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Aspects of the Ecology of Tympanotonus fuscatus var fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Mangrove Swamps of the Upper Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Abstract
This study examines some aspects of the ecology of Tympanotonus fuscatus var fuscatus in themangrove swamps of the upper Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Salinity of the habitat fluctuated between1.2 and 23.3mg/l throughout the year. The pH and dissolved oxygen content recorded were stable. Soil depositsconsisted of sandy peat with little organic matter and silt. Sediment analysis however showed no significantdifferences for the stations. Salinity, nature of bottom deposits, water depth and currents are factors that affecttheir distribution. T. fuscatus is euryhaline, surviving in waters with wide range of salinities 0.1mg/l to 25mg/l.The two gastropods that co-habit the mud-flat with T. fuscatus are Neritina adansoniana and Pachymelaniafusca var quadriseriata.
... Periwinkle production is the process of harvesting Periwinkle from their natural habitat by periwinkle Farmers, and selling same to marketers and then to the final consumers. Over the years, there has been an extensive research on the beneficial effect of periwinkle shell fish to the Society, and it's been discovered that periwinkle is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals (Jamabo & Chinda, 2010). Periwinkles have a very high protein content of 102mg/ml. ...
... al., .2021 (Jamabo & Chinda, 2010) and majorly, it is a source of revenue generation for the farmers and marketers of periwinkle. ...
... Thus, with the progressive decrease in population and quantity of this specie (Jamabo & Chinda, 2010) it's relevant role is lacking attention and has caused all round production decrease in sectors concerned like animal feed producing enterprise, cement industry, cosmetics industry etc. There's no longer enough periwinkle shell for production of calcium nutrient in animal feed and the available ones are going out on a high price, causing increase in overall animal products cost. Simultaneously the construction industry, ornamentals and cosmetics industry are losing out on their raw materials for production. ...
... Periwinkles are a typical example of shelled fish which is found predominantly in the littoral region of the marine and estuarine habitats having mangrove plants. [1][2][3][4] Periwinkles predominantly belong to three genus including Tympanotonus, Pachymelania and Merceneria. 1 Of the three genera, species of periwinkle that belong to the Tympanotonus and Pachymelania genera are predominant in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. 1 As such, the two predominant species of periwinkle are found in fresh and salt water interphase (brackish water) habitat and benthos of the Niger Delta. But the two species are phenotypically different. ...
... In addition, municipal wastes, market wastes are also deposited in close-by surface waters. 6,[26][27][28][29][30][31] Tympanotonus fuscatus is found in intertidal areas and estuarine characterized by mangroves such as Rhizophora racemosa, R. mangle, Avicennia Africana, Nypafruticans, Laguncularia racemosa, etc. 2,4 In the Niger Delta, the mangroves are also a home of several oil and gas installations. Ijeomah et al., 7 reported that Oil spillage has been implicated as the major cause of environmental pollution in oil producing areas in Nigeria. ...
... water and sediment). 2,4,8 Obasi et al., 8 reported that the presence of heavy metals in Tympanotonus fuscatus could be due to their ability to bioaccumulate within the food chain. ...
Tympanotonus fuscatus is found in mangrove swamps of the coastal region of the Niger Delta Nigeria. It is a source of protein, Hence it is used in the preparation of delicacies. This study evaluated the level of heavy metals in tissues of Tympanotonus fuscatus sold in some markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. Triplicate samples of Tympanotonus fuscatus was purchased from seven different markets within Port Harcourt metropolis. The samples were digested and analyzed using a Flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results showed that the concentration of the heavy metals ranged from 0.76–1.56mg/kg (nickel), 22.36–29.28mg/kg (zinc), 185.07–921.49mg/kg (iron), 0.05–0.56mg/kg (lead), 80.96–102.62 mg/kg (cobalt) and 19.04–69.45 mg/kg (manganese). Moisture and organic matter contents ranged from 78.88–85.87% and 86.06–92.23% respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference (P<0.05) in most of the locations for each of the parameters. The variation that exists could be due to differences in the pollution load of the aquatic habitats from which the samples were harvested. Based on permissible limit, the heavy metals concentration were within allowable limit for fish-food specified by Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization, Median International Standard and European Union except for iron, manganese and copper. The high level of iron, manganese and copper suggests potential health effects.
... (34.37%) (Opeh, 2018) and Eutropus niloticus (25%) (Udo, 2013). Jamabo and Chinda (2010) reported on the level of copper to be 35.61mg/kg in the flesh of T. fuscatus of the upper Niger River and stated that the normal standard values obtained from species and other gastropods in Bonny River were 1.20 mg/kg. Literature data on the mineral content of the species is scarce and information on its proximate food value is controversial, but reliable data on the species from the Cross estuary and its tributaries are lacking. ...
... mg/100gm, 564.00 mg/100gm, 260 mg/100gm respectively (Udo & Arazu, 2011;Job & Ekanem, 2010). Jamabo and Chinda (2010) reported values of 35.61 mg/kg-1 as the value obtained for copper in this same species inhabiting the mangrove swamp of upper Bonny River in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. This high value for copper in the Niger Delta region of Bonny in Nigeria may have something to do with the quality of the mud, that must have been polluted by oil. ...
Tympanotonus fuscatus var .radula (L) is a species of periwinkle living in the black mud of the mangrove swamp forest along the brackish water mangrove swamp forest area of the West Africa rivers and in the Cross river in Nigeria. The proximate and mineral contents of it flesh and shell were investigated using techniques recommended by AOAC. The moisture, crude protein, ash, fat contents of the flesh were 50.00 mg/100gm, 22.32mg/100gm, 1.22 mg/100gm, and 10.02 mg/100gm respectively. The respective values of 20.05 mg/100gm, 2.63 mg/100gm, 8.1 mg/100gm and 0.3 mg/100gm were determined in the shell. Energy values of 245.17 Kcal and 294 Kcal were measured from the flesh and shell of the species. Carbohydrate in the flesh was 16.42 mg/100gm while 68.41 mg/100gm was measured in the shell. Minerals ranged from 66.47 mg for calcium, phosphorus 13.5 mg for shell and 33.27 mg and 6.82 mg in the flesh. Mineral concentrations were high in the shell than in the flesh.
... The area is dominated by mangrove plants and narrow coastal ridges. Rhizophora racemosa (tall mangroves), R. Mangle and Rhizophora harrisonii (short mangrove), avicania (white mangrove) and Laguncularia racemosa, etc (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010;Ohimain et al., 2014). species have been reported to exist among the Nigerian mangroves in Niger Delta Wetlands. ...
... F. catususus is distributed mainly in the temporal region and is rich in dritus and muddy substrates. They live together with Nartina adensoniana and Pachimelania posca var quadriseriata (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010;. In addition to fires, several other catfish, plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and enormous benthic life forms were found in sewage and marine ecosystems. ...
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. The Niger Delta in Nigeria is the largest wetland in Africa and the third largest mangrove forest in the world with three sites listed as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. The Niger Delta wetlands and coastal resources are of high monetary significance to the local dwellers and the nation in general. This highly coveted wetland is changing rapidly, raising concern for its attendant implication on the communities relying upon its ecosystem potentials. A comprehensive data of the facilities delivered by wetlands is a significant key for real-time wetland ecosystem management. Existing literatures, were synthesized for this review on the potentials, challenges and prospects of the Niger Delta wetlands. It is pertinent from this review that the Niger Delta Wetland is wealthy in aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity of high financial significance to development of Nigeria, and is being challenged by natural and human activities such as dam construction, logging/lumbering, over-grazing, unrestrained tilling of soil for crop production, wetland reclamation, dredging, oil and gas exploration, over-fishing, invasive plant infestation, pollution, Coastal Infrastructure construction, poverty, droughts, desertification, sand storm, alien invasion, sea rising, erosion, etc. The Niger Delta Wetlands harbor tremendous wealth and supply many services that are necessary for human well-being such as location for spiritual renewal and recreation (eco-tourism), flood control, climate regulation, crop pollination, soil regeneration, raw material, energy, air and water purification; food chain supply, and medicines (Herbal solutions). This review postulates that in view of the immense significance and status of the Niger Delta Wetlands, effective and sequential monitoring be put in place by the establishment of centers of excellence in all universities in the Niger Delta Region with emphasis on studying the rich economic diversity of the wetland using remote sensing and Geographic Information System technologies for efficient conservation and management of the wetland resources.
... The objectives of this study include: (1) to determine the THC concentration of shell and tissue of periwinkle; (2) to compare the THC concentration of periwinkles in highly and lowly polluted sites and (3) to determine the relationship between the size of periwinkles and the THC concentration. Tympanotonusfuscatus is euryhaline and has the ability to tolerate a wide range of salinities between O.1mg/l to 25mg/l [17]. Pros branch gastropods are the most abundant and commonest molluscs in the brackish waters in West Africa, and the factors that affect their distribution in the coastal areas of West Africa include salinity, water depth, currents and nature of bottom deposits. ...
... The two genera are commonly referred to as "periwinkle" in Nigeria. They inhabit the quiet waters where the substratum is rich in decaying organic matter and mud [17]. The periwinkles feed on the mud and other decaying organic matter. ...
Bioaccumulation of pollutants up the food chain is detrimental to humans who consume sea food harvested from polluted waters. In this study it was hypothesized that periwinkles, which is an integral part of the local meal possess the potential of causing food poisoning as a result of their ground-dwelling behavior. One hundred periwinkles (n=100) were picked up from the forest floors in highly and lowly polluted sites. The samples were bagged and labeled, and sent to the laboratory. The inner tissues were detached from the shell, oven-dried at 70 °C for 48 hours and crushed to fine powder. Two (2) grams of each sample was analyzed using spectrophotometric method with HACH DR 890 calorimeter (wavelength ~420 nm) for total hydrocarbon content (THC). The result indicates that there is no significant difference in THC concentration between parts and between highly and lowly polluted sites (P>0.05). However, the THC in shell (0.252 ± 0.002mg/kg) is slightly higher than the THC in tissue (0.244 ± 0.002 mg/kg). For shell size, there is significant difference, and periwinkles from highly polluted sites (width: 2.27 ± 0.03 cm and length: 3.83 ± 0.07 cm) is larger than periwinkles from lowly polluted site (width: 1.83 ± 0.03 cm and length: 3.14 ± 0.04 cm). There is a little correlation between the THC concentration and the periwinkle size ). ((R2 = 13.0). This means bigger periwinkle have lower THC concentration whereas smaller periwinkles have higher THC concentration . This implies that the bigger the periwinkle the better for consumption.
... The majority of waterways contain chloride, which helps fish maintain their osmotic balance (Jamabo, 2008 Fish culture in Sewage ponds needs to be encouraged. Fish raised on wastewater recycle toxic waste and provide a healthy environment for human habitation. ...
The present study revealed about characterization of various physiochemical parameters of different Sewage ponds in Ambala, Haryana, India, focusing on Sewage pond pisciculture. The water of Sewage ponds was collected randomly from various sites and parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved CO2, PO4 and Clˉ were analyzed using standardized laboratory methods. The ponds were found to be significantly variable in temperature, acidity, carbonates, phosphates and chloride in the manner revealing variable biodiversity including fishes. The ponds under present investigations can be used for pisciculture that practice may helpful in updating the ecological status and economy of residential nearby areas. The fish crop significantly increases the human income and offers a high-market-value, high-protein diet.
... Thirty-five mangrove villages in Nigeria's Delta and Rivers States harvest roughly 40.3 tons of periwinkle each year. Some localities in Nigeria's Bayelsa, Cross River, and Edo states have reported large scale periwinkle output (Ekop et al., 2021;Mmom & Arokoyu, 2010;Jamabo & Chinda, 2010). ...
Efficient cracking and separation of periwinkle shells are essential unit
operations in periwinkle meat processing. Mechanization remains the panacea to achieving timely processing of periwinkle meat. This study was carried out to design, develop, and evaluate the performance of a viable machine for the extraction of meat from periwinkle. The performance of the machine was dependent on certain processing
parameters, such as cracking speed (CS), Agitating speed (AS), feed rate (FR) and heat conditioning time (HCT), while periwinkle cracking efficiency (CE), separating efficiency (SE), Throughput capacity (TP) and periwinkle meat loss (PML) were the responses. The maximum periwinkle meat CE of 84.05 % was obtained at CS of 130 rpm, FR of 0.2 kgs-1 and HCT of 6 min. The result for SE indicated that most efficient periwinkle meat separation of 78.79% can be achieved when HCT, CS, AS and FR set at 6 min,130 rpm,1.11m/s and 0.40 kg/s respectively. Highest TP value of 26.79 kg/h was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 130 rpm, AS of 1.23 m/s under the
HCT of 6 min at FR of 0.40 kg/s. Also, the lowest PML value of 10.71 % was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 120 rpm, AS of 1.04 m/s under the HCT of 4 min at feed rate of 0.30 kg/s. These machine parameters have significant effects on the periwinkle meat processing. The study has provided a viable option to replace the time consuming, crude manual method of periwinkle meat post harvest processing.
... Salinity was the highest (86.7 ± 36.4 ppm) in Sarpang and the lowest (15.9 ± 2.1ppm) in Samtse. Salinity significantly influences the growth and density of aquatic organism's population (Jamabo, 2008). The increased salinity reduces swimming activities such as searching behavior, potentially disrupting the ecological processes of their habitat (Leite et al., 2022). ...
Nemacheilids are freshwater fishes distributed mainly in the South–central regions of Bhutan and environmental variables seems to have significant effect on their distribution, abundance, and diversity.
However, existing knowledge and information about nemacheilid’s association with its environment is
limited in Bhutan. This study aimed to assess nemacheilid’s abundance and determine its association
with environmental variables in the South–central Bhutan. The study was conducted in the three major
river basins; Punatsangchhu, Mangdechhu and Amochhu, which comprises of Dagana, Sarpang, Tsirang,
Samtse and Trongsa district. The data were collected from each stream using systematic random sampling, with samples collected at 100 m intervals spanning up to 500 m long. A total of 56 plots were surveyed from which nemacheilids were found in 22 plots. Eleven species were identified in three genera.
The mean relative abundance of Schistura beavani was the highest in Dagana (9.5), Paracanthocobitis cf.
botia in Sarpang (18.8), and S. devdevi in Tsirang (35.0) and Samtse (15.3). The lowest mean relative
abundance of P. cf. abutwebi was in Dagana (3.3), Aborichthys sp.2 in Sarpang (6.8), S. scaturigina in
Tsirang (5.0) and Aborichthys sp.4 in Samtse (2.1). No nemacheilids were found in Trongsa. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed a significant association between species abundance and 11
environmental variables (p = 0.01, Monte Carlo test with permutation of 999). Elevation and temperature
were the most influential variables followed by total hardness, electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, total
dissolved solids, salinity, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and chloride with lesser importance. It is recommended to explore additional variables, sites and anthropogenic activities to further elucidate the dynamics of nemacheilids abundance and formulate effective conservation strategies.
Keywords: Abundance, Bhutan, CCA, environmental variables, Nemacheilidae
... The region is known for its oil and gas exploitation and exploration activities which have contributed to the country's foreign exchange; however, the region has suffered various levels of environmental pollution. The oil and gasrelated activities of have led to various environmental impacts due to oil spillage, gas flaring, industrial waste discharge, urban waste and agricultural runoff (Jamabo & Chinda, 2010;Babatunde et al., 2015;Moslen & Miebaka, 2017;Nwankwoala & Omofuophu, 2020). Many of the studies from the creeks of Bonny Rivers concentrated on the preliminary quantifications of PTEs in the ecosystem; however, the present further applied various ecotoxicological indices in quantifying the PTEs in the ecosystem. ...
... Salinity is a major driving factor that affects the density and growth of aquatic organisms' population (Jamabo and Chinda 2010). Salinity in the fishponds ranged from 7.72 psu to 17.33 psu during flooding and from 6.32 psu to 16.17 psu during draining ( Table 2). ...
... Thirty-five mangrove villages in Nigeria's Delta and Rivers States harvest roughly 40.3 tons of periwinkle each year. Some localities in Nigeria's Bayelsa, Cross River, and Edo states have reported large scale periwinkle output (Ekop et al., 2021;Mmom & Arokoyu, 2010;Jamabo & Chinda, 2010). ...
Efficient cracking and separation of periwinkle shells are essential unit operations in periwinkle meat processing. Mechanization remains the panacea to achieving timely processing of periwinkle meat. This study was carried out to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a viable machine for the extraction of meat from periwinkle. The performance of the machine was dependent on certain processing parameters, such as cracking speed (CS), Agitating speed (AS), feed rate (FR) and heat conditioning time (HCT), while periwinkle cracking efficiency (CE), separating efficiency (SE), Throughput capacity (TP) and periwinkle meat loss (PML) were the responses. The maximum periwinkle meat CE of 84.05 % was obtained at CS of 130 rpm, FR of 0.2 kgs-1 and HCT of 6 min. The result for SE indicated that most efficient periwinkle meat separation of 78.79% can be achieved when HCT, CS, AS and FR set at 6 min,130 rpm,1.11m/s and 0.40 kg/s respectively. Highest TP value of 26.79 kg/h was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 130 rpm, AS of 1.23 m/s under the HCT of 6 min at FR of 0.40 kg/s. Also, the lowest PML value of 10.71 % was obtained when the machine was operated at CS of 120 rpm, AS of 1.04 m/s under the HCT of 4 min at feed rate of 0.30 kg/s. These machine parameters have significant effects on the periwinkle meat processing. The study has provided a viable option to replace the time-consuming crude manual method of periwinkle meat postharvest processing.
... This disagrees with the aprioro expectation which state that when there is a Rise in sea level the quantity of periwinkle harvested reduces because the natural habitat of the periwinkle will be denatured with outflow of water, thus making handpicking difficult. Since periwinkle inhabit mangrove swamps were the substratum is muddy and rich in detritus (Jamabo & Chinda, 2010) and not in the main water body, increase in sea level affect their ecosystem. ...
This study examines the effect of climate change on Output of Periwinkle Harvesters in Oron Local Government Area Akwa Ibom State. The objectives were to assess the socioeconomic characteristics of the periwinkle harvesters, determine the income level of harvesters, determine the effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesters, examine the awareness of effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesting and to identify the constraints faced by periwinkle harvesters. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample two fishing communities in Oron local government area. Snowballing technique was used to select 40 respondents from each community, giving a total sampling size of 80. The respondents were all aware of the existence of climate change but only a few of them had knowledge about the nature of effect, climate change has on harvesting. From the findings the major constraints faced by the harvesters was sea rise and presence of predators, like snake. The results of the perceived effect of climate change on periwinkle output showed that the salt content of the sea has no effect on the quantity of periwinkle harvested. The paper recommends that protective measures should be provided for the respondents in the study area in order to check and balance the negative occurrence of predators like snakes, and other dangerous animals found in the habitat that may deter harvesting process and to ensure security of lives and as well encourage easy and productive harvesting.
... Biological [41] and [42]. Temperature fluctuations occur seasonally often higher in the dry season months compared to wet season months, typical of tropical African inland water systems [43]. ...
... Soundarapandian and Gunalan (2008) [21] reported the quality of water in shrimp culture ponds depends on the feed, fecal matter and the percentage of metabolic wastes released during the culture process. Jamabo (2008) reported salinity is an important factor that influences the growth and density of the population of aquatic organisms. Shrimp species like Litopenaeus setiferus and Farfantepenaeus aztecus cannot tolerate salinity of less than 2 ppt (Keiser and Aldrich, 1976) [16] . ...
... Higher temperature values in the dry season were also observed by Wokoma and Umesi (2017) and Ogolo et al. (2017). Sikoki and Zabbey (2006) and Jamabo (2008) also recorded a drop in temperature during the wet season which they attributed to heavy rainfall, which is quite common in the Niger Delta. ...
This study is aimed at assessing the physico-chemical parameters of water from the Iwofe River which is heavily stressed by extensive anthropogenic activities like bunkering. Two stations were established and surface water samples were collected bimonthly at each station for one year. All the parameters were determined in-situ except biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which was analyzed in the laboratory on the fifth day of sample collection. The results obtained show that pH varied from 5.66 and 6.87, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 3.51 and 5.16 mg/l. Temperature had values ranging between 27.85 and 31.25 oC; salinity ranged between 5.96 and 11.54 ppt; conductivity ranged between 9.55 and 10.46 us/cm. The total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged between 7.15 and 13.63 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was between 0.85 and 2.84 mg/l. Seasonal fluctuations revealed that mean values of DO, TDS, salinity and temperature were higher during the dry season while pH and BOD were higher in the wet season, but mean conductivity values were uniform for both seasons. The study has shown that despite the visible anthropogenic perturbations in the study area, the surface water is still relatively clean.
... Higher temperature values in the dry season were also observed by Wokoma and Umesi (2017) and Ogolo et al. (2017). Sikoki and Zabbey (2006) and Jamabo (2008) also recorded a drop in temperature during the wet season which they attributed to heavy rainfall, which is quite common in the Niger Delta. ...
This study is aimed at assessing the physico-chemical parameters of water from the Iwofe River which is heavily stressed by extensive anthropogenic activities like bunkering. Two stations were established and surface water samples were collected bi-monthly at each station for one year. All the parameters were determined in-situ except biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which was analyzed in the laboratory on the fifth day of sample collection. The results obtained show that pH varied from 5.66 and 6.87, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged between 3.51 and 5.16 mg/l. Temperature had values ranging between 27.85 and 31.25 oC; salinity ranged between 5.96 and 11.54 ppt; conductivity ranged between 9.55 and 10.46 us/cm. The total dissolved solid (TDS) ranged between 7.15 and 13.63 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was between 0.85 and 2.84 mg/l. Seasonal fluctuations revealed that mean values of DO, TDS, salinity and temperature were higher during the dry season while pH and BOD were higher in the wet season, but mean conductivity values were uniform for both seasons. The study has shown that despite the visible anthropogenic perturbations in the study area, the surface water is still relatively clean.
... Generally, fish and shellfish meat are considered to be highly nutritious, owing to their content of essential amino acids and proteins; for example, shrimp meat is an excellent source of protein (Yanar, and Celik, 2005) and shrimp is one of the most popular species as it is a part of almost every nation's traditional meal rich in protein and minerals. Periwinkles are widely distributed shore snails, chiefly herbivorous and they have a dark and sometimes spiral banded shell that readily withstands the buffeting waves characterized by turreted, granular and spiny shells with tapering ends (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010). The Tympanotonus fuscatus species has high commercial value in coastal areas of Niger Delta of Nigeria. ...
Shellfish meat are popular due to their high protein content, low carbohydrate values, low fat/cholesterol profile, and the presence of some vital minerals such as copper, calcium, zinc, iron, and manganese. High nutritional values in shellfish has resulted in an increase in demand for the resource which eventually influences the economic growth in both local and international markets. The nutritional profile of periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) was studied with the aim of providing health related information to consumers. The proximate analysis was evaluated using standard analytical procedures. Results showed that periwinkle samples contained 3.69±0.63% ash, 38.38±0.19% moisture, 20.21±0% protein, 0.25±0.04% fat, 4.33±0% crude fibre and 33.15±0.78% carbohydrate. The results also revealed the mineral content of periwinkle thus: manganese content was 1.30ppm, magnesium content was 9.64ppm, calcium content was 1.55ppm, lead was 0.00ppm, iron was 5.60ppm and zinc was 0.11ppm. The findings from this work showed that periwinkle contained considerable amounts of protein, carbohydrate, ash, fibre, manganese, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc but low in fat with no lead content. Thus, increase consumption of periwinkle may help address micronutrient and protein deficiency problems.
... There are numerous first-hand reports of peat and organic-rich floodplain soils in the academic literature (e.g. Akpokodje 1989;Osuji and Ezebuiro 2006;Jamabo and Chinda 2010;Osuji, Erondu, and Ogali 2010;Dike and Agunwamba 2012), and modelling using remotely sensed data (Gumbricht et al. 2017a) predicts that peat is widespread across the Delta. The gently sloping land surface is prone to waterlogging, and mangrove and freshwater swamp forests cover about half of the Delta's terrestrial surface (NDES 1997). ...
Tropical peatlands store globally significant quantities of carbon and are ecologically and culturally important, but little is known about their vulnerability to oil and gas exploration and extraction. Here, we analyse the exposure of tropical peatlands to the activities of the petroleum industry and review what is known about the sensitivity of peatlands to these activities. We find that 8.3% (107,000 km ² ) of the total area of tropical peatlands overlaps with a 30-km buffer area around oil and gas infrastructure. Major areas of overlap include the Sumatra Basin (Indonesia), the Niger Delta (Nigeria) and the Putumayo-Oriente-Marañón Basin (Peru/Ecuador/Colombia). Documented environmental impacts include deforestation and habitat loss associated with the exploration and development of oil fields, and contamination from spills of oil and produced water (well brine). Peatlands, and the ecosystem services they provide, are sensitive to these impacts due to unique aspects of their ecology and hydrology, the easy spread of contamination by flowing water, the long-term storage of contaminants in peat, and the slow degradation of oil under anoxic, waterlogged conditions. Given the potential negative consequences for human health, resource security, biodiversity, and carbon storage, we propose a research agenda to provide an improved evidence base to support effective governance.
... Other factors such as lipid content in the tissue of the fishes, age of fish and mode of feeding may be significant factors that affect the accumulation of these heavy metals in shellfishes. Similar studies have reported similar bioaccumulation patterns of metals in different organisms in the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary [27,29,28] and elsewhere in the Niger Delta [1]. Heavy metals have multiple effects in aquatic ecosystems depending on the oxidation state, formation of complexes and biotransformation of elemental species. ...
The study was conducted to determine the heavy metals concentration in selected shell fishes (U. tangeri, C. amnicola, T. fuscatus, P. monodon), sediment and water. The samples were collected from a fishing port along the Opuro-ama Creek in Rivers State of Nigeria. analysis for Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) and Zinc (Zn) were done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The order of metal accumulation in these shellfishes, sediment and water were; C. amnicola
... No significant difference was marked in the observed pH of Noakhali and Lakshmipur district and its variation due to change in sampling stations was also insignificant. The observed values were well within the safe limit for aquaculture [24]. A similar trend was also observed in case of salinity that ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 ppt with an average of 0.94 ppt (Table 1). ...
Heavy metal accumulation in aquaculture farms has become a major problem due to the widespread use of artificial feed to enhance fish productivity. To estimate the contamination level and identify metal sources, we investigated the amounts of seven heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn) in the surface water of commercial freshwater aquaculture farms in a south Asian tropical coastal area. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to analyze 36 water samples from 12 commercial fish farms. The results demonstrated that the range of three heavy metals were detected in a decreasing order of Mn (0.0574–0.4100 mg.L−1) > Zn (0.0125–0.3250 mg.L−1
) > Cu (0.0275–0.085 mg.L−1). In all samples, the remaining four heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) were below the detectable level (BDL). Except for Mn, the amounts of the metals examined were below WHO and USEPA guideline values. According to the findings, the levels were found to be safe for drinking, agriculture production, and aquaculture. There was no significant correlation (p > 0.05) between heavy metal concentrations and water quality parameters, indicating that pollution came from diverse sources and that no single factor was controlling their levels. Furthermore, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences in the mean metal values among the fish farms (p > 0.05). Multivariate analyses (CA and PCA) demonstrated the association and sources of metal in the study area. Although metal levels were not beyond the threshold limit, it is recommended that suitable measures and continuous monitoring should be undertaken to reduce heavy metal pollution in aquaculture farms and prevent water quality degradation.
... The genus Tympanotonus is a single species which has two varieties -Tympanotonus fuscatus var fuscatus (Linnaeus) and Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula. Tympanotonus fuscatus var fuscatus is distinguished from Tympanotonus fuscatus var radula by the absence of spiny tubercles on the shell [10,17]. ...
A study of the microbiological quality and proximate composition of Shellfish purchased from different markets in Rivers State. The results obtained for raw and cooked shellfish are as follows: Total Viable Bacteria Count ranged from Log10 cfu/g 3.39 -7.74, Total Salmonella Count ranged Log10 cfu/g 1.5-6.47, Total Staphylococcus Count; Log10 cfu/g 3.07 -5.58, Total Vibrio Count Log10 cfu/g0 cfu/g 0.2 – 4.3. Most samples analyzed did not meet ICMSF standards for raw and cooked samples. Twelve bacteria species were isolated from raw(unprocessed) and processed periwinkle, oyster and whelk; Salmonella sp, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp, Vibrio cholerea, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Citrobacter sp, Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp. Proximate analysis showed that cooking does minimal to insignificant damage to the nutrient content in the sea foods. Handling and consumption of seafood must be undertaken carefully and knowledgeably to avoid food borne infections.
... mixing of organic nutrients could occur due to turbulence and other anthropogenic activities such as fishing and transportation (Davies and Ekperusi 2021). A similar high range of temperatures were recorded in the Niger Delta region during the dry season compared with the wet season as reported by Sikoki and Zabbey (2006) and Jamabo (2008). ...
This study was conducted to examine the impacts of abattoir and associated activities wastes on the water quality of Eagle Island creek; mainly on its physicochemical parameters. Specifically, the sampling stations covered the point where the Abattoir is located, and both up and down stream of the Abattoir location. The physicochemical parameters were analyzed using the methods as described by APHA (2005) The results recorded for physicochemical parameters from the various sampling points shows significant variation across the stations and the months. The observed physiochemical parameters values ranges are as from 27.2 o C-30.7 o C for Temperature, 4.83-7.58 for pH, 14.29-45.3mg/l for Conductivity, 449.66-601ppm for Salinity, 32.4-6.91mg/l for TDS, 7.3-63mg/l for TSS, 2.47-5.7mg/l for DO, 0.9-4.6mg/l for BOD, 4.73-8.31 NTU for Turbidity, 4.06-17.83 mg/l for Nitrate, 26.66-41.66 mg/l for Total Hardness, 185.8-959.1mg/l for Chloride, 0.12-3.51mg/l for Phosphate and 1.55-43.23mg/l for Sulphate respectively. Most of the parameters were within the stipulated limits of World Health Organization (WHO), except for Phosphate, Chloride, Turbidity and BOD that were higher than the acceptable levels for drinking water by WHO standards. This study thus recommends the need for increased public awareness on the possible impacts of the pollutants impacting the creek from Abattoir and associated activities wastes.
... The highest salinity registered during the summer season that was caused by decreasing of the water levels and increasing of the evaporation ratio. Furthermore, dumping untreated wastewater into marshes with high concentrations of salts (Jamabo 2008). Heavy metals in water: The highest Cd was in station 3 (0.513 µg l ) during autumn in Euphrates river, whereas the -1 lowest mean (0.136 µg l ) was at station 1 during winter. ...
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of water quality in hematological and biochemical blood parameters of the
Prussian carp that were captured from three stations in the Euphrates River in Southern Carassius auratus Nasiriyah city Iraq during four
seasons from winter of 2018 to the autumn of 2019. Physical-Chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,
biological oxygen demand and salinity were estimated in addition to heavy metals like (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were determined in water. The result
of this research showed that the alterations in water quality have an adverse impact on blood content and biochemical parameters. The
haematological parameters such as Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC were a decrease with the increase with of environmental stressors while the
present biochemical results showed the presence of a significant increase in the activity of the GOT and GPT in the serum of the C .areatus fish
caught from the Euphrates river station 2 and 3. As well as, the activity of ALP in the serum of the C .areatus fish showed a significant elevation
in some Euphrates river studied stations compared to first station. This may be related to the drainage of the sewage and the electric power
plant.
... The study area was the Bonny River also known as the New Calabar River Estuary [10]. The Bonny River is a 127 km long tidal estuary and lies on the eastern flank of the Niger Delta between ta network of rivers and creeks emptying into the Atlantic Ocean and is also the most environmentally stressed due to intense oil and gas exploitation and production activities [20]. The estuary is characterized by a broad belt of mangrove swamps, which are bordered on the seaward side by sandy barrier islands, and receives an influx of sea water for the majority of the year. ...
... The periwinkles are estuarine snails which are found in the inter-tidal area of the mangrove edges and surfaces and could be hand-picked (Dambo, 1993). They inhabit the quiet waters where the substratum is rich in decaying organic matter and muddy (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010). Dekae (1987) stated that the factors that affect their distribution in the coastal areas of West Africa include salinity, water depth, currents and nature of bottom deposits. ...
... The results obtained from the study showed temperature values ranging from 26 to 27.6℃ (Table 3). Fishes are sensitive to the salt concentration of their waters that affects the density and growth of aquatic organism's population (19). In this research work, the salinity values ranged from 0.2 to 0.5% and the free CO2 values obtained ranged from 1. ...
Aquaculture is one of the most vital sectors in Bangladesh as it exhibits a major role in nutrition, livelihoods and foreign
exchange earnings every year. Aquaculture in our country is highly impacted and presently triggering serious health
risks due to chemical impurities, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and heavy metal
accumulation. The industrial sewages and wastes likewise deteriorate severely the water quality and aquatic
ecosystems of ponds, rivers, lakes and various waterways located in Savar, Dhaka, as this area is located within one of
the major industrial zones in Bangladesh. In the current investigation, water samples were collected from the five
selected ponds situated in Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) premises, Savar, Dhaka and water quality
assessment was done by analyzing different physicochemical and microbiological parameters according to the standard
procedures. The acquired values for pH, temperature, salinity, total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved solids (TDS),
electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), chloride content, free CO2, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate ion and
sulfate ion were compared with the recommended standard values of Bangladesh and WHO guideline for suitable water
quality. Some of the physicochemical parameters showed values lower than the standards for pond water that are
inappropriate for aquaculture. Total viable count, total coliform and fecal coliform count were found to be higher than
the guideline values of WHO indicating fecal contamination of the water. Various pathogens which can cause fish
infections and diseases were also isolated from the ponds. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated for five sampling
sites to determine the level of pollution and it was observed that the water quality of all the ponds reached to critical
point of pollution. The results revealed that the pond waters of five different sites were excessively polluted and
unsuitable for fish culture.
... Microplastics may have been uptaken by fish directly marine waters on deltas (Twomeu et al., 2014); hence, it can affect the density, growth, and migrations of aquatic fauna. Moreover, In Ocean, salinity largely depends on the balance between evaporation and precipitation (Jamabo, 2008;Hassan et al., 2021c), therefore, water samples collected from the 20 stations in this study show a narrow range between 35.2-39.8ppt, which is the indications of low precipitation in these areas and also found in permissible range, that is 32.0-37.0 ...
This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H’=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H’=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more information’s regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline
... Salinity is a major feature that affects the density and population growth of aquatic organisms (Jamabo, 2008). The amount of salt dissolved in a water body is defined as the total concentration of electrically charged ions present in the water. ...
Optimum fish production is greatly dependent on the physical, chemical and biological qualities of water. Hence, successful fish pond management requires an in-depth understanding of water quality. A study to assess heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn) contamination and physicochemical parameters of water samples from eight selected fish ponds in Sunyani, Ghana, was conducted. The parameters included temperature, pH, salinity, total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The results revealed detectable Mn and Zn levels in all the selected fish ponds; with Mn levels in three ponds being significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit (< 0.500 mg/L). Of the three samples, which showed detectable Cr and Cd levels, concentrations of two exceeded the permissible limits. Pb was below the detection limit in all the samples whilst Cu levels detected in two of the ponds were below the permissible limit. The investigated physicochemical parameters had the following ranges: temperature 26-29 C, pH 5.8-8.2, BOD 0.3-20 mg/L, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 37-249 mg/L, EC 73.67-498 µS/cm, total hardness 0.8-5.7 mg/L, salinity 0.03-0.22 psu and COD 2.9-9.7 mg/L. Most of these values were within WHO recommended levels. The findings suggest that regular monitoring of the heavy metal load is necessary to guard against long-term effects of its presence in the water, influencing fish and human uptake.
... The abundance of T. fuscatus is in its ability to survive in mangrove swamps and estuarine conditions. T. fuscatus is euryhaline, surviving in waters with a wide range of salinities 0.1 mg/l to 25 mg/l (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010). It is bisexual and characterized by turreted, granular, and spiny shells with a tapering end. ...
Anthropogenic stressors pose risks to aquatic ecosystem functions. The relationship between water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages of ten study stations in the Chanomi Creek, Delta State, Nigeria were assessed from March to August 2019 and analyzed using standard methods. Surface water temperatures (25.5–30.1 °C) showed little temporal variation compared to pH (7.27 ± 0.38) throughout the study period. The mean salinity (10.88 ± 5.64ppt) is typical of a brackish ecosystem. High conductivity (20623.93±1.23μS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (9696.6 ± 5.76ppm), and turbidity (18.5 ± 10.43NTU) were recorded and above the recommended values of USEPA. The high DO (5.37 ± 1.35 mg/l) recorded was attributed to the fast flow of water and aeration. The ANOVA tests showed that there is a significant difference between the means of the physicochemical parameters and the study months (P<0.05). A total of 357 macroinvertebrates belonging to 14 Species, 14 Genera, 14 Families, and 4 Phyla were recorded. The phylum Mollusca recorded the highest number of individuals (294) with Tympanotonus fuscatus being the most dominant species while Phylum Chordata recorded the least (1). Tori gbene (93) and Igbodibi gbene (90) stations recorded the highest number of individuals and also the lowest in species diversity of 0.82 and 0.93, dominance index (0.52 and 0.50), evenness (0.57 and 0.42), and richness index (0.67 and 1.11) respectively. Low species diversity and richness obtained in the study are a reflection of the constant sediment resuspension during dredging and cumulative toxic action of oil contaminants over the years. The equitability test recorded <1 representing a high level of species preference in the study stations. The presence of Nereid polychaetes, the low abundance of the filter-feeding bivalves, and the sensitive arthropod species indicate consistent organic pollution in the area. Appropriate pollution compliance strategy through awareness-raising and monitoring of the creek is paramount and could lead to a prototype shift in water contamination and management in Nigeria.
... S1 was inlet (before pollutant sources), S2 was in the pollutant sources, S3 was an outlet (after pollutant sources). Water samples were collected using BOD bottle (250 mL) Sediment samples were taken using pipes, inserted into the bottom of the water as deep as 20 cm, then stored in containers (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010). Sediments (one kg of wet weight) were collected by hand and worms were separated under flowing water. ...
Heavy metals are a source of water pollutants which is including mercury. Mercury has the highest toxicity than other metals and gets converted into methyl mercury which is more toxic when it enters to the waters. The characteristics of mercury are nondegradable and bioaccumulative not only in sediments but also in aquatic organisms. One of the aquatic invertebrates that can survive in the polluted waters is sludge worm (Tubifex sp.). The aims of this study were to observe the concentration of mercury in the waters, sediments, and Tubifex sp. and to understand the mercury absorption in Tubifex sp. worm through Hg-MT level test. The observation method was used in this study and the data were analyzed by using ANOVA. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method was used for mercury concentration, and ELISA method was used to test the Hg-MT levels. The highest mercury concentration in the sediment (0.268±0.005 mg/L) was recorded at the S2 sample. The highest Hg-MT level also in the S2 sample (0.084±0.004 mg/L). The concentration of mercury in sediments is higher than in water and Tubifex sp., the areas close to the source of pollutants. Levels of Hg-MT in Tubifex sp. worms increases when the mercury concentration increases. Metallothionein (MT) in Tubifex sp. worms can be used as a biomarker which indicates in the body of Tubifex sp. worms had accumulated of mercury.
... Chinda et al. (1998) also stated temperature range between 26 °C and 30.5 °C, Zabbey (2002) recorded between 26.3 °C and30.4 °C, the values by Ansa (2005) were between 25.9 ºC and 32.4 ºC, Hart and Zabbey (2005) reported range between 25.8 ºC and 30.4 ºC, Sikoki and Zabbey (2006) recorded values between 26.0ºC and 27.8 ºC, Omokheyeke (2014) and Jamabo (2008) reported a temperature range between 27 ºC and 30 ºC in the upper Bonny River of Niger Delta. According to Okayi (2003) temperature ranges of 24.5-29.5 ºC for tropical water are normal and optimal for growth of aquatic organisms. ...
A preliminary survey of harmful algal species in the Bonny Estuary was conducted in the Dry Season (October to December) 2017, to enhance ecosystem-based management strategies for harmful algal blooms; through HAB detection. The experimental approach includes: the deployment of an ACRC GIS tool to select nine geo-reference stations; the collection of plankton samples with the plankton net to provide a qualitative account of harmful algae and a horiba water checker to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of the Estuary. The result obtained, revealed some level of variability between the physico-chemical parameters and the stations. However, the values of the physicochemical parameters recorded ranged from 29.53 ºC to 32.30 ºC; 7.66 mg/l to 12.73mg/l; 6.66 to 7.23; 5.53ppm to 14.16ppm and 4.10ppt to 10.20ppt for water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solid and salinity respectively in the nine stations. The harmful algae recovered were a total of three classes, representing twelve genera and 12 species. Bacillariophyceae had the highest number of species (10) while Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae recorded the lowest number of species (1). This study therefore, provided evidence of the presence of harmful algae in the Bonny Estuary. However, the potential of these algae to cause harm either through the production of toxins or excessive accumulations of biomass is triggered by the type of strain, physico-chemical variables, and biogeography of the area. Thus, the need to plan adequate monitoring programs to develop early warning systems and models for short term forecast of Harmful Algal Blooms is highly recommended.
... Salinity is a major driving factor that affects the density and growth of aquatic organisms' population (Jamabo and Chinda 2010). Salinity in the fishponds ranged from 7.72 psu to 17.33 psu during flooding and from 6.32 psu to 16.17 psu during draining ( Table 2). ...
... Salinity is a major driving factor that affects the density and growth of aquatic organisms' population (Jamabo and Chinda 2010). Salinity in the fishponds ranged from 7.72 psu to 17.33 psu during flooding and from 6.32 psu to 16.17 psu during draining ( Table 2). ...
Fishponds around Manila Bay contributed an average of 41.19% of the total aquaculture production in the country. However, massive productions entail the intensification of ponds, which resulted in water quality deterioration. In 2016, Opinion et al. reported water quality in the aquaculture farms around the bay but does not include the other significant parameters required to be monitored, as stated in the DENR AO (2016). Thus, this study investigated the status of water quality in different pond systems surrounding Manila Bay. Extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive fishponds from adjoining provinces of Cavite, Pampanga, Bataan, and Bulacan were monitored throughout the rearing period. Results showed that levels of NH3-N (0.90 mg/L – 2.35 mg/L) and PO4-3 (1.02 mg/L – 2.42 mg/L) were not suitable for the culture of fish. Nevertheless, NO3-N, NO2-N BOD, TSS, DO, pH, and temperature were within the safe levels. Furthermore, results suggested that there should be a regular monitoring of water quality to regulate and manage fishponds surrounding the bay. Finally, strict compliance of the Code of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAqP) must be imposed to achieve water quality standards.
... A survey of some riverine communities of Itu, Oron, Issiet, Okobo, and Uta-ewea in Akwa Ibom state shows an abundance of periwinkle. Massive periwinkle production is also reported from some communities in Bayelsa, Cross River, and Edo States of Nigeria [5,6]. ...
Periwinkle meat presents economic potentials, mainly due to its excellent protein quality and availability all year round. The effects of processing conditions and operational parameters such as cracking speed, feed rate, and heat conditioning time on the cracking efficiencies of T. fuscatus and P. aurita periwinkles were investigated. A 3-factors, 5-levels central composite design of response surface methodology was used for the modeling and optimization of the process. Quadratic regression models describing these effects were developed. Data analyses were done using multiple linear regression at p = 0.05, thereby revealing that the processing conditions significantly influence the periwinkle cracking efficiency. The quadratic models were selected to predict the cracking efficiencies of T. fuscatus and P. aurita periwinkles. The optimum cracking efficiency of 84.34% at an optimal cracking speed of 134 rpm, the feed rate of 0.26 kg/s, and heat conditioning time of 6 min were obtained for T. fuscatus. In comparison, the predicted optimum cracking efficiency of 86.03% at an optimal cracking speed of 133 rpm, the feed rate of 0.23 kg/s, and heat conditioning time of 8 min were obtained for P. aurita periwinkle variety.
... The periwinkles are estuarine snails which are found in the inter-tidal area of the mangrove edges and surfaces and could be hand-picked (Dambo, 1993). They inhabit the quiet waters where the substratum is rich in decaying organic matter and muddy (Jamabo and Chinda, 2010). Dekae (1987) stated that the factors that affect their distribution in the coastal areas of West Africa include salinity, water depth, currents and nature of bottom deposits. ...
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical effluent from an industry located at Sango Otta, Ogun State on Tympanotonos fuscatus. It was used to assess the possible impacts of the effluent on aquatic life using periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus). Samples of the pharmaceutical effluent were collected several times at the company's discharge point via an outlet immediately after production. Physico-chemical characteristics, twelve (12) in all, and five (5) heavy metal contents were analyzed and determined. The heavy metals included Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn and Hg using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS-Unican 919 series). Exposure of the pharmaceutical effluent at different concentrations of toxicant (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ml/L) to test organisms was done in replicates. The mean mortality of the periwinkles increased with concentration and time. Consequently, the 96 hr LC50 value obtained for the effluent was 4.92 ml/L at the mean lethal time (MLT 50). The pH value was 5.1; EC, 187 uS cm-1 ; DO, 2.4 mg/L; BOD, 80 mg/L; NO3-, 3.15 mg/L and Cl-, 100 mg/L. The level of some heavy metals was above the internationally recommended maximum contaminant level of WHO and USEPA, except for mercury which was not detected. Wastewaters discharged into water bodies does ultimately pose a serious threat to human and routine functioning of ecosystem. Regular and proper treatment of effluents among others before disposal to safeguard the environment is suggested.
... to 29.28±1.42°C across the Stations were observed normal with the reference to the location in Niger Delta region, Alabaster and Lloyd (1980) reported that temperature on natural inland waters in the tropics generally varies between 25°C and 35°C values recorded also agrees with earlier reported works in the Niger Delta water by Abowei (2010) who reported temperature range of between 27°C to 31°C, Omokheyeke et al., (2014) and Jamabo (2008) reported a temperature range between 27ºC and 30ºC in the upper Bonny River of Niger Delta ...
ABSTRACT A survey of algal species in the Bonny Estuary was carried out in seven sampling stations between December, 2017 and May, 2018 to determine the diversity and abundance of harmful centric diatoms in the Bonny Estuary. Plankton samples were collected with 20µm mesh plankton net to provide a quantitative account of harmful algae species, some physico chemical characteristics of water in the Estuary was also determined. The harmful centric diatom recovered were a total of eleven species in four families. Odontella. Aurita recorded the highest percentage abundance (14.57%) followed by Coscinodiscus meneghiniana (13.95%) and the least was Coscinodiscus concinnus with (1.60%).The mean density value recorded ranged between 34.08 x 10ce ll/L and 639.35 x 10cell/L.The Shannon index recorded the highest value of 2.292 in station 4, followed by 2.271 in station 1 while the least value of 2.076 was recorded in station 3.Dominance_D was highest in station 3 with value of 0.1483, followed by 0.1318 in station 6 while the lowest value of 0.1093 was recorded in station 4. The highest Margalef value of 1.441 was recorded in station 1, followed by 1.438 in station 2, while the least value of 1.393 was recorded in station 7. The biotic indices of centric diatom were fairly well distributed in the Bonny Estuary, which shows the centric diatoms are stable. This study therefore, provided information on the diversity and distribution of harmful centric diatoms in the Bonny Estuary
... A survey of some riverside communities of Itu, Oron, Issiet, Okobo, Ikot Offiong, and Uta-ewea in Akwa Ibom state show abundance of periwinkle (Job et al. 2009). Massive periwinkle harvesting is also reported from some communities in Bayelsa, Cross River and Edo states of Nigeria (Jamabo and Chinda 2010). The continuous dumping of these shells has resulted in large heaps constituting menace especially in villages in Rivers and Akwa Ibom states of Nigeria. ...
Laboratory tests were conducted on lateritic soil treated with up to 12 % periwinkle shell ash (PSA) using British standard light (BSL) compactive effort only. Particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction and California bearing ratio were investigated. Results obtain showed an initial reduction in fine fraction and thereafter increased. The Atterberg limits results indicated a general decrease in liquid limit and plastic limit from 0 up to 8 % PSA treatment whereas plasticity index reduced steadily on treatment with up to 6 % PSA and later increased beyond 6 % PSA content. The maximum dry density (MDD) increased with corresponding decreased optimum moisture content (OMC). The California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased with PSA content up to optimal 6 % PSA treatment. These values at 6 % PSA treated soil did not meet the minimum requirement for use as sub-base material. However, an improvement on the geotechnical properties was recorded and is therefore recommended for use as sub-base material for rural roads. Statistical tests using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that PSA content has significant effect on the tested properties of lateritic soil.
... [16] reported that grounded periwinkle shell is used as powder for pimples, fertilizers and calcium for animal feeds. The shells compete favorably in construction, cosmetics and ornamental industries [17]. ...
The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of bacterial isolates from Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula sold in markets in Nasarawa State. Nigeria. Samples of Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula (periwinkles) were bought from soup ingredient sellers at different sale locations in Keffi, Masaka and Orange markets and were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological, cultural and biochemical techniques. The total bacteria count varied from 1.18–3.20 x 108 CFU/g for the raw samples while the total bacterial count for the boiled samples varied from 0–1.57 x 108 CFU/g. Periwinkle samples with shells from Masaka market had the highest bacterial load with a mean total bacterial count of 2.94 x 10⁸ CFU/g and mean total coliform count of 2.80 x 10⁶ CFU/g. Raw periwinkle samples with shells had a higher bacterial load than samples without shells. There was also a drastic reduction in the bacterial load in the periwinkle samples after boiling under laboratory conditions. The bacteria isolated were Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were the Gram-positive bacteria isolated. Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp. and Proteus spp. The most frequently occurring gram positive bacteria was Escherichia coli with an isolation frequency of 6(24%), the least frequently occurring was Bacillus spp., 8(32)%. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all the gram negative organisms exhibited sensitivity to ciprofloxacin: Escherichia coli (32 mm), Enterobacter spp. (41.5 mm), Proteus spp. (40.0 mm), Salmonella spp. (37.0 mm), Serratia spp. (26.0 mm), Pseudomonas spp. (23.0 mm). All the gram negative organisms showed marked resistance to vancomycin: Escherichia coli (12.0 mm), Enterobacter spp. (10.0 mm), Proteus spp. (11.0 mm), Salmonella spp. (5.0 mm), Serratia spp. (10.0 mm) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.5 mm).
... Large quantity of periwinkle is being harvested yearly from about thirty-five mangroves and shoreline communities of Nigerdelta, Nigeria (Powell et al. 1985;Job et al. 2009;Jamabo and Chinda 2010;Mmom and Arokoya 2010). The continuous improper disposal of periwinkle shell has generated large heaps of waste to the environment. ...
Lateritic soil treated with up to 12% periwinkle shell ash (PSA) by dry weight of soil was evaluated for use as road pavement material. Three compaction energies were used: British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard Heavy (BSH). The maximum dry density increased with decrease in optimum moisture content for all compaction efforts. Peak unconfined compression strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) were obtained at a threshold of 6% PSA content for all compaction efforts. Durability assessment showed that the resistance to loss in strength increased with increase in PSA content but did not show any consistent trend with increasing compaction effort. Peak resistance to loss in strength of 24.3% was obtained at 8% PSA treatment for British standard heavy compaction effort. Microanalysis studies revealed that improvement in soil properties was due to the formation of cementitious products of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate at inter particle contact of soil grains. The study showed that PSA can be used to improve lateritic sub-base of lightly trafficked roads, but would be more effective as admixture in either lime or cement stabilization of lateritic soil.
This study examines the analysis of technical efficiency and effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesters in Akwa Ibom State. The objectives were to assess the socioeconomic characteristics of the periwinkle harvesters, determine technical efficiency of periwinkle harvesters, determine the effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesters. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample eight fishing communities from four local government areas of Oron, Mbo, Udung Uko, and Urue Offong/Oruko. Snowballing technique was used to select 10 respondents from each community, giving a total sampling size of 80. Analytical methods used included descriptive statistics, four-point Likert scale, and multiple regression. The results showed that majority of periwinkle harvesters were female (63%), 46.30% of the respondents were married, 42.59% were single, and 11.30% were divorced.
The study is focused on the post impact of oil spill contamination of groundwater in Bassambiri Nembe Bayelsa State. Groundwater samples were sampled from hand dug wells from eight stations including the control point for physico-chemical investigation using sterilized glass bottles. Standard methods were used for the analyses. The result of physico-chemical parameters analyzed shows that the values of the groundwater pH ranged between 5.90-6.35, electrical conductivity between 80.39-89.23 µS/cm, Salinity 23.3-28.69 mg/l, Turbidity 1.71-3.84 NTU, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1.12-1.36 mg/l, Alkalinity 8.56-12.12 mg/l, Total Hardness 11.8-14.47 mg/l and Temperature 26.1˚C-27.3˚C. Analysis of cations shows that Na ranged from 7.38-10.34 mg/l, K 0.26-0.49 mg/l, Calcium ion levels 2.56-3.59 mg/l and Mg 0.88 mg/l-1.23 mg/l. The anions showed Potassium ion levels ranged from 0.01 mg/l-0.02 mg/l, Chloride ion levels 12.29 mg/l-15.88 mg/l, Fluoride ion levels 0.01 mg/l and Nitrates from 0.27 mg/l-0.48 mg/l. Total Hete-rotopic Fungi population ranged from 15.26-48.55 Coliform Forming units/ml. The maximum permissible value of total coliforms in drinking water was exceeded. However, the Total Hydrocarbon Concentration (THC) across the groundwater sample points was less than 0.01 mg/l. The concentration of PAH and BTEX was 0.01 mg/l across the study area. The heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater samples were negligible with levels of 0.01 mg/l observed in the study area except for iron ranging from 0.20-0.56 mg/l levels above the WHO permissible limit. The physico-chemical parameters of groundwater indicate that they fall below WHO permissible limits. The ca-tions and anions concentration indicate a stable and healthy water system which is relatively good. The groundwater system has high levels of iron in groundwater and bacterial contamination. Treatment is required to avoid acute How to cite this paper: Amararu, O.I., Udom, G.
While much of the biodiversity of the Niger Delta is utilized as food and medicine, the region has continuously been regarded as a biodiversity hub in Africa because of its native population of diverse endemic marine and terrestrial species. This study sets forth to highlight the status of eco-diversity and their uses, some of the anthropogenic activities that are prominent across the Niger Delta region, while stating the likely ways of protecting endemic species that are native to the environment. Some of the leading factors responsible for the rapid decline in biodiversity population are the incessant episodes of flood rising from overflowing sea levels, intensive agricultural practices of seasonal bush burning, deforestation and wood lumbering, open grazing, infrastructural development, and chief among them is crude oil spillage. While the abundance of mineral resources (mainly crude oil and gas deposits) in the Niger Delta region has been responsible for its rapid industrialization, regional population expansion has continued to increase the demand for infrastructural developments such as airports, market places, industries, roads construction, among others. This in turn has led to the unabated release of several organic and inorganic pollutants into the environment, hence resulting in the exploitative utilization and destruction of forest assets. Consequently, this has led to the spatiotemporal decimation of various life forms and constant alteration in the biodiversity status of the region. The study concludes by highlighting some of the possible strategies for restoring the diversity status of the Niger Delta region which include waste minimization, reuse, or recycling, public sensitization, enforcement of existing environmental laws and legislation, and adoption of new laws in line with current global best practices.KeywordsBiodiversity resourcesOpen grazingEndemic marine and terrestrialSeasonal bush burningEnvironmental laws and legislation
Water quality parameter is the physical, biological and chemical support in which they carry out their daily processes including as feeding, swimming, spawning, metabolism, development of fish body and excretion, which is an affordable source of protein and acceptability for the distribution and production of fish and other aquatic organisms explicitly or implicitly significant cash crop in many parts of the world (Bronmark and Hansson, 2005). After acquiring various types of pollutants which affect water quality, several professionals have reported the issues of water bodies (lentic and lotic) (physical, chemical and biological). Water quality characteristics in which all living organisms operate optimally have acceptable limitations. Within these parameters, a rapid decline or increase has negative consequences for essential physiological health of the aquatic organism (Davenport, 1993: Kiran, 2010). Fish are cultured in ponds (lentic water) in the majority of country and other countries, but regrettably, such farmers are unaware need of water quality standards in fisheries and aquaculture. They may acquire maximum fish production in the ponds by using minimum input cost and obtaining a high output of fish yield if they have been properly guided and kept informed of water quality management techniques. Temperature, transparency, turbidity, water colour, carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, primary productivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), plankton population, and primary productivity etc. all play a role for fish production. Can't be underestimated when it comes to maintaining a healthy aquatic environment and production suitable fish food organisms in ponds for improve fish production. As a result, it is necessary in order to ensure that these environmental factors are appropriately controlled and regulated in favor for fish survive and growth to their maximum potential. Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness in the body of aquatic organism, whether in water or on land, is known as temperature (Lucinda and Martin, 1999). Although fish are cold-blooded, their body temperature fluctuates in response to their environment, influencing the metabolism and physiology, and affecting the fish productivity. The rate of biochemical activity of the micro biota, as well as the rate of respiration rate increases when the temperature increases, due to the increase in oxygen demand. It also causes lower oxygen solubility and a rise in ammonia levels in water. However, gases like as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and methane can build up to toxic levels under prolonged ice cover, impacting fish health. Turbidity Turbidity is the ability of water to transmit light in a ways that inhibits light penetration and limits photosynthesis and is the effect of multiple factors, including suspended clay particles,
Water quality parameter is the physical, biological and chemical support in which they carry out their daily processes including as feeding, swimming, spawning, metabolism, development of fish body and excretion, which is an affordable source of protein and acceptability for the distribution and production of fish and other aquatic organisms explicitly or implicitly significant cash crop in many parts of the world (Bronmark and Hansson, 2005). After acquiring various types of pollutants which affect water quality, several professionals have reported the issues of water bodies (lentic and lotic) (physical, chemical and biological). Water quality characteristics in which all living organisms operate optimally have acceptable limitations. Within these parameters, a rapid decline or increase has negative consequences for essential physiological health of the aquatic organism (Davenport, 1993: Kiran, 2010). Fish are cultured in ponds (lentic water) in the majority of country and other countries, but regrettably, such farmers are unaware need of water quality standards in fisheries and aquaculture. They may acquire maximum fish production in the ponds by using minimum input cost and obtaining a high output of fish yield if they have been properly guided and kept informed of water quality management techniques. Temperature, transparency, turbidity, water colour, carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, primary productivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), plankton population, and primary productivity etc. all play a role for fish production. Can't be underestimated when it comes to maintaining a healthy aquatic environment and production suitable fish food organisms in ponds for improve fish production. As a result, it is necessary in order to ensure that these environmental factors are appropriately controlled and regulated in favor for fish survive and growth to their maximum potential. Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness in the body of aquatic organism, whether in water or on land, is known as temperature (Lucinda and Martin, 1999). Although fish are cold-blooded, their body temperature fluctuates in response to their environment, influencing the metabolism and physiology, and affecting the fish productivity. The rate of biochemical activity of the micro biota, as well as the rate of respiration rate increases when the temperature increases, due to the increase in oxygen demand. It also causes lower oxygen solubility and a rise in ammonia levels in water. However, gases like as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and methane can build up to toxic levels under prolonged ice cover, impacting fish health. Turbidity Turbidity is the ability of water to transmit light in a ways that inhibits light penetration and limits photosynthesis and is the effect of multiple factors, including suspended clay particles,
Objective
Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated.
Methods
Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX.
Results and conclusion
The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × 104 (child), 4.9 × 103 (adult); toluene: 1.9 × 105 (child), 9.0 × 104 (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × 103 (child), 4.4 × 103 (adult); xylene: 2.5 × 104 (child), 1.2 × 104 (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it.
The length-weight relationship of Salmostoma navacula and Channa muralius were studied Godavari River at Kaigaon Toka from January 2010 to December 2010. The exponential value of fishes indicates allometric growth pattern in the natural habitat. The logarithmatic regression equation obtained in Salmostoma navacula was log W =-0.531+1.70 LogL and in Channa muralius was Log W =-0.067+1.45 LogL. The coefficient of correlation in Salmostoma navacula was r = 0.711 and in Channa muralius was r = 0.967. Which shows the correlation factor revealed positive correlation between length and weight.
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