraus entwickeln. Dabei kommt es darauf an, dass neben einer breiten Beteiligung von zivilgesellschaftlichem und bürgerschaftlichem Engagement die globale Gewährleistung von Menschenrechten auch in den digital entgrenzten Raum ausstrahlt.
Este estudo trata da definição, do enfrentamento e desenvolvimento do conceito de privacidade e da proteção de dados pessoais relacionados ao direito da personalidade. A metodologia utilizada para desenvolver este estudo incluiu as pesquisas, documental-jurídico-teórica, a bibliográfico-dogmática. Na pesquisa documental, consultaram-se documentos oficiais de órgãos e convenções nacionais e internacionais, constituições e farta legislação pertinente. Na pesquisa bibliográfica investigaram-se pressupostos teóricos de egrégios teóricos, em livros, artigos, periódicos, dissertações, teses manuscritos e em fontes virtuais que tratam da temática em tela. Para o arcabouço teórico da pesquisa discutiu-se a pertinência do conceito de autonomia privada utilizado como base para a argumentação sobre formulação de variáveis e a interpretação das relações que podem surgir entre elas e o objeto de estudo desta tese. O objetivo geral foi estudar a regulação dos dados pessoais com base na autonomia e na heteronomia e conferir maior segurança jurídica e aprimorar as técnicas existentes para a sua tutela. Para tanto, definiu-se discorrer sobre a regulação dos dados pessoais, tarefa que contou com o suporte da discussão entre autonomia e a heteronomia, destacando o direito à privacidade e à autodeterminação informativa na sociedade contemporânea, à sua vinculação aos direitos fundamentais e à análise de situações latentes envolvendo tutela individual e coletiva, critério de responsabilidade civil, regulação e autorregulação. Como objetivos específicos, destacaram-se o aprimoramento da política legislativa relacionada à proteção de dados pessoais e sua aplicação estruturante, a privacidade e a autodeterminação informativa à estruturação de modelos de negócio. Questionaram- se pressupostos teóricos anteriormente definidos e o resultado da discussão apontou para um novo panorama interpretativo do direito à privacidade e à autodeterminação informativa.
This study aims to look at the implementation model of knowledge management (knowledge management) through the provision of scientific forums in private universities in West Java and its relationship with identity branding activities. Quantitative research using the meta-analysis method is used in this study. A total of 40 private universities in West Java were selected as samples. The results show that 40% of universities have national and international scientific forums, and 60% have national scientific conferences that have not been actively managed. Universities that have scientific forums and are actively managed so that the general public can access them as part of knowledge sharing are only around 20%. The absence of an ideal model that can be used as a reference in implementing knowledge management, and there are still some obstacles to implementing knowledge management at private universities in West Java. There is a direct relationship between implementing knowledge management through the provision of scientific forums and identity branding activities carried out by some private universities in West Java.
Introduzione
Sul governo elettronico ( e-government per gli addetti ai lavori) pesa, dalle origini, un'ambivalenza — e ambiguità. Terminologica ma, al tempo stesso, politologica. Nella quasi totalità degli studi, sia di presentazione che di implementazione, l' e-government viene indicato come un processo di trasformazione tecnologica (più o meno radicale) di alcune prassi amministrative, con l'obiettivo principale (dichiarato) di rendere più trasparente, efficiente e interattiva l'erogazione di alcuni servizi e l'accesso a molte informazioni. In tale accezione, l' e-government si collocherebbe tra i processi di ammodernamento della macchina burocratica rientrando nell'affollata categoria dei tentativi di riforma della pubblica amministrazione. Coerentemente con tale impostazione, numerose definizioni sottolineano l'ambito strettamente implementativo e policy-oriented dei principali progetti di e-government , collegandoli — e condizionandoli — alle potenzialità tecnologiche offerte dallo sviluppo delle ICT e di Internet in particolare.
The disparate treatment of the print and electronic media under federal regulation has been a curiosity to lawyers and economists for decades. Now, dynamic technical change in telecommunications markets is credited with bringing a new tension to the underlying premises of the law, calling into question the "physical scarcity" doctrine, which has long been one of the foundations for federal regulation of broadcasting. Yet, the omnibus Telecommunications Act of 1996 glaringly failed either to promote competition in the broadcasting sector or to disturb the legal distinction between broadcasting and the traditional press. Indeed, the physical scarcity doctrine is still the law of the land--despite the explicit policy goal in the 1996 Act to end disparate treatment of rival media. Professor Hazlett argues that this legal anomaly is all the more striking in light of the physical scarcity doctrine's gaping illogical holes, its shaky legal foundation, and the growing abundance of modern wireless communications. After demonstrating that the First Amendment arguments that focus on these three factors are analytically incomplete, Professor Hazlett goes on to provide a richer explanatory model, which includes examination of the public choice dynamics driving the historical development of broadcasting law. In this model, Professor Hazlett reveals that the physical scarcity doctrine can be criticized even on its own terms, and that the ancillary doctrines that have arisen in support of this doctrine are merely outgrowths of classic regulatory capture. Professor Hazlett concludes that the First Amendment implications are stark: the "chilling effect" on broadcast speech, which the U.S. Supreme Court first feared and then dismissed as empirically inconsequential, is a vital--and lasting--component in the regulation of electronic communications.
This Comment will trace the history of patent protection for methods of doing business over the past two decades, then it will inspect the problems that this protection has wrought: litigation, increased barriers to e-commerce entrepreneurs, and the threat of a less vibrant electronic marketplace. Because each traditional method of protecting intellectual property -- patent, copyright, and trade secret -- has strengths and limitations in protecting advancements in software technology, this Comment will examine the relative benefits of each method. Finally, this Comment will suggest a simple, easily applied test that will offer patent protection to true innovations while reserving methods of doing business for the open market, as they are the building blocks of commerce.
The purpose of this essay is to define and explore the meaning of "the exclusive Right" in the Intellectual Property Clause of the United States Constitution as related to the promotion of learning, the public domain, and authors. Without a clear understanding of this key term, one is likely to be unaware that lower federal courts are continually making rulings contrary to both the Copyright Clause and the Copyright Act. The classic example is the judicially created sweat-of-the-brow copyright, which in 1991 -- after seventy-five years of precedent -- the Supreme Court decreed to be unconstitutional. Other bad precedents, such as perpetual injunctions to prevent the infringement of future copyrights, remain uncorrected.
Part II of this article deals with the source of "the exclusive Right" that the framers empowered Congress to secure, which requires consideration of the history of the English copyright jurisprudence as well as the American understanding of that jurisprudence. Part III shows that copyright policies and principles are derived from the meaning of "the exclusive Right" as the right to publish and vend; and Part IV demonstrates that the 1976 Act codifies the principles discussed in light of "the exclusive Right." Part V is a brief commentary on understanding copyright, a goal that requires courts to cease reading the Copyright Act piecemeal and to read it whole in light of the Copyright Clause. Part VI is the conclusion.
Several recent commentators have criticized trends in the patent system by suggesting that the goals of the system can be better achieved through a variety of approaches that avoid or mitigate the monopoly-type impact of property rights. Suggested alternatives include the use of cash rewards, buy-outs, and liability rules, as distinct from property rules. This paper uses the important contributions made by these commentators to reveal shortcomings in any view of the patent system that focuses only on incentives to engage in inventive activity. The paper offers a new view of the patent system that embraces property rights and property rules as core elements of the patent system. According to this view, property treatment is essential for the subsequent commercialization activity that is necessary to get embodiments of nascent inventions into the hands of consumers and for efficiently identifying which inventions are worth the costs of government intervention in the first instance. The recently suggested alternatives fail to address these important goals of the patent system and would actually frustrate them. In addition, the current system already addresses many of the concerns raised by such commentary. The paper reveals how property rights and commercialization motivated the creation of our current patent system and explains many controversial trends in the system, including those that sparked the recent critical commentary, as well as those in other intellectual property regimes such as trademarks.