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Multitude potential of Wheatgrass Juice (Green Blood): An overview
Abstract
Wheatgrass is the young grass of the common wheat plant Triticum aestivum Linn., family Poeaceae (Graminae). It is commonly known as the “green blood” due to its high chlorophyll content which accounts for 70% of its chemical constituents. It contains a plethora of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and vital enzymes like superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase. The vitamin content makes it an important adjuvant in anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic treatment, while the enzymes play a pivotal role in the anticancer approach of this herbal drug. A notable feature of the wheatgrass juice is its bioflavonoid content which are the naturally occurring antioxidants and account for many of its clinical utilities such as management of inflammatory bowel disease and as a general detoxifier. However, the most remarkable feature of the wheatgrass juice is its high chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll bears structural similarity to hemoglobin and has been found to regenerate or act as a substitute of hemoglobin in hemoglobin deficiency conditions. This might be the reason behind the utility of wheatgrass in clinical conditions like thalassemia and hemolytic anemia. The present article focuses onto the various studies emphasizing the multitude potentials of wheatgrass.
... The tender, early sprouting leaves of the common wheat plant are referred to as 'wheatgrass' (Akbas et al., 2017). The wheatgrass juice is known for its remarkable concentration of essential vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and chlorophyll, making it a popular choice among health enthusiasts and advocates of holistic living (Padalia et al., 2010). Several enzymes, including lipase, transhydrogenase, protease, amylase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), contribute to its beneficial effects (Padalia et al., 2010). ...
... The wheatgrass juice is known for its remarkable concentration of essential vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and chlorophyll, making it a popular choice among health enthusiasts and advocates of holistic living (Padalia et al., 2010). Several enzymes, including lipase, transhydrogenase, protease, amylase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), contribute to its beneficial effects (Padalia et al., 2010). For instance, aids in counteracting radiation effects by neutralising toxins. ...
... Additionally, wheatgrass juice demonstrates radical scavenging properties and ferric reducing ability (Kulkarni et al., 2006). Padalia et al. (2010) reported that wheatgrass is known to promote blood flow, aid digestion, and support overall body purification due to its chlorophyll content. The previous study by Ghumman et al. (2017) identified various phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and caffeic acid in wheatgrass extract. ...
The present study investigated the phenolic profile, sugar composition and amino acid profile of lyophilised 10‐day‐old wheatgrass cultivated under varying temperature and photoperiod conditions. The targeted phenolic profile showed the abundant presence of chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p‐coumaric acid. The phenolic content varied with temperature and photoperiod conditions. The comprehensive sugar profile indicated the variation in the concentration of glucose with different growing conditions altered carbohydrate metabolism in wheatgrass. Similarly, the concentration of amino acids also varied with growing conditions. Notably, the concentration of proline, arginine and GABA in wheatgrass from all wheat varieties increased more prominently in photoperiod of 22 h and growth temperature of 22 °C in light and 17 °C in dark as a response of defence mechanism.
... The analogy between chlorophyll and hemoglobin can be demonstrated concerning the structure of their porphyrin heads. The structure of both the compounds depicts a striking similarity in having a tetra pyrrole ring, the only difference between the two being is the nature of the central metal atom -magnesium (Mg) in chlorophyll and iron (Fe) in hemoglobin (Padalia et al., 2010). Health wise chlorophyll present in wheatgrass can protect from carcinogens; it strengthens the cells, detoxifies the liver and bloodstream, and chemically neutralizes the polluting elements . ...
... The various enzymes responsible for its pharmacological actions are protease, amylase, lipase, cytochrome oxidase, transhydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The other notable feature of wheatgrass is its high proportion of amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, alanine, and serine (Padalia et al., 2010). The protein content of wheatgrass juice powder and pulse juice powder varied from 22.01% to 25.77% and 37.3-47.4%, ...
... Wheatgrass juice contains a plethora of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline earth metals, potassium, zinc, boron, and molybdenum (Padalia et al., 2010). Wheatgrass is a good source of mineral nutrients as it contains significant amounts of iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, and zinc (Chauhan, 2014). ...
The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the nutrient contents and health benefits of grain wheat for wheatgrass juice. Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) freshly juiced for human consumption. Wheatgrass growing and preparation of its juice in our homes in both rural and urban areas is easy and convenient. Wheatgrass is grown in trays to preserve its quality when delivered to food establishments. When the wheatgrass reached a height of above 7 inches, they are cut a half inch above the surface of the soil and harvested for wheatgrass juice production after 8 days from grain sowing or 13 days from grain soaking. The wheatgrass juice is extracted by manual or electric juicer and filtered to remove the suspended matter. Wheatgrass juice is a complete food that contains chlorophyll, proteins, minerals like K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, P, and S, vitamins such as A, B, C, and E, bioflavonoids, enzymes, and 17 forms of amino acids. The pH factor of the wheatgrass juice and human blood is 7.4, which may be the reason why wheatgrass juice is quickly absorbed into the blood. Wheatgrass juice is used for treating protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, and chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, thalassemia, and cancer of any organ. In addition, wheatgrass juice is an excellent antioxidant due to the presence of 70% of chlorophyll.
... The average values of Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass varieties juice were 71.47 and 62.68 mg/100 g, respectively. Padalia et al. (2010) and Devi Sowjanya et al. (2015) reported 42.2 mg/100 g of total chlorophyll in the juice of wheatgrass which is lower than the present finding and Skoczylas et al. (2017) reported the total chlorophyll content of wheatgrass varieties juice as 39.4 mg/100 g. Ghumman et al. (2017) also reported in the range of 669 and 705 mg/100 g in wheatgrass juice powder, higher than the result obtained in this work. ...
... Potassium levels in Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juice were 503.4 mg/100g and 395 mg/100g, respectively, and were substantially different (P ≤ 0.05). The potassium levels in both varieties of wheatgrass juice were higher than the 147 mg/100 g potassium content reported by Padalia et al. (2010) and the 363 mg/100 g potassium content reported by Roshan et al. (2021). Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juices have magnesium levels of 23.18 mg/100g and 23.51 mg/100g, respectively. ...
... The sodium content of Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juices was 8.6 and 7.8 mg/100g, respectively. These values were lower than the 10.3 mg/100g found in wheatgrass juice by Padalia et al. (2010). Both varieties' values are also significantly lower than the 655.33 mg/100g wheatgrass juice powder reported by Kaur et al. (2021). ...
Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant that is freshly pressed for human consumption. The main aim of this research work is to evaluate bread wheat varieties for wheatgrass juice content of two selected wheat varieties (Ogolcho and Kingbird) grown in Ethiopia. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with wheat varieties as the factor of two levels (Ogolcho and Kingbird). The results showed that the total chlorophyll (71.47 mg/100 g and 62.68 mg/100 g), protein (3.30% and 3.59%), and total ash (1.40% and 1.03%) of the wheatgrass juices were for Ogolcho and Kingbird varieties, respectively. Minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P and Zn) contents of wheatgrass juice variety were 36.2, 0.5, 503.4, 23.18, 8.6, 72.94 and 0.32 mg/100 g for Ogolcho variety and 35.8, 0.4, 395, 23.51, 7.8, 64.18 and 0.42 mg/100 g for Kingbird variety. The vitamins (A, C, D3, and E) were 0.15, 36.35, 0.018, and 0.244 mg/100 g in the juice of the Ogolcho variety while for the Kingbird variety were 0.15, 31.65, 0.018, and 0.236 mg/100g, respectively. The experimental analysis indicated that the number of majority parameters showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the mean value of parameters. The result indicated that wheatgrass juice was high in nutrient composition than wheat grain (). Hence, the consumption of wheatgrass in the form of juice is beneficial in keeping away several health problems.
... The levels of calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus and zinc content of wheatgrass varieties juice (Ogolcho and Kingbird) are shown in Table 1 The calcium content in Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juice were 36.2 and 35.8 mg/100 g, respectively. Those values are greater than 24.2 mg/100 g and 29 mg/100 g of the wheatgrass juice reported by [16,19]. Wheatgrass is a good source of calcium, which helps build strong bones and teeth and regulates heartbeat, in addition to acting as a buffer to restore balance to blood pH [18]. ...
... The content of potassium in Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juice were 503.4 and 395 mg/100g, respectively and were significantly different (P<0.05) from each other. The levels of potassium of wheatgrass juice of both varieties were greater than the 147 mg/100 g of the wheatgrass juice reported by [16] and the 363 mg/100 g of potassium contents in the wheatgrass juice by [19]. ...
... The values of sodium in Ogolcho and Kingbird wheatgrass juice were 8.6 and 7.8 mg/100g, respectively. These values were less than the 10.3 mg/100g observed in the wheatgrass juice reported by [16]. The values observed in both varieties are also much less than the 655.33 mg/100g of wheatgrass juice powder reported by [12]. ...
... Comprehensive data from a number of studies have revealed the multitude effects of wheatgrass in thalassemia, hemolytic anemia, cancer, asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease and detoxification (Padalia et al., 2010). However, there are a very limited number of studies on the chemical screening ofwheatgrass. ...
... The Wheat Grass refers to the young grass of the common wheat plant Triticuma estivum that is freshly juiced or dried into powder for animal and human consumption (Mujoriya & Bodla, 2011). Wheatgrass juice is an integral part of the macrobiotic diet under the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approach of anticancer therapy, due to its high antioxidant content (Padalia et al., 2010). ...
... It also contains Vitamin A, B1, C and E, many minerals and trace elements including calcium, iodine selenium and zinc. Wheatgrass is known to contain antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome oxidase that have the potential to convert Reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a hydrogen peroxide and an oxygen molecule (Padalia et al., 2010). Chlorophyll, one of the primary components in the wheatgrass extract, was found to augment blood formation and strengthen the immune system through inhibition of metabolic activation of carcinogens (C. ...
Hasani, A., Kongoli, R., Laze, A., Popovska, O. & Rexhepi, E. (2021). Production of a pasteurized functional drink containing wheatgrass and apple juice. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 27 (3), 615-624 The novelty in this investigation is the development of a new product, production of a pasteurized functional drink containing wheatgrass. The aim of this research was to develop a pasteurized functional drink containing wheatgrass and apple juice and to give some concrete data on the changes of nutritional values of the fruit juice as well as after adding wheatgrass in its recipes. It also aims to determine the most appropriate pasteurization scheme that ensures the food safety of the product and that minimally denaturizes the valuable health promoting phytochemicals. The raw materials and the produced juices have undergone quantitative chemical analyses for Chlorophyll, Vitamin C, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, and Zn). Microbiological analyses for the presence of pathogens: E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were conducted as well. Also, through this research, the identification of functional ingredients of wheatgrass is done; which is added to fruit juice thereby producing a stable functional beverage, which is safe in terms of food safety and that enriches the nutritional value of fruit juice.
... The antioxidant activity of the wheatgrass could be derived from its adequate amounts of bioflavonoids like apigenin, quercetin and luteolin. As per Padalia et al. (2010) therapeutic activity of wheatgrass is also contributed by its indole compounds like choline and laetrile Wheatgrass being an excellent source of several essential phytonutrients thus also exhibits an excellent anti-oxidant activity. RTS is defined as typical a fruit beverage generally prepared either from juice or pulp or both by mixing with the adequate amount of sweeteners (sugars), and acidulants (citric acid) whereas colourings and flavourings materials are optional. ...
... The raw material is cheap and available throughout the year (Singhal et al., 2012). The antioxidant and high chlorophyll content of wheatgrass is found to be effective against various degenerative disorders including thalassemia and hemolytic anemia (Padalia et al., 2010), reduce chemotherapy myelotoxicity (Dey, 2006), rheumatoid arthritis (Yadava, 2011), diuretic (Popovic, 2014), diabetes mellitus (Saravanan, 2011). Hence essential modification in the form of ready to serve beverage for the enhancement of its sensory attributes making it more palatable and popular among general and healthy public has also become equally essential. ...
Wheatgrass is an inexpensive and efficient source to provide all the required nutrients and medicinal benefits for a healthy body. The major objective of this study is to formulate a health-beneficial beverage that could be organoleptically accepted by people of all age groups, to bring forward a new product from wheatgrass that has mostly remained unexplored. The wheatgrass harvested on the 9th day (optimized on the basis of chlorophyll, tannin, total polyphenols, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity) was taken for study. The wheat seeds (WK 1204 variety), collected from Agriculture Botany Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council were used for the preparation of ready-to-serve juice. Eight different formulations of RTS were prepared with the help of Design-Expert®, version 7, keeping juice content 7-13%, TSS 9-16 °Bx and constant acidity at 0.3%. Response Surface Methodology, D-optimal design was adapted for the formulations. The optimization of the formulation was intended to be carried out based on sensory analysis. Proximate and phytochemical (Chlorophyll, Polyphenol, Flavonoids, Tannins and Antioxidant properties) composition of 9th days harvested wheatgrass, its extracted juice and the final product was also carried out. The statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA, no blocking) was done in order to evaluate the outcomes of sensory analysis. There was a significant difference for sensory attributes like flavor, taste, body and overall acceptability at p<0.05, whereas color wasn’t found to be significantly different. Sensory analysis revealed that the beverage consisting of 12.8% Wheatgrass juice, 12.5°Bx TSS and 0.3% acidity was considered best among all the combinations.
... It contains a plethora of minerals like potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline earth metals, calcium, zinc, boron and molybdenum. The various enzymes responsible for its pharmacological actions are protease, amylase, lipase, cytochrome oxidase, transhydrogenase and superoxide dismutase (SOD; Padalia et al., 2010). Therefore, it can be used as a nutritional supplement. ...
... Since ancient times, different chlorophyll-rich greens have been utilised as a source of blood builders. As a result, wheatgrass being rich in chlorophyll has been said to enhance blood flow, support digestion and help in overall body purification (Padalia et al., 2010). Ghumman et al. (2017) reported the presence of various phenolic acids like gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and syringic acid in wheatgrass extract. ...
Wheatgrass juice powder (WJP) obtained from four Indian wheat varieties grown under different photoperiod and temperature conditions were examined for growth parameters, chlorophyll content, mineral composition, protein and metabolomic profile. The percentage yield and total chlorophyll content of WJP varied from 2.5% to 9.12% and 1.08 to 4.76 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The WJP obtained from PBW‐752 showed the highest yield and total chlorophyll content. The mineral composition (Na, K, Ca and Mg) of WJP also showed variation with different photoperiod and temperature conditions. The electrophoretic pattern of total soluble proteins of WJP showed variability in the accumulation of high and low molecular weight polypeptides against different photoperiod and temperature conditions. The comprehensive metabolites profile of WJP was analysed by UHPLC–QTOF–liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Based on the retention times and m/z values, 1012 feature peaks in positive ionisation mode were detected. The metabolomic profile of WJP revealed 180 different classes of primary and secondary metabolites.
... It is rich in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline earth metals, potassium, zinc, boron and molybdenum (Aydos et al., 2011). Several enzymes, including protease, amylase, lipase, cytochrome oxidase, transhydrogenase and superoxide dismutase, are involved in their pharmacological actions (Padalia et al., 2010). The antioxidant activity of the wheatgrass could be attributed to the presence of bioflavonoids such as apigenin, quercetin and luteolin. ...
... Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants that gets its name from the Greek words chloros (green) and phyllon (leaf) (Inanc, 2011). Both compounds have a tetra-pyrrole ring structure, with the only difference being the nature of the central metal atom-magnesium (Mg) in chlorophyll and iron (Fe) in hemoglobin (Padalia et al., 2010), which is why wheatgrass is referred to as "green blood". Because the pH factor of human blood and wheatgrass juice is 7.4, wheatgrass juice is quickly absorbed into the blood . ...
p class="MsoNormal"> Wheatgrass is a plethora of essential phytochemicals considered to exhibit numerous benefits on human health. Therefore, the study of phytochemicals with varying stages of growth is essential. This study aims to determine the optimum harvesting period of wheatgrass based on its phytochemical content. During the growth of wheat seed (WK 1204 variety), the phytochemicals such as chlorophyll, total phenol content, flavonoids and tannins were extracted by 80% acetone and 80% methanol from wheatgrass harvested on days 6, 7, 8, 9 12 and 15, respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, chlorophyll and flavonoid contents significantly (p<0.05) increased and reached the maximum level on day 9. Total phenol content was found to be increasing significantly (p<0.05), while the tannin content was decreasing considerably (p<0.05) on day 15. The optimum harvesting period was found on day 9. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, chlorophyll and flavonoid content significantly (p<0.05) increas ed and reached the maximum level, i.e., 92.27±1.92%, 6.63±0.053 mg g -1 and 183.64±33.49 mg QE g -1 , respectively, on day 9 of cultivation. The total phenol content was found to be increasing significantly (p<0.05) from 291.67±5.69 mg GAE g -1 on day 6 to 446.67±5.77 mg GAE g -1 on day 15, while the tannin content was declining significantly (p<0.05) from 11.74±0.29 mg GAE g -1 on days 6, 7 and so on to 3.36±0.47 mg GAE g -1 on day 15. Therefore, the optimum harvesting period of wheatgrass was found to be day 9 in terms of phytochemical analysis.</p
... This indicates that wheatgrass juice contained macro and micro nutrients. As a matter of fact, different researchers reported that the extracts of wheatgrass were rich in macro and micro nutrients, amino acids and vitamins (Raheja et al., 2010;Rana et al., 2011;Pant et al., 2013). However, wheatgrass extract also contains important phenolic materials including flavonoids (Falcioni et al., 2002;Kulkarni et al., 2006b;Raheja et al., 2010). ...
... As a matter of fact, different researchers reported that the extracts of wheatgrass were rich in macro and micro nutrients, amino acids and vitamins (Raheja et al., 2010;Rana et al., 2011;Pant et al., 2013). However, wheatgrass extract also contains important phenolic materials including flavonoids (Falcioni et al., 2002;Kulkarni et al., 2006b;Raheja et al., 2010). Ashok (2011) reported that wheatgrass juice contained alkaloids, saponins, gums, musilages, proteins and amino acids. ...
In this study, possibilities of using wheatgrass juice, as an encouraging or activator of seedling growth on corn, were investigated. In order to obtain grass juice, wheat seeds (bread wheat) were sown in plastic boxes and were harvested on the 10 th day. Wheatgrass juice was obtained by using an electronic juicer. Pots with 10-15 cm diameter were filled with perlite+peat mixture and three corn seeds were sown into each pot. Fresh wheatgrass juice was used to irrigate the corn seeds and tap water was used for control pots. Seedlings were removed and washed at the end of 30 th day. Stem and root lengths and weights of the seedlings were determined. In order to determine the effect of wheatgrass juice on Rhizoctonia solani, the pathogen isolate was grown on Petri dishes with Potato Carrot Agar medium and transferred onto pots with perlite. Fifteen corn seeds were sown in each pot. Seeds were then irrigated with distilled water (control group: Rhizoctonia solani+distile water) or wheatgrass juice (Rhizoctonia solani+wheatgrass juice). Disease severity was determined two weeks after sowing. As a result of the study, wheatgrass juice was significantly reduced both lengths and weigths of the corn seedlings (root+stem). It was also found that wheatgrass juice increased the severity of disease symptoms caused by Rhizoctonia solani.
... Today, consumers are focusing on healthy diets that can provide a variety of benefits. In this context, it is suggested that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables reduce the risks of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and some degenerative diseases (Padalia et al., 2010;Wakeham 2013;Xiao and Bai, 2019). ...
Microgreens strengthen the immune system with their intense vitamin, mineral, and antioxidant values; Scientific studies have proven that they are very effective in solving important health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and cholesterol. In this study, the changes in photosynthetic pigment, antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and ascorbic acid (vit C) contents of microgreens of some medicinal plant species (Echinacea purpurea, Calendula officinalis, and Silybum marianum) were investigated. At the same time, the accumulation of Ca, K, Mg, and Na, which have a direct impact on human health, was examined. The trial was designed according to the Randomized Plot Trial Design, in which the growth medium consisting of a mixture of peat, cocopeat, and perlite was used in a fully controlled climate cabin. In the results of working; While the best results in terms of photosynthetic pigment, total antioxidant substance, and flavonoid substance amount were obtained from the echinacea plant, it was determined that the phenolic substance content was higher in the thistle plant and there was no significant difference between the echinacea and thistle plant in terms of ascorbic acid content. In the study, Ca and Mg accumulation was determined to be higher in thistle, K in echinacea, and Na in calendula.
... Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) represents the young shoots of the wheat plant, being appreciated both for its nutritional value and its beneficial effects on health. Known for its rich composition of bioactive substances, including a wide range of minerals and vitamins, WG has been used as a traditional medicine and is highly valued for its therapeutic and nutritional properties [1][2][3]. The nutritional composition of WG is influenced by numerous factors, including production methods, growth period, pH, genetics, environmental conditions, cultivation methods, light intensity, temperature, type of light exposure, and minerals absorbed by the plant through its roots, which can affect the concentrations of nutrients and active compounds [4][5][6]. ...
Wheatgrass (WG) is a food derived from the plant Triticum aestivum and is considered a powerful health food with various benefits for human health. Due to its high concentration of essential nutrients, including chlorophyll and a wide range of minerals, it has become a superfood. This review explores the nutritional benefits of WG, focusing on its rich chlorophyll content, a green pigment with detoxifying and antioxidant properties, and its significant levels of minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), cooper (Cu), zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Chlorophyll is known for its ability to enhance oxygen transport in the body, support liver detoxification, and promote cellular health. The mineral composition of WG contributes to bone health, muscle function, and electrolyte balance. Moreover, WG is valued for its role in boosting immunity, increasing energy levels, and improving digestion. The synergy between chlorophyll and essential minerals makes WG a valuable nutritional supplement, supporting metabolic processes and overall well-being. This review highlights the potential health benefits of WG as a nutrient-dense natural food, with a promising role in disease prevention and health promotion.
... Sprouted TAL, or wheatgrass, is widely utilized as a juice for human consumption owing to its potential pharmaceutical uses, such as managing thalassemia and hemolytic anemia [16]. In addition, wheatgrass juice has become popular globally as a nutritional supplement, as it contains valuable nutrients, for example, amino acids and vitamins [17]. ...
Triticum aestivum (wheat) is one of the most significant crops worldwide. This study compares the chemical composition and radical-scavenging activities of two cultivars of T. aestivum, Saekeumkang wheat (SW) and Baekkang wheat (BW). Sprouted wheatgrass extracts of SW and BW were analyzed using assessments of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array (HPLC-PDA). Radical-scavenging activities were evaluated using 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS·+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The results indicated that SW had a higher total polyphenol content than BW, while no significant differences were observed regarding total flavonoid content. HPLC-PDA analysis, guided by LC-ESI/MS, identified four compounds—saponarin, schaftoside, isoorientin, and isovitexin—with isoorientin (3.02 mg/g extract) and schaftoside (4.23 mg/g extract) present in higher concentrations in SW compared to BW. In the ABTS·+ assay, the two samples did not show noticeable differences, with SW displaying a scavenging ability with an IC50 of 3.36 mg/mL, and BW with an IC50 of 3.19 mg/mL. Contrarily, the DPPH assay results showed an inverse trend, suggesting that the radical-scavenging behavior may be influenced by the synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the compounds in SW and BW extracts.
... Hb and chlorophyll have a tetraphyrrol ring in their chemical compositions. The only chemical difference between them is that Hb has an iron porphyrin ring while chlorophyll has a magnesium porphyrin ring [29] . Consequently, wheatgrass may be a useful substitute for blood transfusions in thalassemia major and intermediate patients by increasing Hb levels, lengthening the time between blood transfusions, and decreasing the total amount of blood that is transfused [30] . in a comparable trial with thalassemic children, Dey et al. [31] discovered that it reduced the requirement for blood transfusions in 50% of β-thalassemia major patients. ...
Plants have been utilized by humans throughout history for a variety of purposes, including sustenance and medicinal intentions. Since ancient times, wheatgrass has been utilized as a type of microgreen for therapeutic purposes. Phenolic flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes are all abundant in wheatgrass. These nutrients and bioactive substances enhanced wheatgrass’s therapeutic efficacy and made it a powerful antioxidant agent for the treatment of a range of diseases. it has been shown to have a wide variety of pharmacological potentials, including an antioxidative potential that helps to neutralize free radicals, anticancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial action, and many more. However, there is a dearth of scientific evidence to back up wheatgrass’s possible pharmacological effects and clinical value. To investigate its clinical utility for human welfare, in-depth research studies are needed. Through this analysis of the review literature, an attempt has been made to explain wheatgrass and its therapeutic potentials.
... The extracted juice from wheatgrass stands as a rich reservoir of retinol, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, accompanied by an array of minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium, boron, and molybdenum. In the realm of its pharmacological effects, a variety of enzymes play a role, including lipase, amylase, cytochrome oxidase, protease, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and transhydrogenase (Padalia et al., 2010). This endows it with the potential to be employed as a nutritional supplement. ...
The wheatgrass and pulse microgreens have gained popularity for their concentrated phytochemical content. However, the variability in growth parameters and compositional constituents of wheatgrass and pulse microgreens is dependent on the prevailing environmental conditions. Nowadays, wheatgrass and pulse microgreens are used as culinary sources or incorporated into various food products and consumed by a large proportion of the global population. Therefore, it is necessary to review the impact of growth conditions to meet the increased demand. This will allow breeders to adjust their cultivation techniques according to consumer preferences for specific nutritional components. This systematic review seeks to provide an analysis of the available literature on the variation in growth and compositions of wheatgrass and pulse microgreens as the influence of diverse growing conditions. The growth of wheatgrass and pulse microgreens can be influenced by a range of growth conditions, such as variations in light intensity, temperature, nutrient availability, and cultivation techniques. The variation in growth and compositional components, in terms of proximate composition and certain constituents such as chlorophyll, antioxidants, minerals, phenolic compounds, and secondary metabolites, is discussed in relation to the changing cultivation parameters as published in recent studies. However, this review only covers the compositional make‐up of wheatgrass and pulse microgreens. There remains a need to summarize the compositional profiles of other microgreen species under various conditions. Ultimately, this review illuminates the promise of emerging superfoods and underscores how their growth and composition can vary depending on cultivation methods, ultimately impacting their capacity to promote health. In addition, there is a need to establish dose–response relationships to address various diseases. Therefore, additional research may be warranted.
... The juices of cereal grass contain a high amount of chlorophyll "green blood", which represents 70% of the chemical constituents of green herbs, their main role in participating in the regeneration of the blood (Padalia et al., 2010 ;Zeng et al., 2018). ...
This study focuses on the search for a natural treatment to reduce lead toxicity in male Wistar rat by using the aquous extract of wheatgrass Triticum aestivum (WG). In addition to the control group (C), rats were exposed to a diet containing 600 mg Pb acetate/Kg diet (Pb), or combined with the WG at 9g/100g diet (Pb-WG) for a period of 6 weeks. Biochemical, reproductive and histological markers were evaluated. The results of haematological parameters show a very significant increase in white blood cells and lymphocytes with the group treated with the lead single. By contrast there was no difference was recorded between the treated group by Pb-WG and the control. A significant decrease in the red blood cells, the haemoglobin and haematocrit was recorded in the group treated with Pb alone. The tests of hormonal and biochemical parameters showed a decrease in the concentration of the hormone triiodothyronin (T3) and thyreostimulin (TSH) in the Pb group compared to the (control and Pb-WG). The serum testosterone concentration, urea, total cholesterol levels, the rate of TGP, TGO and creatinine were significantly increased in rats treated with (Pb) alone compared to (the control and Pb-bl group), while no change in glucose was shown. However, the (Pb-WG) group shows no change compared to the control. The level of calcium showed a significant decrease in the Pb group, and which returns to the normal state in group (Pb-WG) compared to the control. These results are confirmed by the study of histological sections. A morphological change represented by volume shrinkage of the vesicles. A return to the normal structure of follicles was observed in (Pb-WG) group. Histology study of the kidney, testis epididymis showed no change in (Pb-WG) compared to the control group. Contairement in the group exposed to lead (Pb) the parenchyma of the kidney shows dilated distal and proximal tubules causing renal tubular damage. The testes marked destruction and degeneration of germ cells and the light of some seminiferous tubules are empty. The study of the fertility parameters indicates a highly significant decrease in the concentration, the mobility of sperm counts among the treated group by Pb alone. The administration of the wheat grass has increased.
... Some researchers have reported that wheatgrass increases HbF level and reduces the frequency of blood transfusion in beta-thalassemia patients. Administration of wheatgrass extract causes 3-5 folds increase in HbF production and improves the quality of life in these patients (9,35). Furthermore, WGJ is enriched with essential vitamins including vitamin B12 and minerals such as iron and amino acids, which may further speed up hemoglobin synthesis (10). ...
... Wheatgrass stands for young shoots of wheat, which are usually consumed in the form of fresh juice, but also in the form of powder or tablets. The high content of mineral, vitamins, enzymes, and chlorophyll and the high proportion of amino acids best express the rich chemical composition of wheatgrass [3][4][5]. Due to the listed bio-components, research has shown that wheatgrass helps in the treatment of a number of diseases in humans, such as anemia [6,7] and ulcerative colitis [8], and also facilitates oncology patients' therapy [9,10]. ...
Due to the health problems caused by the malnutrition of the world’s population, the focus of wheat breeding is turning to the improvement of the nutritional quality of wheat grain. Recently, the consumption of wheatgrass has become increasingly popular. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of total Mg, Fe, and Zn concentration, protein content, and phytic acid in wheat grains for a total of 93 genotypes. In addition, the variability of total and in vitro bioavailable concentrations of Mg, Fe, and Zn and protein content in the fresh juice of wheatgrass was investigated for the same 93 genotypes. The results obtained indicated significant variation in the phytate and nutrient compounds among examined wheat genotypes. In the grain, all examined traits significantly varied except Fe; the largest variability was found in phytate concentration (45.6%). In wheatgrass juice, the greatest variability was found for the in vitro bioavailable Zn (38.3%). Within wheat genotypes, outstanding values for some traits were detected, which could be used in breeding programs. The development of mineral-rich wheat genotypes depends on the identification of genetic resources with high levels of essential micronutrients and a better understanding of genotypic and environmental interactions.
... It is also said to prevent the formation of dark circles around the eyes. It slows down the aging process and cleans the blood, helping rejuvenate aging cells (Priyabrata et al., 2012;Swati et al., 2012;Sethi and Metha, 2002). Wheatgrass juice tightens the loose skin, and heals cuts, wounds, burns, ulcers, rashes, insect bites, boil sore, blood purifying, and other skin problems. ...
Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) is the young grass of the wheat plant, which is widely cultivated almost all over the world and mostly consumed as fresh juice or powdered form. Juice of wheatgrass, extracted from the pulp of wheatgrass, provides many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, proteins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, fibers, vitamins, tannins, phenolic compounds, active enzymes, and other nutritional constituents called the powerhouse of nutrients. It is rich in chlorophyll (70% of its chemical constituents), which has similar actions as hemoglobin in human blood and know as the "green blood". Wheatgrass juice gets absorb in human blood so fast because of chlorophyll content in high concentration. The difference in both of the molecules, in central element in chlorophyll is magnesium and in hemoglobin, it is iron. We have traditionally used wheatgrass as a health tonic to treat of many diseases/ disorders. Wheatgrass is beneficial in the management of diseases like thalassemia, liver disorder, cancer, anemia, osteoporosis, ulcer, osteoarthritis, skin diseases such as eczema, ache, cardiovascular disease, and disease-related to the digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, tooth and gum decay, migraine, thyroid, asthma, constipation, and diabetes. Wheatgrass has different anti properties like anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, laxative, astringent, and immunomodulatory. Wheatgrass juice also helps in building red blood cells, stimulates healthy tissue cell growth and reduced the duration and amount of blood transfused, and increases the hemoglobin retention at a pre-transfusion stage in thalassemia children. In terms of nutrients (vitamins and minerals) wheatgrass powder (per 100gm) is equal to fresh vegetables (23 Kg). Ideally, wheatgrass juice should be consumed empty stomach or about an hour before the meal that metabolizes the full body without competing with other foods and curb hunger. To avoid its peculiar fragrance, wheatgrass extract use with water and maybe consume along with other juices such as pomegranate, mango, orange, carrot, pineapple, apple, and lemon.
... Chlorophyll's molecular similarity to hemoglobin has been discovered to regenerate or supplement hemoglobin in cases of its deficiency. W heat grass is used to treat thalassemia and hemolytic anaemia for this purpose (Padalia et al., 2010). Anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic therapy for wheat grass sage antioxidants such as vitamins C, E , zinc and β-caroten e is the respo nsib ility of bioflavonoids, whereas other health facilities, including inflammatory bowel disorders and as general detoxification (Chaudhary et al., 2021). ...
Background: Functional beverages are one of the kind that focuses solely on consumer interest in health and have distinctive formulations made up of different herbal ingredients along with fruits/vegetables blended together to meet the optimum outcomes. The purpose of the present paper is quality evaluation and organoleptic acceptability which is identified as a significant predictor. Methods: The developed functional fruit-herb beverages produced from Wheatgrass, Pomelo fruit and Hibiscus flower in addition to one each from six treatments of different proportions were analyzed for consumer acceptance test along with chlorophyll, carotenoids, total Phenolic contents, flavonoids content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Result: The consumer’s overall acceptability of the beverages one serving portion (200 ml) was significantly correlated to their taste and flavor and consumer preference on taste. Beverage (T2) was most preferred, but beverage T2 was favored by one group while beverage (T3) was chosen by the second group. This study examined the chemical characteristics of functional fruit-herb beverages and its conclusions imply that changing the proportions of the ingredients will change the optimal beverage blend’s nutrient profile. Hibiscus juice in T5 and T2 at higher ratios greatly enhanced the formulation’s antioxidant response. While the level of chlorophyll and carotenoids considerably rose in T6 and T3 as the ratio of wheatgrass juice increased.
... (Nalini et al., 2011;Sachin et al., 2013;Sundaresan et al., 2015). More study has revealed that it is beneficial for many other degenerative disorders, including thalassemia, distal ulcerative colitis, and hyperlipidemia (Padalia et al., 2010, Marwaha et al., 2004, Afroz et al., 2015. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of frequent wheatgrass consumption on human health. ...
... Wheatgrass extract also works to inhibit the formation of free radicals due to the presence of many active substances [3]. In the same direction, other studies indicated that wheatgrass extract contains a high percentage of chlorophyll (70%), essential vitamins, minerals, vital enzymes, amino acids, and fiber [4].The results of other studies also reported the effectiveness of wheat plant extract in building blood cells in the case of Thalassemia, and aids in blood flow, digestion and detoxification [5] [6]. ...
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of cold aqueous extract of wheatgrass on the histological structures of the liver in male albino rats as it was taken orally with the extract in three doses (100, 150, 200 mg / kg) (Body Weight) for 30 days, wheatgrass is rich in Vitamin C, Selenium, Phosphorous, Iron, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Cobalt, Zinc, and others. In addition, wheatgrass contains phenols, flavonoids, and tocopherols, which act as antioxidants. After the experiment period ended, the animals were anesthetized, dissected and liver samples were taken, and they were fixed in formalin at a concentration of 10%. The slides were prepared and the results showed that the live tissue of mice treated with aqueous extract of wheatgrass at a concentration of (100.150.200 mg / kg / body weight) for a period of (30) days did not suffer from any change in the histological composition compared to the control group, and the study indicated that eating wheatgrass Important because they contain effective compounds that help the immune system to suppress free radicals that may be generated in the body as a result of consuming a lot of food additives. Therefore, the cold aqueous extract of wheatgrass can be considered safe to handle and does not damage body tissues.
... Wheatgrass juice is known as the "green blood" (Padalia et al., 2010) due to its high chlorophyll content. Devi et al. (2020) reported that the chlorophyll content in wheatgrass depends on the day of the cut. ...
Due to its nutritional value, wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered to be a functional food, becoming increasingly popular as a supplement to the people’s quotidian diet. The study aimed to determine the influence of the number of cuttings and cultivars on the total antioxidant activity (DPPH), the content of chloroplast pigments, vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids in the wheatgrass juice. Two genotypes of wheatgrass, T. aestivum ssp. aestivum (variety Katarina) and T. aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum, respectively, were cut twice during the experiment. In both cuttings, the genotype significantly differed in the flavonoid level and antioxidant activity, while the number of cuttings influenced the content of phenols, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity in the wheatgrass juice. T. sphaerococcum had a higher concentration of flavonoids and a significantly lower antioxidant activity when compared to the Katarina wheat variety. On an average, the first cut implicated an increased content of phenols and vitamin C concerning both genotypes, followed by a higher antioxidant value. In the Katarina variety, a significantly higher phenol content and antioxidant activity was detected in the first cut. In the T. Sphaerococcum, a decrease in the total content of the examined antioxidants was apparent in the second cut.
... Other authors found greater ranges of fructose concentrations in raspberry juices. Durst et al. (1995) reported on the fructose content ranging from 6.391 g/L in the juice of meeker cv. to 37.047 g/L in the juice of Heritage cv. Green Blood Therapy is the term that is called "green blood" of wheatgrass which normally has phytochemical pigment chlorophyll content which accounts for about 70% of its total chemical constituents (Swati et al. 2010) and the use of WGJ to cure many multiple diseases. In addition, wheatgrass is called as the green blood which is a medicinal herb; therefore, wheatgrass like all green plants, due to the high score of chlorophyll content, is high in oxygen content, more amount of vitamins (especially vitamin E), and antioxidants too. ...
Background and objective: The wheatgrass juice (WGJ) contains a high concentration of vitamin C. WGJ contains a lot of highly functional nutritive ingredients potent to unify the liver with the kidneys for detoxification of the organs and filtration of the blood to build a strong immune system. Also, it boosts fertility and increases sexual desire because of the high magnesium content in phytochemical pigment (chlorophyll) which boosts the production of the enzymes that restores sex steroids. Materials and methods: The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 rats. The first group (G1) was fed on the standard normal diet. The same feeding was used also in the second group (G2) and third group (G3). But in the G2, a pharmaceutical formula (contain zinc and vitamin A) was used as a food supplement to increase fertility, and in the G3, wheatgrass juice of 11 mg/day was applied. Hunter L, a, and b values; glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents; pH; total soluble solids (TSS); acidity; concentration of vitamin C and vitamin B complex contents; and phenolic compounds of wheatgrass quality juice were measured. Results: The juice samples showed L* value of 21.78 (as a lightness index), a* value of − 7.11 (as a redness index), b* values of 17.35 (as a yellowness index), pH (6.7), TSS (5°Bx), and acidity (0.00992%). In the same time, wheatgrass chlorophyll represents 70% of its total chemical constituents that is an antioxidant and rebuilds the bloodstream. In addition, it gives the juice its distinctive green color which is the major quality factor in juice products. The results amounted to normal values of vital organs such as the liver and kidney functions in all groups. The values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were 27.88 ± 2.10, 22.50 ± 4.93, and 23.25 ± 4.71 μ/ml in G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Meanwhile, also the results of sexual hormones indicated an elevation in testosterone hormone in G3 (2.90 ± 0.26 ng/ml) than the normal negative control (2.78 ± 0.23 ng/ml) and pharmaceutical formula positive control (2.04 ± 0.40 ng/ml). However, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased to 1.44 ± 0.28 IU/L and 1.45 ± 0.24 for G3 and G2, respectively, compared to 1.65 ± 0.23 IU/L in G1. Conclusion: The findings proved that WGJ increased fertility and promoted youthfulness, and the wheatgrass (WG) has the potential to be used as a "functional herb" containing natural bioactive compounds.
... It has been used for some disease treatments for several years because of its rich source of chlorophyll, vitamins, amino acids and mineral content and antioxidant potential (Rana et al., 2011;Thakur et al., 2019). Wheatgrass juice has 70 % of chlorophyll also called as green blood because of its similar chemical structure to hemoglobin, only central magnesium is present at porphyrin ring of chlorophyll instead of iron in hemoglobin (Padalia et al., 2010). Similarly, the treatment with wheatgrass is called as green blood therapy. ...
Wheatgrass is considered as a superfood because of its high antioxidant potential and beneficial ingredients. Especially in recent years, wheatgrass juice and powder have been tested in vivo animal models and clinical studies against some diseases. Salicylic acid (SA) one of the important phytohormones controlling plant growth is used as an exogenous elicitor to increase plant secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant potential, vitamin C content and DNA protection of wheatgrass grown from SA pre-treated seeds. For this purpose, total antioxidant statue, total oxidant statue, oxidative stress index and vitamin C level were determined. Additionally, pUC19 plasmid was incubated with Fenton’s solution to determine DNA protection activity of lyophilized wheatgrass extract. Bread wheat seeds were imbibed with different concentrations of SA for 2 hours. Wheatgrass grown from seeds pre-treated with 10-8 M SA had significantly higher total antioxidant statue, vitamin C and soluble protein content than control. It was observed that wheatgrass extracts had a DNA protective role against hydroxyl radicals. It was concluded that SA pretreatment of seeds could be a good approach to increase their antioxidant potential, soluble protein content and vitamin C level of plants used as antioxidant sources by people.
... Wheatgrass is rich in vitamins (A, C, and E), minerals (Ca, Mg, Iron, Zinc), fiber and bioactive compounds (chlorophyllin, quercetin, rutin). Chlorophyll constitutes about 70% of total chemical constituents of wheatgrass (Swati et al., 2010). Several biological properties have been attributed to wheatgrass including blood building activity (Marwaha et al., 2004), anticancer (Dey et al., 2006), antiulcerative (Kothari et al., 2008), antidiabetic (Chauhan et al., 2014), antiarthritic (Nenonen et al., 1998), anti-inflammatory and antiageing (Smith et al., 2006). ...
... The foremost constituent of Wheatgrass is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll constitutes about 70% of total chemical constituents of Wheatgrass (Swati et al. 2010). Chlorophyll which is presence in wheatgrass has almost chemically comparable to hemoglobin. ...
The optimum formulation for production of an Indian traditional baked wheatgrass cupcake was determined using response surface methodology. Effects of amount of ingredients such as wheatgrass powder (5-15%), and baking time (15-35 min) on the antioxidant potential (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, % DPPH radical scavenging activity and vitamin C), mineral (Iron) and sensory attributes (overall acceptability) of cakes were investigated. Significant regression models which explained the effects of different percentages of wheatgrass powder, and baking time on all response variables were determined. The coefficients of determination, R 2 of all the response variables were higher than 0.83. Based on the response surface and superimposed plots; the basic formulation for production of baked wheatgrass cupcake with desired sensory quality was obtained by incorporating with 5% of wheatgrass powder, and 35 minutes of baking time. Optimized formulation was analyzed for its nutritional composition, antioxidant properties and anti-nutritional factors. The optimized formulation could be recommended to all the age group but especially for children, lactating mothers and geriatric population due to its high antioxidants, iron, calcium, and fiber content.
... Wheatgrass is rich in vitamins (A, C, and E), minerals (Ca, Mg, Iron, Zinc), fiber and bioactive compounds (chlorophyllin, quercetin, rutin). Chlorophyll constitutes about 70% of total chemical constituents of wheatgrass (Swati et al., 2010). Several biological properties have been attributed to wheatgrass including blood building activity (Marwaha et al., 2004), anticancer (Dey et al., 2006), antiulcerative (Kothari et al., 2008), antidiabetic (Chauhan et al., 2014), antiarthritic (Nenonen et al., 1998), anti-inflammatory and antiageing (Smith et al., 2006). ...
... Other authors found greater ranges of fructose concentrations in raspberry juices. Durst et al. (1995) reported on the fructose content ranging from 6.391 g/L in the juice of meeker cv. to 37.047 g/L in the juice of Heritage cv. Green Blood Therapy is the term that is called "green blood" of wheatgrass which normally has phytochemical pigment chlorophyll content which accounts for about 70% of its total chemical constituents (Swati et al. 2010) and the use of WGJ to cure many multiple diseases. In addition, wheatgrass is called as the green blood which is a medicinal herb; therefore, wheatgrass like all green plants, due to the high score of chlorophyll content, is high in oxygen content, more amount of vitamins (especially vitamin E), and antioxidants too. ...
Background and objective: The wheatgrass juice (WGJ) contains a high concentration of vitamin C. WGJ contains a lot of highly functional nutritive ingredients potent to unify the liver with the kidneys for detoxification of the organs and filtration of the blood to build a strong immune system. Also, it boosts fertility and increases sexual desire because of the high magnesium content in phytochemical pigment (chlorophyll) which boosts the production of the enzymes that restores sex steroids. Materials and methods: The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 rats. The first group (G1) was fed on the standard normal diet. The same feeding was used also in the second group (G2) and third group (G3). But in the G2, a pharmaceutical formula (contain zinc and vitamin A) was used as a food supplement to increase fertility, and in the G3, wheatgrass juice of 11 mg/day was applied. Hunter L, a, and b values; glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents; pH; total soluble solids (TSS); acidity; concentration of vitamin C and vitamin B complex contents; and phenolic compounds of wheatgrass quality juice were measured. Results: The juice samples showed L* value of 21.78 (as a lightness index), a* value of − 7.11 (as a redness index), b* values of 17.35 (as a yellowness index), pH (6.7), TSS (5°Bx), and acidity (0.00992%). In the same time, wheatgrass chlorophyll represents 70% of its total chemical constituents that is an antioxidant and rebuilds the bloodstream. In addition, it gives the juice its distinctive green color which is the major quality factor in juice products. The results amounted to normal values of vital organs such as the liver and kidney functions in all groups. The values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were 27.88 ± 2.10, 22.50 ± 4.93, and 23.25 ± 4.71 μ/ml in G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Meanwhile, also the results of sexual hormones indicated an elevation in testosterone hormone in G3 (2.90 ± 0.26 ng/ml) than the normal negative control (2.78 ± 0.23 ng/ml) and pharmaceutical formula positive control (2.04 ± 0.40 ng/ml). However, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased to 1.44 ± 0.28 IU/L and 1.45 ± 0.24 for G3 and G2, respectively, compared to 1.65 ± 0.23 IU/L in G1. Conclusion: The findings proved that WGJ increased fertility and promoted youthfulness, and the wheatgrass (WG) has the potential to be used as a "functional herb" containing natural bioactive compounds.
... It has been determined that wheatgrass has a rich mineral (Ca, P, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, B, Mo) and vitamin (A, C, E, and B complex) composition. It is also characterized by a high content of bioflavonoids, a wide number of enzymes, and all nine essential amino acids [2]. Due to the high content of chlorophyll, wheatgrass can be used for detoxifying the body and lowering blood pressure. ...
Fresh fruit and vegetable juices are commonly consumed as a valuable source of nutrients, while wheatgrass juice is, due to its nutritional value, used as a natural dietary supplement. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of wheatgrass juice addition to apple, beet, carrot, orange, and lemon juice on total and in vitro bioaccessible concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn, vitamin C concentration, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. In comparison to other juices, wheatgrass juice had the highest total and in vitro bioaccessible concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn, while beet juice had the highest K concentration. Lemon and orange juices had the highest vitamin C concentration, while the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content were found in wheatgrass juice. After the addition of wheatgrass juice, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn concentration increased in all examined juices, vitamin C concentration increased in apple, beet, and carrot juice, total phenolic content increased in carrot juice, while total flavonoid content increased in apple, carrot, and orange juice. In comparison to the examined juices, wheatgrass juice has better nutritional value, and it could be used in a mixture with other juices to improve their nutritional value.
... The striking structural resemblance of chlorophyll with heme, accounts for the extremely efficacious potency of chlorophyll rich spinach leaves in counteracting anemia and other maladies [19]. Despite being a ubiquitous molecule with massive physiological significance studies elucidating the pharmacological and toxicological profile of chlorophyll is almost non-existent. ...
Aim: Synthetic lead molecules are associated with host of adverse effects while medicinal molecules isolated from natural sources are blessed with both safety as well as efficacy. The ancient doctrine of Ayurveda ardently advocates the therapeutic virtues contained in green leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. The principal constituent of the leaves is the class of metalloporphyrin chlorophyll, which is also the floral counterpart of faunal heme. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and chlorophyll-b (Chl-b) are the cardinal members of the chlorophyll family. Study design: Herein, we have explored the anti-radical, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative efficacy of Chl-a and Chl-b in reference to standard drug and crude extract of Spinacia leaves. The current study is aimed to establish, naturally mined metaloporphyrins as safe and efficacious replacement of synthetic leads that are associated with a wide range of toxicological issues. Methodology: Using a combination of Silica Gel-G column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, the two principal green metallo-porphyrins (Chl-a and Chl-b) were sequentially extracted and isolated from crude extract of Spinacia oleracea L leaves. Antiradical efficacy, of the isolated green porphyrins was quantified by DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay. Cytoprotective efficacy was evaluated using ex-vivo hemolysis assay and anti-inflammatory potency was attested employing carrageenan induced paw edema bioassay. To enumerate on the anti-proliferative potency, MTT assay was employed, while toxicology of the isolates was evaluated employing OECD 420 acute toxicity guidelines. Findings: The study confirmed that isolated green porphyrins Chl-a and Chl-b as well as crude extract all exerts significant anti-radical, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative efficacy however while potency of Chl-a was at par with that of reference standard and superior to the crude extract, Chl-b clocked in a value inferior to both. Furthermore, acute toxicity study indicated that even at p.o. dose of 2000mg/Kg b.w, no toxicity was manifested in either of the metalloporpyrin treated groups thus ascertaining the safe nature of the naturally mined metalloporphyrin entities. Also naturally mined Chl-a is not only a safer alternative to synthetic medicine but it is more potent and safe than its parent extract popularly used in herbal medicine. Conclusion: The results of the study indicates that Chl-a having a more profound structural resemblance to heme than Chl-b can be further modulated as a cost-effective and safe anti-radical alternative to synthetic leads in inhibiting inflammation and untoward cell proliferative while extending cyto-protection from pathological ROS generated in diseased states.
... When we compare the structure of this molecule with hemoglobin, it is almost identical. Because of this similarity, wheat grass is known as "green blood" (Padalia et al. 2010). Consumption of wheatgrass can prevent Mg deficiency in the human body. ...
Chemical Contents of Wheat Landraces
and Their Contribution to Human Health
... It is widely cultivated in the region of Mediterranean and South West Asia [7]. The favorable season for cultivation is late fall season [8]. It can be cultivated in both indoor and outdoor air [9]. ...
... Wheat grass has many antioxidant compounds as selenium, provitamin A,C,E, Carotene, transhydrogenase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) cytochromeoxidase (Padalia et al., 2010). Wheat grass treatments have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant levels (Kamboj et al., 2011b). ...
... When we compare the structure of this molecule with hemoglobin, it is almost identical. Because of this similarity, wheat grass is known as "green blood" (Padalia et al. 2010). Consumption of wheatgrass can prevent Mg deficiency in the human body. ...
Wheat plays an important role in human diet and health. Turkey is known as one of the richest countries in terms of wheat varieties. Many wheat varieties from ancient to modern hybrid wheat varieties are still grown in Turkey. The high variety of wheat has enriched the food culture, and it has created a healthy eating habit for this country. It has been proven healthy in terms of its chemical ingredients such as B vitamin types, E vitamin isomers, Zn, and Fe. In addition, they include carotenes and bound form of phenolic acids that are effective in antioxidants. Besides these, wheat bran contains higher amount of fiber, which is important for digestion. Moreover, wheat contains gluten, which is not suitable for celiac patients but should be taken by people who do not have this disease. This chapter provides information about the chemical ingredients and nutritional content of different wheat varieties grown in Turkey.
... It may cause nausea and headache if excessive quantities are taken. Throat swelling may occur in hypersensitive individuals [48]. Wheatgrass juice may cause difficulty in swallowing due to strong and pungent glass-like taste; this problem does not persist with other wheatgrass-containing formulations. ...
Background
Plants having active constituents possess pharmaceutical use and nutritional values. Herbal medicine or food supplement is gaining popularity, as well as scientific research on wheatgrass as a “functional food”.
Objective
The target behind accepting wheatgrass as a study for review is to have clinical and non-clinical investigations on the wheatgrass plant at an equivalent stage. To let individuals, think about different affirmed uses and activities of the plant.
Methods
Plants having so many nutritional and therapeutic values have been selected for review so that consumers or patients could be benefitted from their therapeutic uses. Recently, the interests in the use of herbal products have grown dramatically in the western as well as developing countries. The review was extracted from searches performed on Google Scholars, Google Patents, etc. Data from sources have been collected and reported here at one place in order to provide further research on wheatgrass.
Results
Wheatgrass is a high source of various vitamins and minerals; it possesses many activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial and many more. Wheatgrass’ uses, benefits and properties non-clinical data and clinical studies has been thoroughly studied. Patents filed related to wheatgrass are mentioned here, so as to motivate other innovators to search for new activities or molecules.
Conclusions
Wheatgrass can be used in pharmaceutical formulations and can be used as nutritional supplements due to its anti-oxidant nature, anti-microbial activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity. It is also called “Panacea on Earth” owing to its wide range of nutritive and medicinal aspects.
... Wheat grass juice (WGJ) is an extract from young wheatgrass plants (10 days) of Triticum aestivum Linn. and is considered to have multiple therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, immunological, cardioprotective, blood sugar modulator etc. [15][16][17][18]. The biochemical composition of WGJ is complex containing mainly chlorophyll. ...
Wheat grass juice (WGJ) is an extract of young wheat plantlets (Triticum aetivum L.) used worldwide for its health related properties. In this study, the following feeds containing WGJ were tested on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Control (C), WGJ1% (V1), WGJ2% (V2) and WGJ4% (V3) w/w. Fish with an average initial weight of 102 g/individual were grown in a recirculating aquaculture system. The results showed that WGJ had stimulatory effects on growth performance. Accordingly, final body weight increased by 11% at V1, 39% at V2 and 23% at V3, while other indices (feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, relative growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and condition factor) were unaffected. Body composition analyses revealed a significant decrease in fat content at V2 and a significant increase in collagen and ash at the same variant, while the protein content was unmodified. Regarding the blood profile, significant increases in the content of albumin, globulin, total protein, and calcium were recorded in the variants with WGJ. The positive results of WGJ on carp can be attributed to its biochemical composition, which is rich in chlorophyll (4.71 mg mL−1), total phenols (164 µg mL−1 gallic acid equivalents), and high antioxidant activity (67% inhibition of DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results suggest WGJ can be used as a promising feed additive for common carp.
... The recent interests in the wheatgrass was boomed immensely by Dr. Ann Wigmore in 1970s who developed wheatgrass juice as a part of her herbal therapeutic nutritional approach and compiled "The Wheatgrass Book" (4). Wheatgrass was demonstrated to have a wide range of health benefits under conditions, such as common cold, astriction, diabetes, kidney swelling, anemia, eczema, (5) thalassemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome (2), and possess antimutation (6), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulation, hemostasis, diuresis, antimicrobial, antiaging, and anti-cancer (e.g., cervical cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma) properties (7)(8)(9). ...
The wheat seedlings of 6 days old were daily subjected to ultraviolet irradiation (irradiating for 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min/day, respectively), Polyethylene glycol 6000 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25% in 1/2 Hoagland solution, respectively), and salinity solution (10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mM in 1/2 Hoagland solution, respectively), while the control group (CK) was supplied only with the Hoagland solution. The wheatgrass was harvested regularly seven times and the total soluble polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, total polyphenol, total triterpene, total flavonoid, and proanthocyanins content were tested. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing power. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) mathematical model was adopted to comprehensively assess the functional phytochemicals of the different treatments. The results showed that the accumulation patterns of phytochemicals under abiotic stress were complex and not always upregulated or downregulated. The antioxidant activity and functional phytochemicals content of wheatgrass were significantly affected by both the stress treatments and seedling age, while the latter affected the chemicals more efficiently. The top five highest functional phytochemicals were observed in the 200 mM NaCl treated group on the 21st and 27th day, 25% PEG treated group on the 24th day, 200 mM NaCl treated group on the 24th day, and the group of 40 min/day ultraviolet exposure on 27th day.
... Grains definitely produce water-soluble fibers, oligosaccharides, and active starch, and as an influence, a probiotic composition was also proposed. Wheatgrass is processed as tablets, capsules or at least sometimes, as fresh juice and diluted liquid [22]. As planned for non-grain varieties, more ideas for the use of seedlings as a preservative in animal feeding can be provided [23,24]. ...
Currently, routine life of a consumer has changed to a "healthy living and healthier foods", as an outcome the need for food be likely to be high in foods rich in vegetables and fruits, by means of high content of bioactive molecules. Part of the function is ready-to-eat vegetable cropped at the starting of vegetative period, well-known like germinated seeds. Based on the part of the plant which has been gathered and consumed, the word "sprouted seeds" contains different kinds of seed-derived products. Specially whether the seed is formed or removed-as well as the raising levels of ecological states throughout sprouting. The Sprouts are considered to be an amazing food. A large amount nutritious of all vegetables is sprouts. Since the nutritional and health benefits of sprouts become well recognized, cooks, food producers, athletes, chefs, and others everyone seems for various ways to incorporate sprouts into popular foods. Use of sprouted seeds in human nutrition, during germination changes in chemical composition, chemical constituents; sprouted seeds that have a lot of medicinal value, nutritional content and the nature of the antioxidants those are present in sprouted seeds are highlighted in this paper. In addition, study the contribution of each of them as an antioxidant in scavenging the free radicals produced under stress related disorders.
... Grains definitely produce water-soluble fibers, oligosaccharides, and active starch, and as an influence, a probiotic composition was also proposed. Wheatgrass is processed as tablets, capsules or at least sometimes, as fresh juice and diluted liquid [22]. As planned for non-grain varieties, more ideas for the use of seedlings as a preservative in animal feeding can be provided [23,24]. ...
Currently, routine life of a consumer has changed to a "healthy living and healthier foods", as an outcome the need for food be likely to be high in foods rich in vegetables and fruits, by means of high content of bioactive molecules. Part of the function is ready-to-eat vegetable cropped at the starting of vegetative period, well-known like germinated seeds. Based on the part of the plant which has been gathered and consumed, the word "sprouted seeds" contains different kinds of seed-derived products. Specially whether the seed is formed or removed-as well as the raising levels of ecological states throughout sprouting. The Sprouts are considered to be an amazing food. A large amount nutritious of all vegetables is sprouts. Since the nutritional and health benefits of sprouts become well recognized, cooks, food producers, athletes, chefs, and others everyone seems for various ways to incorporate sprouts into popular foods. Use of sprouted seeds in human nutrition, during germination changes in chemical composition, chemical constituents; sprouted seeds that have a lot of medicinal value, nutritional content and the nature of the antioxidants those are present in sprouted seeds are highlighted in this paper. In addition, study the contribution of each of them as an antioxidant in scavenging the free radicals produced under stress related disorders.
... Wheatgrass is also known as "green blood." This is because of the presence of high chlorophyll content that is present in 70% of the total of its chemical constituents [18,19]. The juice of wheatgrass is a rich source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Vitamin B complex and minerals present are phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, selenium, alkaline earth metals, boron, zinc, potassium, and molybdenum. ...
Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum Linn.) refers to the young grass of the common wheat plant which belongs to the family Poaceae. It is known as thepowerhouse of nutrients and vitamins. The juice of wheatgrass is known as “green blood” which contains an excessive amount of chlorophyll content(70% of the total chemical constituents), antioxidants, active enzymes, vitamins, and other vital nutrients which are used to enhance lungs and heartfunction. Wheatgrass juice is also taken as a supplementary diet to boost the immune system and provide strength to the human body. From reportedstudies, it is proved that molecules of human blood hemoglobin and wheatgrass chlorophyll contain the same structure and can act as a substitute forhemoglobin in hemoglobin deficiency conditions. It is a highly nutritive plant and is used to cure diseases such as cancer, diabetes, ulcer, rheumatoidarthritis, hyperlipidemia, thalassemia, anemia, kidney stone, asthma, digestive problems, and skin diseases. Pharmacologically, wheatgrass carriesproperties such as anti-diabetic, anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthriticproperties. In this review paper, attempts have been made to provide a brief overview of wheatgrass, its pharmacological activities, andayurvedic view.
... Wheat germ is one of the most potential and excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber and proteins [27]. Padalia et al., [28] reported that wheat extract has a high content of bioflavonoids that may add toward antimicrobial effects [29]. Wheat germ is a food by-product with high nutritional value, especially as a concentrated source of dietary fiber and essential fatty acids, but its incorporation into the diet has been rare up to now. ...
Aims: The work investigated the effects of plant seeds such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.), and hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) which are traditionally used as natural food preservatives or at least to minimize the used concentrations of artificial preservative, meantime to serve as antibacterial agents against certain positive and negative gram bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterobacter cloacae Enk1 LT592256 and the effectiveness of using germinated seeds in reducing bacterial growth. Study Design: The experiments were designed as one way completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out at 2 Methodology: The living bacterial cells in each treatment was estimated after 5 days of incubation at 25°C the total viable bacterial counts were determined using the plate count agar method. Microbial numbers in all samples were determined using serial dilutions also, determine the total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and total phenol contents of the tested seeds and their germs. Results: Our results demonstrated that the maximum number of S. aureus bacteria in 10-1 on wheat germinated seeds extract at 1000 µl that is 290 CFU and the maximum number of E. cloaceae was 370 CFU was found in wheat non-germinated seeds at 500µl concentration, however, the highly inhibitory concentration of S. aureus 1000 µl was realized using non-germinated red pepper seeds extract (97.9%) and (92.9%) in the case of E. cloaceae bacteria. The maximum inhibition percentage was found with red pepper non-germinated seeds for (S. aureus) it was (97.9%) and for the (E. cloaceae) was (92.9%) under the concentration 1000 µl. The results showed that germs extract was less effective as an antibacterial agent than seed extract. S. aureus was more susceptible than E. cloacae. The use of hot red pepper seeds extracts then fenugreek extract was highly effective in reducing the growth of both the tested bacteria. Conclusion: Hot pepper and fenugreek extracts can be used as natural alternative preventives to control food poisoning diseases. Non Germinated seeds are most effective against studied bacteria growth.
Based on response surface methodology and composite weighting method, this study explored the effect of ethanol concentration, liquid - to - solid ratio, and time on the extraction of wheatgrass dry powder. The total phenolic content(TPC), total flavonoid content(TFC), DPPH・scavenging rate(DPPH・SR), and A549 cell growth inhibition rate(A549 CGIR) were selected as evaluation indicators and conduct comprehensive scoring(CS). Results showed the optimal extraction conditions were the ethanol volume fraction 39.56%, liquid - to - solid ratio 40.11mL/g, and time 42.21 minutes, with a comprehensive scoring of 64.04%. Under the conditions, although the TPC and TFC of wheatgrass powder were lower than fresh wheatgrass, the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and a certain degree of anti-tumor activity. Interestingly, this study further found a positive correlation between theTPC and the DPPH・SR in the extract, as well as a positive correlation between theTFC and the A549 CGIR.
Aim: To evaluate the effect of wheat grass powder on stress induced depression and memory loss in mice. Objective: The main objective is to observe the effect of wheat grass powder on stress induced depression and memory loss. Wheatgrass is the young grass of Triticum aestivum. The powder of wheat grass is known to contain chlorophyll, aminoatcids, minerals, flavonoids, vitamins etc. Stress was induced in mice by forced swim test. Methods: Forced swim test to induce stress, Behavioural tests by using actophotometer and Y maze apparatus and histopathological studies. Results: wheat grass powder treated group showed significant increase in locomotor activity when observed in actophotometer. Wheat grass powder treated group chosen and spent much time in novel arm of Y maze when compared to other groups. Conclusion: From result, it was concluded that wheat grass powder shows significant antidepressant activity and memory improving ability.
Amaç: Bu çalışma, Salvia türlerinin bazı biyokimyasal parametreleri ile makro besin elementi içeriklerini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Konu ile ilgili daha önceden yapılmış bir çalışmanın olmaması, ilk olma özelliği taşıması bu çalışmaya ayrı bir özgün değer katmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, literatüre katkı sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, materyal olarak Salvia hispanica L. (Chia), Salvia sclarea (Misk adaçayı), Salvia dichroantha Stapf. (Kutnu), Salvia officinalis L. (Tıbbi adaçayı), Salvia microstegia Boiss. & Bal. (Yağlambaç) ve Salvia verticulata ssp. verticulata (Dadırak) türlerinin mikrofiliz olarak değerlendirilme potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Ticari bir şirketten temin edilen steril torf, hindistan cevizi kabuğu (cocopeat) ve perlit karışımından oluşan büyüme ortamı 500 cc’lik plastik şalelerin içerisine konulmuş hafif bastırıldıktan sonra tohum ekimleri yapılmıştır. Tohumların üzeri tohum çapının 2 katı olacak şekilde toprak ile kapatılmış ve spreyleme şeklinde sulama yapılmıştır. Deneme, Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Deseni’ ne göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak düzenlenmiş ve tam kontrollü iklim kabinine 16/8, aydınlık/ karanlık periyotta kalacak şekilde yerleştirilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Çalışma sonucunda; en yüksek toplam klorofil içeriği (23.61 µg/g TA), Salvia hispanica türünden, toplam antioksidan aktivite kapasite (285.8 µmol TE/g), flavonoid madde (16.62 mg QE/100g) ve askorbik asit miktarı (63.85 mg LAA/100g) Salvia dichroantha Stapf. türünden, fenolik madde miktarı (210.3 mg GAE/ g) Salvia sclarea türünden elde edilmiştir. Makro besinler bakımından en yüksek Ca, Mg ve Na birikimi Salvia sclarea, en fazla K birikimi Salvia dichroantha Stapf. türünden elde edilmiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışma ile incelenen Salvia türlerinin mikroyeşillik olarak tüketilebilme potansiyelleri ortaya konulmuş polifenoller bakımdan zengin içeriğe sahip olan adaçayına obsiyonel bir tüketim alanı kazandırılmıştır.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belonging to one of the most diverse and substantial families, Poaceae, is the principal cereal crop for the majority of the world’s population. This cereal is polyploidy in nature and domestically grown worldwide. Wheat is the source of approximately half of the food calories consumed worldwide and is rich in proteins (gluten), minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, P, and Fe), vitamins (B-group and E), riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, and dietary fiber. Wheat seed-storage proteins represent an important source of food and energy and play a major role in the determination of bread-making quality. The two groups of wheat grain proteins, i.e., gliadins and glutenins, have been widely studied using SDS-PAGE and other techniques. Sustainable production with little input of chemicals along with high nutritional quality for its precise ultimate uses in the human diet are major focus areas for wheat improvement. An expansion in the hereditary base of wheat varieties must be considered in the wheat breeding program. It may be accomplished in several ways, such as the use of plant genetic resources, comprising wild relatives and landraces, germplasm-assisted breeding through advanced genomic tools, and the application of modern methods, such as genome editing. In this review, we critically focus on phytochemical composition, reproduction growth, types, quality, seed storage protein, and recent challenges in wheat breeding and discuss possible ways forward to combat those issues.
Indigenous southern Thai non-glutinous rice varieties Kaab Dum, Khai Mod Rin, Yar Ko, Yoom Noon, and Look Lai made under four different processing conditions, white rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and rice grass, were assessed for antioxidant components and in vitro antioxidative activities. According to the findings, rice’s antioxidant components and antioxidant activity were considerably impacted by both variety and processing. High levels of total extractable phenolic compounds (164–314 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, dry weight (dw)) and carotenoid (0.92–8.65 mg/100 g, dw) were found in all rice varieties, especially in rice grass and germinated brown rice, indicating that milling to generate white rice had an adverse effect on those components. Additionally, after germination, a higher γ-oryzanol concentration (9–14 mg/100 g, dw) was found. All rice varieties had higher ascorbic acid, phenolic compound, and carotenoid contents after sprouting. Overall, Yoom Noon rice grass had the highest total extractable phenolic content (p < 0.05). The rice grass from Yoom Noon/Look Lai/Kaab Dum had the highest ascorbic acid content (p < 0.05). The total carotenoid concentration of Look Lai rice grass was the highest, and Yoom Noon’s germinated brown rice had the highest γ-oryzanol content (p < 0.05). All rice varieties’ aqueous extracts had remarkable ABTS free radical scavenging activity, with Khai Mod Rin reaching the highest maximum value of 42.56 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw. Other antioxidant mechanisms, however, were quite low. Compared to germinated brown rice, brown rice, and white rice, rice grass often tended to have stronger antioxidant activity. Yar Ko rice grass was found to have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (3.8 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (4.6 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). Khai Mod Rice grass had the most pronounced metal chelation activity (1.14 mmol EDTA equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). The rice variety and processing conditions, therefore, influenced the antioxidant compounds and antioxidative properties of Thai indigenous rice. The results can be used as a guide to select the optimal rice variety and primary processing in order to satisfy the needs of farmers who want to produce rice as a functional ingredient and to promote the consumption of indigenous rice by health-conscious consumers.
Wheatgrass is consumed as an important nutritious herbal food supplement across the globe; however, limited studies have been reported on analysis of multi‐class pesticides in this complex nutrient rich natural product. An analytical method was developed for the estimation of 241 pesticides in random Wheatgrass samples collected from Delhi‐Northern Capital Region (Delhi‐NCR). Extraction was performed by QuEChERS, cleaning was performed by dispersive solid phase and the extracts were analyzed using Triple Quadrupole Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.5 μg /kg, which is well below European Union‐Maximum Residue Level. The coefficient of determination was >0.991 across calibration range of 0.5–100 μg /kg. The Relative Standard Deviation values for 231 pesticides based on 10 replicates of samples spiked at 10 μg /kg were <5%. Among random samples, 54% confirmed the presence of at least one pesticide. Results indicated the presence of 8 different pesticides among 38% of total population with Metribuzin at 299.7 μg /kg and Carfentrazone‐ethyl at 19.47 μg/kg exceeding the permissible limits among 6% of total estimated population. The chronic and acute risk quotients as calculated were less than 1, indicating non‐significant dietary risk to consumers. However, the presence of pesticides above permissible limit is likely to result in adverse health effects to the consumers of herbal supplements from urban population and incorporating measures would be useful to ensure the quality and safety of wheatgrass consumption.
Triticum aestivum Linn (commonly known as Wheatgrass) is a perennial plant that belongs to the family Gramineae having various medicinal and nutritional applications. Generally, Triticum aestivum is utilized in southwest Asia as a therapeutic agent to treat high blood pressure, cancers, obesity, diabetes, gastritis, ulcers, pancreas, liver problems, asthma, eczema, hemorrhoids, skin problems, etc. Numerous phytochemicals are present in this plant, including phenols, flavonoids, vitamins, proteins, minerals, etc. Rutin and gallic acid are the main active constituents isolated from Triticum aestivum and have been proven to possess notable anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-arthritic activity. Pharmacological in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that the extract possessed significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiarthritic, antiulcer, cytotoxicity, and antidiabetic activities. Triticum aestivum has been summarized and discussed in a comprehensive and up-to-date review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional uses. This will facilitate further development of its therapeutic properties. To understand the relationship between traditional uses and bioactivity, more in-depth studies are needed in the future.
Wound healing is a complex cellular process relating to the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, involved in enhancing cell migration and proliferation that trigger re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. This study focuses on the design and development of Triticum aestivum (wheatgrass) enriched PCL/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for treating wound infections and accelerating wound healing. Wheatgrass (WG) wielded healing due to the existence of bio-actives associated with wound healing as determined from GC-MS results and prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) analysis. Pharmaceutical ingredients in WG extract such as Stigmasta-5, 22-Dien-3-Ol, (3. Beta.,22e), 5-Bromo-8-(salicylideneamino) quinolone and Neophytadiene displayed higher potential towards wound healing enzyme COX-2 with binding energies −9.6, −8.5 and −6.2 kcal/mol. WG/CS nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized through SEM, EDX and XRD analysis. Synthesized nanofibrous bio-material, targeting wound healing enzyme COX-2, increasing vero cells adhesion and proliferation and fighting pathogens establishes to be an active healing substrate for skin wound dressing.
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