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Effects of metal primers on bonding of adhesive resin cement to noble alloys for porcelain fusing
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.
... For noble metals, inclusion of thiirane monomers as an adhesive monomer component of MMA-TBBO resin improved the bonding to dental precious metal alloys 24) . Studies 25,26) have also shown the positive effect of metal primers on the bonding of 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin to high-gold-content metal ceramic alloys. At the same time, these studies 25,26) revealed the inadequacy of these primers on bonding to pure palladium (Pd) and highpalladium-content metal ceramic alloys. ...
... Studies 25,26) have also shown the positive effect of metal primers on the bonding of 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin to high-gold-content metal ceramic alloys. At the same time, these studies 25,26) revealed the inadequacy of these primers on bonding to pure palladium (Pd) and highpalladium-content metal ceramic alloys. Although some studies [7][8][9] have reported on the efficacy of metal primers in improving the bond strength to Pd-containing alloys, it must be highlighted that these alloys contained other metals such as Ag and Cu, which are compatible with numerous primers 25) . ...
... At the same time, these studies 25,26) revealed the inadequacy of these primers on bonding to pure palladium (Pd) and highpalladium-content metal ceramic alloys. Although some studies [7][8][9] have reported on the efficacy of metal primers in improving the bond strength to Pd-containing alloys, it must be highlighted that these alloys contained other metals such as Ag and Cu, which are compatible with numerous primers 25) . ...
This study evaluated the effects of combined use of metal primers and modified monomers on the bonding of MMA-TBBO resins to pure palladium (Pd). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of these four metal primers: V-Primer, M. L. Primer, Metaltite, or Alloy Primer. Four monomers, including three modified ones, were added to MMATBBO resin. One was a methyl methacrylate monomer containing no adhesion promoting monomers, while the other two modified monomers contained the functional monomer of either V-Primer or Alloy Primer. Bonded specimens were prepared by incremental build-up of MMA-TBBO resin on primed Pd surfaces. Shear bond strengths were measured after thermal cycling. Bonding to Pd was significantly improved when modified monomer containing the functional monomer of Alloy Primer was used in combination with M. L. Primer or Metaltite applied on the bonding surface.
... The alloy primers may be conveniently categorized based on the reactive acidic moieties present. For the description convenience, an elaborate classification system of the dental alloy primers was devised and exhibited in Table 4. Primers are carboxylic acid-based or their anhydrides, 2,3,8,18,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] sulfur-containing/ thione-thiol-based, 3,8,14,17,23,24,27,30,32,38,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] phosphoric acidbased, 3,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][36][37][38]42,50,[54][55][56]58,[62][63][64][65][66] silicic acid-based, 3,35 and phosphonic acid ester-based. 35,67,68 Combinations of the above primers (binary primers: two monomers with different reactive functional groups; ternary primers: three monomers with different reactive functional groups) were also been employed in the studies. ...
... T h e su p e r j a ce nt a d h e r e n d s we r e a u to c u r e (AC ) resin, 3,14,[27][28][29]33,35,38,41,45,50,52,54,56,64,65,[68][69][70][71] corresponding alloys 1 Dental metal primers 864 204 2 Dental alloy primers 403 222 3 Dental adhesive primers 284 280 4 Alloy primer in prosthodontics 102 3 5 Dental alloy primers in cast partial dentures 12 7 6 Dental thione primer 83 26 7 Dental thiol primer 20 30 8 Dental silane alloy primer 35 28 9 Dental phosphate alloy primer 57 47 10 Dental sulfur alloy primer 8 13 Total 1,868 860 luted with AC resin cement, 17,22,31,36,37,[42][43][44][46][47][48]55,57,61,62 heat-cure (HC) resin, 2,18,19,29,34,[72][73][74] light-cure (LC) resin, 8,24,30,32,39,49,[58][59][60]67,75 dual-cure (DC) resin, 23,51,53,66,76 stainless steel (SS) alloys with AC/ DC resins, 40,77 and corresponding alloys luted with dentin/enamel by self-adhesive resin cement/resin-modified glass ionomer. 63,78 The alloys included in this review were 16 noble (Au-Pt, Au-Pt-Pd, Au-Pt-Pd-Ag, Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In, Au-Cu-Ag-Pt-Pd, Au-Cu-Ga-Ir, Au-Ag-Cu-Pd, Au-Ag-Cu-Pt, Au-Ag-Pt, Au-Pd-Ag, Au-Pd-In-Ga, Pd-Au-Ag, Pd-Au-In-Ag, Pd-Ag-Sn-In, Pd-Ga-Co, Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) and 9 predominantly base (Co-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr-Be, Ni-Cr, Ag-Zn-Sn-In, Ag-Zn-In-Cu, Ag-In-Zn-Pd, stainless steel, Ti-Al-V, Ti-Al-Nb) alloys at various compositional proportions. ...
... It is important to consider the relationship between the type of metal and functional monomer when selecting a metal conditioner. For base metal alloys, carboxylic, phosphoric, and phosphonic acid derivative monomers result in the strongest bonds [8][9][10][11] , whereas thione and disulfide monomers are most effective for bonding to noble metal alloys [12][13][14][15][16] . In recent years, metal conditioners have been developed that are reported to exploit the combined effect of both acidic and sulfur-containing monomers on adhesion to noble and base metal/alloys [17][18][19] . ...
... Shear testing of the noble alloy bonded using the MBP conditioner with different composite luting materials showed a bonding strength of 16.5 MPa after thermocycling (37,500 cycles), similar to the bonding strength achieved using the ALP conditioner 20) . In a study by Okuya et al., the MDDT monomer was reported to be effective for the bonding of pure gold or high-gold content (78 wt%) alloys with acrylic resin adhesive after 2,000 thermocycles, whereas the VTD monomer was reported as most effective in bonding with pure silver, copper, and silver-palladium-copper alloys 14) . Similarly, the VTD monomer was reported to exhibit high bonding durability when joined to type IV gold or silver-palladium-copper alloys, which was speculated to result primarily from interactions between the thione or thiol groups and copper elements contained in both alloys 10,13,19) . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three pretreatment conditioners and surface preparations on a composite resin adhesive for a gold alloy. Cast disk specimens were made and bonded with RelyX Unicem luting agent under six surface conditions: 1) polished with No.600 carbide paper, 2) air-abraded with alumina, 3) Alloy Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 4) Monobond Plus multipurpose conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 5) M. L. Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, and 6) Rocatec multipurpose silica-coating system was applied. The bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling (50,000 cycles). The bond strengths of the alumina-abrasion group were significantly decreased after thermocycling. The Rocatec and M. L. Primer exhibited higher bond strengths than other treatments. The application of metal conditioners and multipurpose surface preparations was recommended for improved bonding between the evaluated adhesive resin and gold alloy.
... However, there still is no consensus about the best surface treatment method to use before the adhesive cementation of dental prostheses made of a zirconia oxide-based ceramic material since the microporosities induced by airborne particle abrasion may act as crack-initiators and weaken the ceramic restoration (7,8). Moreover, the airborne particle abrasion systems Rocatec, Silicoater MD and Er-YAG laser require special equipment, increasing operating costs (9). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new methodologies that may improve the long-term results and that do not interfere with the properties of ceramics. ...
... Pretreatment of zirconia oxide-based ceramic must be performed but must not compromise the long-term res-e370 toration longevity. Creating microretentions in a highly resistant ceramic substrate with a view to preparing it for cementation is not an easy task, because its surface is compact, hard and difficult to change (9,21). Additional studies should be performed to determine the efficacy of the surface treatment methods for zirconia oxide-based ceramics, particularly with the use of stronger acids. ...
Background
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of conventional surface treatment with acid solutions on the surface roughness of a zirconia-based ceramic.
Material and Methods
Specimens of yttrium-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) -based ceramic were fabricated (5.0 x 5.0 x 2.0 mm, n=40). The specimens were submitted to the tested surface treatment method and divided into 4 groups (n=10): no treatment-control (GI), airborne 110 µm aluminum oxide particle abrasion for 1 minute-conventional method (GII); etching with 48% hydrofluoric acid for 2 minutes (GIII), and nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid etching for 2 minutes (GIV). The surface roughness (Ra) test was performed, followed by AFM analysis. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test, with the level of significance set at a=.05.
Results
The surface treatment with acid solutions (0.16 ± 0.02-GIII; 0.11 ± 0.01-GIV) promoted a significant increase in roughness, with higher mean Ra values of Y-TZP (μm) compared to control (0.06 ± 0.01-GI) (p >.05), and lower values compared to the conventional method (0.21 ± 0.06-GII). The aluminum oxide particle treatment resulted in deep microretentions forming sharp Y-TZP peaks compared to only microretentions with acid solution treatments.
Conclusions
All Y-TZP treatments effectively promoted microretention in the ceramic. Hydrofluoric acid (48%) proved to be more effective in increasing the Ra of Y-TZP than the nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid treatment. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that both acid solutions modified the surface of the Y-TZP in a uniform manner.
Key words:Zirconia, surface modification, roughness, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal.
... 19 Studies have also shown the positive effect of metal primers on the bonding of 4-methacryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic anhydride (4-META)/MMA-TBBO resin to noble metal alloys. 20,21 Studies have shown the addition of various functional monomers does not negatively affect the bond strength to metals, 22,23 and the bond strength significantly improved when a functional monomer was used in combination. 24 Another point to consider in the adhesion of the metal and resin is the long-term use of contaminated restoration in the oral cavity. ...
... Several studies have found the effectiveness of the VBATDT monomer for bonding in the case of noble metal alloys. 13,[19][20][21][22] The bonding mechanism between the VBATDT monomer and noble metals is attributed to the chemical interaction between sulfur and the noble metals. 13 Bonding of triazinedithione (a VBATDT) to a noble metal works on the basis of tautomerism, where a stable thione type (-NH-CS-) structure tautomerizes to the reactive thiol structure (-N=C(SH)-) on the noble metal surface. ...
... 19 Studies have also shown the positive effect of metal primers on the bonding of 4-methacryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic anhydride (4-META)/MMA-TBBO resin to noble metal alloys. 20,21 Studies have shown the addition of various functional monomers does not negatively affect the bond strength to metals, 22,23 and the bond strength significantly improved when a functional monomer was used in combination. 24 Another point to consider in the adhesion of the metal and resin is the long-term use of contaminated restoration in the oral cavity. ...
... Several studies have found the effectiveness of the VBATDT monomer for bonding in the case of noble metal alloys. 13,[19][20][21][22] The bonding mechanism between the VBATDT monomer and noble metals is attributed to the chemical interaction between sulfur and the noble metals. 13 Bonding of triazinedithione (a VBATDT) to a noble metal works on the basis of tautomerism, where a stable thione type (-NH-CS-) structure tautomerizes to the reactive thiol structure (-N=C(SH)-) on the noble metal surface. ...
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metal primers on the bonding of dental alloys and veneer resin. Polyvinylpyrrolidone solution's tarnish effect on bonding strength was also investigated.
Materials and methods:
Disk-shape metal specimens (diameter 8 mm, thickness 1.5 mm) were made from 3 kinds of alloy (Co-Cr, Ti and Au-Ag-Pd alloy) and divided into 4 groups per each alloy. Half specimens (n=12 per group) in tarnished group were immersed into polyvinylpyrrolidone solution for 24 hours. In Co-Cr and Ti-alloy, Alloy Primer (MDP + VBATDT) and MAC-Bond II (MAC-10) were applied, while Alloy Primer and V-Primer (VBATDT) were applied to Au-Ag-Pd alloys. After surface treatment, veneering composite resin were applied and shear bond strength test were conducted.
Results:
Alloy Primer showed higher shear bond strength than MAC-Bond II in Co-Cr alloys and Au-Ag-Pd alloy (P<.05). However, in Ti alloy, there was no significant difference between Alloy Primer and MAC-Bond II. Tarnished Co-Cr and Au-Ag-Pd alloy surfaces presented significantly decreased shear bond strength.
Conclusion:
Combined use of MDP and VBATDT were effective in bonding of the resin to Co-Cr and Au-Ag-Pd alloy. Tarnish using polyvinylpyrrolidone solution negatively affected on the bonding of veneer resin to Co-Cr and Au-Ag-Pd alloys.
... Four thione or thiol-based priming agents designed for noble metal alloys are currently available. Laboratory evaluations demonstrated the effectiveness of these priming agents in application to noble metals [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In addition, clinical results demonstrate considerably long survival periods for resin-bonded restorations and FPDs [19][20][21][22][23][24] made of noble alloys and bonded with thione primers. ...
... Palladium exhibited somewhat lower postthermocycling bond strength than the other metals (categories A-j, A-k and A-l). This result agreed in part with the results of Okuya et al. [16], in which they employed three priming agents and a carboxylic TBB resin (Super-Bond C&B). Palladium stores or occludes hydrogen [28], which is a phenomenon whereby a considerable amount of hydrogen is occluded in elemental palladium. ...
Objective:
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of thione-based metal priming agents on the adhesive behavior of a Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and component metals bonded with an acrylic resin.
Materials and methods:
Disk specimens (10 mm in diameter by 3 mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell M.C.12), high-purity silver, palladium, copper and gold. Four single-liquid priming agents containing organic sulfur compound (Alloy Primer, Metaltite, M.L. Primer and V-Primer) and three acidic priming agents (All Bond II Primer B, Estenia Opaque Primer and Super-Bond Liquid) were assessed. The metal specimens were flat-ground with abrasive papers, primed with one of the agents and bonded with a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin. The shear bond strengths were determined both before and after repeated thermocycling (5°C and 55°C, 1 min each, 20,000 cycles). The results were statistically analyzed with a non-parametric procedure (p = 0.05 level).
Results:
The post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (median; n = 11) associated with the Alloy Primer, Metaltite, M.L. Primer and V-Primer materials were, respectively, 20.8, 22.8, 17.8 and 18.4 for the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy; 19.6, 21.9, 14.4 and 20.1 for silver; 5.4, 4.5, 12.8 and 5.3 for palladium; 17.1, 19.2, 0.7 and 6.6 for copper; and 18.5, 17.7, 22.8 and 15.4 for gold.
Conclusions:
It can be concluded that the use of the four priming agents, which are based on organic sulfur compounds, effectively enhanced bonding to the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and the component metals, although the bonding performance varied among the priming agents and metal elements. The priming agents appeared to have more of an effect on the alloy, silver and gold than on the palladium and copper.
... A number of bonding systems for noble metal alloys, including Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy, have been developed. Representative systems applicable for bonding noble metal alloys consist of a single liquid primer containing a sulfur compound, and a resin-based luting or bonding material (5)(6)(7). Among the single liquid primers used for noble metals, the primer Metaltite (Tokuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo Japan), which contains a thiouracil compound (6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 2-thiouracil-5-carboxylate, MTU-6), has been used effectively for bonding indirect composites to noble alloys (6,8), bonding denture base resin to metal frameworks (9), and cementing restorations and fixed partial dentures (7,(10)(11)(12)(13). ...
... Representative systems applicable for bonding noble metal alloys consist of a single liquid primer containing a sulfur compound, and a resin-based luting or bonding material (5)(6)(7). Among the single liquid primers used for noble metals, the primer Metaltite (Tokuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo Japan), which contains a thiouracil compound (6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 2-thiouracil-5-carboxylate, MTU-6), has been used effectively for bonding indirect composites to noble alloys (6,8), bonding denture base resin to metal frameworks (9), and cementing restorations and fixed partial dentures (7,(10)(11)(12)(13). In addition, a number of clinical reports have confirmed the durability of the bonding obtained with the Metaltite adhesive system for seating resin-bonded FPDs made of Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adhesive systems based on a thiouracil monomer on bonding to silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell M.C.12). Disk specimens were cast from the alloy and then air-abraded with alumina. The disks were bonded using six bonding systems selected from four primers and three luting materials. Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling. Bond strength varied from 2.7 MPa to 32.0 MPa. Three systems based on a thiouracil monomer (MTU-6) showed durable bonding to the alloy, with post-thermocycling bond strengths of 22.4 MPa for the Metaltite (MTU-6) primer and Super-Bond, a tri-n-butylborane (TBB) initiated resin, 9.0 MPa for the Multi-Bond II resin, and 8.1 MPa for the Metaltite and Bistite II system. It can be concluded that a combination of thiouracil-based primer and TBB initiated resin is effective for bonding Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy.
... Many articles reported the usefulness of various luting agents for bonding noble metal alloys including gold alloys for PFM systems. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Currently available luting agents are based on a hydrophobic phosphate monomer for the enhancement of bond strength to tooth structure, 2 base metal alloys, 3,4 and zirconia. 20 Although varoious adhesive systems are being introduced for bonding tooth structure and PFM restorations, limited information is available about bonding characteristics of dual-activated composite luting agents, especially as they relate to the bonding of noble metal alloys. ...
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metal priming agents on the bond strength between a gold alloy and composite luting agents.
Materials and Methods: Disk specimens were cast from a gold alloy (Degudent U) and air-abraded with alumina. Four priming agents (Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, Metaltite, and V-Primer) were applied separately to the abraded surface. Unprimed specimens served as the control. Three composite luting agents (Esthetic Cement, Panavia F2.0, and SA Luting) were inserted into the brass ring on the cast disks and were chemically-polymerized. The specimens were stored in 37˚C water for 24 hours and subsequently thermocycled (5˚C-55˚C, 1-1 minute, 20,000 cycles). The shear bond strengths were determined, and the results were analyzed using the Steel-Dwass multiple comparison test.
Results: The application of Metaltite enhanced the bond strength of three luting agents. The Estenia Opaque Primer, V-Primer, and Alloy Primer were effective in bonding the gold alloy and Esthetic Cement, whereas the bond strength of the SA Luting did not improve with use of the Estenia Opaque Primer, V-Primer, or Alloy Primer.
Conclusion: Thione-based priming agents (Alloy Primer, Metaltite, and V-Primer) were substantially effective for bonding the gold alloy with specific composite luting agents.
... For metallic restorations, bond strength is known to be improved by surface blasting which increases mechanical interlocking. It is also known to be improved by surface treatment with a primer, a monomer modified in sulfur for precious alloys and a primer containing a phosphate ester monomer or carboxylic acid monomer for nonprecious alloys 32,33) . Zirconia, however, has a low potential for chemical bonding. ...
Monolithic zirconia crowns bonded to zirconia abutments have become more commonly used in the construction of cement-retained implant superstructures. The present study aimed to examine the effects of laser surface treatments on the bond strength of two resin cements to zirconia. Three types of surfaces were examined: untreated, alumina blasted, and ytterbium laser treated; and two types of resin cements: 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cement and composite resin cement. Half of the specimens were subjected to a thermocycling process. Subsequently, a shear bond test was carried out. In addition, surface roughness was measured for each surface type. The results showed that laser treatment increased zirconia surface roughness and that laser treatment significantly increased shear bond strength after the thermocycling of both cement types compared to no treatment. Our experimental results suggested that ytterbium laser surface treatment of zirconia increased the bond strength of resin cements.
... Bonding to Ni/Au electrodes is in high demand in the semiconductor industry as it delivers greater adhesion strength with resin than Ag metallization in the process of resin packaging. 15 Therefore, many researchers have been interested in bonding to Au plating layer by Ag sinter-joining technology in the die attach module structure. However, because the lattice constant between the Au plating layer and the sintered Ag is different, a larger pressure or higher sintering temperature is necessary to achieve the same die shear strength of that obtained in the Ag metallization layer. ...
Ag sinter-joining technology has become one of the leading candidates to replace conventional high-Pb soldering technology for wide bandgap (WBG) power modules. In many cases of die-attach applications, Ni/Au plating is an inevitable choice for both die-back faces and substrates. In this study, a preheating treatment of the Ni/Au plating was utilized to increase the bond strength of the Ag sinter-joined structure of Cu-to-Cu to the electroless Ni/Au plating. Our research determined that the microstructure of the Ni/Au plating can be modified by performing an optimized preheating treatment. The thickness of the Ni underlayer was fixed at 5 μm, and the Au was plated with two different thicknesses of 0.1 μm and 0.3 μm. Ni/Au plated Cu substrates and Cu chips were preheated at various temperatures from 150°C to 350°C and then bonded with hybrid Ag particles at a low temperature of 250°C with a pressureless sintering process. Without the preheating treatment, average shear strength was 14.2 MPa (as plated Au), however, after a 1 h preheating treatment at 250°C, the interface microstructure change resulted in a 26.3 MPa shear strength, an increase of about 85%. The same improvement effect was also confirmed for the Au plating layer with a thickness of 0.3 μm. Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the preheating treatment influences the grain structure of the Au plating layer and removes defects, resulting in an increase of bond strength for the Au plated joint structure.
... Generally, when metal primers are used clinically, adhesive resin cements containing effective promoting monomers are prepared for luting restorations. When used with Super-Bond C&B as luting cement, its bond strengths to Au, Ag, and Cu without metal primers exceeded 35 MPa [28], which were much higher than the values obtained in our study. Since it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of primers for noble metals when adhesive resin cement is used, self-cured acrylic resin without functional monomers was prepared in this study. ...
This study investigated the effect of sulfur-containing primers for noble metals on the shear bond strength of self-cured acrylic resin after thermal cycling (TC). Four pure metals (Au, Ag, Cu, and Pd) and type IV Au alloy were either untreated, or treated with one of the five sulfur-containing metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, Alloy Primer, Metal Link Primer, and Metal Primer Z). Afterwards, a brass ring was placed on the metal surface and filled with self-cured acrylic resin (n = 10). The bond strengths were measured after 24 h (TC0) and after 2000 thermal cycles at 4–60 °C (TC2000). Three-way ANOVA and Tukey compromise post hoc tests were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). All of the sulfur-containing primers significantly improved the resin bond strength as compared to that of the non-primed group at TC0 regardless of the metal type (p < 0.05). However, at TC2000, the bond strengths between the resin and the five metals significantly decreased with respect to the values obtained at TC0 regardless of the primer (p < 0.05). The sulfur-containing metal primers, except for Metal Link Primer, were found to be more effective for improving the bond strength between the self-cured acrylic resin and Ag as compared to the other three pure metals (p < 0.05). The bond strengths between the resin and Au and type IV Au alloy at TC2000 were the highest ones when Metal Primer Z was used.
... Clinically, pretreatment of metal surfaces are performed using a few procedures, e.g. abrasion [1][2][3][4] and primer methods preceded by mechanical clean-ing [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. Physicochemical alteration by water vapor and organic matter directly occurs after cleaning because of the incommensurably high surface energy of metals. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gliding arc discharge non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma with N2 carrier gas on surface chemical modification for adhesion improvement. The shear bond strength between the orthodontic adhesive resin and plasma-treated stainless steel surface improved slightly, although the surface free energy of the stainless steel samples increased from 73.6 mJm⁻² to 112.9 mJm⁻² mainly due to an increase of the dipole component (γSp) and partially due to an increase of the hydrogen bond component (γSh). This is partly because the metastability of the stainless steel surface was stabilized by immediate hydration or adsorption of water on the highly hydroxylated stainless steel surfaces. However, surface cleaning and hydroxylating efficacy of the handheld device was determined to be superior to those of other surface cleaning procedures, particularly in terms of intraoral applications. The technique may be potentially employed in establishing M-S coordinate bonds in dental precious metals and related alloys.
... In its composition, the primer Alloy Primer -Kuraray contains the monomers 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VBATDT) and 10methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). The VBATDT monomer has affinity for only some metal elements, such as Au, Ag, Pd, Pt [16] and Cu [17]. The MDP is effective for use with nonprecious metal alloys [18] and its ester phosphate group increases the chemical bonding affinity with the surface layer of chromium oxide formed of the cobalt-chrome alloy surface [19]. ...
... In addition, clinical results showed considerably long survival periods for RBFPDs and restorations made of noble alloys that were bonded with primers containing VTD or MTU-6 [28][29][30][31][32][33] . The use of priming agents containing organic sulfur compounds was recently reported to effectively enhance the bonding between noble metals, e.g., gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and luting materials [34][35][36] . In addition, the bonding mechanism between the noble metals and functional monomers that contain sulfur has been analyzed [37][38][39] . ...
The current study evaluated the effect of primers on the shear bond strength of an indirect composite material joined to a silverpalladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell). Disk specimens were cast from the alloy and were air-abraded with alumina. Eight metal primers were applied to the alloy surface. A light-polymerized indirect composite material (Solidex) was bonded to the alloy. Shear bond strength was determined both before and after the application of thermocycling. Two groups primed with Metaltite (thione) and M. L. Primer (sulfide) showed the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength (8.8 and 6.5 MPa). The results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis suggested that the thione monomer (MTU-6) in the Metaltite primer was strongly adsorbed onto the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy surface even after repeated cleaning with acetone. The application of either the thione (MTU-6) or sulfide primer is effective for enhancing the bonding between a composite material and Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy.
... Because adhesive primers for noble metal alloys are effective for use with silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy and type IV gold alloy (14,(16)(17)(18)(19), these alloys are frequently used for the retainers of RBFPDs. However, because the effectiveness of these primers for each metal element was unclear, the effects of these primers with pure gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and palladium (Pd) (the metal elements in silver-palladium-coppergold alloy) were evaluated (20). The results (Fig. 13) Fig. 9 Intaglio of gold-platinum alloy onlay before surface oxidation. ...
The adhesion techniques used in prosthetic dentistry have substantially improved with respect to retention of veneering resin to the metal framework of resin-veneered restorations and the bonding of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) to abutment teeth. In the early 1970s, prostheses relied on macromechanical retention for veneering surfaces and the retention holes of retainers. Later, retention was achieved by using small spherical particles. In addition, the use of small pits created by electrochemical corrosion was tested in resin-veneered restorations and RBFPDs. Thus, micromechanical retention gradually supplanted macromechanical retention. First-generation adhesive monomers were introduced at the end of the 1970s and were succeeded in the early 1980s by the marketing of adhesive resin cements, which were effective for use with non-noble alloys when surface oxidation procedures were used. In 1994, a second-generation adhesive primer for noble alloys was introduced, which prompted development of other adhesive primers. These primers were applied mainly to silver-palladium-copper-gold and type IV gold alloys and improved the reliability of RBFPDs. Recent studies have confirmed the effectiveness of such primers when used with high-gold-content metal ceramic alloys. Due to these developments, RBFPDs now have excellent esthetic characteristics. (J Oral Sci 55, 1-7, 2013).
... Pure precious metals [purity: 99.99 mass%] used were Au, silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) (Ishifuku Metal Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Dental precious metal alloys used were Au alloy [Casting Gold MC Type IV, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan; Composition (mass%): Au (70), Cu (14), Ag (10), Pt (3), Pd (3)], Ag alloy [Sunsilver, Sankin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Ag (79), Zn (7), In (7), Cu (5)], and Au-Ag-Pd alloy (or Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy) [Castwell M.C., GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan; Ag (46), Pd (20), Cu (20), Au (12)]. Disk specimens of these seven kinds of metal adherend materials were prepared by Ishifuku Metal Industry Co., Ltd. ...
This paper reviews the developments of dithiooctanoate monomers and acidic adhesive monomers, and their roles in multi-purpose primers and adhesives in promoting adhesion to multiple substrate materials. Novel dithiooctanoate monomers exhibited excellent bonding to precious metals and alloys when compared against conventional sulfur-containing monomers. Newly developed phosphonic acid monomers, endowed with a water-soluble nature, enabled sufficient demineralization of dental hard tissues and thus improved bonding to both ground enamel and dentin. The optimal combination for bonding to dental hard tissues and precious and non-precious metals and alloys was 5.0 wt% 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT) and 1.0 wt% 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA). For bonding to dental porcelain, alumina, zirconia, and gold (Au) alloy, a ternary combination of silane coupling agent, acidic adhesive monomers, and dithiooctanoate monomers seemed promising. The latest development was a single-bottle, multi-purpose, self-etching adhesive which contained only acidic adhesive monomers and dithiooctanoate monomers but which produced strong adhesion to ground enamel and dentin, sandblasted zirconia, and Au alloy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different priming agents and/or sandblasting on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to the resin composite for core build-up to CAD/CAM blocks. A CAD/CAM ceramic block (GN I CERAMIC BLOCK, GC) and a CAD/CAM resin composite block (CERASMART 270, GC), a self-adhesive resin cement (G-CEM ONE, GC) and two different primers, i.e., a multipurpose primer (MP; G-Multi Primer, GC) and a ceramic primer (CP; Ceramic Primer II, GC), were examined. Five different surface treatments with priming and/or sandblasting and no surface treatment (control) were performed on the block. Disk specimens (6 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness) made from core composites were cemented to the blocks after the surface treatments. Then, the 24-h shear bond strength of the resin cement between the block and the resin composite core was determined (n = 15). Sandblasted specimens had greater bond strength than controls for both blocks (p < 0.05). Priming to both blocks significantly increased the bond strength of resin cement compared to that of controls (p < 0.05). Although Weibull moduli were not significantly changed among all surface treatments for both blocks, the strengths with 5% and 95% failure probability of sandblasted and/or primed blocks were estimated to be greater than those of controls. The combination of priming and sandblasting to the CAD/CAM composite and ceramic surface was effective in increasing the bond strength of the resin cement.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the retention strength between a resin composite veneering material and three types of cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy substrates. Co–Cr alloy specimens with 81 retention devices (LSR), with 144 retention devices (LDR), and without retention device (LN) were fabricated using a laser-sintering system. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, conditioned with a primer [Alloy primer (AP) or M.L. primer (ML)], and veneered with a light-polymerized resin composite (Gradia). Three control groups (LSR-N, LDR-N, and LN-N) without primer were also prepared. After 20,000 thermocycles in 4 and 60 °C water, tensile retention strengths were determined using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD test (α = 0.05, n = 8). The highest retention strengths were obtained in LSR-AP (28.3 MPa), LSR-ML (23.3 MPa), LDR-AP (26.9 MPa), and LDR-ML (27.8 MPa), and these values were not significantly different. In the absence of a retention device, the retention strengths were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LN-ML (12.4 MPa) < LN-AP (20.2 MPa). The specimens without primer were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LSR-N (15.4 MPa), LDR-N (17.1 MPa). No significant difference was found between the numbers of retention devices, which were 81 and 144. In conclusion, the combined use of the primers and the retention devices is recommended when the laser-sintered Co–Cr alloy is veneered with the resin composite materials to maximize the retention strength.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of novel mercapto silane-based experimental primers on the resin bonding and its durability to dental noble metal–ceramic alloys in comparison with that of commercial primers. Disc-shaped gold–platinum–palladium, gold–palladium–silver, and palladium–silver alloy specimens were used as the adherents after air-abrasion. One of three commercial primers (M.L. Primer, Single Bond Universal, and All-Bond Universal) and two experimental primer systems (2-step application with γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and then γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and a blend of the two silanes) was applied to each alloy. Resin cylinders with a diameter of 2.38 mm were bonded to the surfaces and light-cured. All bonded specimens were stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h and then half of them additionally water immersed for 7 days (37 °C) and then thermocycled 10,000 times before the shear bond strength test (n = 10). The surface energy parameters for unprimed and primed alloy surfaces were calculated based on the contact angle measurements. The bond strength data were non-parametrically analyzed at α = 0.05. Regardless of the alloy type, both mercapto silane systems equally and consistently showed superior bonding durability to the commercial primers. Pearson correlation analyses revealed moderate to strong, significant correlations between the surface energy parameters and the bond strength values. The two novel mercapto silane systems are a promising alternative for enhanced durability of resin bonding to dental noble metal–ceramic alloys.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in shear bonding strength between resin cements to dental materials when a universal primer (Monobond plus) was applied in place of a conventional primer.
The authors' intention was to present ceramic restoration repair as a reliable, low-cost and low-risk procedure, by demonstrating 3 cases in the aesthetic zone. Intraoral ceramic repair was chosen for the small porcelain fracture of the maxillary left central incisor and for the large porcelain surface detachment of the maxillary left lateral incisor, since patients did not want to replace the fixed denture. The third case presented an easy way to correct orthodontic treatment relapse when ceramic restoration have already been placed. Gaps formed between maxillary left lateral incisor and canine were closed using the same adhesion protocol. The sequence of treatment is demonstrated altering the basic repair protocol according to the needs of each case. The final outcome of the repair with composite resin was an aesthetic alternative and the patients were fully satisfied.
Although the effectiveness of primers for resin bonding to noble alloys has been demonstrated, no effective clinical technique for bonding to noble metal ceramic alloys has been established.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metal primers on the shear bond strength of an adhesive resin to noble metal ceramic alloys after thermal cycling.
Sixty-three disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2.5 mm) were cast from high-gold-content alloys (Super Metal W-85: W85 or IFK88 GR: IFK88), a high-palladium-content alloy (Super Metal N-40: N40), and an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (Castwell M.C.12: MC12). Smaller-sized disk-shaped specimens (8 × 2.5 mm) were fabricated with MC12. Bonding surfaces were finished with 600-grit SiC-paper and airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm alumina. Pairs of disks were primed (V-Primer: VP; ML Primer: ML; or Metaltite: MT) and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B). The bond strengths were determined before and after 20,000 and 50,000 thermal cycles (n=7). Data were analyzed by using a 3-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α=.05). Failure modes were determined by optical microscope and SEM observation.
Bond strengths to high-gold-content alloys with VP and MT significantly decreased after the thermal cycling (P<.001). Bond strengths to W85 (35.27 ±4.25 MPa) and IFK88 (33.57 ±3.56 MPa) after 50,000 thermal cycles obtained by ML were the highest (P<.001), and these groups showed combination failures. Bond strengths to N40 significantly decreased after 50,000 thermal cycles (P<.001), regardless of primers.
Shear bond strengths (SBS) to high-gold-content alloys were not degraded up to 50,000 thermal cycles when primed with ML. None of the primers evaluated was effective for high-palladium-content alloy.
This study investigated the bonding effectiveness of novel acryloyloxyalkyl and methacryloyloxyalkyl 6,8-dithiooctanoates (dithiooctanoate monomers) to precious metals and alloys. Eight kinds of dithiooctanoate monomers were synthesized in 16.09-39.34% yields. They were characterized and confirmed as new compounds using (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral analysis. Eight experimental primers each containing 5.0 wt% of a novel dithiooctanoate monomer in acetone were prepared. After primer treatment and 2,000 thermal cycles, tensile bond strengths of MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin to seven metal adherends were measured. Results were as follows: 17.2-29.3 MPa (Au), 41.9-49.6 MPa (Ag), 36.8-47.6 MPa (Pt), 36.7-47.5 MPa (Pd), 34.0-48.9 MPa (Au alloy), 24.3-49.6 MPa (Ag alloy), 35.0-48.8 MPa (Au-Ag-Pd alloy). 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate exhibited the highest mean bond strength to gold (29.3 MPa) and 12-methacryloyloxydodecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate to Au alloy (48.9 MPa). Therefore, it was found that the novel dithiooctanoate monomers synthesized in this study exhibited excellent bonding to precious metals and alloys.
This study investigated the bonding effectiveness of newly designed self-etching adhesives to four types of adherends--enamel, dentin, zirconia, and gold (Au) alloy. Five experimental adhesives were prepared, which contained 3.0-5.0 wt% 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA) or 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 3-phosphonopropionate (6-MHPP), 3.0 wt% 4-acryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic acid (4-AET) or 17.0 wt% 4-methacryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic acid (4-MET), 0-0.5 wt% 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (6-MHDT) or 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT), and varying contents of Bis-GMA, dimethacrylate monomers, water, acetone, and a photoinitiator system. After 2,000 times of thermal cycling, shear bond strengths (SBSs) between a resin composite (Beautifil II, Shofu Inc., Japan) and the four adherends, bonded using the experimental adhesives, were measured at 1.0 mm/min. No statistically significant differences in SBS for bonding to ground enamel, dentin, sandblasted zirconia and Au alloy (p>0.05) were found between experimental adhesives which contained 6-MHPA and/or 6-MHPP, 4-MET or 4-AET, 6-MHDT and/or 10-MDDT, Bis-GMA, and dimethacrylates. An adhesive layer of less than 5.0 µm thickness, by scanning electron microscopy observation, revealed strong adhesion to the four adherends. Therefore, the newly designed multi-purpose, self-etching adhesive strongly adhered to all the four adherend materials tested.
This study investigated the effect of the combination of a dithiooctanoate monomer and an acidic adhesive monomer on adhesion to precious metals, precious and non-precious metal alloys. From a selection of four dithiooctanoate monomers and six acidic adhesive monomers, 14 experimental primers containing a combination of 5.0 wt% of a dithiooctanoate monomer and 1.0 wt% of an acidic adhesive monomer in acetone were prepared. Tensile bond strengths (TBSs) of MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin to nine kinds of precious metals, precious metal alloys, and non-precious metal alloys after 2,000 thermal cycles were measured. Results showed that there were no significant differences in TBS among the primers to all the precious and non-precious metal adherends tested (p>0.05). Highest TBS values (46.5-55.8 MPa) for bonding to Au alloy, Au-Ag-Pd alloy, Co-Cr alloy, and Ni-Cr alloy were achieved with the primer which contained 5.0 wt% 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT) and 1.0 wt% 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA). Therefore, 5.0 wt% 10-MDDT and 1.0 wt% 6-MHPA was determined as the optimal combination for bonding to precious metals, precious and non-precious metal alloys.
This study investigated the bonding efficacy of a combined primer application which comprised a silane coupling agent, an acidic adhesive monomer, and a dithiooctanoate monomer, as well as the influence of shelf life on bonding. Five experimental primers (coded as Si-P-SS-1 to Si-P-SS-4, and Si-SS as the control) were prepared using 20.0-40.0 wt% 3-methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane (3-MPTES), 0-7.44 wt% 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA), and 0.50 wt% 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT). After 24-hour storage at 23°C (Initial) and 2-month storage at 50°C (Aged), tensile bond strengths (TBSs) of a resin cement (ResiCem, Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) to primer-treated porcelain, alumina, zirconia, and Au alloy were measured. With the Initial and Aged primers of Si-P-SS-1 to Si-P-SS-3, there were no statistically significant differences in the mean TBSs (MPa) [porcelain: 21.7-29.2; alumina: 21.4-25.3; zirconia: 20.3-24.5; and Au alloy: 23.4-27.6] among these three primers (p>0.05), but they were significantly higher than that of the control primer (p<0.05). The experimental primers Si-P-SS-1 to Si-P-SS-3 demonstrated good potential as multi-purpose primers: they had good shelf lives as single-bottle primer systems and were thus able to exhibit good bond strength to all the adherends tested after 2-month storage under accelerated aging conditions.
A newly designed, light-curing adhesive was investigated for its bonding effectiveness to porcelain, alumina, zirconia, Au, Au alloy, Ag alloy, Au-Ag-Pd alloy, and Ni-Cr alloy. Four experimental adhesives were prepared using varying contents of the following: a silane coupling agent [3-methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane (3-MPTES)], acidic adhesive monomers [6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate(6-MHPA),6-methacryloyloxyhexyl3-phosphonopropionate(6-MHPP)and 4-methacryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic acid (4-MET)], and dithiooctanoate monomers [6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (6-MHDT) and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT)]. After all adherend surfaces were sandblasted and applied with an experimental adhesive, shear bond strengths (SBSs) of a light-curing resin composite (Beautifil II, Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) to the adherend materials after 2,000 times of thermal cycling were measured. For the experimental adhesive which contained 3-MPTES (30.0 wt%), 6-MHPA (1.0 wt%), 6-MHPP (1.0 wt%), 4-MET (1.0 wt%), 6-MHDT (0.5 wt%) and 10-MDDT (0.5 wt%), it consistently yielded the highest SBS for all adherend surfaces in the range of 20.8 (4.8)-30.3 (7.9) MPa, with no significant differences among all the adherend materials (p>0.05). Therefore, the newly designed, multi-purpose, light-curing adhesive was able to deliver high SBS to all the adherend materials tested.
The effect of metal primers on adhesion of a resin composite to dental metal alloys was investigated. Experimental primers containing a dithiooctanoate monomer [10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT) or 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (6-MHDT)] and a phosphonic acid monomer [6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA) or 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 3-phosphonopropionate (6-MHPP)] were prepared. After treating Au, Au alloy, Ag alloy, Au-Ag-Pd alloy, and Ni-Cr alloy with the experimental primers, their shear bond strengths (SBSs) with a prosthetic light-curing resin composite (Solidex, Shofu Inc., Japan) were measured after 1-day storage followed by 5,000 thermal cycles. The SBSs between Solidex and the primer-treated metals which were incubated in air at 50°C for 2 months were further measured. Results showed that the SBSs [mean (SD)] of all metal adherends treated with primer DT-PA-1 (5.0 wt% 10-MDDT, 1.0 wt% 6-MHPA) ranged between 31.2 (5.2) and 34.5 (5.8) MPa. The SBSs of the primer-treated metals did not degrade after 2-month incubation at 50°C. Therefore, a combined primer application consisting of a dithiooctanoate monomer and a phosphonic acid monomer provided efficacious bonding to Au as well as precious and non-precious metal alloys.
This study evaluated the wear characteristics and bonding to silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy of an acrylic resin that was filled with pre-polymerized composite particles and initiated with tri-n-butylborane (TBB) derivative (Bondfill). Three methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resins (Bondfill, Super-Bond, and Multi-Bond II) and a microfilled composite restorative material (Metafil C) were assessed. Disk specimens were cast from the alloy and were air-abraded with alumina. The disks were bonded with nine bonding systems selected from two priming and three luting agents. Shear bond strengths were measured before and after thermocycling. Bond strength varied from 2.2 MPa to 28.2 MPa. Three systems based on thione primers (Metaltite and V-Primer) and TBB-initiated resins (Bondfill and Super-Bond) had the highest bond strength after thermocycling (15.9-20.4 MPa). The toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion test showed that the Metafil C material was the most wear-resistant, followed by Bondfill and Super-Bond. In conclusion, Bondfill resin is an alternative to Super-Bond resin for luting metallic restorations and for restoring tooth defects. However, care is required in selecting appropriate clinical cases.
This study investigated the efficacies of adhesive resin cements (Clearfil SA Luting, Maxcem, G-CEM, RelyX Unicem Clicker, Vitremer Paste) for bonding to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy not surface-pretreated with metal primer. For control, Panavia F 2.0 -developed for use with a proprietary metal primer, Alloy Primer- was tested with and without metal primer application. Pairs of alloy disks (10.0 and 8.0 mm in diameters, 3.0 mm thickness) were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with one of the cements. Shear bond strengths (SBSs) were measured before and after 50,000 times of thermocycling. Among Maxcem, RelyX Unicem Clicker and the control, there were no statistical differences in SBS before and after thermocycling. After thermocycling, Clearfil SA Luting exhibited the highest SBS among all the cements. Results showed that Clearfil SA Luting, Maxcem, and RelyX Unicem Clicker were efficacious for bonding to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy after air abrasion surface treatment for the latter.
This study investigated the effect of novel dithiooctanoate monomers, in comparison with conventional sulfur-containing monomers, on adhesion to precious metals and alloys. Nine experimental primers containing 5.0 wt% 2-methacryloyloxyethyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (2-MEDT), 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (6-MHDT), 10-methacryloyloxydecyl 6,8-dithiooctanoate (10-MDDT), bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) disulfide (BMEDS), bis(5-methacryloyloxypentyl) disulfide (BMPDS), bis(10-methacryloyloxydecyl) disulfide (BMDDS), 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithione (VBATDT), N-(4-mercaptophenyl)methacrylamide (MPMA), or 4-methacryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic anhydride (4-META; control) were prepared. After primer pretreatment and bonding using modified MMA-PMMA/BPO-DEPT resin, tensile bond strengths to precious metals and alloys after 2,000 thermal cycles were measured. For bonding to Au or Ag, novel 2-MEDT, 6-MHDT, and 10-MDDT exhibited significantly higher tensile bond strengths than conventional BMEDS, BMPDS, BMDDS, VBATDT, MPMA, and 4-META (p<0.05). For bonding to Au alloy, Ag alloy, and Au-Ag-Pd alloy, all the novel dithiooctanoate monomers showed significantly higher tensile bond strengths than conventional BMEDS, BMPDS, VBATDT, MPMA, and 4-META (p<0.05). It was found that novel dithiooctanoate monomers exhibited excellent bonding to precious metals and alloys when compared with conventional sulfur-containing monomers.
1) A new adhesive opaque resin containing a reactive monomer, 4-methacryloxy-ethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), was prepared, and its application to thermosetting acrylic resin veneer crowns was studied. 2) The 4-META opaque resin was applied to a variety of nickel-chromium dental alloy specimens which had undergone different treatment, and endurance tests were conducted to evaluate the durability of adhesion. 3) Stable adhesion against water penetration was achieved with metal surfaces first etched with HCl and then oxidized with HNO3. A bond strength of 250 kg/cm2 was maintained even after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 30 wk or at 80 degrees C for ten wk. Furthermore, this value did not decrease even after the specimens were subjected to 500 thermal cycles. 4) The 4-META opaque resin studied can eliminate the necessity for retention devices on metal castings. 5) The smooth 4-META opaque resin should have no adverse effects on gingivae.
A problem associated with resin-bonded fixed partial dentures is inadvertent dislodgment at the metal/cement interface. It has been suggested that Panavia Ex resinous cement requires only air abrasion of the alloy with 50 microns aluminum oxide particles to record reliable bond strength values. The purpose of this study was to discuss the consequences of changes in the type of air abrasion and surface oxidation of the alloy. Fifty pairs of disks of a Ni-Cr alloy were treated by five methods: (1) air abrasion with 50 microns aluminum oxide (control), (2) air abrasion with 50 microns glass beads, (3) air abrasion with a mixture of aluminum oxide and glass beads (ratio 1:1), (4) air abrasion with aluminum oxide and immersion in acid solution of potassium permanganate, and (5) air abrasion with aluminum oxide and immersion in aqueous solution of potassium permanganate. The disks were cemented to each other with Panavia Ex composite resinous cement and tensile tests were conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/ minute. No statistically significant differences were recorded among the treatments for the alloys used in this study except air abrasion with glass beads, which exhibited the lowest bond strength values.
This in vitro study evaluated the bond strength of metal frameworks cast using Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Be, Cu-Al, type IV gold, and noble metal ceramic alloy with and without tin electroplating. The castings were luted to human teeth using Panavia Ex resin. It was found that tin electroplating had a negative effect for the Cu-Al and type IV gold alloys and a positive effect for gold for metal ceramic restorations. The best results were obtained using the Ni-Cr alloy.
This study aimed to determine the influence of metal conditioners on the polymerization behavior of bonding agents. Bonding agents of two-step self-etching primer systems and metal conditioners for adhesion of dental metal alloys were used. Double bond conversion was determined by Fourier transform-ation infrared spectroscopy. The percentage of residual double bonds, including pendant and monomeric double bonds, was calculated by comparing the obtained ratio with that of the uncured bonding agent. The degree of conversion of the bonding agents was obtained by subtracting the remaining double bonds from 100%. ANOVA followed by a Tukey HDS test was performed. Degree of conversion of the bonding agents ranged from 86.0 to 87.8%. When the bonding agents were mixed with metal conditioners or solvents of the metal conditioners, double bond conversion of the bonding agents tended to decrease. Within the limitations of this study, which was far removed from clinical situations, the presence of metal conditioners and remaining solvents had adverse effects on the polymerization reaction of bonding agents. Clinicians should be cognizant of the various factors that can influence bond strength of restorative resins to dentin.
Adhesion promoting monomers for precious metals, 2,3-epithiopropyl methacrylate (EP1MA), 4,5-epithiopentyl methacrylate (EP3MA), 9,10-epithiodecyl methacrylate (EP8MA), 10,11-epithioundecyl methacrylate (EP9MA), 9,10-epithiodecyl 4-vinylbenzoate (EP8VB), 2,3-epithiocyclohexyl methacrylate (EPCHMA), and 3,4-epithiobutyl 2,2-bis(methacryloyloxymethyl)-propionate (EP2BMA), were used as surface treatment agents for pure gold to improve the durability of resin bonds against water. Treated specimens were butt-jointed together with MMA-PMMA resins, and tensile bond strength was measured after 2,000 thermal cycles in water. Bond strength to precious metal alloys was also determined under the same condition to clarify the influence of metal composition. The adhesion performance of thiirane monomers to pure gold highly depended on their chemical structure. EP3MA, EP8MA, EP9MA, EP8VB, and EP2BMA showed excellent performance, while EP1MA exhibited a moderate one and EPCHMA a poor one. The comparison of pure gold with precious metal alloys revealed the usefulness of pure gold as a standard, common adherend for bond strength evaluations.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional monomers contained in the primers, as well as alumina particle abrasion on bonding between stainless steel and acrylic resin. SUS XM27 steel was primed with one of the following materials; Alloy Primer, Estenia Opaque Primer, M. L. Primer, and Super-Bond Liquid. Steel disks were either ground flat or alumina-blasted, primed with one of the four agents, and bonded with an acrylic resin (Unifast Trad). Bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling (2,000 or 20,000 cycles). Among the four priming agents, the Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer, both of which contain 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), exhibited better bonding performance than the others. Alumina air-borne particle abrasion considerably improved the durability of bonding between the steel and the resin material. It can be concluded that alumina blasting followed by priming with an MDP agent is recommended for bonding the resin and SUS XM27 steel.
In the course of studies to prepare new functional monomers which improve adhesive properties of MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin to teeth or metals, the N-(4-mercaptophenyl)methacrylamide(MPMA)monomer was found.The monomer enhances adhesive strength to teeth, gold, palladium, copper, iron and dental alloys.MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin exhibited excellent adhesion when MPMA monomer was applied as a liner to human enamel or dentin treated with 10% citric acid aqueous solution containing 3% of either ferric chloride or cupric chloride.The monomer provides firm adhesion to gold, palladium, copper, and iron as well as teeth.Especially, the adhesion to palladium and gold-silver-palladium alloys was found to be stable and durable.On the other hand, N-(4-mercaptophenyl)isobutylamide(MPIA)which does not possess double bonds for polymerization but has a mercapto group did not show sufficient adhesion to palladium surfaces coated with the liner.This clearly demonstrates that compounds used as liners in MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin system must possess a double bond for copolymerization in order to improve adhesive properties.In the case of the N-phenylmethacrylamide monomer which has a similar structure to MPMA, but without a mercapto group, durable and stable adhesion was not obtained by coating the monomer as a liner.It is especially worth noting that the chemical bond between MPMA and palladium was confirmed by ESCA analysis, after the surface of palladium was washed by acetone followitng the coating treatment.On the basis of the results, it was proved that MPMA exhibits durable and strong adhesion to dental gold-silver-palladium alloys due to the copolymerization with MMA-PMMA/TBBO resin.
Statement of problem. Although the bond strengths of various resin composite luting materials have been reported in the literature, the evaluation of these systems with various cast alloys of different compositions has not been competely clarified. Purpose. To evaluate the tensile bond strength of sandblasted high-noble, noble, and base metal alloys bonded to etched enamel by 2 different bonding agents of different chemical composition: Panavia-Ex (BIS-GMA) and Super-Bond (4-META acrylic). Material and methods. Flat enamel surfaces were prepared on buccal surfaces of 60 extracted noncarious human incisors. Teeth were divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Twenty circular disks of 5 mm diameter were prepared for casting for each group. Group I was cast with a high-noble, group II with a noble, and group III with a base metal alloy. The surfaces of the disks were sandblasted with 250 μm Al2O3. Ten disks of each group were bonded to exposed enamel surfaces with Super-Bond and 10 disks with Panavia-Ex as recommended by the manufacturer. The tensile bond strength was measured with an Instron universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure occurred. Results. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the results. The differences in bond strengths of Super-Bond and Panavia-Ex with different alloys were not significant. The highest bond strengths were obtained in base metal alloys, followed by noble and high-noble alloys. These results were significant. Conclusion. Panavia-Ex and Super-Bond exhibited comparable tensile bond strengths. For both luting agents, the highest bond strengths were achieved with base metal alloys and the lowest with high-noble alloys. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:561-6.)
Polymerization of some monomers adsorbed on inorganic materials such as silica gel, metal oxides, and metal sulfates has been investigated previously. However, little is known of the polymerization or the copolymerization of monomers adsorbed on or reacted with metal surfaces. Previously, the authors reported that triazine thiols react easily with metal surfaces to give films with excellent adhesion and ability to protect the surfaces against corrosion. In this article, the preparation of copper plates with polymerizable vinyl groups by this reaction is described. Data are presented which show that this method described is very effective in giving high corrosion resistance on metal plates and tubes. This method, however, has the defect that graft copolymerization still occurs considerably in the aqueous solution.
Adhesive bonding of a light-cured fixed prosthodontic composite resin joined to silver- and gold-based alloys was investigated with the use of a metal primer and an adhesive opaque resin. The primer contained an adhesive bonding promoter for precious alloys, 6- (4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol (VBATDT). The cast metal specimens were alumina-blasted and primed with VBATDT acetone solution. A self-curable 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin was used to bond the primed metals and a light-cured composite resin. Prepared specimens were thermocycled in water and bond strengths were determined. The shear bond strengths after 100,000 thermocycles (4 °C to 60 °C for 1 minute) were 28.4 MPa for Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and 20.8 MPa for type III gold alloy. This simple method may be used to bond silver or gold alloy and light-activated fixed prosthodontic composite resin.
Two light-activated, and three heat-polymerized, resin-based veneering materials were exposed to boiled coffee, filtered coffee, or tea at 50 degrees C and evaluated for color stability. Specimens immersed in distilled water in the dark at 37 degrees C for 4 months were also assessed. One of the light-activated, resin-based veneering materials underwent intrinsic discoloration during the long-term immersion both in distilled water and in the staining solutions. The discoloration of the other materials by tea was mainly due to surface adsorption of the colorants. Discoloration by coffee was due to adsorption, and also to absorption of colorants by two of the materials investigated. This absorption and penetration of colorants into the organic phase of the veneering materials were probably due to compatibility of the polymer phase with the yellow colorants of coffee.
The rate of plaque accumulation on various materials used for fixed prostheses was investigated, and the composition of plaque formed on each surface was evaluated. Enamel, metal, acrylic resin, and porcelain surfaces were studied. Amounts of plaque that formed on the teeth and fixed restorations were scored using the method of Silness and Loe. Different individuals formed plaque at different rates, and the character and quantity of the plaque was different on the various materials. In a second study, acrylic resin, metal, and porcelain crowns were made for each of 10 patients. The amount of plaque absorbed onto each material after 1, 3, and 24 hours was recorded using scanning electron microscopy. The samples of dental plaque at 24 hours on each type of crown material were collected and investigated in a CHN Analyzer 184, revealing differences in the chemical composition of plaque adsorbed onto different surfaces. The results of SEM examination and biochemical analysis are presented.
Initial plaque accumulation on five veneering resins was investigated to determine differences in vitality and adhesion of microorganisms. After 24 hours of exposure of the specimens in the mouth, the vitality of the bacteria was reduced. The vitality and the adhesion increased only a little until the fourth day. The high plaque accumulation observed in vivo on resin veneers seems to depend primarily on the degeneration and mechanical lesions of the surface after a certain time in mouth.
This in vitro study compared three methods of surface treating gold alloys to improve resin adhesion. The tensile bond strengths and modes of failure between specimen pairs cemented with a chemically adhesive resin were recorded. Heat-treated gold alloy specimens were significantly more resistant to bond failure under tensile loading than were either alumina-blasted or tin-plated gold specimens. There was no statistically significant difference in bond failure between alumina-blasted and tin-plated gold specimens. The surface treatment altered the mode of failure from adhesive and/or adhesive-cohesive for alumina-blasted and tinplated gold specimens to cohesive (within the resin) for heat-treated gold specimens. Three case reports are presented to illustrate clinical applications of heat-treated gold alloys.
The purpose was to examine the effect on the bond strength and durability of a resin bond to metal of modification of a primer consisting of thiophosphoric methacrylate with phosphoric methacrylates and/or benzoyl peroxide.
Acrylic rods were bonded with a luting resin consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) powder and a mixture of methyl methacrylate and tributylborane initiator to silver-palladium alloy (Ag-Pd), gold-silver alloy (Au-Ag), cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr), and titanium (Ti) surfaces treated with various primers. The bonded samples were thermocycled for 2,000 cycles and the mean bond strengths were compared using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's new multiple range test at p < 0.05.
Using primers of thiophosphoric methacrylate or phosphoric methacrylates alone, the bond strengths of Ag-Pd decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after thermocycling. The durability was significantly improved (p < 0.05) when thiophosphoric methocrylate was used in combination with the phosphate monomers. The additional use of benzoyl peroxide and heat treatment resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the durability of two groups; the mean bond strengths over 20 MPa and the lowest values remained unchanged even after 2,000 thermocycles.
The highest level of bond strength and durability to dental noble metals was achieved using a mixture of thiophosphoric and phosphoric methacrylates and benzoyl peroxide. These bond strength results are comparable to values obtained for base metals.
Neurocan is a brain-unique chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) whose expression and proteolytic cleavage are developmentally regulated. One of the proteolytic products (C-terminal half) is known to be a CSPG with a 150 kDa core glycoprotein (CSPG-150). To identify the N-terminal half of neurocan, we raised an anti-neurocan polyclonal antibody (PAb 291) using a synthetic peptide whose amino acid sequence matched a part of the N-terminal half of neurocan. Western blots showed that PAb 291 recognized two CSPGs, one with a 220 kDa core glycoprotein (CSPG-220, namely neurocan) and one with a 130 kDa core glycoprotein (CSPG-130) isolated from young rat brains. CSPG-130 was co-purified along with CSPG-220 by PAb 291-immunoaffinity column chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the immunopurified CSPG-130 was exactly the same as the N-terminal sequence of CSPG-220. These results suggest that not only the C-terminal half (CSPG-150) but also the N-terminal half (CSPG-130) of CSPG-220 exists in a CSPG form in rat brain. Using PAb 291 and monoclonal antibody 1G2 (MAb 1G2) which recognizes CSPG-150 in addition to CSPG-220, we found that the contents of CSPG-130 and CSPG-150 in the rat brain reached maximum levels around the time of birth. Both CSPG-130 and 150 were observed, while CSPG-220 was hardly detectable in extracts from the adult rat brain. Immunohistochemical investigation showed that the PAb 291 antigen had a similar distribution pattern to the MAb 1G2 antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The in vitro wear resistance of four types of light-activated composite resins designed for crown and bridge veneers was determined by means of a three-body wear-testing device. After repeated cycles of loading, the wear values were measured with a profilometer, and surface textures were observed through a scanning electron microscope. All of the composite resin veneering materials examined in this investigation exhibited greater wear resistance than an unfilled poly(methyl methacrylate)-based material. The worn surface of veneering materials demonstrated outlines of fillers, indicating the difference in wear resistance between the resin matrix and the filler.
One hundred forty-one adhesive fixed partial dentures were placed under controlled conditions for a 6-year longitudinal study. The influence of location (anterior/posterior, maxilla/mandible), tooth preparation techniques (retentive/less invasive), and four different methods of metal conditioning (sandblasting/electrolytic etching and/or pyrolytic/tribochemical silane coating) on the survival rate was investigated. Failures (23 of 24) were caused by loss of adhesion at the metal-cement interface. The retentive tooth preparation reduced the risk of failure to almost one twentieth, but the intraoral location did not influence survival time. The effect of silane-coating on longevity was extremely positive and was not reflected by successful retainers.
This study compared the durability and shear bond strengths of combinations of three adhesive primers and three resin cements bonded to silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys. The adhesive luting cements Imperva Dual, Panavia 21, and Super-Bond C&B and the adhesive primers Metal Primer material, V-Primer material, and Cesead Opaque Primer material were used. The application of Metal Primer material was effective in improving the shear bond strengths between each of the three resin cements and Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy compared with nonprimed specimens. Co-Cr alloy primed with Cesead Opaque Primer, followed by cementation with Imperva Dual or Super-Bond C&B luting cements yielded the strongest shear bond strengths after 50,000 thermocycles, and Panavia 21 cement did not reveal any significant differences in bond strengths between nonprimed specimens and those primed with Cesead Opaque Primer at all thermocycles.
This study evaluated the tensile bond strength of resin composites to a noble alloy for ceramic bonding after various surface treatments. The flat end of bars cast in the alloy were used as test specimens. Eighteen clinically relevant combinations of luting agent, airborne particle abrasion, and surface treatment were applied. After surface treatment, two bars were bonded together. Resin cement, either dual-polymerizing (Twinlook) or chemically polymerizing (Panavia EX, Panavia 21, or RBBC), was used as a luting agent. The specimens were subjected to 1,000 thermal cycles between 15 degrees C and 60 degrees C before tensile bond strength testing. The highest median bond strengths were obtained using the Silicoater MD method/Twinlook (20.6 to 26.1 MPa) or with tin-plating/ Panavia EX (24.0 MPa), but more low values were recorded among the latter specimens. Tin-plating/Panavia 21 gave median tensile bond strengths (18.1 MPa) similar to tin-plating/Panavia EX. The Silicoater MD method resulted in similar bond strengths with or without the addition of a layer of Opaquer. The traditional Silicoater method (8.0 to 12.4 MPa) gave significantly lower median tensile bond strength values, and the lost sugar crystals method resulted in a tensile bond strength of 15.4 MPa.
This in vitro study elevated the effect of two primers on bond strengths and durability of luting agents joined to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. One primer (Metal Primer) contained methacryloyloxyalkyl thiophosphate derivative (MEPS). The other primer (V-Primer) contained 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (VTD). The luting agent was a methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based adhesive resin that contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and was initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB). In order to evaluate the function of 4-META, MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used as a control. The alloy specimens were bonded with six combinations of two primers and two luting agents. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling. Both primers significantly elevated the bond strengths of the luting agents joined to the alloy. For unprimed groups, 4-META resin showed a more durable bond than did MMA-TBB resin. Combined use of Metal Primer with 4-META resin reduced the bond strength, while combination of V-Primer and 4-META resin did not affect the bond strength.
Usually, shear or tensile tests are used to assess bond strengths between resin and metal. In this study, a cleavage test, the Double Cantilever Beam test, was performed to measure the adherence energy in air and in water between a 4-META resin, and five alloys (palladium, palladium-silver, gold, cobalt-chromium and nickel-chromium alloys) whose surfaces have been treated by sandblasting only or by two methods of silica coating (Silicoater MD, Rocatec) or by painting with a primer (V-Primer). Results showed that, after storage in water, it is difficult to divide the studied alloys into a dental base alloys group and a noble alloys group. Therefore, the silica coating has significantly limited the propagation of fissures in water. Higher values of adherence energy were recorded with the Rocatec system except with the palladium alloy which must be treated with the Silicoater MD system. The treatment with V-Primer was sensitive to hydrolytic attack.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two metal conditioners on the bond durability of an adhesive resin joined to noble metal alloys by comparing pre- and post-thermocycling bond strengths.
Two different sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8mm in diameter by 2.5mm thickness) were prepared from silver-indium (Ag-In-Zn, Salivan), silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu, Castwell M.C.12), metal-ceramic gold (Au-Pt-Pd, Degudent-Universal), metal-ceramic palladium (Pd-Ga-Co, PTM 88), type IV gold (type IV, Casting Gold) alloys, and pure silver (pure Ag). The specimens were air-abraded with 50-microm grain sized alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite) or with a thione-phosphate primer (Alloy Primer), then bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after repeated thermocycling (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C, 1min each, 100, 000cycles). The results were compared by analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparison intervals.
The average post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (n=8) generated with the thiouracil primed and thione-phosphate primed groups, respectively, were: 3.4 and 5.8 for the Ag-In-Zn alloy, 40.4 and 37.7 for the Ag-Pd-Cu alloy, 26.4 and 33.5 for the Au-Pt-Pd alloy, 27.4 and 36.6 for the Pd-Ga-Co alloy, 40.2 and 40.3 for the type IV alloy, and 37.3 and 32.4 for the pure Ag. The Ag-In-Zn alloy exhibited significantly lower bond strength than the other alloys, whereas the Ag-Pd-Cu and type IV alloys exhibited the greatest magnitude of bond strength for both primers (p<0.05).
It can be concluded that the combined use of either of the two thione primers and the adhesive resin is effective for bonding the metal/alloys examined, with the exception of the Ag-In-Zn alloy.
Although the bond strengths of various resin composite luting materials have been reported in the literature, the evaluation of these systems with various cast alloys of different compositions has not been completely clarified.
To evaluate the tensile bond strength of sandblasted high-noble, noble, and base metal alloys bonded to etched enamel by 2 different bonding agents of different chemical composition: Panavia-Ex (BIS-GMA) and Super-Bond (4-META acrylic).
Flat enamel surfaces were prepared on buccal surfaces of 60 extracted noncarious human incisors. Teeth were divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Twenty circular disks of 5 mm diameter were prepared for casting for each group. Group I was cast with a high-noble, group II with a noble, and group III with a base metal alloy. The surfaces of the disks were sandblasted with 250 microm Al(2)O(3). Ten disks of each group were bonded to exposed enamel surfaces with Super-Bond and 10 disks with Panavia-Ex as recommended by the manufacturer. The tensile bond strength was measured with an Instron universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure occurred.
Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the results. The differences in bond strengths of Super-Bond and Panavia-Ex with different alloys were not significant. The highest bond strengths were obtained in base metal alloys, followed by noble and high-noble alloys. These results were significant.
Panavia-Ex and Super-Bond exhibited comparable tensile bond strengths. For both luting agents, the highest bond strengths were achieved with base metal alloys and the lowest with high-noble alloys.
With the development of new adhesive resin cements, the question of surface treatment of noble metal castings with primers has become an important issue.
This study compared the tensile bond strength and its durability of a new metal primer (Alloy Primer, Kuraray) to 2 noble metal alloys (Au-Ag-Cu-Pt and Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In).
Sixty cast disk specimens of each alloy were polished, grit blasted with 50 microm Al(2)O(3), and ultrasonically cleaned in 96% isopropanol. Then, they were either nonprimed or primed only with the Alloy Primer or Alloy Primer combined with ED Primer (Kuraray). Plexiglas tubes filled with self-curing composite resin (Clearfil FII, Kuraray) were bonded to the metal samples with the use of an alignment apparatus and a self-curing luting cement (Panavia 21 Ex). The samples were stored in water, either for 3 days with no thermal cycling or for 150 days with 37,500 thermal cycles. After the different storage conditions, the tensile bond strengths of the specimens were determined.
The mean bond strengths increased over storage time for all groups, except for the grit-blasted Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In group. However, only in the grit-blasted and the primed groups for the Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy was this increase significantly different (P<.01). After 150 days of storage, the mean bond strength to Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy was 38.8 MPa without priming, whereas it was 40.6 to 40.8 MPa with the use of the primers. After the same time, the mean bond strength to the Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In alloy was 20.6 MPa without priming, whereas it was 31. 9 to 37.8 MPa with the use of the primers. When comparing the different bonding methods and different storage times for the alloys, the superiority of the usage of both primers in combination was determined. Conclusion. The tested Alloy Primer significantly improved the bond strength of the dental adhesive resin cement (Panavia 21 Ex) to noble alloys. However, this effect depended on the alloy composition and was much greater for the Au-Pt-Pd-Ag-In alloy than for the Au-Ag-Cu-Pt alloy.
The aim of this study was to test in vitro the resistance of a modified resin-bonded fixed partial denture (RBFPD) to detachment using a laboratory setup simulating load fatigue of mastication forces. The effect of varying the cement type was also investigated.
Extracted teeth were used to prepare specimens each consisting of a premolar and a molar with a space equivalent to a molar in between. Five test groups were prepared (n = 7). Specimens in group 1 were prepared to receive conventional RBFPDs with proximal grooves, occlusal rests, and lingual wings. Specimens in groups 2 and 3 were prepared to receive modified RBFPDs with retentive-slot restorations. Specimens in group 4 were prepared to receive RBFPDs with retentive-slot restorations only, whereas specimens in group 5 were prepared similarly to the ones in groups 2 and 3 but with inlay preparations instead of the retentive slots. Castings were made and their fit surfaces microetched. In groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 castings were cemented with Cement-It, whereas castings of group 3 were cemented with Panavia 21. Slot cavities of groups 2, 3, and 4 were restored with a resin composite. Specimens were subjected to compressive load cycling for 230,000 cycles at 4 Hz under water. Castings were then separated from the abutments under tensile loading.
Mean separation forces were: group 1 = 361 N, group 2 = 525 N, group 3 = 562 N, group 4 = 449 N, and group 5 = 417 N. Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher mean separation forces than groups 1 and 5. Separation of castings in groups 2 and 3 was associated with a higher frequency of cohesive fracture of the abutments than in group 1. Adhesive failure was uncommon among specimens of groups 2, 3, and 4.
The modified RBFPDs of groups 2 and 3 had better potential for retention. Increased resistance to dislodgment of the modified RBFPDs was not directly related to the surface area of the castings, nor was it related to the type of resin cement, but rather to mechanical interlocking of the castings with the retentive-slot resin composite restorations.
The purpose of this article is to identify the incidence of complications and the most common complications associated with single crowns, fixed partial dentures, all-ceramic crowns, resin-bonded prostheses, and posts and cores. A Medline and an extensive hand search were performed on English-language publications covering the last 50 years. The searches focused on publications that contained clinical data regarding success/failure/complications. Within each type of prosthesis, raw data were combined from multiple studies and mean values calculated to determine what trends were noted in the studies. The lowest incidence of clinical complications was associated with all-ceramic crowns (8%). Posts and cores (10%) and conventional single crowns (11%) had comparable clinical complications incidences. Resin-bonded prostheses (26%) and conventional fixed partial dentures (27%) were found to have comparable clinical complications incidences. The 3 most common complications encountered with all-ceramic crowns were crown fracture (7%), loss of retention (2%), and need for endodontic treatment (1%). The 3 most common complications associated with posts and cores were post loosening (5%), root fracture (3%), and caries (2%). With single crowns, the 3 most common complications were need for endodontic treatment (3%), porcelain veneer fracture (3%), and loss of retention (2%). When fixed partial denture studies were reviewed, the 3 most commonly reported complications were caries (18% of abutments), need for endodontic treatment (11% of abutments), and loss of retention (7% of prostheses). The 3 most common complications associated with resin-bonded prostheses were prosthesis debonding (21%), tooth discoloration (18%), and caries (7%).
Many different surface treatments have been used to increase the bond strength of noble and base metal alloys to enamel, but only a few have been studied.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the tensile bond strength of a tin-plated noble alloy, an Alloy Primer-treated noble alloy, and an airborne particle-abraded base metal alloy, all bonded to enamel with a phosphate-methacrylate resin luting agent.
Seventy noncarious molar teeth were extracted, cleaned, and embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the buccal surface of the teeth exposed. Seventy wax patterns (4-mm diameter x 2-mm thickness) were waxed, invested, and cast-50 with a noble alloy (Argedent 52) and 20 with a base metal alloy (Argeloy N.P.). Twenty of the noble alloy specimens were tin-plated (TP), 20 noble alloy specimens were treated with Alloy Primer (AP), and 20 base metal alloy specimens were airborne particle abraded (AA). All specimens were luted with a phosphate-methacrylate resin luting agent (Panavia F) and stored in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C, half for 24 hours and half for 7 days. Ten noble alloy specimens were tin-plated and stored in water for 48 hours (aged) before cementation and then stored in water for 24 hours after cementation. These specimens were used to test whether there is an advantage to aging the tin-plated surface in water before cementation. All specimens were thermocycled (5 degrees to 55 degrees C) for 500 cycles and then tested for tensile bond strength (TBS), measured in MPa, with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. Various castings (n=6 per test group) were randomly selected from each group and inspected under a scanning electronic microscope to determine mode of failure. The mean values and standard deviations of all specimens were calculated for each group. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and multiple pairwise comparisons were then completed with post hoc Tukey test (alpha=.05).
The TBS of the tin-plated noble alloy specimens bonded to enamel (24 hours: 9.33 +/- 1.31 MPa; 7 days: 11.65 +/- 1.55 MPa) was significantly greater than the Alloy Primer noble alloy specimens (24 hours: 6.11 +/- 1.01 MPa; 7 days: 5.45 +/- 1.22 MPa) (P <.001). The Alloy Primer noble alloy group showed the lowest TBS compared with the tin-plated noble alloy and airborne particle-abraded base metal alloy group (24 hours: 10.61 +/- 1.41 MPa; 7 days: 6.94 +/- 1.40 MPa). The tin-plated noble alloy specimens showed greater TBS after storage for 7 days in distilled water compared with storage for 24 hours (24 hours: 9.33 +/- 1.31 MPa; 7 days: 11.65 +/- 1.55 MPa). Aging the tin-plated noble alloy for 48 hours in 37 degrees C (9.17 +/- 1.68 MPa) prior to cementation did not increase the TBS to enamel. The airborne particle-abraded base metal alloy showed significantly lower TBS at the 7-day storage time compared to the 24-hour storage time (24 hours: 10.61 +/- 1.41 MPa; 7 days: 6.94 +/- 1.40 MPa) (P <.001). SEM examination of the debonded metal and enamel surfaces showed mixed (adhesive and cohesive) failures for all groups.
Tin-plating a noble alloy produced the highest bond strength to enamel. Storing the tin-plated noble alloy in 37 degrees C distilled water for 48 hours before cementation did not result in a change in TBS. Using an Alloy Primer with a noble alloy resulted in statistically significant lower TBS than tin-plating.
This study investigated the stability of a resin-paint material (Master Palette)--which was developed for chairside shade modification of composite restorations--by evaluating its bond strength to indirect resin composite and surface degradation. Bond strength was evaluated with four surface treatments including an application of methylene chloride, airborne particle abrasion with 50 microm aluminum oxide, and additional applications of bonding agents after air-abrasion. The surface roughness (Rz value) of both the resin-paint and indirect resin composite before and after thermo-cycling (4-60 degrees C, 50,000 cycles) was also evaluated. All data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Boneferroni's test (p=0.05). It was found that bond strength was improved by bonding agent application (14.9+/-1.9 MPa to 18.6+/-2.2 MPa, p<0.0054) after thermo-cycling. As for surface roughness, its results after thermo-cycling (2.7+/-0.2 microm, p<0.001) demonstrated that the resin-paint needed further improvements to maintain the original surface texture.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the color stability of five facing (ConquestSculpture: JenericPentron, USA; ThermoresinLC: GCCorporation, J; VitaZetaLC: Vita, G; CompoPlus: Degudent, G; belleGlassHP: SDSbelle, G) and three restorative (Definite: DeguDent, G; AristonpHc: Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; SpectrumTPH: DeTreyDentsply, G) composite materials subject to UV-irradiation and storage in red wine.
16 cylindrical specimen (height 5 mm, diameter 6 mm) of each material were fabricated. Baseline measurement of the CIE-L*a*b* color data was carried out in a reflection spectrophotometer. Artificial aging was performed with a filtered xenon lamp (irradiation value: 765 W/m2). Eight samples of each group were aged and color measured after 24 and 72 h. Eight specimens were stored in deionized water under light exclusion as a control for 10 days. Afterwards all specimen were stored in red wine and color measurement took place again after 10 days. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney-U-test (p < or = 0.05).
The best color stability after 72 h of UV-irradiation was shown by ConquestSculpture (DeltaE* = 1.0), VitaZeta (DeltaE* = 0.8) and Spectrum (DeltaE* = 0.9). Lowest discoloration for the red wine storage was DeltaE* = 1.0 for belleGlass, the highest DeltaE* = 9.8 for ThermoresinLC. For all materials red wine storage caused more color change in the control than in the irradiated group.
Assuming values of DeltaE* < or = 3.3 as clinically acceptable, all tested materials showed sufficient color stability during aging. For the facing materials UV-irradiation might be recommended to approve resistance to discoloration by staining foods.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the survival rate of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures delivered between 1993 and 2003 in the Department of Prosthodontics of the University of Turin and in several private practices.
The analysis took into consideration the following variables: preparations, metallic alloys, metal preparation and conditioning of the inner surfaces, isolation during cementation, type of cement, kind of prostheses, number of abutments, and number of missing teeth included in the prostheses.
The estimated survival probability for the first debonding or failure was 85% after 5 years and 71% after 10 years.
The use of dental dam during cementation reduced the risk of debonding. No differences in survival rate were found for the other parameters.
Dentists often question the use of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) for reliable restoration of tooth-bound edentulous spaces. Initial attempts at bonding fixed partial dentures on teeth resulted in early failure due to debonding. In the 1980s and 1990s, improvements in preparation methods, metal alloys and bonding techniques made the RBFPD a more predictable option. In this paper, we summarize recent information concerning its success and failure.
A MEDLINE search using key words describing RBFPDs was carried out to identify pertinent English articles appearing in peer-reviewed journals since 2000.
The principle reason for failure of RBFPDs remains debonding of the framework from the abutment teeth. Selection of nonmobile abutment teeth, preparation to enhance retention and resistance form, choice of the appropriate alloy and metal, and tooth bonding technique are the keys to success. The use of cantilever and nonrigid attachments may decrease interabutment forces and reduce debonding of retainers.
The survival rate of RBFPDs is still considerably lower than that of conventional fixed partial dentures. Although RBFPDs can be used in both the anterior and posterior regions of the mouth to replace 1 or 2 missing teeth, careful abutment selection, tooth preparation, alloy selection and bonding technique are critical for clinical success.
Since the introduction of the 'Rochette' bridge in the 1970s the resin-bonded bridge has undergone a number of developments to become a commonly used technique for replacement of a missing tooth, especially in a minimally restored dentition. One of the major advantages of the resin-bonded bridge is that it requires less tooth preparation than conventional bridgework, with some authorities advising no preparation at all. Some reports have suggested poor long-term success rates, however, if used in appropriate clinical situations, this treatment modality can be extremely successful. The aim of this paper is to review the literature relating to resin-bonded bridges and suggest recommendations for clinicalpractice concerning the provision of resin-bonded bridges.