Article

Dogs and cats as environmental fall hazards

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Abstract

Falls are the leading cause of non-fatal injuries in the United States. This study assessed the prevalence of fall injuries associated with cats and dogs in the United States and describes the types of injuries sustained, the location, activity, and circumstances under which they occurred. Data were from a nationally representative sample of emergency department visits from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2006, available through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). Based on 7,456 cases, an estimated 86,629 fall injuries each year were associated with cats and dogs, for an injury rate of 29.7. There were 7.5 times as many injuries involving dogs as cats and females were 2.1 times more likely to be injured than males. Injury rates were highest among people aged >/=75, but pets were a fall hazard for all ages. Fractures and contusions or abrasions were the most common injuries; the highest rates were for injuries to the extremities. About 66.4% of falls associated with cats and 31.3 % of falls associated with dogs were caused by falling or tripping over the pet. An additional 21.2% of falls related to dogs were caused by being pushed or pulled. Although pets were associated with fall injuries, this risk can be reduced by increasing public awareness about situations that can lead to falls, such as dog-walking and chasing pets, and by calling attention to the importance of obedience training for dogs to minimize hazardous behaviors such as pulling and pushing. Fall injuries represent a burden to individuals, our society and our health care system. Increasing public awareness and implementing basic prevention strategies can help people of all ages enjoy their pets, reduce their chances of experiencing pet-related falls, and lessen the impact of fall injuries on our health care system.

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... A total of 35 articles were identified for this scoping review ( Figure 1). The majority of the papers were written by scholars in the United States (USA) (n ¼ 17) 5,7,8,15,16,20,24,[29][30][31][32]34,35,37,40,43 and Australia (n ¼ 7). 17,[21][22][23]27,28,38 Three articles were published by scholars in the United Kingdom (UK). ...
... 18,26 Environmental interventions targeted community-dwelling individuals, 24,31,32,34,41,42 fall risk in gardens, 19 and fall risk related to pets. 35 One of the studies targeting the environmental fall risk specifically targeted indoors, 46 while others targeted the environment as a whole, 19,23,24,29,41 addressing both indoor and outdoor risk factors. ...
... 8,20,23,[27][28][29]32,37,38,42,46 Some studies wanted to reduce falls to reduce the risk of hip fractures, 17 or injuries associated with falls. 18,35 If the study did not have falls as the primary outcome then the studies were focusing on developing tools to reduce the risk of falls. 5,15,16,34,39,43 Two studies developed falls preventions checklists and evaluated the validity and reliability of the checklist. ...
Article
Aims Fall hazards identification and reduction is an important component of falls prevention. The purpose of this review is to describe the literature on fall hazards identification in older adults, characterize how it is delivered, and identify any gaps in knowledge. Method CINHAL, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsychINFO were used to identify articles. Studies were selected to describe: 1) theoretical strategies related to fall hazards identification, 2) the nature of interventions, and 3) the use in community contexts. Results A total of 35 articles were identified spanning from 1994 to 2019. Fall hazards identification was most commonly used to reduce the risk of falls in community-dwelling older adults, focusing largely of fall reduction in the home, facilitated by occupational therapists and researchers. Conclusion Establishing a clear definition of fall hazards, and developing a theoretical framework to facilitate program implementation should advance fall hazards identification.
... From the 14 articles reviewed in the scoping study, 17 home fall hazards were identified. Two fall hazards either had not been previously identified (snowy surfaces) or were now cited with increased frequency (pets) (Nachreiner, Findorff, Wyman, & McCarthy, 2007;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010). Baths were not found to be a fall hazard in this review, although they were included in the original WeHSA. ...
... The identification of pets as an environmental fall hazard has emerged as a relatively new finding in research. A study discovered that tripping and falling over dogs and cats could be a potential threat to older adults' physical safety (Stevens et al., 2010). However, the potential benefits that pets offer for the health and well-being of older adults should be weighed against the risk they pose of causing falls (Gee, Mueller, & Curl, 2017). ...
... However, the potential benefits that pets offer for the health and well-being of older adults should be weighed against the risk they pose of causing falls (Gee, Mueller, & Curl, 2017). In addition to practical environmental strategies (e.g., feeding animals away from traffic ways), obedience training and raising public awareness about this type of fall hazard are possible solutions to lessen the fall risk of older adults with pets (Stevens et al., 2010). ...
Article
Introduction Comprehensive evaluation and intervention provided by occupational therapists is effective in reducing the presence of fall hazards in the homes of older adults. The purpose of this study was to document known environmental hazards and to update a previous content analysis. A secondary goal reviewed a framework for evaluation and practice. Methods A comprehensive scoping review of published academic articles was performed from 1996 to 2019 to answer: What environmental hazards have been associated with falls in the homes of community‐dwelling older adults? Data was extracted in a standardised critical appraisal worksheet and content analysis was conducted. A review of a conceptual framework for assessment and intervention was conducted by international experts (n = 6) in face‐to‐face interviews. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the scoping study. The studies reported 17 in‐home environmental hazards: throw rugs/carpets, clutter, cords/wires, poorly placed light switches, items placed too low, items placed too high, no grab bars, toilet seats too low, uneven floor surfaces, slippery/wet surfaces, snowy/icy surfaces, backless/unsupportive shoes, unsteady stairs, inadequate lighting, inadequate heating/cooling, step stools without railings, and pets. Conclusion A comprehensive list of specific fall hazards in and around the homes of older adults and a guiding framework offers occupational therapists an evidence‐based foundation for fall prevention efforts.
... Dog owners were also shown to have faster walking speeds compared to non-dog owners [15]. Conversely, the presence of dogs in the household has also been shown to increase risk for falls [20] and, in fact, studies looking at reasons for falls due to owning a dog found that the act of walking a dog was the most common mechanism of falls leading to injuries [21,22]. To date, no literature exists which assesses the effects of dog walking on gait parameters in people with PD. ...
... A large percentage of people living in the U.S. are dog owners, and owning a dog can result in a variety of emotional and physical benefits [14][15][16][17]. Owning a dog can also pose a fall hazard, especially in the elderly population, as the act of walking a dog can increase the risk of falls and injuries [21,22]. The ability to dual-task is also negatively affected as the disease progresses. ...
Article
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The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dog walking on gait and mobility in people with Parkinson disease (PD). This single-group, single-session, observational pilot study included nineteen participants with PD in Hoehn and Yahr stages II (n = 9) and III (n = 10). Primary measures were a gait analysis and the Timed Up and Go (TUG). Three trials of two conditions (walking with and without a dog) were completed. Walking with a dog resulted in slower gait velocity (mean difference = 0.11 m/s, p = 0.003, d = 0.77), shorter step length (left: mean difference = 7.11 cm, p = 0.000; right: mean difference = 3.05, p = 0.01), and stride length (left: mean difference = 7.52, p = 0.003; right: mean difference = 8.74, p = 0.001). The base of support was more narrowed (Z = −2.13, p = 0.03), with increased double limb stance time (left: Z = −2.89, p = 0.004; right: Z = −2.59, p = 0.01). Walking with a dog caused slower TUG times (mean difference = −1.67, p = 0.000) and increased number of steps (Z = −3.73, p = 0.000). No significant change shown in step time (left: mean difference = −0.001, p = 0.81; right: mean difference = 0.002, p = 0.77) or cadence (Z = −1.67, p = 0.10). In conclusion, there was an overall decline of gait parameters in people with PD when walking with a dog.
... In 2010, the first national estimates of fall injuries related to dogs and cats were published in the US (56) . Of these, 88% involved dogs and 11.7% involved cats. ...
... The majority of injuries for both men and women were classified as fractures, contusions, or abrasions, and about half of all injuries involved the extremities. Although injuries were most frequent among children and middle-aged adults, the highest fracture rates were found among people aged 75 years and over (56) . Given the recent surge of interest in the health benefits of dog walking for older adults, the risk of fall injuries associated with dog walking must also be considered (57) . ...
Book
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An overview of the role pets might play in healthy active human ageing.
... In contrast to increasing evidence suggesting the benefi ts of human-animal interactions, little attention has been paid to identifying current animal practices, potential risks, or evidence-based best practices for animals in nursing homes. Th e presence of animals may be associated with increased risk of falls, injuries, allergies, adverse psychological events, and animal-to-person (zoonotic) diseases (Guay, 2001;Huss et al., 2001;Murthy et al., 2015;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010). ...
... Although there are limited data to defi ne the level of risk to nursing home residents by animals, prior work has reported zoonotic agents are frequently present in visiting animals (i.e., 80% of therapy dogs in one study) (Lefebvre et al., 2006), older adults and immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk for pet-associated infections (Stull, Brophy, & Weese, 2015), and animals have been identifi ed as a source of disease outbreaks in nursing homes (Moff att et al., 2014). Further, allergies and injuries (e.g., falls) associated with animals in nursing homes can be important health concerns (Huss et al., 2001;Stevens et al., 2010). Policies aimed at reducing these risks, such as prohibiting animals based on age (i.e., young) or species (i.e., high-risk for pathogen shedding, bites/scratches), are integral in best practices for health care settings (Murthy et al., 2015) and similarly encouraged in nursing homes (Guay, 2001). ...
Article
Pets are encountered in nursing homes and although they provide health benefits to individuals, they are also a source of health risks. The current study aimed to determine the frequency and types of animals in nursing homes, perceived benefits, and content of policies addressing health risks. Ninety-five administrators from unique nursing homes in Ohio completed an online survey addressing perceived benefits and risks of animals and policies in place. Animals were permitted in 99% of nursing homes, with dogs (95%), cats (85%), birds (71%), fish (55%), and farm animals (40%) most frequently reported. Respondents perceived animal interactions resulted in high health benefits for residents. Most facilities (70/75; 93%) reported having an animal policy, yet important gaps were frequently identified in the content of policies. Most respondents (75%) did not report health and safety concerns with animals in facilities. Best practice guidelines and policies should be developed and implemented in nursing homes to address requirements for different animal ownership models, range of animal species, and staff knowledge. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, xx(x), xx-xx.].
... Falls are a major factor influencing mortality and morbidity for aging adults (Ambrose et al., 2013). Dogs and cats may be associated with fall risk, and fall injuries related to pets are highest for people 75 years of age and older (Stevens et al., 2010). In addition, dogs can be a hazard for injuries related to leash-walking (Willmott et al., 2012) and both cats and dogs can be linked to scratches and bites. ...
... Further, as with any field of investigation, there is a positive publication bias -typically journals are more likely to accept for publication manuscripts that report significant findings (Herzog, 2015). This bias is exacerbated in HAI research because often researchers form hypotheses that test for associated benefits, rather than posing more objective questions, and fail to consider that HAI could have negative effects (Stevens et al., 2010). ...
Article
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Both pet ownership and animal-assisted therapy are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, and the science of human–animal interaction (HAI) seeks to explore how these relationships with animals can impact health and well-being. In particular, one burgeoning area of research is the role of HAI in healthy aging, given the potential for HAI as an important feature of health and well-being in older adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize and evaluate existing research in this innovative area of scholarship, identifying the potential benefits and risks of both pet ownership and animals in therapeutic settings for older adults. We will also identify recommendations for future research and applications in this developing area of scholarship.
... Indirect causes of falls occur when an individual trips over a dog's chew toy or slips in a puddle of water from a dog bowl spill. In 2006, falls associated with dogs (not restricted to workplace exposure) and cats resulted in an estimated 86,000 injuries in the United States [100]. According to studies that collected data on emergency room visits, the highest injury rates occurred among people over 75 years of age, and the most common injury was fracture [99,100]. ...
... In 2006, falls associated with dogs (not restricted to workplace exposure) and cats resulted in an estimated 86,000 injuries in the United States [100]. According to studies that collected data on emergency room visits, the highest injury rates occurred among people over 75 years of age, and the most common injury was fracture [99,100]. ...
Article
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Pet dogs, therapy dogs, and service dogs can be seen in workplaces with increasing frequency. Although dogs may provide many benefits to employees and employers, their presence may introduce additional hazards and concerns to the work environment. Therefore, decisions to accept dogs in the workplace may include many considerations including the health, safety, and well-being of employees, legal and cultural sensitivities, and animal welfare. The present paper serves to introduce the issue of dogs in the workplace and outline the potential benefits and challenges to their presence. The legal accommodations afforded to certain types of dogs in workplace settings are discussed, and the research findings pertaining to the potential benefits of dogs on human health and well-being are summarized. The paper concludes with considerations for human resource management personnel in the areas of diversity, employee relations, ethics and corporate responsibility, organizational and employee development, safety and security, and legal considerations, as well as suggested topics for future research.
... Det finns även andra riskfaktorer med att ha djur. I en studie från USA (Stevens, m fl 2010). Har det visat sig att hundar och katter kan vara en fallrisk för äldre personer. ...
... Inte bara levande djur är en fallrisk utan även robotdjur och gosedjur och alla andra saker som kan slängas på golvet. En studie gjord av Stevens (2010) gav ytterligare bevis på att djur kan vara en fallrisk för äldre, vilket kan benbrott och blåmärken och skrubbsår. Att ha ett djur som bor på vårdboendet är inte alltid bra för det krävs ansträngning utav personalen, djuret eller hunden måste rastas ett par gånger varje dag i och för sig hade det varit bra för på samma gång hade personalen kunnat gå en runda med de boende som också hade mått bra av att komma ut varje dag. ...
... Using emergency department visit data in the USA, Stevens et al. (2010) found that about 1% of all falls were caused by pets, of which 88% were dog-related. Persons aged 75 or older were most likely to be injured by these falls, and 62% occurred in the home. ...
Article
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Pet ownership has known health and well-being benefits for people of all ages. Most previous research on pet ownership among older people has focussed on older people with pets living independently in their own homes or the effects of visiting pet programs in residential aged care. With structural ageing of populations globally, the number of humans living into old age is increasing. Even with home support and care policies, an increasing number will need to live in communal aged care settings. Currently, pets rarely accompany older persons into communal residential aged care. This article presents a risk management tool – Safe Animal Friendly Environments (SAFE) – designed to facilitate and maintain private pet ownership among older people living in residential aged care facilities. SAFE was developed to identify best practice for both human and animal well-being in residential aged care. The tool supports both human and animal well-being during a human stage of life with many losses and pains while reducing the number of pet animals needlessly relinquished or even euthanised when owners need to ‘go into care’. It was developed using a Delphi process with multidisciplinary expert input. We identify the different types of risks for stakeholders (residents with pets, aged care facility staff and pets), including physical, zoonotic and psychological risks. None of the identified risks of pets in aged care are unmanageable. SAFE reduces risks to acceptable levels and directs how to remove them where possible. SAFE has a summative table listing 17 general risks: from animals to humans, humans to animals and animals to animals. Each identified risk has a pre-mitigation risk assessment (low, medium or high), recommended mitigation actions and a post-mitigation risk rating (low, medium or high). Post-mitigation risk is reduced to ‘low’ in almost all scenarios. SAFE has separate tables for dogs, cats, small mammals, birds and fish, each preceded by a best practice case study. The discussion links the Ottawa Charter for (human) health promotion and use of SAFE. SAFE contributes to the inclusion of residential aged care as a context for the personal human-animal bond.
... For instance, people can fall over their pet's toys or the pet itself, or they can trip, slip, or stumble while walking a dog. These types of accidents can substantially impact an owner's health [34][35][36]. The study participants may not have reported falls as a potential problem because they may never have witnessed or experienced pet-related falls themselves. ...
Article
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Background Pets play very important roles for older adults. However, whether the same roles apply to pets of care clients receiving long-term care at home (LTCH) is unclear. This study aimed primarily to explore whether the roles of pets for LTCH-clients who own pets are comparable to the roles of pets for older adults in the general population. Furthermore, we explored potential pet-related problems that might be encountered in LTCH in practice, and the potential influences of pet ownership on caregiving relationships. These insights may help improve long-term care services in LTCH. Methods This project started with a study using the Consensual Qualitative Research method (CQR). We conducted semi-structured interviews based on themes from our previous review (e.g., Relational Aspects, Emotional Aspects, and Social Aspects). Secondly, an online survey was used to confirm the findings from the CQR study by calculating Content Validity Index scores (in SPSS 26) regarding contents, relevance, and clarity. The survey also included open-ended questions on potential pet-related problems and their impact on caregiving relationships for LTCH-clients, family caregivers, and professional caregivers. Results The CQR study found that the roles pets play for LTCH-clients (N = 8), family caregivers (N = 10), and professional caregivers (N = 10) were similar to the roles pets play for older adults in the general population. The online survey confirmed most of the CQR findings. In the survey, LTCH-clients (N = 4), family caregivers (N = 8), professional caregivers (N = 8), and researchers in human-animal studies and in geriatric care (N = 5) reported various potential problems that could arise from pet ownership by LTCH-clients, such as clients with deteriorating health being forced to part with their pets. Participants also reported potential positive and negative effects of pet ownership on caregiving relationships, such as pets being a nice topic of conversation, or, conversely, a source of disagreement in the LTCH context. Conclusions The roles pets play for LTCH-clients seem comparable to the roles pets play for older adults in the general population. In addition, LTCH-clients might experience pet-related problems specific to the LTCH context. Pets may influence caregiving relationships, either positively or negatively. Therefore, instruments and guidelines are needed to account for pets in LTCH.
... Dogs are low to the ground and often attached to leashes, which constitutes both direct and indirect fall hazards (Willmott, Greenheld, & Goddard, 2012) (see Figure 1(c)). It has been proposed that leash lengths could be limited to 4-6 feet to prevent falls (Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010). In the USA, crating a dog is a popular "convenience practice." ...
... Some of Guenther's outlined challenges to idealized pet-keeping may become more salient as pet owners age, which can become particularly problematic as pets are broadly believed to be beneficial to older adult health and well-being in a variety of domains, such as cognitive health (e.g., (Applebaum et al., 2022)), physical activity and physical function (e.g., (Dall et al., 2017;Friedmann et al., 2020Friedmann et al., , 2022Gee & Mueller, 2019;Peacock et al., 2020)), and mental health (e.g., Bolstad et al., 2021;Gee & Mueller, 2019;Gee et al., 2017;Gee et al., 2021;Hui Gan et al., 2019;MacLean et al., 2017)). However, pet ownership is not without risks for older adults, including the increased risk of falling from pets being underfoot (Stevens et al., 2010), and potential zoonotic disease threats among older adults with weakened immune systems (Egorov et al., 2018;Obradović et al., 2020). Furthermore, for economically vulnerable older adults, the costs associated with pet ownership can compromise their ability to keep their pets, particularly if they need to enter supportive residential care with pet restrictions (Toohey & Krahn, 2018;Toohey & Rock, 2019). ...
Article
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In this study, we interrogate the ways that older adult pet owners exercise their agency within the limits of their social statuses to allocate their resources for the management of the health needs of their multispecies families. Guided by fundamental cause theory, we consider how the participants’ memberships in socially constructed categories can impact their experiences with household health management. We conducted focus groups with 30 community-dwelling older adults who owned pets. Using a thematic analytic approach, we found that the participants' bonds with their pets led them to negotiate priorities and make concessions for the benefit of the household.
... Current research suggests that immune responses may be lessened through early exposure (Ownby & Johnson, 2016;Plaut et al., 1996). Older adults caring for pets, especially cats and dogs, are at risk for falls and these falls can cause fractures, contusions, and abrasions, with severe health consequences (Stevens et al., 2010). Even for younger individuals, HAI can have risks. ...
... While others were worried about upper respiratory tract-related issues, skin allergies and the spread of fleas. Prior literature outlines similar drawbacks in pet ownership such as grief due to pet loss, fear of outliving the pet, pet care as a chore, risk of falls, cost, and the fear of leaving a pet due to relocation [46][47][48]. Responsible pet ownership should be promoted where careful selection of pet(s) suited to your home, lifestyle and family members is advised [49]. Also, local norms have to be considered before the promotion of pet ownership since factors such as households with more than one adult female and Buddhists were significantly associated with dog ownership in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka [28]. ...
Article
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Background The dog has been man’s best companion since ancient times. And, dog ownership is associated with improved physical activity and cardiovascular health. We aim to explore the experience of dog owners on dog ownership and its effects on personal and family health in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Such studies are scarce in developing countries and rural regions. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth interviews with dog owners in the Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed and thematic analysis was performed. Results The study findings were reported under the themes of experience of dog owners, pet dogs for children, village dogs as pets, the role of pet dogs in personal and family health, and participants’ advice on dog ownership. Participants highlighted companionship as a positive aspect of pet dogs. However, expenses and reduced travel were the concerns of dog ownership. A child’s preference was important in owning a pet dog. Also, participants were willing to adopt the village dogs. Further, they perceived stress reduction and mental satisfaction when interacting with their pet dogs. Moreover, participants seldom experienced major health risks from their pet dogs. Conclusions Human–dog interaction seems to improve the participants’ mental well-being, and future research should focus on its possible consequences. Further, the village dogs were adopted as pets. Guided promotion of such activities could ease concerns related to village dogs in developing and rural regions.
... 5). In contrast, animal-assisted activities (AAA) are a less comprehensive policies and procedures concerning the inclusion of animals in RACFs would seem essential [9,26]. ...
Article
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Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) have been occurring in Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACF) for more than 40 years and may relieve loneliness and improve quality of life. The presence of animals in RACF poses an inherent risk to residents and the animals involved. Little is known about the policies and guidelines for including animals in the Australian RACF. We anticipated that most RACFs would have some policies, but they may lack the detail necessary to keep humans and animals safe. Using an adapted survey, we surveyed and interviewed a small but representative sample of Australian RACF managers. The results demonstrated that RACF did have animal policies; however, the content regarding the need for hand washing, infection prevention, and animal welfare was lacking. Including unregulated family pets in RACF was an unexpected additional risk factor identified during data analysis. There is a need for national guidelines tied to the national aged care policy, which includes training and educational resources for RACF and AAI providers.
... Numerous studies have shown that pet ownership plays a key role in maintaining physical, psychological, and social health, especially among older adults (Carr et al., 2020;Mein and Grant, 2018). However, a substantial body of research has demonstrated mixed, null, or negative findings (Cherniack and Cherniack, 2014;Mueller et al., 2018;Sharpley et al., 2020;Stevens et al., 2010). Thus, pet ownership and its impact on health merit further research based on the local conditions in China. ...
Article
Background The loss of a spouse (widowed or divorced) is one of the most common forms of social loss in older adults. However, evidence is limited regarding whether social loss is associated with cognitive frailty. Maintaining pets has become increasingly popular. Despite its health benefits, little is known about whether pet ownership can buffer cognitive frailty in older adults facing social loss. Here, we examined the role of pet ownership in the relationship between social loss and cognitive frailty among males and females older adults living in rural China. Methods A total of 2638 rural older adults were analysed. Binary logistical regression analyses were conducted to explore risk or protective factors associated with cognitive frailty. Participants were categorised into four groups according to social loss and pet ownership assessment: (i) no social loss + own pet, (ii) no social loss + no pet, (iii) social loss + own pet, and (iv) social loss + no pet. Binary logistical regression was also performed to examine the interaction effects of social loss and pet ownership on cognitive frailty stratified by sex. Results Regardless of pet ownership, spousal loss was associated with cognitive frailty for men and women. Female participants who experienced loss without a pet had a significantly higher risk of cognitive frailty. However, we did not observe a significant association between pet ownership and cognitive frailty among men who experienced loss. Conclusions Our findings highlight the buffering effect of pet ownership on cognitive frailty in older women experiencing social loss. This implies that targeted support for older adults of different sexes who experienced social losses may be effective in preventing cognitive frailty in rural China.
... In senior care homes, pet ownership may be discouraged due to risk of zoonotic disease and extra workload (73). Both dogs and cats may increase risk of falling (74,75). Older adults with pets could be at increased risk of avoiding or neglecting their own health care due to fear of losing the animal (76). ...
Article
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There is increasing awareness among animal shelter professionals regarding the role of shelters in perpetuating inequities in pet ownership, although the relationship between owner vulnerabilities and animal shelter services is largely understudied. Currently, there is no literature comparing the sociodemographic conditions of communities where surrendered animals originate and communities where they are adopted. The present study compared the “flow” of surrendered animals between originating communities (incoming) and communities where they were adopted (outgoing; n = 21,270). To analyze community-level vulnerability, we used the Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation (CIMD), which has four dimensions of social vulnerability. We found that three of the four CIMD dimensions were significantly different between surrendering and adopting communities (Ethnocultural Composition, Situational Vulnerability (SV), Economic Dependency, but not Residential Instability). For further investigation, we also grouped our analysis by intake groups (small animal n = 2,682; puppy n = 973; dog n = 3,446; kitten n = 6,436; cat n= 7,733) and found multiple relationships for which the incoming and outgoing CIMD quintiles were different. For example, for both puppies and kittens, the median outgoing SV quintile ranks were statistically significantly lower (less vulnerable) than incoming quintile ranks, with the effect size being moderate (puppy r = 0.31, kitten r = 0.30; p ≤ 0.0025), supporting the concern of the flow of certain animals from more vulnerable to less vulnerable communities. The results of this research provide a basis for understanding potential inequities in the use of shelter services to surrender or adopt an animal. Furthermore, these methods allow animal shelters to assess community needs and create interventions to reduce intake and increase adoption of animals. Finally, these data provide further support that animal sheltering is best considered from a One Welfare perspective.
... Furthermore, the companion animal's health conditions and needs may change (e.g., needing physical assistance to use the stairs, more regular veterinary visits), which may modify their level of needed care as they, too, age [32]. Frequently reported challenges related to owning a pet by older adults include: grief related to pet loss and fear of outliving them, pet care being perceived as a chore [9,10,13,17,23,34], risk of falls [35,36], financial costs (especially fees related to veterinary care), and the fear of needing to leave a pet in the event of a relocation [34]. If such challenges become too great for the older adult pet owner, the well-being of the owner and the companion animal may be compromised if the owner struggles to fulfill the basic needs of both parties. ...
Article
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Human–animal interactions may positively impact the health and well-being of older adults. Considering about one third of community-dwelling older adults report owning a pet, better understanding the benefits, challenges, and the role of pet ownership may help support the relationships between older adults and their pets. This case study aims to better understand the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of older adults and explore the benefits and the challenges of owning a pet for this population. Interviews were conducted with Violet, a 77-year-old dog owner and her healthcare provider. Qualitative data were analyzed by two evaluators and validated by the participants. Both participants agree that the benefits outweigh the challenges for both the older adult and her pet. The benefits and challenges were the following: Violet, taking care of her dog (Jack), (1) could provide Violet with a sense of safety and positively influence her mood; (2) may introduce a slight fall risk; (3) includes financial costs to consider. Ensuring Jack’s well-being is important for Violet and her dog benefits from Violet’s continual presence and care. The findings suggest that improving the fit between characteristics of the owner and their pet may support the meaningful role of pet ownership within the context of aging-in-place.
... The risks of zoonotic transmission are sufficiently high that some guidelines stipulate that animals fed raw diets should not participate in AAA [18]. Animals in RACF may also present a trip/fa ll risk resulting in a risk for increased mortality [27]. However, a recent review acknowledges that research examining risks such as trips/fa lls, allergies, or phobias is lacking, so the extent of non-zoonotic risk is unknown [7]. ...
Article
Introduction For some time, Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACF) have incorporated animals into their environment to relieve loneliness and isolation for aged-care residents. However, research examining this practice is not as developed. This paper aims to identify the policies and practices influencing the conduct of Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) in RACF focusing on the Australian context. Methods Peer-reviewed and gray literature were searched using an array of databases including CINAHL; Embase; Medline; Pubmed; Scopus and Web of Science; Google Scholar; PROSPERO, Proquest Dissertations; Theses Global; Animal Studies Repository; Medicine and Health Science Commons; Open Gray and a targeted Google search for relevant Australian Guidelines. Database searches had no time limits. Nine documents published between 1990 and 2018 were identified, appraised and subsequently included in the analysis. Results Facilities have not developed or implemented core policies; instead, there appears to be a reliance on AAA providers ensuring resident safety. Animal welfare is also identified as an emerging area, warranting further action and policy development. Conclusion The requirement for effective AAA policies for RACF staff continues to be an area of need. Over the last 30 years, the development of policies guiding the provision of animal activities within RACFs has been inconsistent in both content and application, including the implementation of basic hygiene policies. If the international situation is indicative, further work is needed in Australia to develop and enforce infection control, risk management and animal welfare policies in RACF and AAA organizations.
... Older adults may experience unique benefits and hardships associated with pet ownership as the natural aging process encompasses a variety of physical, cognitive, and social changes. Notably, falls, a leading cause of injury among older adults in the home, are linked to declines in various physical functions (13), and pet ownership may increase their potential (14). The changing needs across older adults' lifespan may impact an individual's ability to participate in meaningful activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) such as caring for a pet (6,15). ...
Article
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Purpose: The social and behavioral health of older adults is of particular concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is estimated that at least 50% of older adults in the U.S. have pets; while pets may be a source of support, they could also pose unique challenges during an already trying time. We aimed to investigate how pets impacted the everyday lives of older adults in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A large survey of U.S. pet owners (n = 2,068) was administered to assess the impact of relationships with pets during COVID-19 on human health and well-being. We conducted bivariate analyses to compare levels of social support, loneliness, pet attachment, and family income for a subset of older adults (ages 65 and older) with a younger comparison group (ages 18–64). Using thematic and content analysis, we analyzed two open-ended prompts from age 65+ respondents (n = 122): (1) the pros and cons of living with pets during the pandemic, and (2) advice for those living with pets in future pandemics. Results: Older adults, on average, reported lower levels of social support and less loneliness than respondents below age 65. There were no significant differences in strength of attachment to pets nor income between the younger and older respondents. For the open-ended prompt regarding pros and cons, we coded three emerging themes and related sub-themes: (1) pros (company; more time together; life purpose or meaning; love; support; stress relief; routine; distraction; exercise), (2) cons (general worry; potential for illness; limited participation; veterinary care access; obtaining supplies; difficulty meeting pet needs; financial concerns), and (3) no difference. Advice shared was coded into 13 themes/sub-themes: pets' health and welfare; make plans; veterinary information; treat pets like family; don't abandon pets; human health and well-being; stay calm; enjoy pets; keep routine; be careful of transmission; seek community resources; keep supplies stocked; and finances. Conclusions: Pets may fulfill some social and emotional needs for older adults during this particularly isolating event; equally important to consider are the challenges that may be precipitated by and/or exacerbated by this public health emergency.
... Examples are new forms of living like apartment sharing by older adults or 'generation houses' where inhabitants also share the care for a companion animal. Moreover, urban and housing planning need to take into account the increased risk of injuries and fractures in older adults due to falls associated with dogs and cats (Stevens et al., 2010;Willmott et al., 2012). Therefore, the environment for older adults living with pets needs to be adapted inside and outside to minimize the risks of falling among elderly pet owners when, for example, walking a dog. ...
Chapter
The second edition of this book contains 32 chapters divided into 4 main sections that discuss the theoretical foundations of One Health; methods, skills and perspectives for the practice of One Health; the application of One Health in infectious and non-infectious diseases and governance and capacity building, all of which are related to the global issues of the prevention and control of animal, plant and human diseases in the wake of drug resistance by pathogens, biodiversity loss, natural disasters, climate change and the recent COVID-19 novel coronavirus pandemic.
... Pets induce increased social interaction [66] and quality of life [67] and have a positive influence on mental health [68,69]. However, despite all the positive effects, negative consequences of pet ownership, such as injuries [70][71][72][73] or zoonoses [67,74], are also possible. ...
Article
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Connectedness to nature and nature contact can provide many benefits to humans, like stress reduction, recovery from illness, and increased positive emotions. Likewise, recreational horseback riding is a widespread sports activity with the potential to enhance physical and psychological health. Yet, the influence of connectedness to nature on the wellbeing of older aged recreational horseback riders has not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study therefore was to explore the relationship between nature relatedness and physical, psychological and social wellbeing and happiness. The study sample was composed of Austrian recreational horseback riders aged 45 years and older, who were compared with dog owners and people without pets (n = 178). We found significantly higher nature relatedness, significantly higher overall wellbeing and a significantly better mood rating in recreational horseback riders compared to people without pets and similar scores compared to dog owners. Physical wellbeing is correlated with overall nature relatedness in horseback riders and dog owners, but no correlation was found in people without pets. A structural equation model shows a direct relationship between nature relatedness and mood in horseback riders and an indirect relationship through pet attachment in dog owners. The results suggest the activity with horses and dogs in nature environments is a source of wellbeing, enjoyment, self-confidence and social contacts.
... Negative effects of pet ownership include dog and cat bites or scratches, the spreading of disease (zoonoses), and fall injuries, caused by falling or tripping over dogs and cats [115]. Allergic reactions may be a consequence of animal contact and affect 15%-30% of individuals (often genetically) predisposed [116]. ...
Article
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Over time the human-animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human-companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet's health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human-animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human-companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept.
... However, many older adults may not be able to feasibly handle the ongoing physical and financial commitments of caring for pets. Challenges related to pet ownership for older adults include their cost, physical requirements to care for a pet, forgetting to take care of a pet, and tripping or falling over pets (Anderson, Lord, Hill, & McCune, 2015;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010). Further, some housing policies have limitations on pet ownership. ...
Article
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Background: Studies consistently demonstrate that older adults who are lonely have higher rates of depression and increased mortality risk. Pet ownership may be a solution for loneliness; however, challenges related to pet ownership exist for older adults. Therefore, researchers and practitioners are examining the use of animatronic pets to reduce loneliness. Objective: To determine the feasibility of an animatronic pet program, and whether ownership of animatronic pets would decrease loneliness and improve well-being among lonely older adults. Methods: Eligible individuals were identified as lonely through a prior survey. Participants were provided with the choice of an animatronic pet and completed T1/T2/T3 surveys. Results: Attrition was high; 168 (63%) participants completed T1/T2 surveys, and 125 (48%) also completed a T3 survey. Post survey data indicated that loneliness decreased, while mental well-being, resilience, and purpose in life improved. Frequent interactions with the pets were associated with greater improvement in mental well-being and optimism. Conclusions: Animatronic pets appear to provide benefits for the well-being of lonely older adults. Future studies should employ randomized controlled designs examining the impact of animatronic pets.
... As for the physical dimension, ten studies (16.1%) reported that some pets increased the risk of falls (Kurrle et al., 2004;Thorpe et al., 2006;Chur-Hansen et al., 2008;Pohnert, 2010;Stevens et al., 2010); Pohnert (2010) added that this was true only for dogs while, according to Thorpe et al. (2006), this was true only for cats. Other cons reported were that taking care of a pet could be physically demanding for an older person or that the animal could injure its owner (Raina et al., 1999;Tatschl et al., 2006;Hara, 2007;Chur-Hansen et al., 2008;Hargrave, 2011;Mayo Clinic, 2015). ...
Article
Although community services support ageing-in-place, older adults often report feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Unmet emotional needs are associated with poorer health, reduced functional abilities and increased mortality in this population. Pet ownership is an avenue worth exploring to reduce these adverse outcomes. This scoping review maps main findings and identifies key gaps with respect to the pros and cons of pet ownership in community-dwelling older adults pertaining to psycho-social, physical and functional outcomes. Scientific and grey literature published from January 2000 to July 2018 was searched. Data selection and extraction were performed by the first author and a sub-sample was co-validated by two co-authors. A total of 62 sources were included for descriptive and thematic analysis. A variety of pros (increased physical activity, wellbeing) and cons (grief, risk of falls) pertaining to psycho-social and physical outcomes were identified. Not many functional outcomes (support for daily routines) were mentioned, and few studies explored the simultaneous balance between the pros and cons of pet care. Further research exploring both clinicians’ and older pet owners’ perspectives is needed to deepen our understanding of the importance of considering companion animals in older adults’ daily lives and to strike a balance between perceived risks and benefits.
... Thus, older adults don't necessarily have an increased vulnerability, depending on their health status. But older people do have a greater risk of injuries and fractures due to falls associated with dogs and cats (Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010;Willmott, Greenheld, & Goddard, 2012). Therefore, the environment needs to be adapted inside and outside for older people living with a dog or a cat, to minimize the risks of falling when being with an animal or walking a dog. ...
Article
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Older adults in most developed countries can now expect to live nearly 80 years without significant disability. To maximize the quality of the years after retirement, societies, governments, and organizations are seeking strategies to help older adults maintain their mental and physical health, and retain their independence. Increasingly, the impact of pet ownership and other forms of human–animal interaction in healthy aging are discussed and investigated. In the Western world, more than 50% of households own one or more pets. The popularity of pets means they are well positioned to provide opportunities for companionship and nurturance. Since social networks tend to decrease as people age, pets may fill some gaps. While it is common to read about the benefits of pets and human–animal interactions, pet ownership in older age is also related to challenges and animal welfare concerns. This paper aims to briefly review the benefits and then explore risks and challenges related to pet ownership in older adulthood. In addition, we present strategies for maintaining beneficial pet ownership and human–animal interaction for older adults.
... Despite the great potential of CA to contribute to wellbeing and social connections in later life, previous research has not shown consistently positive effects. Inconsistencies in research findings are due, in part, to methodological challenges associated with this research and the tendency for researchers to focus on positive rather than negative effects of CA ownership (Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010). Importantly, studies typically examine a dichotomy of CA owners relative to non-owners and treat each group as if they are homogeneous. ...
Article
Objectives: Research on the influence of companion animals (CA) on the health of older adults has yielded contradictory results. Selection factors, leading to heterogeneity both between and within groups of CA owners and non-owners, likely bias results. We conduct analyses to identify typologies of owners and non-owners. Methods: Using data on older adults (60+) from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and the HRS companion animal module, (owners = 478) and (non-owners = 624), we conducted latent class analyses (LCA). We used key demographic, health, daily engagement, and pet characteristic variables to complete our analyses. Results: Analyses revealed five clusters of CA owners and four clusters of non-owners. Health and CA related characteristics distinguishing clusters suggest important sources of variability and reflect qualitatively different profiles of owners and non-owners. We also found CA owners were more likely than non-owners to be high on neuroticism and to be less extroverted than non-owners–but again there was considerable within group variability. Implications: Factors that select people into pet ownership not only work individually to characterize ownership, they create distinct typologies of CA owners and non-owners that likely contribute to subsequent health outcomes. In order to determine if having a CA is beneficial to health in later life and for whom, future research should consider selection factors like those identified in the typologies. Statistical analyses, such as LCA, that can adequately account for these selection factors is necessary to avoid biases in the interpretation of results.
... In addition to the potential benefits of pet ownership for older adults, there are also potential health challenges unique to older persons that should be explored in future research. For example, dog and cat ownership can be associated with increased risk for falls [35]. Future work should address the costs and benefits of pet ownership for older adults. ...
Article
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Background: We focused on human-animal interaction (HAI) as an important aspect of social functioning at the individual level, framing this emerging field from a public health perspective. Methods: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2012 HAI module, we describe the characteristics of pet ownership in a population of older adults, and examine the relation between pet ownership and multiple mental and physical health indicators such as health status, depression, and physical activity. Results: Of the 1657 participants in our subsample, approximately half (51.5%) reported being pet owners; the majority owned dogs or cats, and most had only one pet. Pet ownership was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of ever having had depression, with pet owners being 1.89 times more likely to have experienced depression. However, pet ownership was not associated with having experienced depression within the last week. Conclusions: The findings from this study could indicate a relationship between pet ownership and depression, but it is impossible to determine the directionality of that relationship. It is possible that owning a pet may put a person at an increased risk of developing depression, or individuals who are at risk, or who have already developed depression, may acquire a pet as a way of managing their depressive symptoms. The findings of this study provide an initial step in contributing to our understanding of the relationship between companion animals and the social, physical, and mental well-being of the HRS study population. Future research should include measures of HAI in longitudinal, population-based surveys.
... 39 An estimated 86,629 tripping injuries have been associated with cats and dogs yearly in the USA, with the highest injury rates in persons 75 years and older. 40 Thus, the keeping of conventional pets such as dogs results in a significant health burden on society, yet, it is deemed acceptable, and indeed, beneficial. ...
Article
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The keeping of exotic pets is currently under debate and governments of several countries are increasingly exploring the regulation, or even the banning, of exotic pet keeping. Major concerns are issues of public health and safety, animal welfare and biodiversity conservation. The keeping of reptiles and amphibians in captivity encompasses all the potential issues identified with keeping exotic pets, and many of those relating to traditional domestic pets. Within the context of risks posed by pets in general, the authors argue for the responsible and sustainable keeping of reptile and amphibian pets by private persons, based on scientific evidence and on the authors' own expertise (veterinary medicine, captive husbandry, conservation biology).
... Of these injuries, dog walking was the most commonly identified activity during which the falls occurred (26.0%). 2 A case-series study in Australia provides anecdotal insights into the specific mechanisms underpinning the relationship between dog walking and falls, for example, 'Walking two greyhounds on leashes along street. Dogs pulled and patient slipped and fell against fence' (p 683). ...
... For example, if a cat runs into your path while you approach your kitchen, you need to quickly stop your ongoing step and find an alternative foot landing position before you fall. This is not always easy and indeed, pets present a significant fall risk (Stevens et al. 2010). Similarly, the "broken escalator" phenomena is an example of failed inhibition of the preplanned step onto an escalator (Reynolds and Bronstein 2003;Fukui et al. 2009). ...
Article
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Online movement adjustments are crucial for daily life. This is especially true for leg movements in relation to gait, where failed adjustments can lead to falls, especially in elderly. However, most research has focused on reach adjustments following changes in target location. This arm research reports two categories of online adjustments (see Gaveau et al., Neuropsychologia 55:25–40, 2014 for review). Small, frequently undetected, target location shifts invoke fast, automatic adjustments, usually without awareness. In contrast, large target location shifts can lead to slow, voluntary adjustments. These fast and slow adjustments presumably rely on different neural networks, with a possible role for subcortical pathways for the fast responses. Do leg movement adjustments also fall into these two categories? We review the literature on leg movement adjustments and show that it is indeed possible to discern fast and slow adjustments. More specifically, we provide an overview of studies showing adjustments during step preparation, initiation, unobstructed, and obstructed gait. Fast adjustments were found both during stepping and gait. In the extreme case, even step adjustments appear to be further modifiable online, e.g., when avoiding obstacles during tripping. In older adults, movement adjustments are generally slower and of smaller magnitude, consistent with a greater risk of falling. However, fast responses seem less affected by aging, consistent with the idea of independent parallel mechanisms controlling movement adjustments (Gomi, Curr Opin Neurobiol 18:558–567, 2008). Finally, putative neural pathways are discussed.
... Interpersonal factors, such as support from family members or healthcare providers, and environmental factors, such neighborhood safety, existence of facilities, or transportation, were not available in the dataset. Items regarding social support (Hardy & Grogan, 2009;Vaughn, 2009;Wilcox et al., 2003) or environmental setting (Lord, Menz, & Sherrington, 2006;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010;Tinetti & Williams, 1998) were not included, which may contribute to prevention of falls and to enhancing physical activity among oldest-old adults. ...
Article
This study is an examination of protective and risk factors associated with weekly physical activity and number of falls among oldest-old participants enrolled in A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader (AMOB/VLL) model. Poisson mixed regression models were used to assess potential protective (falls efficacy and self-rated health) and risk (pain, fatigue, and health interference) factors for weekly physical activity and number of falls from baseline to post-intervention after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, education, living alone, and number of chronic conditions. Weekly physical activity and number of falls improved significantly from baseline to post-intervention. Falls efficacy scores and self-rated health (as protectors) as well as fatigue, health interference scores, and pain (as risk factors) at baseline were significantly related to weekly physical activity and number of falls among oldest-old participants. Findings indicate that program elements of AMOB/VLL are effective in improving physical activity and reduce falls among the oldest-old population.
... Additional research is also needed to examine whether dog ownership and dog walking may mitigate negative effects of social isolation and depression, which have been linked to poor health outcomes. Another limitation of our research is the inability to identify to what extent the older adults in the study may have sustained injuries related to dog ownership or dog walking (Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010;Willmott, Greenheld, & Goddard, 2012). Stevens and her colleagues found that cats and dogs accounted for 1% of falls for people of all ages who were treated in emergency departments, and a quarter of these falls could be attributed to dog walking, making the risk fairly small. ...
Article
Purpose of the study: This study explored the associations between dog ownership and pet bonding with walking behavior and health outcomes in older adults. Design and methods: We used data from the 12th wave (2012) of the Health and Retirement Study which included an experimental human-animal interaction module. Ordinary least squares regression and binary logistic regression models controlling for demographic variables were used to answer the research questions. Results: Dog walking was associated with lower body mass index, fewer activities of daily living limitations, fewer doctor visits, and more frequent moderate and vigorous exercise. People with higher degrees of pet bonding were more likely to walk their dog and to spend more time walking their dog each time, but they reported walking a shorter distance with their dog than those with weaker pet bonds. Dog ownership was not associated with better physical health or health behaviors. Implications: This study provides evidence for the association between dog walking and physical health using a large, nationally representative sample. The relationship with one's dog may be a positive influence on physical activity for older adults.
... Interpersonal factors, such as support from family members or healthcare providers, and environmental factors, such neighborhood safety, existence of facilities, or transportation, were not available in the dataset. Items regarding social support (Hardy & Grogan, 2009;Vaughn, 2009;Wilcox et al., 2003) or environmental setting (Lord, Menz, & Sherrington, 2006;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010;Tinetti & Williams, 1998) were not included, which may contribute to prevention of falls and to enhancing physical activity among oldest-old adults. ...
Conference Paper
Background. As approximately half of the oldest-old population experience functional limitations, they are more likely to encounter declining health status and independence resulting in high healthcare utilization and related costs. Although community-based fall risk reduction programs for older adults have been implemented and disseminated, little is known about factors related to their effectiveness among the oldest-old. This study examines protective and risk factors associated with weekly physical activity and number of falls among oldest-old participants enrolled in A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader model (AMOB/VLL). Methods. This study included 260 participants aged 85 years and older enrolled in the Texas AMOB/VLL. Poisson mixed regression models were employed to assess potential protective (falls efficacy and self-rated health) and risk (pain, fatigue, and health interference) factors for weekly physical activity and number of falls from baseline to post-intervention after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and number of chronic conditions. Results. Weekly physical activity and number of falls improved significantly from baseline to post-intervention (Β= .14, p < 0.05, Β= -.35, p < 0.05, respectively). Falls efficacy scores and self-rate health (as protectors) as well as fatigue and health interference scores (as risk factors) at baseline were significantly related to weekly physical activity and number of falls among oldest-old participants. Conclusion. Findings indicate program elements of AMOB/VLL are effective to improve physical activity and reduce falls among the oldest-old population. However, this program may be complemented by additional components to improve health status and physical ailments in attempt to maximize benefits among participants.
... However, the positive impacts of dog owners walking their dogs may also extend to non-owners, through an increased sense of safety in the neighbourhood (see [88]) as well as sense of community and social capital [74]. It must also be acknowledged that a few studies have reported negative impacts of dog walking or dogs as a barrier to physical activity, for example through concerns about loose/stray dogs and dog waste [88][89][90] or being an injury hazard through bites or falls [91][92][93][94]. There are also concerns over the impact of dog walking on wildlife [53,[95][96][97][98][99][100]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are major threats to population health. A considerable proportion of people own dogs, and there is good evidence that dog ownership is associated with higher levels of physical activity. However not all owners walk their dogs regularly. This paper comprehensively reviews the evidence for correlates of dog walking so that effective interventions may be designed to increase the physical activity of dog owners. Methods Published findings from 1990–2012 in both the human and veterinary literature were collated and reviewed for evidence of factors associated with objective and self-reported measures of dog walking behaviour, or reported perceptions about dog walking. Study designs included cross-sectional observational, trials and qualitative interviews. Results There is good evidence that the strength of the dog-owner relationship, through a sense of obligation to walk the dog, and the perceived support and motivation a dog provides for walking, is strongly associated with increased walking. The perceived exercise requirements of the dog may also be a modifiable point for intervention. In addition, access to suitable walking areas with dog supportive features that fulfil dog needs such as off-leash exercise, and that also encourage human social interaction, may be incentivising. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that dog walking may be most effectively encouraged through targeting the dog-owner relationship and by providing dog-supportive physical environments. More research is required to investigate the influence of individual owner and dog factors on ‘intention’ to walk the dog as well as the influence of human social interaction whilst walking a dog. The effects of policy and cultural practices relating to dog ownership and walking should also be investigated. Future studies must be of a higher quality methodological design, including accounting for the effects of confounding between variables, and longitudinal designs and testing of interventions in a controlled design in order to infer causality.
... Potentially important fall risk factors were not available in the HRS data. For instance, variables regarding living environments ( Lord, Menz, & Sherrington, 2006 ;Stevens, Teh, & Haileyesus, 2010 ;Tinetti et al., 1988 ) and a number of physiological measures, such as muscular strength, reaction time, peripheral sensation , and others ( Latt, Lord, Morris, & Fung, 2009 ;Lord et al., 2003 ) were not available. Therefore, future HRS modules may consider collecting additional information related to fall risk to replicate our study with additional potentially important variables. ...
Article
Purpose of the study: A novel logistic regression tree-based method was applied to identify fall risk factors and possible interaction effects of those risk factors. Design and methods: A nationally representative sample of American older adults aged 65 years and older (N = 9,592) in the Health and Retirement Study 2004 and 2006 modules was used. Logistic Tree with Unbiased Selection, a computer algorithm for tree-based modeling, recursively split the entire group in the data set into mutually exclusive subgroups and fit a logistic regression model in each subgroup to generate an easily interpreted tree diagram. Results: A subgroup of older adults with a fall history and either no activities of daily living (ADL) limitation and at least one instrumental activity of daily living or at least one ADL limitation was classified as at high risk of falling. Additionally, within each identified subgroup, the best predictor of falls varied over subgroups and was also evaluated. Implications: Application of tree-based methods may provide useful information for intervention program design and resource allocation planning targeting subpopulations of older adults at risk of falls.
... However, this approach enabled us to study gaze-behaviour in a repeatable, yet unexpected, way. Indeed, unexpected trips over suddenly approaching obstacles occur frequently, as the annual estimate of tripping over a cat or dog approximates 24,000 cases in the USA [28]. ...
Article
Visual input is highly relevant for safely stepping over obstacles. In this study, gaze-behaviour was investigated in elderly, middle-aged and young subjects as they walked on a treadmill repeatedly stepping over obstacles, which approached either on the right or left side. In between obstacle-steps, subjects visually fixated a target N or F located two or four steps ahead on the floor, respectively. An acoustic warning signal announced the obstacles, after which subjects were free to look wherever they wanted. Gaze-movements were measured by video-oculography. Four conditions with 20 obstacles were conducted (two with target N, two with target F). In two conditions, high-precision stepping was investigated by asking subjects to step with minimal foot-clearance over the obstacles, while receiving acoustic feedback about their performance. In the high-precision conditions, more subjects (target N: 70%, F: 81%) turned their gaze on the obstacles and for a longer time than in unrestricted conditions. When fixating on the near target N and unrestricted stepping over the obstacles, significantly more elderly subjects (85%) turned their gaze on the obstacle compared to middle-aged (17%) and young subjects (29%). The elderly turned their gaze earlier and longer on the obstacle than middle-aged or young subjects. Our results reveal a different gaze-behaviour strategy of elderly subjects suggesting a greater dependency on visual inputs.
Article
In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths and Injuries) toolkit which is based on the 2011 American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society (AGS/BGS) fall prevention guideline. In 2024, the National Network of Public Health Institutes (NNPHI), via a Cooperative Award with the CDC of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), invited AGS to recommend updates to STEADI with a focus on falls prevention in primary care. An AGS workgroup reviewed the 2022/2024 publications and held three outreach events with stakeholders (448 participants) to get feedback on current STEADI materials and draft recommendations focused on primary care. Recommendations for improving uptake of STEADI included reframing the why (alignment with ambulation goals) and the how (engage all available interdisciplinary team members) and addressing time limitations by prioritizing STEADI elements that can be done with available time and completing assessments across multiple visits. Screening recommendations included using the Three Key Questions first, and only if positive, asking the remaining Stay Independent questions. Assessment recommendations were to limit the scope of some activities (e.g., consider specifically fall risk‐increasing drugs) while expanding others (e.g., incorporating hearing and bladder health assessments). Where the choice of intervention is obvious from screening (e.g., referral to a physical therapist if screening questions points to a strength, mobility, or gait problem), an in‐office assessment may reasonably be skipped. These recommendations could improve effectiveness and ease of implementation of STEADI in primary care and help primary care teams reframe fall prevention as a chronic condition deserving ongoing engagement, assessment, intervention, and follow‐up.
Preprint
Life expectancy emphasizes the importance of adapting to and adopting new measures that will benefit healthy aging. A promising lead is the potential benefits of pets for older adults in their homes. This study aimed to test the influence of socio-demographic and environmental factors on the presence of dogs and cats around older adults. The direct and indirect effects of pets, using sociality and mobility factors, were tested on health variables. The social cohesion of a community and type of dwelling appeared to be related to the presence of pets. In addition, the results showed mixed effects of pets, namely a positive influence on mental health via the social network of older adults, and a negative influence in the form creation of a certain stress. In general, the effects of pets on the lives of older adults constitute an important research framework to pursue in the context of healthy aging.
Article
Objective This feasibility study explored the impact of fostering a shelter cat on loneliness and well-being in older adults living alone without a pet. The study also examined the effect of cat fostering on older adults' interest in cat adoption when perceived barriers to adoption were removed. Method Twenty-nine adults (age >60) were paired with a cat and asked to foster for a minimum of 4 months (with an option to adopt). Participants completed surveys before placement with cats, with a follow-up at 1 and 4 months post-placement and 12 months if they adopted their cat. The survey included scales of loneliness, physical and mental health, self-efficacy, positive and negative affect, and comfort from a companion animal. Scores were compared across time using a multivariate Linear Mixed Model. Results Twenty-three of 29 (79.3%) participants remained in the study for at least 4 months, and a majority (95.7%) adopted their cat. Estimated mean differences in marginal means (adjusted for physical health) showed a significant improvement in loneliness from baseline to 4 months (p =0.029). A similar 4-month improvement that approached statistical significance (adjusted p = 0.079) was observed for mental health. No other scales showed statistically significant changes across time. Conclusion Fostering a shelter cat with the option for adoption may be an effective solution for alleviating loneliness and improving mental health in older adults. Interest in adopting foster cats was high when perceived barriers to adoption were removed.
Preprint
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Background Pets play very important roles for older adults. However, whether the same roles apply to pets of care clients receiving long-term care at home (LTCH) is unclear. This study aimed primarily to explore whether the roles of pets for LTCH-clients who own pets are comparable to the roles of pets for older adults in the general population. Furthermore, we explored potential pet-related problems that might be encountered in LTCH in practice, and the potential influences of pet ownership on caregiving relationships. These insights may help improve long-term care services in LTCH. Methods This project started with a study using the Consensual Qualitative Research method (CQR). We conducted semi-structured interviews based on themes from our previous review (e.g., Relational Aspects, Emotional Aspects, and Social Aspects). Secondly, a LimeSurvey questionnaire was used to confirm the findings from the CQR study by calculating Content Validity Index scores (in SPSS 26) regarding contents, relevance, and clarity. The questionnaire also included open-ended questions on potential pet-related problems and their impact on caregiving relationships for LTCH-clients, family caregivers, and professional caregivers. Results The CQR study found that the roles pets play for LTCH-clients (N = 8), family caregivers (N = 10), and professional caregivers (N = 10) were similar to the roles pets play for older adults in the general population. The LimeSurvey confirmed most of the CQR findings. In the questionnaire, LTCH-clients (N = 4), family caregivers (N = 8), professional caregivers (N = 8), and researchers in human-animal studies and in geriatric care (N = 5) reported various potential problems that could arise from pet ownership by LTCH-clients, such as clients with deteriorating health being forced to part with their pets. Participants also reported potential positive and negative effects of pet ownership on caregiving relationships, such as pets being a nice topic of conversation, or, conversely, a source of disagreement in the LTCH context. Conclusions The roles pets play for LTCH-clients seem comparable to the roles pets play for older adults in the general population. In addition, LTCH-clients might experience pet-related problems specific to the LTCH context. Pets may influence caregiving relationships, either positively or negatively. Therefore, instruments and guidelines are needed to account for pets in LTCH.
Article
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of fall hazards identification programs when compared to no intervention or other fall prevention programs on number of falls, falls incidence, and identifying fall hazards, in community dwelling adults Data Source CINHAL, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsychINFO were used to identify articles. Study Selection Studies were selected to compare fall hazards identification programs to a control group. Studies were eligible if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and enrolled adults over the age of 50 with the incidence rate of falls as an outcome. Data Extraction Study/authors, year, sample characteristics, intervention/comparison groups, number of falls, and number of hazards identified in the intervention and control groups, and follow-up were extracted. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Quality was evaluated with GRADE approach per outcome. Data Synthesis A total of 8 studies (n=8) and 5,177 participants were included. There was a high risk of bias across the studies mostly due to improper blinding of personnel of the outcome assessor. Pooled estimate effects from 5 studies assessing the incidence rate of falls from 3,019 individuals indicated no difference between fall hazards identification programs and control (Incidence rate ratio IRR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.10). Conclusions The current study suggests that there may be a benefit for fall hazards programs in reducing incident falls. However, due to a moderate GRADE rating, more large-scale studies with a higher number of falls events and more consistent control groups are required to determine the true effect.
Article
Background Although dog ownership may provide health benefits, interactions with dogs and their leashes can result in injuries. The intent of this study was to describe dog leash-related injuries treated at United States (US) emergency departments (EDs). Methods Cases were dog leash-related injuries during 2001–2018 reported to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), from which national estimates of dog leash-related injuries treated at US EDs were calculated. The distribution of the cases and estimated number of dog leash-related injuries was determined for selected variables, such as the circumstances of the injury, patient demographics, and diagnosis. Results A dog leash was involved in 8189 injuries, resulting in a national estimate of 356,746 injuries and an estimated rate of 63.4 injuries per 1,000,000 population. Of these injuries, 193,483 resulted from a pull, 136,767 from a trip/tangle, and 26,496 from other or unknown circumstances. The total injury rate per 1,000,000 population increased from 25.4 in 2001 to 105.5 in 2018. Adults accounted for 314,712 (88.2%) of the patients; 260,328 (73.0%) of the patients were female. The injury occurred at home in 133,549 (37.4%) cases. The most common injuries were 95,677 (26.8%) fracture, 92,644 (26.0%) strain or sprain, and 62,980 (17.7%) contusions or abrasions. Conclusion The most common type of dog leash-related injuries resulted from a pull followed by a trip/tangle. The number of dog leash-related injuries increased during the time period. The majority of the persons sustaining such injuries were adults and female. Over one-third of the injuries occurred at home.
Article
Therapy and visitation dogs are becoming more common on college campuses to provide comfort and support to students, but little attention has been given to the concerns of faculty and staff who share space with the dogs in their workplaces. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of faculty and staff with regard to both the benefits and the hazards (e.g., dander, bites, fleas) and risks associated with the presence of visitation dogs in their workplaces. One hundred and thirty-eight employees who worked in buildings with resident visitation dogs completed an online survey about their perceptions of the hazards and risks of the dogs and the effects of dogs on the wellbeing of both students and employees. In general, employees perceived that the dogs presented minimal risks, and most employees believed that they can reduce stress and provide comfort to students on campus. There were a few employees, however, who reported that the dogs did not improve the work environment and conferred no benefits to the staff or students. The findings of the present survey support the mostly positive attitudes that people have for dogs in the workplace, but they also highlight a potential challenge: accommodating individuals who believe very strongly that dogs do not belong in work environments.
Chapter
The responsibility of caring for a companion dog owned by a cancer patient often must be shared by other family members during treatment. Adult, medium–large, easy-to-train breeds are often better choices for individuals with health problems. Cancer patients who are not able to have a companion dog may benefit from scheduled therapy dog visits.
Article
rutledge d.n., martinez a., traska t.k. & rose d.j. (2012) Fall experiences of persons with fibromyalgia over 6 months. Journal of Advanced Nursing69(2), 435–448. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06026.x Aims. To describe circumstances and consequences of falls occurring among persons with fibromyalgia who had recent falls. Background. Fibromyalgia is a common widespread pain condition that has been linked to increased fall-risk. No published research described experiences of falling in persons with fibromyalgia. Prior to development of fall-risk reduction interventions, it is essential to understand the context of falls and fall experiences in persons with fibromyalgia. Design. Descriptive longitudinal study. Methods. The study took place during 2009; data were collected via fall diaries and interviews in 18 US women ages 21–69 years. Results. Over 6 months, 17 of 18 participants fell or had a near-fall. For the 15 women with 6-month fall-prevalence data, median number of falls was 2, with 3 near-falls. Most fall experiences contained intrinsic and extrinsic contributory factors. Participants reported engaging in various activities prior to falls/near-falls. A substantial minority (32–48%) experienced severe symptoms (pain, fatigue, stiffness) at the time. Most falls/near-falls occurred in homes during the day; one resulted in injury. Themes that were identified included the following: always being careful or generally cautious; fear of losing control of one’s body, especially related to balance; desire to continue activities counterbalanced with frustration at not being able to because of fear of falling; perception of having become clumsy. Conclusions. Nurses caring for persons with fibromyalgia should assess for potential fall-risk factors and offer plans for individualized fall-prevention strategies.
Article
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To present several alternative approaches to describing the range and functional outcomes of patients with hip fracture. Prospective study with concurrent medical records data collection and patient and proxy interviews at the time of hospitalization and 6 months later. Four hospitals in the New York metropolitan area. Five hundred seventy-one hospitalized adults aged 50 and older with hip fracture between July 1997 and August 1998. Rates of return to function in four physical domains, mortality, and nursing home residence at 6 months. Cluster analysis was used to describe the heterogeneity among the sample and identify variations in 6-month mortality, nursing home residence, and level of functioning and to develop a patient classification tree with associated patient outcomes at 6 months postfracture. In locomotion, transfers, and self-care, 33% to 37% of patients returned to their prior level of function by 6 months, including those needing assistance, but only 24% were independent in locomotion at 6 months. Cluster analysis identified eight patient subgroups that had distinct baseline features and variable outcomes at 6 months. The patient classification tree used four variables: atypical functional status (independent in locomotion but dependent in other domains); nursing home residence; independence/dependence in self-care; and age younger than 85 or 85 and older that identified five subgroups with variable 6-month outcomes that clinicians may use to predict likely outcomes for their patients. Patients with hip fracture are heterogeneous with respect to baseline and outcome characteristics. Clinicians may be better able to give patients and caregivers information on expected outcomes based on presenting characteristics used in the classification tree.
Article
Full-text available
In 2005, 15,802 persons aged>or=65 years died from fall injuries. How many older adults seek outpatient treatment for minor or moderate fall injuries is unknown. To estimate the percentage of older adults who fell during the preceding three months, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed data from two questions about falls included in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Approximately 5.8 million (15.9%) persons aged>or=65 years reported falling at least once during the preceding three months, and 1.8 million (31.3%) of those who fell sustained an injury that resulted in a doctor visit or restricted activity for at least one day. This report presents the first national estimates of the number and proportion of persons reporting fall-related injuries associated with either doctor visits or restricted activity. The prevalence of falls reinforces the need for broader use of scientifically proven fall-prevention interventions. Falls and fall-related injuries represent an enormous burden to individuals, society, and to our health care system. Because the U.S. population is aging, this problem will increase unless we take preventive action by broadly implementing evidence-based fall prevention programs. Such programs could appreciably decrease the incidence and health care costs of fall injuries, as well as greatly improve the quality of life for older adults.
Article
To describe fall-related injuries due to pets in an older population. Case series. Patients aged 75 years and over presenting to the emergency department of a metropolitan hospital in northern Sydney over 18 months, with a fracture directly related to their pet. Type of fracture; circumstances of injury. 16 cases (mean patient age, 81 years) are described; 13 (81%) involved women. Animals of five species were involved, with cats and dogs being the most common pet hazard. Pets are a potential environmental hazard in the occurrence of fall-related injuries in older people, with dogs and cats most likely to be involved. Women appear more likely than men to be injured.
The perils of pet ownership: a new fall-injury risk factor U.S. Census population with bridged race categories SUDAAN®: software for the statistical analysis of correlated data, release 8.0, [Software and documentation]
  • S E Kurrle
  • R Day
  • I D Cameron
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