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The Kew Plant Glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Identification Terms
Abstract
This accessible, comprehensive glossary covers all the descriptive terms for plants that one is likely to encounter in botanical writing, including everything from magazine articles to plant field guides, scientific papers, and monographs. An essential companion, it presents 3,600 botanical terms, accompanied by full definitions and detailed illustrations to aid in identification, all laid out in a clear, easy-to-use fashion. It will be indispensable for plant scientists, conservationists, horticulturists, gardeners, writers, and anyone working with plant descriptions, plant identification keys, floras, or field guides.
... Succulents are favored by many plant collectors and consumers due to their lovely appearance and good adaptability to arid climates or soil environments [1,2]. In the USA, the total sales volume of cacti and succulents grew almost twice from 2014 to 2019, rising from USD 40.9 to 78.5 million [3]. ...
... The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to explore the context of the incentives embedded in the posts that motivate user engagement with succulent retailers' social media pages; (2) to compare the effectiveness of different incentives on motivating users' behavioral and emotional engagements. The findings of this study are helpful for succulent enterprises in regard to developing appropriate reward strategies to motivate both users' behavioral and emotional engagements with their social media pages. ...
Social media are an important approach for florists to reach consumers, and many florists have set incentives to encourage users to engage with their social media pages. However, various subjects can serve as rewards, but what is more effective for encouraging users to engage with the florists’ social media pages remains unknown. This study is intended to address this deficiency. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to explore the typology of the incentives used by succulent retailers to promote user engagement; (2) to compare the difference across various types of incentives in regard to the effect on promoting user engagement with succulent retailers’ social media pages. Data were gained from the succulent retailers’ empirical practices on their Facebook brand pages. As a result, 2602 Facebook posts were downloaded and analyzed via content analysis to explore the typology of the incentives applied by succulent retailers. The number of clicks on likes, comments, shares, and emojis by users was recorded as the index of user engagement with the post. The effect of various incentives on user engagement with the succulent retailers’ FB pages was analyzed via the statistical approach of MANOVA. The study results showed that the incentives applied by succulent retailers can be classified into three categories: economic incentives; social incentives; mixed incentives, which contain both economic and social values. The economic incentives included discounts, gifts, sweepstakes, and bidding, while social incentives included gratitude to customers, leaving a question mark, and inviting users to respond. The statistical results revealed that economic incentives are more likely to encourage users’ emotional engagement, while social incentives in the form of inviting users to react are more significant for encouraging users’ behavioral engagement in terms of leaving comments on posts.
... All photographs were captured using Canon EOS 750D mounted with Canon EF-S 60 mm f/2.8 Marco USM lens. The morphological terminology is based on Beentje (2012). Specimens and literature relevant to Psychotria species from the Indo-chine and neighboring countries were reviewed in various herbaria using high-resolution images from Global Plants on JSTOR, available at https://plants.jstor.org/, ...
... and through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), accessible at https://www.gbif.org. The morphological description's nomenclature is in line with Beentje (2012). The evaluation of conversations was conducted in accordance with the criteria set forth by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2012) criteria. ...
Psychotria condorensis Pierre ex Pitard is an endemic species described from Con Dao National Park, Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam. This study provides the lectotype of this species and describes its micromorphological along with phytochemical characteristics. These results are used as a monograph in the identification and standardization of medicinal materials, conservation assessment of this species, and contributes information for advancing further research on conservation and its biological activities.
... Rehydrated flowers were used for the floral measurements. The terminology and color palette followed Hickey & King (2000) and Beentje (2012), and the foliar architecture followed Ellis et al. (2009). The indumentum and trichomes were described following Rendoń-Carmona et al. (2006) and Hewson (2019). ...
A new species of Vasivaea Baill. (Malvaceae, Grewioideae, Grewieae) from central and northwestern Colombia is described, illustrated, and their morphological relationships with related species are discussed. Vasivaea distopo is a tree up to 20 m tall, common in floodplain lowland forests (20-220 m elev.) located in the middle Magdalena, the lower Cauca, Nechí, and Atrato river basins. It is characterized by its tubular androgynophore with free lobes in staminate flowers and obcordate fruit shape. Vasivaea distopo represents the first species of this genus recorded from outside the Amazon, Essequibo, and Orinoco River basins. Geographical and phenological information, data about its conservation status, and an updated key to species are presented. Resumen Una nueva especie de Vasivaea Baill. (Malvaceae, Grewioideae, Grewieae), del centro y noroeste de Colombia, es descrita, ilustrada y sus relaciones morfológicas con las especies afines son discutidas. Vasivaea distopo, es un árbol de hasta 20 m de altura, frecuente en los bosques inundables de tierras bajas (20-220 m) de la cuenca media del río Magdalena, y las cuencas bajas de los ríos Atrato, Cauca y Nechí. Esta nueva especie se caracteriza por su androginóforo tubular con lóbulos libres en las flores estaminadas y la forma obcordada de sus frutos. Vasivaea distopo representa el primer registro del género fuera de las cuencas de los ríos Amazonas, Esequibo y Orinoco. Se presenta información geográfica, fenológica, datos acerca del estado actual de conservación y una clave actualizada de las especies.
... The general morphological terminology follows Hickey (1973), Ellis et al. (2009) and Beentje (2016). The specialized terminology on Asteraceae follows Funk et al. (2009) and the Calea-specific terminology about receptacle and pappus follows Bueno et al. (2022) and Bueno & Heiden (2022a), respectively. ...
During field expeditions on white sand patches in northwestern Maranhão, Brazil, we found specimens of Calea characterized by minute florets and pappuses, common to Calea divaricata clade species. After thorough analysis, we concluded that those specimens represent a new species, which is described here as Calea breviflora. Its description, distribution map, illustrations, taxonomic comments, information on the habitat and a preliminary conservation assessment are provided. Moreover, we present an identification key for the Calea divaricata clade species.
... According to Ardiyani et al. (2011), the leaves of C. sumatrana are described as elliptic. The term "elliptic," as defined by the Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Biological Terminology (1962) in The Kew Plant Glossary: An Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms (Beentje 2016), refers to a leave shape with a length-to-width ratio ranging from 1.5 to 2, which can be either narrowly or broadly elliptic. ...
Syafira F, Nurainas, Syamsuardi. 2024. New record and potential spatial distribution of Curcuma sumatrana (Zingiberaceae): An endemic wild turmeric in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4127-4138. Curcuma sumatrana Miq. is a Sumatran turmeric species with medicinal potential. However, it remains underutilized and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its vulnerability is aggravated by limited knowledge of its distribution, a need for more data on habitat preferences, and habitat degradation. Field observations revealed significant morphological variations among populations, likely influenced by environmental factors. This study assessed the morphology, microhabitat preferences, and spatial distribution of C. sumatrana in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Surveys and laboratory observations highlighted morphological traits, such as leaf and ligule length and width, significantly contribute to these observed variations. Notably, the leaf shape differed between open and shaded areas, being narrowly elliptic in open areas and broadly elliptic in shaded areas. Populations in Koto Malintang and Lubuk Minturun showed distinct differences, separated by six morphological traits. The C. sumatrana prefers habitats with fertile soils, moderate plant diversity, and open land cover, often coexisting with species like Dendrocnide stimulans (L.fil.) Chew, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg., and Diplazium sp. Maximum Entropy modeling (AUC 0.944) predicted a highly suitable habitat of 918 hectares in the western Bukit Barisan range. The model suggests distribution is influenced by soil type and precipitation patterns during the seasonal, warmest, and coldest quarters, as well as land cover. New records from West Sumatra extend the species' known range, reaffirming its vulnerable status with a potential risk of becoming endangered.
... with coordinates estimated to the nearest town. (Beentje, 2015), and herbarium citations followed the Index Herbariorum (Thiers, 2016, & continuously updated). After the course, the information from all project groups was compiled in the present taxonomic revision by adding the outstanding species, updating information against more recent versions of taxonomic databases, and re-analysing GC and K collections. ...
Ghana's plant diversity is estimated at 3,419 plant species, belonging to 1,222 genera. However, a Flora of Ghana is yet inexistent, and targeted floristic and taxonomic studies are still much needed to document the plant diversity of the country fully at the family, generic and species levels. This is essential for identifying priority conservation areas in the country and support further research in crop wild relatives or medicinal plants, which will help tackle food insecurity and improve livelihoods. In this study, we provide a taxonomic revision of the genus Ipomoea in Ghana to enhance their identification, conservation and sustainable utilization as food and medicine among other uses. An extensive literature review was carried out, including historical references and online taxonomic databases, to recover information on accepted names, type specimens and synonyms, followed by consultation of herbarium specimens at GC, to retrieve morphological information and database specimens. Specimen locality information was georeferenced, and records plotted onto distribution maps. As a result, this work provides an identification key to the species of genus Ipomoea of Ghana, nomenclatural information, comprehensive morphological descriptions, detailed list of examined specimens, distribution maps and notes on conservation status and traditional plant uses. In total, 28 species are fully described, 20 of which are native and eight introduced from the Americas; five are new records to Ghana.
... The photographic compositions, including plant habit, leaves, views of the flower, inflorescence, and the dissected flower, were digitally retouched in Adobe Photoshop CS6 and exported as JPEG files. The new species was described following the botanical terminology by Beentje (2012) and Stearn (1992). All original descriptions of related species were consulted for detailed comparisons (Romero-Hernández, 2017). ...
Zygia nataliagomezae, a new species of Fabaceae from Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species was found in a transitional foothill between a tropical dry forest and a sub-Andean Forest in the Central Andes in the Department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. It can be recognized by its habit, a small tree of thin stems with little branching, and by its red inflorescence, which is borne on the defoliated branches rather than on the stem, as in many other species within the genus
... GPS coordinates were recorded, and photo documentation was done. The terminology for descriptions followed Beentje (2016) and Gledhill (2008). The collected accessions of the new species were compared with descriptions of allied species (Curtis, 1811;Sangvirotjanapat and Newman, 2023). ...
Globba zwegabinensis sp. nov., under sect. Haplanthera (Zingiberaceae) is newly described and illustrated from the Zwegabin Mountain of Kayin State in southern Myanmar. G. zwegabinensis is morphologically allied to G. sessiliflora and G. lithophila but differs in having the leaves with a foetid smell, glabrous blade, completely yellow filament, glabrous ovary, larger cuneiform labellum with bifid apex, glabrous and oblong to ovate fruit, lack of bulbils and anther appendages. A description and photographic data, along with the comparative characteristics of the closely allied species, are provided. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(2): 197-203, 2024 (December)
... The specimens were identified using the publications of Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968), Maas (1972Maas ( , 1975Maas ( , 1979, Suwandi (1995), Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1997), Hammel et al. (2003), Chen et al. (2015), Maas-van de Kamer et al. (2016), Skinner (2016), Mustaqim and Nisyawati (2017), Irsyam et al. (2019), Skinner and Liesenfeld (2020), and Mustaqim and Setiawan (2021). The terminology used in the descriptions refers to Beentje (2012). Identification. ...
Costus L. is the most species‑rich genus in Costaceae and is mainly distributed in the Neotropics and tropical Africa. Five Costus species have been introduced to Java, Indonesia, for ornamental purposes. During our botanical expeditions in Java from January to May 2023, we discovered three previously unreported species of Costus that occur spontaneously in the wild: C. phyllocephalus K.Schum., C. spicatus (Jacq.) Sw., and C. villosissimus Jacq. Their spontaneous populations have been found on roadsides and abandoned areas in West Java.
... Leaf and petal widths were measured at the widest portion of the lamina. Terminology for describing floral parts follows Beentje (2016). ...
A new species of Viola from the Andes of central Chile is described. The new species is assigned to the Sempervivum section of Neoandinum subgenus, supported by morphological characters. Besides the detailed description of the species, a distribution map, insights about its ecology, conservation status and a key to distinguish Viola imbricata among the southern South American species of Sempervivum section are provided. The taxonomy and morphological similarities of V. imbricata regarding its estimated nearest related species V. abbreviata and V. auricolor are discussed. As most high elevation Andean Viola, V. imbricata is a microendemic species threatened by land use and climate changes.
... The morphological terminology adopted in this study was based on Font-Quer (1993), Harris and Harris (2001), and Beentje (2010) for general morphological descriptions. For 2-D and 3-D shape descriptions, the framework provided by Radford et al. (1974) was followed. ...
... Morphology and Nomenclature:-We adopted the morphological terminology of Beentje (2016) for the description, but followed Weberling (1989) for general typology of inflorescence. The stamen dimetrism index (SDI) was used to quatify the relative size difference between the antesepalous and antepetalous stamens (Melo et al. 2021). ...
During the development of the taxonomic treatment of Ernestia we came across a taxonomic novelty and a species for which taxonomic verification was needed from Colombia. Herein, we propose Ernestia rheophytica a new species belonging to the sensu stricto clade of the genus, and clarify the identity of Acisanthera goudotii, now treated as E. goudotii. We also clarify the status of the original material of E. goudotii and propose the lectotypification of E. ovata and its synonymization under E. goudotii. Ernestia rheophytica, as the name indicates, is a rheophytic species, a rare habit in Melastomataceae, especially in Marcetieae.
... This study is based on a review of literature for Aniba (Kubitzki, 1982, van der Werff, 1994, 2023, in addition to the study of herbarium specimens deposited in COL, JBB, and UDBC (Thiers, continuously updated). Morphological terminology for Lauraceae follows Kubitzki (1982), van der Werff (1991), Rohwer (1993), and van der Werff (2013); although morphological concepts of Rua (1999), Ellis et al. (2009), Beentje (2010, Cabrera et al. (2016) and Hewson (2019) were additionally considered. ...
A new species of Lauraceae is described and illustrated from the Andean forests of Santander, Colombia. Aniba alleniae is characterized by leaves obovate, oblong or broadly elliptic and abaxially tomentose, paniculate inflorescences at tip of branches below the terminal bud or along the new growth, sessile flowers with nine stamens in three whorls, whorls I and II with ventral-lateral locules, and the inner surface of the hypanthium and pistil glabrous. Ocotea palaciosii is also reported for the first time for the flora of Colombia.
... Numerous photographs were captured with a Canon EOS 800D camera, and the color plates were created and edited using Affinity Photo software. General plant descriptive terms are based on Beentje (2016), while herbarium citations follow Index Herbariorum. Specimens and literature related to Begonia sect. ...
A new Begonia section Petermannia species, Begonia corazoniae Naive, discovered in the forest ecosystems of Davao Oriental, southeastern Mindanao, Philippines, is herein described and illustrated. It closely resembles B. rieckei , but is easily recognized by having paniculate inflorescences with prominently winged ovary and capsule. A comprehensive morphological description, geographic distribution, ecology, phenology and a discussion of similar species is provided. In addition, we assessed this species as ‘Endangered' (EN B1(iii) + 2(iii)) following the criteria of the IUCN.
... The specimens were identified with the taxonomic references of Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1963) andLandrum (2017;2022). The terminologies used in the descriptions follow Beentje (2016), whereas the species names were verified using Plants of the World Online (POWO 2023). ...
Psidium is a genus of plants that is found in the neotropical region and belongs to the Myrtaceae family. Currently, there are 92 identified species in this genus. Earlier botanists documented that the genus in Java, Indonesia, is comprised solely of two species-specifically P. guajava L. and P. guineense Sw. However, during our 2023 botanical study, we discovered another Psidium species-P. cattleyanum Sabine-from West and East Java. It was first introduced to the island as a living specimen at the Bogor Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Indonesia, in 1972. Since then, the species has been intentionally planted for ornamental purposes by the Sundanese community. Psidium cattleyanum differs morphologically from other Psidium species in Java. It has coriaceous leaves with inconspicuous lateral veins, and its ripe fruit is red. Our findings increase the number of Psidium species in Java to three. Description, photographs, an updated key, and a brief discussion are given.
... Adapun data jenis tanaman dikoleksi melalui identifikasi dan determinasi menurut morfologinya. Karakter morfologi tersebut diuji dengan the Kew plant glossary (Beentje, 2020), the Kew Tropical Plant Families Identification Handbook (The Royal Botanic Garden, 2020), the National Herbarium of the Netherlands (https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/). ...
Sangurejo is a tourist village in a special province of Yogyakarta, Turi District, Sleman Regency. The village produces indigenous fruit on the southern slope of Mount Merapi: salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss). Salak has been cultivated for generations by community members and has been an important part of the economy and community welfare. The salak planting pattern has changed from monoculture to mixed planting with an agroforestry pattern. This research aims to determine the agroforestry pattern, development and existence of species composition developed by the people of Sangurejo village. The data was collected by in-depth interview. The results show that random mixture is developed by the community as an agroforestry pattern which is expected to provide more benefits. The species composition combinations are salak with durian trees (Durio zibethinus), salak with Multipurpose Tree Species, salak with sengon trees (Falcataria moluccana), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and bananas (Musa sp.), as well as, salak with bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) and fishpond. These patterns have become a culture for the local community, especially after the salak monoculture was deemed less profitable. However, cultivation of salak pondoh using some agroforestry pattern is currently a side job for the community because the intensity of cultivation with the capital spent is not commensurate with the results obtained. Maintaining salak pondoh cultivation is more about maintaining community culture that has been preserved for generations, especially in tourist villages as one of the tourist destinations. The unclear production chain of salak pondoh and the relatively cheap price have given the effect to salak pondoh cultivators to switch to the agroforestry concept. ABSTRAK Sangurejo merupakan sebuah kampung wisata yang berada di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, berlokasi di Desa Wonokerto, Kapanewon Turi, Kabupaten Sleman. Desa ini menghasilkan buah asli di lereng selatan Gunung Merapi, yakni salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertner) Voss). Salak telah dibudidayakan secara turun-temurun oleh masyarakat dan menjadi bagian penting dalam perekonomian dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Saat ini pola penanaman salak berubah dari monokultur menjadi penanaman campuran berpola agroforestri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola agroforestri, perkembangan dan eksistensi komposisi jenis tanaman yang dikembangkan oleh masyarakat Kampung Sangurejo. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam tentang pola agroforestri salak pondoh di Kampung Sangurejo. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa masyarakat mengembangkan pola agroforestri randome mixture. Kombinasi komposisi jenisnya adalah salak dengan pohon durian (Durio zibethinus), salak dengan Multipurpose Tree Species, salak dengan pohon sengon (Falcataria moluccana), ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta) dan pisang (Musa sp.), serta salak dengan bambu (Dendrocalamus asper) dan kolam ikan. Pola-pola pertanaman semacam ini sudah menjadi budaya masyarakat setempat terutama setelah pola monokultur salak dianggap kurang menguntungkan. Budidaya salak dengan pola agroforestri apapun saat ini oleh masyarakat tidak menjadi tumpuan atau pekerjaan pokok. Hal ini dikarenakan intensitas budidaya dengan modal yang dikeluarkan tidak sebanding dengan hasil yang diperoleh.
... All photographs were taken using a Nikon D5600 body with either a Nikon DX AF-S 40 mm f/1.2, 8G Micro Nikkor lens or a Nikon D3300 AF-P NIK-KOR 18-55 mm lens, and images were post-edited for optimization using Adobe® Photoshop CS6. The terminology used for the morphological descriptions follows Beentje (2016). Identification was accomplished by comparing morphometric characters of fresh specimens with those described in Orchids of Sumatra by Comber (2001). ...
Borneo, one of the largest and most biodiverse islands in the world, continues to reveal remarkable biological discoveries. Its unique geological history and the relatively limited extent of botanical exploration have contributed to the island’s enigmatic flora. During our expedition across three provinces in Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, we discovered three orchid species previously unrecorded on this mainland. Based on comprehensive specimen examination and literature review, three Sumatran orchid species, Eria compressoclavata, Oxystophyllum cuneatipetalum, and Plocoglottis quadrifolia, are reported for the first time from Kalimantan. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions, notes on the expanded distributional ranges, ecological observations, and high-resolution photographic documentation for each species.
... The morphological descriptions of the specimens were prepared based on specimens collected from Jagong Jeget, Aceh Tengah, northern Sumatra, in 2022 and 2023. The preparation of this description follows the specific terminology of Impatiens outlined by Grey-Wilson (1989) and Ruchisansakun et al. (2018) and general morphological terms from Beentje (2016). The collected specimens were deposited in LGS and MEDA (acronyms following Thiers 2024). ...
Impatiens is a diverse genus within the Balsaminaceae family, comprising over 1,120 species. The northern Gayo Plateau of Sumatra, an island in Southeast Asia, is renowned for its rich Impatiens diversity. In this paper, we described and illustrated a new species named Impatiens bungeusing from this area. This species is most similar to Impatiens vitellina Grey-Wilson but differs in having the distinct abaxial leaf venation in a dry state (vs obscure), lateral sepals falcate-oblong (vs narrowly lanceolate), lower sepals with U-shaped spur (vs straight), broadly ovate dorsal petal (vs ovate), and ovate sub-rhomboidal upper lateral united petals (vs oblong). This discovery brings the total number of known Impatiens species in Sumatra to forty-eight.
... The description of Stellaria species is based on our personal collections as well as the herbarium specimens deposited at BM, KATH, TI and TUCH (Thiers 2024), which were examined through herbarium visits or high-resolution digital images. The herbarium specimens were morphologically studied, and standard literature was consulted for the terminologies (Edgeworth & Hooker 1874, Harris & Harris 2001, Prenner et al. 2009, Beentje 2010, Simpson 2010, Arabi et al. 2017, Chandra et al. 2019. The seed morphologies were observed under stereomicroscope with a Leica DVM6 camera as well as using a scanning electron microscope at the State Key Laboratory of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ...
Based on distinctive morphology, Stellaria rajbhandarii is described as a new species from Nepal, and S. neotomentosa is resurrected since it is a species distinct from S. nepalensis. This study has provided the diagnosis as well as a complete description, phenology, distribution, habitat, and photoplates of both species.
... Measurements and descriptions were based on fresh, and spirit-preserved materials. The description follows the recent work of Saensouk et al. (2024), while Araceae morphological terminology follows Mayo et al. (1997) implemented by the descriptive terminology of Beentje (2016). Herbarium citations adhere to the Index Herbariorum (Thiers, 2024). ...
As part of our ongoing research to revise and reveal the true diversity of the family Araceae in Myanmar, we describe two new Typhonium species, T. karsticola and T. pallescens, from Mon State and the Sagaing Region. Additionally, we report for the first time the occurrence of T. albidinervium, T. laoticum, and T. roxburghii in Myanmar. A detailed taxonomic account of the two new species including morphological comparison with closely similar species and relevant information on the newly recorded species are provided below. With the addition of these two new species and three newly recorded species, Myanmar now has a total of 17 Typhonium with 47% endemicity.
... The general morphological terminology follows Hickey (1973), Ellis et al. (2009), andBeentje (2016). The specialized Compositae terminology follows Funk et al. (2009), and specific literature about the terminology of receptacle ) and pappus . ...
We describe one new species from Ceará state, Brazil: Wedelia figueiredoana. It is morphologically associated with W. bonplandiana, but distinguished by 0.25–1.05 cm leaf blade width (vs. 1.5–2.6 cm), linear to narrow oblong leaf blade (vs. elliptic to spatulate), 3-seriate involucre (vs. 2-seriate), and cypselae 3.9–4 mm long (vs. 6–7 mm). An anatomical analysis of cypselae is provided, and we propose a more accurate terminology to describe similar wings to Wedelia species. We also provide a scientific illustration of the new species, photos of habitat, a map of its geographic occurrence, and its taxonomic affinities are discussed with a taxonomic key to the Wedelia species with the apically pronounced wings in the cypselae.
... magnification stereo microscope was used for studying morphological features. Descriptive terminology follows Beentje (2016) and Manktelow (2000). Locality information for specimens cited also provides the quarter degree grid squares following the degree reference system of Edwards & Leistner (1971). ...
Petalidium namibense, hitherto confused with P. englerianum, P. rossmannianum, and the widespread P. variabile, is here described as a new species. It is a range-restricted species, only known from the area to the southwest, west and northwest of Puros in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, northwestern Namibia, where it grows at the base of rocky outcrops, on arid hillsides, and along ephemeral riverbeds and drainage lines. Diagnostic characters for P. namibense include the pale grey appearance of the plants, corky bark on older stems, vegetative parts with a dense white indumentum of relative long dendritic trichomes appearing lanate, flowers borne in short few-flowered dichasia, and bracteoles narrowly ovate. The flowers of P. namibense are distinctive in having the two upper corolla lobes discolorous, abaxially light brown, adaxially vermillion, without nectar guides, and connate towards the base for 25–40% of their length. The anterior lobe is adaxially magenta with two relative long, narrowly triangular yellow nectar guides. The two lateral lobes are adaxially vermillion, or distally magenta, grading to vermillion towards the throat, and lack conspicuous nectar guides. A comparison of key morphological features distinguishing P. namibense from P. sesfonteinense, its closest relative in appearance, as well as from P. englerianum, P. rossmannianum, and P. variabile, is provided. Based on IUCN Red List criteria, a provisional conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU) is recommended for the new species.
... stored at CAS, NY, QCA and US (acronyms by Thiers, 2024). The new species was described using the botanical terminology of Beentje (2016). ...
A species of Ceratostema new to science from southern Ecuador, is described and illustrated as part of ongoing research on biodiversity in the Cordillera Real de Los Andes. Ceratostema gualaquizensis is distinguished by the convex leaves with folded margins at the base, and the axillary, solitary, and tubular flowers with a slightly 5-ribbed corolla that is magenta with apically black lobes. Furthermore, we provide additional information on the newly described Ceratostema loucianae. The taxonomic similarities of these two species are discussed and information about their distribution, habitat, and conservation status are provided. Both species are being sold and cultivated with erroneous/fictitious names by nurseries and private collections, information of which is provided in this paper.
... The morphological descriptions are based on analyses of herbarium specimens deposited at CEPEC, HUEFS, MBML, and MG, as well as photographs of exsiccatae available online (CRIA, 2021;REFLORA, 2021). The terminology in the descriptions follows Beentje (2016). Morphological data about the other species of Chrysobalanus, used for comparison, are from relevant literature on Chrysobalanaceae (Prance, 1972;Prance & White, 1988;Prance & Sothers, 2003). ...
While studying Chrysobalanaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, we found some specimens from Espírito Santo State that were similar to each other, but had been attributed either to different genera or left undetermined. Morphological investigations led us to conclude that these collections represent a new species of the small genus Chrysobalanus, which is described herein as C. atlanticus. We provide a taxonomic treatment comprising a detailed morphological description, illustrations, a distributional map, a preliminary conservation assessment, and other taxonomic comments. Chrysobalanus atlanticus is known from four collections made at two localities that are in close proximity. It should be considered Data Deficient (DD) until additional material is found. This novelty reemphasizes the importance of preserving rainforest remnants in Espírito Santo and increasing botanical exploration in this region.
... Measurements presented in the description were taken from dry material, except when otherwise stated (e.g., fruit). Terminology for leaf features follows Hickey (1973); general shapes follows Radford et al. (1974) and colours and other general features follow the glossary of Beentje (2016). Fig. 1A, inadvertently designated by Landrum (1986); isolectotypes F -fragment n.v., GH! (GH00068789!), ...
This study was initially driven by efforts to identify a species of Campomanesia from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest that was introduced into cultivation because of it excellent fruits, using seeds collected in 2007. Tentatively interpreted as a new taxon, after examination of the types of synonyms of its apparent close relatives, we found that this taxon corresponds closely to the type and original description of Abbevillea langsdorffii, which is currently considered a synonym of Campomanesia sessiliflora var. sessiliflora. Examination of original descriptions, types, historical and modern herbarium collections and cultivated individuals support the recognition of A. langsdorffii as a distinct species. The existence of C. langsdorffii prevents using this combination, and, therefore, we propose Campomanesia lorenziana as a necessary replacement name. We provide herein an updated morphological description for C. lor-enziana, including a report on fruit taste, morphological photographs and drawings and a taxonomic discussion. Campomanesia lorenziana is similar to C. hirsuta and C. phaea, so we provide morphological data to distinguish them and a brief historical overview regarding the cultivation of C. lorenziana is also presented.
... Morphological characters were measured using a ruler and vernier caliper. The terminology employed in the description follows Beentje (2016 Diagnosis: Resembling S. plagiocardia in its obliquely ovate foliage, S. quangnamensis clearly differs in several key characteristics. It has terete (vs. ...
Sonerila quangnamensis, a new species from Truong Son Mountain Range, Vietnam, is described and illustrated here. Like S. plagiocardia, S. quangnamensis has obliquely ovate leaves, which are unequal in size within each pair. However, S. quangnamensis is obviously distinct in several characters: the cross-section of its stems and petioles is terete (vs. 4-winged), the adaxial surface of its leaves is covered with hispidulous-pilose (vs. puberulous), the hypanthium is unribbed (vs. 6-ribbed), and its anthers are uniformly yellow (vs. purple to purplish-pink, yellow-tinged towards the base).
... The morphological descriptions were based on dried material, except when otherwise stated. The morphological terminology follows Hickey (1973), Radford et al. (1974), Nic Lughadha (1997, and Beentje (2010). Inflorescence descriptions were structured following Nic Lughadha (1997), using terminology adapted from Briggs and Johnson (1979). ...
This study was conducted in the context of a taxonomic treatment for Myrcia species occurring in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. While revising current synonyms of endemic species of Myrcia sect. Gomidesia, we found consistent morphological separation between Myrcia gestasiana and Myrcia dolichopetala, presently treated as synonyms and detached here. Individuals co-occurring with M. dolichopetala are here recognized and described as a new species, Myrcia macrobracteosa, the specific epithet being allusive of its unusually showy, persistent and accrescent bracts and bracteoles. A taxonomic treatment is provided for each species based on herbarium collections and field data, and their diagnostic characters are contrasted in a comparative table. Morphological plates of fresh and dry material are also provided with notes on taxonomy and distribution , including a map of occurrence records. The three taxa occur in urban forest remnants under extreme threat in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region. In this context, preliminary conservation assessments are also provided for each species based on occurrence data from herbaria and field information.
... Qualitative and quantitative characters of leaves and inflorescences were investigated and categorized as shown in Table S1, with the assistance of stereomicroscopy (SM; Olympus SZX7). Terminology for general morphological characters followed Beentje (2016). Light microscopy (LM; Olympus CX21) was also used to observe microscopic details of the staminal trichomes found on the lower part of filaments following methods described in Chitchak, Stewart & Traiperm (2024). ...
Argyreia Lour. is a speciose genus in the Convolvulaceae. However, the genus contains several problematic species complexes due to their morphological similarity. In this study, we aimed to resolve the Argyreia collinsiae complex, which consists of four similar operational taxonomic units (OTUs), i.e., A. collinsiae (Craib) Na Songkhla & Traiperm, A. dokmaihom Traiperm & Staples, A. versicolor (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm, and a peculiar OTU typically known as the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae. Following morphological comparison and phenetic analysis, all four OTUs were found to be distinct. However, the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae was confirmed to be more closely related to the original morphotype of A. collinsiae than to the other two species. Species distribution modeling (SDM) was then conducted for both morphotypes of A. collinsiae, revealing different geographical ranges of suitable habitat for each. In conclusion, the large-bract morphotype of A. collinsiae was described in this study as a new subspecies, A. collinsiae subsp. megabracteata Traiperm & Srisombat, subsp. nov., based on morphological differences and separate geographic range. We also provide here an identification key, description, detailed illustrations, distribution data, and ecological notes of the new subspecies. An updated description of A. versicolor and an assessment of its conservation status were also prepared since the original description was based solely on dried herbarium specimens and lacks key details.
... Dimensions of vegetative and reproductive structures were measured from fresh and dried herbarium material. The morphological terminology agrees with Roque & Bautista (2008) and Beentje (2016). ...
Blumea is one of the largest genus within the tribe Inuleae, Asteraceae, with approximately 100 species across tropical Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. It is characterized by disciform capitula, one large oxalate crystal in each cypsela epidermis cell, radial anther endothecium thickenings, and tailed anthers. There are no native species of Blumea in the Americas and Hawaii. However, two species have been documented, and both were introduced. Thus, this work documents the first records of Blumea axillaris in the Americas and the first report of this genus in Brazil. We provided a morphological description of the species, with ecological observations, a key for identifying the Blumea among the genera of the tribe Inuleae found in Brazil, and illustrations. This record serves as a warning since it is an invasive exotic species that, by all indications, has already firmly established itself as a weed and can represent significant challenges for agriculture and the environment.
... Measurements and descriptions were based on fresh, and spirit-preserved materials. The species description follows the recent work of Saensouk et al. (2024), while Araceae morphological terminology follows Mayo et al. (1997) implemented by the descriptive terminology of Beentje (2016). Herbarium citations adhere to the Index Herbariorum (Thiers, 2024 Diagnosis: This new species differs from all other Typhonium species by having the fewest staminodes (only three) covering the lower portion of the sterile interstice. ...
Typhonium fornicatum from Bueng Kan Province (Northeastern Thailand) is described and illustrated as a species new to science. Detailed description, color plates, discussion of similar taxa, phenology, distribution, and conservation status assessment are provided.
... To prepare the morphological descriptions, direct observation and measurement of fresh plants were made in the field, complemented by materials preserved in 70% ethanol stored in LGS and UIDEP. Morphological terminology in the description follows Beentje (2016) and Dransfield et al. (1986). The identification was performed using literature (Chantanaorrapint & Chantanaorrapint, 2016;Comber, 1990Comber, , 2001Dransfield et al., 1986;Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992;Truong et al., 2020) and type specimens accessed from JSTOR Global Plants (2024). ...
Corybas is an orchid genus of 154 species distributed from India to South China, the Western Pacific, and New Zealand. Sumatra is home to eight species, five of which are endemic. However, the true diversity is likely underestimated due to limited exploration in some parts of the island. During a recent exploration in the northern Gayo Plateau near the northern tip of the island, a Corybas species was discovered that did not match any previously known species. Further identification through specimen comparison and literature review confirmed that the species is Corybas geminigibbus. It was found growing in montane bogs. This discovery marks the second bioregion in Indonesia where this species has been recorded and the ninth Corybas species on the island. The finding also provides additional evidence of floristic
similarities, suggesting past geological connections between northern Sumatra and mainland Asia. A detailed
description, discussion, and photographs are provided.
... Morphological description and measurements of P. meishanensis were based on living plants. The taxonomic description followed the terminology used by Beentje (2016). The holotype voucher specimens were stored at the Herbarium of Sichuan Normal University (SCNU). ...
Primula meishanensis K.Huang & Z.X.Fu, sp. nov., a new species of Primulaceae from Meishan City, Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. The morphological data and phylogenetic analysis, based on the complete chloroplast genome, suggest that Primula meishanensis is a separate species closely related to Primula dejuniana. The complete chloroplast genome of Primula meishanensis was 152,175 bp and the complete chloroplast genome of Primula dejuniana was 151,988 bp. The new species differs from the latter by the solitary scape, the length of petiole, acute leaf blade apex and pin flower. The distribution map, morphological comparison of related species and conservation status of the new species are also provided.
... The images were edited using PhotoScapeX image-editing software (MOOII Tech, Korea). General anatomical terminology followed Roth (1977), while that of the pericarp anatomy and cypsela shape followed Beentje (2016) and Julio & Oliveira (2009) respectively. ...
Dicranocarpus is a monotypic genus endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert with atypical attributes among species of tribe Coreopsideae. Phylogenetic position of Dicranocarpus parviflorus has been controversial. A molecular phylogeny showed that the taxon was closely related to Dahlia; however, further analyses with a wider sampling of Dahlia, also including Hidalgoa, identified the genus in a more distant clade. The objective of this study is to gather anatomical attributes from the cypselae as well as palynological characters along with macromorphology to determine whether Dicranocarpus shares characters with these genera in Coreopsideae. Our results show that although the pollen of D. parviflorus does not possess attributes that distinguish it from the rest of the tribe Coreopsideae, they were useful to confirm its membership in the tribe. The cypselae anatomy identified that D. parviflorus has characters of taxonomic value that differentiate this species from the rest of the Coreopsideae. The three most significant novel characters in Dicranocarpus were in the outer mesocarp, consisting of tracheoidal-like cells forming irregular rows up to 250 μm in length, an aerenchyma in the middle mesocarp, and the lack of phytomelanin and calcium oxalate crystals. Furthermore, the results of the phytomelanin patterns in the studied taxa highlight the need for further anatomical studies of the cypselae to fully understand the evolution of phytomelanin deposition in the tribe Coreopsideae and even in the Heliantheae Alliance. Macromorphological, palynological and anatomical attributes of the cypsela in Dicranocarpus were not shared with Dahlia. Moreover, the sexual condition of the disc and ray florets shared with Hidalgoa has evolved independently in lineages of Asteraceae.
... Flowers were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol and examined under a stereomicroscope (DEM KOPPACE Model KP 704TH-B3 and OEM Model). The descriptive style follows Naive (2017) and Naive et al (2019Naive et al ( , 2020, with botanical terminology generally adhering to Beentje (2016). Type specimens and literature of Etlingera species from the Philippines and neighboring countries were reviewed using high-resolution images from Global Plants on JSTOR (accessed at https://plants.jstor.org/) ...
During our continued expeditions in Mindanao Island of southern Philippines, a new species, Etlingera lacerata Naive, was discovered and is herein described and illustrated. Resembling E. amomoides closely, it is easily distinguished by its turbinate spike with a tapering tip and a red labellum adorned with occasional white spots along the lacerate margin. This study includes a comprehensive species description, colored photographs, phenology, habitat details, geographical information, and a provisional conservation assessment for this new endemic Etlingera species. With this discovery, the total of known Etlingera species in the Philippines rises to 18, with 12 of them being endemic to the archipelago.
... The measurements and description of the novelty were based on four field-collected living plants and three dried herbarium specimens . The taxonomic description follows the terminology used by Beentje (2016). Voucher specimens and additional silica-gel dried leaves are deposited in CDBI Herbarium (acronym following Thiers 2021, continuously updated). ...
Gastrochilus balangshanensis, a new orchid species from the Balang Mountain, Sichuan Province, Southwest China, is described and illustrated. It morphologically resembles G. affinis, but differs in having shorter stems, a reniform epichile and a sub-hemispherical hypochile (spur), obtuse-rounded at the apex. The results of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosome internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and four chloroplast DNA markers (matK, psbA–trnH, psbM–trnD and trnL–F) from 50 Gastrochilus species indicate that G. balangshanensis is closely related to G. heminii and G. bernhardtianus, also endemic to the Hengduan Mountains. The novelty is a branch and trunk epiphyte in mixed coniferous forest.
... Morphological terms follow Beentje (2016). Habitat, phenology, flower and fruit color, and location data were compiled from specimen labels and field observations. ...
Prieurella lenticellata sp. nov. is here described and illustrated as a new species endemic to the Amazon rainforest. It is morphologically similar to P. manaosensis, but differs by having trunks with relatively larger circumference, coriaceous and smaller leaves, cuneate to truncate leaf bases, and glabrescent fruits with numerous lenticels. The verrucous testa is addressed as an important generic feature of Prieurella. This new species is only known from northern Brazil and its border with French Guiana. It occurs in terra firme forest, on clayey soil in plain areas. Considering its occurrence in protected areas and its wide distribution, we suggest a preliminary conservation status as Least Concern, according to IUCN criteria. An identification key to all accepted species of Prieurella is included.
KEYWORDS:
Brazil; conservation; Ericales; lenticelled fruit; taxonomy; terra firme forest
... We use calyx terminology for Melastomataceae proposed by Basso-Alves et al. (2017) and by Penneys & Judd (2005). All other terminology follows Beentje (2015). Specimens seen by the authors are marked below with "!". ...
A new species of Triolena, endemic to Colón Province, Panama, is described and illustrated. The specimens of this taxon were previously identified as Triolena lanceolata , but closer inspection has shown them to be morphologically and geographically distinct. Triolena anisophylla K.Samra & Michelang. grows on rocks and tree trunks along rivers in Colón Province. This species is distinguishable by its strongly anisophyllous leaves and unique trichomes on the adaxial surface of the leaves. A complete description, distribution map, preliminary conservation assessment, taxonomic notes, and regional key are provided.
... The correspondence among terms used in previous morphological descriptions and those of Hewson (2019) was reviewed and the corresponding ones was entered here, i.e., sericeus sensu Silva (2010) = silky sensu Hewson (2019). Terms for shape and venation of laminar structures follow Ellis et al. (2009), those for colors follow Beentje (2016). The term "reflex" is according to Ellis et al. (2009: 32, 36): angle at base or apex greater than 180°. ...
A new species of Dahlstedtia from Colombia is described and illustrated with notes about its geographical distribution, phenology, conservation status and taxonomic affinities. Dahlstedtia colombiana shares with D. muehlbergiana their leaves often with 9–11 opposite leaflets, leaflets abaxially silky as well as wide samaroid fruits coriaceous to woody, indumented with few seeds. However, the new species can be distinguished by its leaflet bases truncate to rounded, leaflet secondary veins not reaching at the secondary marginal vein, shorter secondary bracts and bracteoles, longer flowering pedicels, and its fruits silky and khaki colored. Dahlstedtia colombiana inhabits the Seasonally Tropical Dry Forest in the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers Valleys, a highly disturbed ecosystem inside the country. This new species represents the first record of Dahlstedtia from Colombia although other species have been recorded from all neighboring countries. Some specimens of D. colombiana were collected on an unknown date between the ending of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries in the expedition led by Jose Celestino Mutis, which geographical provenance is briefly discussed here.
The paper presents new data on the orchid diversity of Vietnam obtained mainly during the fieldwork of 2023–2024, as well as a result of investigation of the herbarium and garden collections of Russia and Vietnam. It includes five species new to science, namely Cleisostoma truongquanii, Cymbidium bavuongii, Hemipilia uniflora, Micropera vietnamensis, Robiquetia binhii, and one variety, Biermannia averyanovii var. micrantha. Six species, Biermannia brachystachys, Cleisostoma nangongense, Coelogyne cumingii, Eulophia bicallosa, Gastrodia fontinalis, and Schoenorchis seidenfadenii are reported for Vietnam at first. For each of the studied taxa, their types, relevant synonyms, studied specimens, ecology and phenology (within Vietnam), distribution, preliminarily assessed conservation status, brief taxonomic notes and illustrations are provided. For the newly described taxa, morphological descriptions and notes on etymology are included. In addition, new nomenclature combinations, Panisea lecongkietii (Vuong, Aver. & Q.T.Truong) Aver., Biermannia brachystachys (Schltr.) Aver., Thrixspermum arunachalensis (A.N.Rao) Aver., and Thrixspermum jainiana (S.N.Hegde & A.N.Rao) Aver. are proposed. Based on available literature data and currently presented data the orchid flora of Vietnam includes 1382 species belonging to 184 genera.
Argyreia manjolaiensis (Convolvulaceae), a new species from the southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, is described and illustrated. Detailed description, photoplates, and distribution map are provided. Information on population status and ecology is also presented to facilitate the identification and conservation of the species.
Background The polyploid genus Curcuma L. is an economically important, yet taxonomically rather difficult genus, mainly distributed in South and Southeast Asia. Several Chinese important traditional medicinal herbs are from Curcuma , such as “jianghuang姜黄”, “yujin郁金” and “ezhu莪术”. During field investigation of plant resources in Yunnan, the distribution center of the genus in China, an unknown flowering and seed-setting species of Curcuma was discovered. Its morphological characters were assessed for further taxonomic treatment and molecular analysis was conducted to ascertain its phylogenetic position within the genus as well. Its genome size, chromosome number and ploidy level were evaluated by k -mer distribution analysis and cytological method. Results This species resembles Curcuma longa but can be distinctly differed in its yellow rhizomes, sometimes with pubescent abaxial surfaces, green or sometimes with vary faint and narrower purple stripes at the midrib, white tinged with pale purple to pale purple coma bracts. Its chromosome number is 2 n = 42. The haploid genome size estimation of Curcuma flavescens based on k -mer distribution is 874.19 Mb. Smudgeplot analysis suggested it is a diploid heterozygous genome (AB). Plastid phylogenomic analyses indicated that this new species is embedded within subg. Curcuma . The comprehensive phylogenetic studies conducted on Curcuma species using nrITS regions showed it is nested with C. montana , a species from India and Bangladesh. Moreover, morphological analysis further reinforced the distinctiveness of this species from C. montana . It revealed several key differences across various anatomical features such as the color of rhizomes, the indumentum of leaves and the morphology of inflorescence and flowers. Our findings make a strong case for using next-generation sequencing to explore phylogenetic relationships and identify new species. Conclusion The morphological and molecular evidences support the recognition of Curcuma flavescens as a new species. This provides a good diploidy material for the further breeding work in the genus Curcuma , and might also contribute to the study of the polyploid origin in this genus.
Alibertia mahechae (Gardenieae, Rubiaceae), a new tree species endemic to the forest of the Colombian Eastern Andes, is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished by traits such as coriaceous, glabrous leaves, short stipules, pistillate flowers with 7-8-lobed corollas, and globose fruits with woody mesocarp. This new species is similar to A. occidentalis, from which it differs in the coriaceous leaf blades (vs. papyraceous in A. occidentalis), (5-)7-9 pairs of secondary veins [vs. 9-14(-16)], male flower with truncate calyx (vs. denticulate to slightly undulate), corolla tubes (15-)20-27 mm long (vs. 11-18 mm long), anthers 16-17.5 mm long (vs. 6.5-10 mm long), and female flower 7-8-merous (vs. 6-merous). A key to the Alibertia species occurring in Colombia is provided.
Peperomia is a species-rich genus, and one of its centers of richness and endemism is in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. During field work in the Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas, a protected area in Espírito Santo State in southeastern Brazil, a new species was discovered that is described here. Peperomia capixaba is a terrestrial herb with small, non-peltate leaves forming a rosette, each 5- (or obscurely 7) veined, with a concave lamina when living, having a cordate base and sinus overlapped by the lobes. This unique combination of features distinguishes it from the morphologically similar P. arifolia and related species. Peperomia capixaba is known only from the type locality, on the slopes of a mountainous region in Espírito Santo. Analyses of protologues and type images of related species resulted in novel taxonomic interpretations and nomenclatural changes in subgenus Multipalmata. Two new synonyms are proposed here: P. hydrocotyloides var. prolifera is synonymized with P. arifola, and P. rostulatiformis with P. clausenii.
Selaginella antioquensisis described as a new species so far known to occur only in the Central Andean Cordillera in the municipalities of Amalfi and Anorí, Department of Antioquia, Colombia. It is characterized by its creeping to decumbent habit with flattened stems and branches, the main stems 1- or 2-branched, the lateral leaf oblong with long-ciliate basiscopic margins along the proximal and obtuse to obtuse-truncate or subacute apices. Its overall growth habit, the stem and branch form, and the shape, position, and arrangement of the lateral leaves give a centipediform aspect to the plant. It is further distinguished by its median leaves that are broadly-elliptic to broadly ovate-elliptic with the outer base bearing a tuft of long cilia, long-aristate apices, each – the length of the lamina, and lateral and sessile strobili. This species is a member of the “Selaginella cruciformis group”, which we define here. We discuss the unique morphological characteristics of S. antioquensis and compare it to morphologically similar taxa, and provide a conservation assessment for it. This study also led us to report a widespread Neotropical species, S. simplex, as a new record for Colombia. Finally, illustrations and a distribution map are included for the two species here newly reported in Colombia: S. antioquensis and S. simplex.
In the Malveae tribe (Malvaceae), the axis supporting the flower has a joint at the upper third. This axis can be considered as an articulated pedicel, peduncle, peduncle-pedicel, or anthopodium. Such disparity in terminology reveals a duality in interpretation since this structure is classified as part of the inflorescence or part of the flower. In an effort to reach a consensus, this study aims to evaluate axes supporting the flowers of species from the Malveae tribe through ontogenetic, morphological, and histochemical analyses, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ontogenetic analyses indicated that the axis supporting the flower is an articulated pedicel, which is divided into proximal and distal parts owing to the presence of the constriction (joint). Simultaneously, the articulated pedicel arises from the floral meristem, along with the establishment of the calyx and androecium. As development progresses, we observed frequent abscissions of the floral bud, along with the distal portion of the pedicel, at the joint. After this, the remaining proximal portion of the pedicel becomes secretory, as an extrafloral nectary, often foraged by ants of the genus Wasmannia. Thus, this ontogenetic analysis of the articulated pedicel helps in understanding its functionality and morphological variability, highlighting the importance of standardized terminology since it would lead to conceptual clarity in different studies. Additionally, this study, for the first time, reveals the presence of extrafloral nectaries on articulated pedicels in Malveae, a previously undocumented feature in Malveae and Malvaceae.
Maesa flabellifera (Primulaceae-Maesoideae) from southeast Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. This new species belongs to the informal long corolla-tube species group and is morphologically similar to M. permollis and M. kurzii, but can be distinguished by lacking hairs, membranaceous leaves and long panicles with 7−16 branches. According to the IUCN criteria, M. flabellifera is assessed as “Least Concern”.
This study confirmed the taxonomic significance of achenes by observing and comparing the morphology and anatomical characteristics of 13 taxa of the genus Boehmeria in Korea. The results confirmed that the achenes studied here are the drupe-like fruit type with mucilage in the exocarp, and during the fruiting season, the perianth persists on the pericarp. The morphological characteristics of the achenes, specifically the number per glomerule as well as the size, shape, color, and trichome were taxonomically significant. The anatomical characteristics of the transverse sectional shape and wings, the thickness of each pericarp layer, the shape of the crystalliferous cells in the mesocarp, and the number of sclereid cell layers in the endocarp were also found to be important. Particularly, the size and wings of the achenes were informative for distinguishing between Sect. Tilocnide and Sect. Duretia, while other characteristics were differentiated among series or certain taxa within the series. The taxonomic significance of the achenes is discussed through comparisons with previously studied taxa and their characteristics. Accordingly, the results of this study can provide valuable insight for those seeking to understand the evolutionary trends of achenes in Boehmeria in the future.
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