Article

Parent-Child and Triadic Antecedents of Children's Social Competence: Cultural Specificity, Shared Process

March 2010
Developmental Psychology 46(2):455-67

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Guided by theories of cultural participation, the authors examined mother-child, father-child, and triadic interactive behaviors in 141 Israeli and Palestinian couples and their firstborn child at 5 and 33 months as antecedents of children's social competence. Four parent-child measures (parent sensitivity, child social engagement, parental control, dyadic reciprocity) and two family-level measures (cohesion and rigidity) were coded at each age. Children's social competence was observed at child-care locations. Cultural differences were observed for parent sensitivity and child social engagement, and the large cultural differences in sensitivity observed in infancy were attenuated by the toddler age. Interactive behaviors correlated with culture-specific parenting practices, child-rearing goals, and sex-role attitudes. Mother-child reciprocity in infancy and child engagement with father and family-level cohesion at both time points predicted social competence. Maternal sensitivity in infancy facilitated social competence only among Israeli children. Paternal control in toddlerhood interfered with Israeli children's social functioning but contributed to competence among Palestinians. Results underscore the links between early relational experiences and children's adaptation to the social milieu.

Family interactions in toddlerhood influence social competence in preschool age: Accounting for genetic and prenatal influences

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Identification of early promotive and risk factors for social competence is important for fostering children’s successful social development; particularly given social competence is essential for children’s later academic and psychological well-being. While research suggests that the early parent–child relationship, genetics, and prenatal influences are associated with social competence, there is less research considering how these factors may operate together to shape children’s social competence in early childhood. Using a genetically informed sample from the Early Growth and Development Study ( N = 561), we examined multiple levels of influence (i.e., genetic, prenatal, parenting, and child characteristics) on children’s social competence at 4.5 years old. Results from structural equation models showed adoptive mother overreactivity at 18 months was positively associated with child dysregulation at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Also, child reactivity at 18 months was independently associated with higher levels of adoptive mother overreactivity at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Finally, we found an evocative effect on adoptive fathers’ overreactivity at 18 months such that prenatal birth mother distress was negatively associated with adoptive fathers’ overreactivity at 18 months. Overall, this study found evidence for genetic influences, and bidirectional associations between parent and child in toddlerhood that are related to lower levels of social competence when children were 4.5 years old. We also found that the prenatal environment was associated with parenting, but not with child behavior directly. This study’s ability to simultaneously examine multiple domains of influence helps provide a more comprehensive picture of important mechanisms and developmental periods for children’s early social competence.

Family Climate, Social Relationships With Peers and Teachers at School, and School Bullying Victimization Among Third Grade Students in Elementary Schools in Taiwan

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

While there is a strong assumption of a direct link between family climate and school bullying victimization, studies on such a direct link have shown inconsistent results. Furthermore, family climate and children’s social relationships with teachers and peers at school have been considered potential protective factors against school bullying victimization among adolescents. However, not much is known about how these factors function as protectors against school bullying victimization among children early in middle childhood. Studies examining how these protective factors work together to reduce school bullying victimization are also lacking. This paper attempts to fill the gap by studying how children’s social relationships with peers and teachers at school mediate the association of family climate with school bullying victimization among children in the early period of their middle childhood in Taiwan. It also examines how sex influences the mediating effects and interrelationships among family climate, children’s school social relationships at school, and school bullying victimization. Data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of 1230 third graders (about 8 years old) in Taiwan. The results showed that family climate had a nonsignificant direct link with school bullying victimization, but a significant indirect link with school bullying victimization mediated through relationships with peers and teachers. These findings are relevant for both sexes. Findings provide empirical support that family climate has an indirect link with school bullying victimization through relationships with teachers and peers. The study indicated that to reduce school bullying victimization among those who are early in middle childhood, potential intervention programs may consider promoting students’ relationships with teachers and peers.

Maternal depression impairs child emotion understanding and executive functions: The role of dysregulated maternal care across the first decade of life

Article

Jun 2019

The long-term negative effects of maternal depression on child outcome are thought to be mediated in part by deficits in caregiving; yet, few studies utilized longitudinal cohorts and repeated observations to specify these links. We tested the impact of deficits in maternal regulatory caregiving across the first decade of life on children's emotional, social, and cognitive outcomes at 10 years. A community birth cohort was repeatedly assessed for maternal depression across the first year and again at 6 and 10 years. At 9 months, 6 years, and 10 years patterns of regulatory caregiving were assessed during mother-child interactions; at 6 and 10 years children underwent psychiatric diagnosis; and at 10 years children's emotion recognition (ERc), executive functions (EF), and social collaboration (SC) were evaluated. Depressed mothers displayed deficits to regulatory caregiving across development and their children exhibited more psychiatric disorders, lower SC, and impaired ERc. Structural equation modeling demonstrated both direct paths from dysregulated caregiving at 6 and 10 years to impaired child EF and ERc and mediated paths via child psychiatric disorder on all 3 outcomes. Effects of 9-month caregiving were only indirect, via child disorder, differentiating infants on risk versus resilient trajectories. Patterns of maternal caregiving were individually stable over time. Our findings demonstrate disruptions to core regulation-based abilities in children of depressed mothers beyond infancy, contribute to discussion on risk and resilience in the context of a distinct early life stress condition, and underscore late childhood as a period of specific vulnerabilities that should become a focus of targeted interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The neural mechanisms and consequences of paternal caregiving

Article

Feb 2019

In recent decades, human sociocultural changes have increased the numbers of fathers that are involved in direct caregiving in Western societies. This trend has led to a resurgence of interest in understanding the mechanisms and effects of paternal care. Across the animal kingdom, paternal caregiving has been found to be a highly malleable phenomenon, presenting with great variability among and within species. The emergence of paternal behaviour in a male animal has been shown to be accompanied by substantial neural plasticity and to be shaped by previous and current caregiving experiences, maternal and infant stimuli and ecological conditions. Recent research has allowed us to gain a better understanding of the neural basis of mammalian paternal care, the genomic and circuit-level mechanisms underlying paternal behaviour and the ways in which the subcortical structures that support maternal caregiving have evolved into a global network of parental care. In addition, the behavioural, neural and molecular consequences of paternal caregiving for offspring are becoming increasingly apparent. Future cross-species research on the effects of absence of the father and the transmission of paternal influences across generations may allow research on the neuroscience of fatherhood to impact society at large in a number of important ways.

Protocol for a prospective multicenter longitudinal randomized controlled trial (CALIN) of sensory-tonic stimulation to foster parent child interactions and social cognition in very premature infants

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Introduction Premature birth is associated with long-term somatic and neurological disorders, including cognitive, social and behavioral impairments. Moreover, the mothers of infants born preterm exhibit a higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms after birth. Early rehabilitation, developmental care, and parenting support have already been shown to have a positive impact on neurological outcome. However, no randomized controlled study has so far assessed the effects on parenting and long-term neurological outcomes of proprioceptive stimulation to trigger positive brain plasticity in very preterm babies. The CALIN project will therefore investigate the impact of sensory-tonic stimulation (STS) of extremely preterm infants by their parents on child parent interactions, infants' morphological and functional brain development and subsequent cognition (including social cognition), and parents' anxiety and depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. Methods and analysis Infants born between 25 and 32 weeks of gestation will be randomly assigned to the “STS + Kangaroo care” or “Kangaroo care” group. The primary endpoint, child and parent interactions, will be rated at 12 months corrected age using the Coding Interactive Behavior system. Secondary endpoints include: 1/functional and anatomical brain maturation sequentially assessed during neonatal hospitalization using electroencephalogram (EEG), amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), cranial ultrasound and MRI performed at term-corrected age, 2/social and cognitive outcomes assessed at 15 months, 2, 4 and 6 years, and 3/parents' anxiety and depressive symptoms assessed at 7 ± 1 weeks after birth, using dedicated questionnaires. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the French Ethics Committee for the Protection of Persons on 18 October 2021. It is registered with the French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM; no. 2020-A00382–37). The registry number on ClinicalTrials.gov is NCT04380051.

The Role of Family Function and Triadic Interaction on Preterm Child Development—A Systematic Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Preterm infants are at high risk of developmental disability/delay and are more dependent on their caregiving environment for regulation due to their neurological immaturity. A premature birth is also a major stressor to the family system that constitutes the infant’s caregiving environment. The following systematic review investigates whether families with preterm children differ from families with full-term children in their interactions, and what impact the quality of family interaction has on child development. Using the Cochrane model, we conducted a systematic review of quantitative studies published in psycINFO, socINDEX, and PubMed, concerning family quality in triadic interactions in families with premature infants and children, and at least one child development outcome variable. The quality of these studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale assessment form for cohort studies (NOS). Eleven studies were included in the review. Quality of family interactions is either equal to or poorer in families with preterm children, compared with families with full-term children. Importantly, the link between quality of family interactions and child development outcome is stronger in preterm children compared with full-term children, regarding both positive and negative influence. Our results highlight the importance of strengthening family interactions in order to promote development in preterm children. Notably, this review provides the first systematic overview of family function and the quality of triadic interactions in preterm families. The limited number of studies with a family-system focus makes it difficult for us to draw any definitive conclusions, while underscoring the need for more observational studies, particularly post-infancy, to be able to identify specific aspects of family interactions that may be critical for preterm child development.

Dialogue Intervention for Youth amidst Intractable Conflict Attenuates Neural Prejudice Response and Promotes Adults' Peacemaking

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Humans' dependence on group living has led to the formation of tenacious, often non-conscious negative perceptions of other social groups, a phenomenon termed “intergroup bias” that sustains one of the world's most imminent problem: intergroup conflicts. Adolescents' participation in intergroup conflicts has been continuously on the rise, rendering the need to devise interventions that can mitigate some of their deleterious effects on youth an urgent societal priority. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, we implemented a dialogue-enhancing intervention for adolescents (16–18 years) reared amidst intractable conflict that builds on social synchrony and the neurobiology of affiliation. Implementing a randomized controlled trial design, before and after the eight-week intervention adolescents underwent magnetoencephalography to assess a neural marker of implicit prejudice and interviewed on their attitudes toward the conflict. Adolescents who received the intervention showed attenuation of the neural prejudice response, as indexed by sustained occipital alpha that was significantly reduced at post-intervention and adopted attitudes of peacemaking. Change in the neural prejudice response predicted attitudes of compromise and active engagement in peacebuilding 7 years later, when young adults can already engage in active civil duties and responsibilities. These results underscore adolescence as a window of opportunity for enhancing inter-group dialogue and demonstrate the long-term associations between the neural evaluation of prejudice and self-reported measures of proclivity for compromise and peace in the context of an intractable century-long conflict.

Protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing the Circle of Security-parenting (COS-P) with treatment as usual in child mental health services

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022
PLOS ONE

Background: The quality of a child's attachment to its primary caregiver plays an important role for its long-term socioemotional development. While 'secure' attachment is associated with better outcomes, 'insecure' attachment is associated with a higher risk of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Children referred to mental health services show much higher rates of insecure attachment than the general population, yet the parent-child relationship is rarely in treatment focus. Attachment quality is closely associated with parental sensitive responsiveness that is target of attachment-based interventions like Circle of Security (COS). COS has shown to improve attachment quality and the well-being of both children and parents. No randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of COS on parental sensitivity and child psychiatric symptoms in child mental health services. Objectives: To investigate whether COS-Parenting (COS-P) can increase observed maternal sensitivity and decrease children's psychiatric symptoms as an add on to treatment as usual (TAU). Methods: In a randomized controlled parallel superiority trial COS-P is compared with TAU for parents of children referred to child mental health services (n = 186). Families are randomized 2:1 to intervention or control group, if their child is between 3 and 8 years old and scores ≥ 93d percentile on both the CBCL total score and the oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder subscale. Primary outcome is maternal sensitivity, secondary and exploratory outcomes include, among others, child psychiatric symptoms, parental stress and coping with children's negative emotions. Outcomes and adverse events are assessed before (T0) and after 10 weeks of treatment (T1) and 6 months later (T2). Regression analysis and /or ANOVA will be used for all outcomes. Perspectives: Targeting the parent-child relation has the potential to reduce psychiatric symptoms in children. This trial will provide valuable information if attachment-based interventions like COS-P can enhance treatment as usual in child mental health services. Trail registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03578016.

The Neural Basis of Human Fatherhood: A Unique Biocultural Perspective on Plasticity of Brain and Behavior

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022
CLIN CHILD FAM PSYCH

With the growing involvement of fathers in childrearing and the application of neuroscientific tools to research on parenting, there is a need to understand how a father's brain and neurohormonal systems accommodate the transition to parenthood and how such neurobiological changes impact children's mental health, sociality, and family functioning. In this paper, we present a theoretical model on the human father’s brain and the neural adaptations that take place when fathers assume an involved role. The neurobiology of fatherhood shows great variability across individuals, societies, and cultures and is shaped to a great extent by bottom-up caregiving experiences and the amount of childrearing responsibilities. Mechanisms of motherfather coparental brain coordination and hormonal correlates of paternal behavior are detailed. Adaptations in the father’s brain during pregnancy and across the postpartum year carry long-term implications for children's emotion regulation, stress management, and symptom formation. We propose a new conceptual model of HEALthy Father Brain that describes how a father’s brain serves as a source of resilience in the context of family adversity and its capacity to “heal”, protect, and foster social brain maturation and functionality in family members via paternal sensitivity, attunement, and support, which, in turn, promote child development and healthy family functioning. Father’s brain provides a unique model on neural plasticity as sustained by committed acts of caregiving, thereby affording a novel perspective on the brain basis of human affiliation.

Study protocol of the COMPARE-Interaction study: the impact of maternal comorbid depression and anxiety disorders in the peripartum period on child development

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Introduction To date, there are only few studies that compare the consequences of peripartum maternal depressive disorders (PD) versus depressive with comorbid anxiety disorders (PDCA) for infant and child development. As comorbidity is associated with greater impairment and symptom severity related to the primary diagnosis, comorbidity in mothers might raise their offspring’s risk of developing internalising or externalising disorders even more than has been noted in conjunction with PD alone. Methods and analysis This study aims to analyse the impact of parental psychopathology, particularly peripartum depression in mothers with and without comorbid anxiety disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) on child cognitive and socioemotional development. Maternal/paternal psychopathology, mother–infant/father–infant interaction and child development are assessed at four measurement points over the first 2 years (T1: 3–4 months postpartum, T2: 12 months postpartum, T3: 18 months postpartum and T4: 24 months postpartum). The mediating role of mother–infant/father–infant interaction and infant stress reactivity in the relationship between PD/PDCA and infant cognitive and socioemotional development will be analysed. In the ongoing study, 174 families (n=58 mothers with PD, n=58 mothers with PDCA and n=58 healthy controls) will be recruited in inpatient and outpatient centres as well as maternity hospitals in Munich and Heidelberg. Ethics and dissemination This study is implemented in accordance with the current guidelines of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union. The study procedures were approved by the independent ethics committees of the Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (74_Reck_b) and of the Medical Faculty, University Heidelberg (S-446/2017). Participation is voluntary. A signed written informed consent form must be obtained from each study subject prior to any study-specific procedure. Participants can withdraw from the study at any point in time without giving a reason or being subjected to any future disadvantages. In case of withdrawal from the study, the subject’s data and material will be kept unless the participant asks for data removal. Results will be published and disseminated to further the discussion on the effects of maternal PD and PDCA on parent–infant interaction, infant stress reactivity and child development. Furthermore, study results will be presented at international congresses and expert conferences.

Raising Helpful Children: Exploring Conflict Between Goals and Practices in Euro-Heritage Socialization of Helping

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Luc Fairchild

Helping others benefits both helper and helpee and is the basis for societal structures that promote collective well-being. Many parents Using a White, European-heritage “Constellation of practices” (UWEC), recognize the importance of raising a child who helps others. Yet UWEC children seem to take initiative to help with household work less, and in ways that benefit others less, than other children globally. It is important for future researchers to explore the phenomenon of many UWEC parents using practices that work against their explicit goals, and suggestions are made for future work, including better integration of cross-cultural evidence in developmental psychological study design. Better integrating evidence and exploring this conflict further would greatly advance our understanding of the socialization of helping, and may elucidate how much change is possible and advisable regarding how best to raise children to think and act in other-oriented ways that are beneficial for all.

We Stick Together! COVID-19 and Psychological Adjustment in Youth Residential Care

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
CHILD ABUSE NEGLECT

Background Children and youth residential care institutions were forced to introduce adaptations to their regular functioning in order to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic challenges. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the lockdown on the adolescents’ psychological adjustment and whether adolescents’ perceived cohesion mitigated the increase of adolescents` psychological adjustment problems. Participants Participants were 243 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years, living in 21 different residential care institutions. Results The results suggested a moderating role of cohesion on the stability of adolescents’ emotional distress across time. Lower levels of cohesion were related with higher emotional distress stability across time. On the contrary, as cohesion increased, the association between adolescents’ emotional distress at T0 and T1 decreased. Discussion Results are discussed considering the mechanisms raised by the institutions to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and minimize the negative effects on the psychological adjustment of adolescents living in residential care.

Infant attachment configurations with mothers and fathers: Implications for triadic interaction quality and children's parental preferences

Article

Jan 2022
EARLY CHILD RES Q

Positive and cohesive mother-father-child triadic interactions have substantial benefits for socio-emotional growth in early childhood. Nonetheless, the joint contributions of infant-mother and infant-father attachment relationships to triadic interaction quality are not well understood. The present study examined associations between attachment configurations with mother and father in infancy (i.e., double secure, double insecure, or discordant) and observed triadic interaction quality in early childhood, as well as the possible mediating role of children's preferences for one parent over the other during the triadic interaction. Infant-mother and infant-father attachment quality were assessed in laboratory procedures at one year of age in a predominantly White and middle-class sample (N = 67) of American families. Triadic family interaction quality and children's parental preferences were assessed from semi-structured observations at age 3. Results indicated that double secure families exhibited significantly better triadic interaction quality than both double insecure and discordant families, with no differences between the latter two groups. Children in discordant families were disproportionately likely to show a preference for one parent over the other. In turn, stronger parental preferences were related to less cohesive, less affectively positive, and more disengaged triadic interactions, and mediated links from attachment discordance to both lower cohesiveness and greater disengagement. Findings speak to the importance of incorporating observational assessments of dyadic and triadic family interactions involving both mothers and fathers to elucidate family system influences on early development.

Postpartum Depression Is Associated With Altered Neural Connectivity Between Affective and Mentalizing Regions During Mother-Infant Interactions

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Although there has been growing interest in mood-related neural alterations in women in the initial weeks postpartum, recent work has demonstrated that postpartum depression often lingers for months or years following birth. However, research evaluating the impact of depression on maternal brain function during mother-infant interactions in the late postpartum period is lacking. The current study tested the hypothesis that depressive symptoms at 12-months postpartum are associated with neural alterations in affective and social neural regions, using near-infrared spectroscopy during in vivo mother-infant interactions. Participants were 23 birth mothers of 12-month-old infants (60% boys). While undergoing near-infrared spectroscopy, mothers engaged in an ecologically valid interactive task in which they looked at an age-appropriate book with their infants. Mothers also reported on their depressive symptoms in the past week and were rated on their observed levels of maternal sensitivity during mother-infant play. Greater depressive severity at 12-months postpartum was related to lower connectivity between the right temporoparietal junction and the lateral prefrontal cortex, but greater connectivity between the right temporoparietal junction and anterior medial prefrontal cortex during mother-infant interaction. Given the putative functions of these neural regions within the maternal brain network, our findings suggest that in the context of depression, postpartum mothers' mentalizing about her infants' thoughts and feelings may be related to lower ability to express and regulate her own emotions, but greater ability to engage in emotional bonding with her infant. Future work should explore how connectivity among these regions is associated with longitudinal changes in maternal behavior, especially in the context of changes in mothers' depressive symptoms (e.g., with treatment) over time.

Mülkiyet Kavramının Erken Çocuklukta Gelişim Süreci ve Farklı Boyutları A Review of Ownership: The Developmental Course and Its Dimensions

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Ownership is a relation of belonging between a person and an object that is accepted by other people. Knowing to whom an object belongs allows children to differentiate between what is theirs and what is not. This review aims to explore the development processes of ownership during early childhood, the basic dimensions of the concept of ownership, and the relationship of ownership development with language and culture. The multidimensional structure of ownership includes the kinds of objects that are owned, how ownership decisions are made, and how property rights and privileges are transferred. Most two-year-olds can recognize who owns an object and determine ownership, but only after the fifth birthday can children determine an owner not by desire but by transfer rules. In studies reporting developmental differences in ownership, the effect of age is strikingly inconsistent. However, ownership should be addressed in early childhood within the scope of rapidly changing social cognitive processes. A child needs to understand the abstract relationship between an object and an individual and represent that relationship in their mind. Therefore, this review study discusses whether self-development, mental representation, and other cognitive abilities are among the underlying factors of ownership. In addition, the possible effects of language and culture on ownership, both directly and cognitively, are also mentioned. Although ownership is exciting in social structure and in built-upon cognitive skills recognized in the literature, its development and constituent elements have yet to be examined sufficiently. Understanding ownership’s developmental pattern might illuminate meaning attributed to ownership and objects (extended-self hypothesis). Since no research has addressed this concept in a Turkish sample to date, this review aims to introduce the notion of ownership, its developmental characteristics, and its basic structures for researchers in the field. Keywords: Ownership, ownership transfer, ownership rights, early childhood, development, social cognitive processes

Hubungan Antara Kohesivitas Keluarga dan Self Esteem pada Remaja

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Fendi Krisna Rusdiana

Mental State Language Use in Children with Down Syndrome and the Role of Caregivers

Article

Aug 2021

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have both strengths and difficulties in speech, language, and social communication. Mental state language—the ability to discuss others' perspectives such as their thoughts, feelings, and intentions—represents a foundational social communicative skill that is delayed in many children with DS, even into the school-age years. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence base on mental state language development in school-age children with DS, focusing in particular on assessment and intervention. We discuss assessment procedures that are both age appropriate and developmentally appropriate for this population. We also present preliminary data highlighting the role of caregivers in supporting mental state language development in school-age children with DS through shared storytelling. We propose that interventions aimed at supporting mental state language development in DS should include a focus on caregiver–child shared storybook reading, even in the school-age years. Therefore, we discuss key considerations for clinicians when teaching caregivers strategies for supporting mental state language and social communication in children with DS.

A systematic review of human paternal oxytocin: Insights into the methodology and what we know so far

Article

Mar 2021
DEV PSYCHOBIOL

With the consolidation of fathers’ engagement in caregiving, understanding the neu- roendocrine and hormonal mechanisms underlying fatherhood becomes a relevant topic. Oxytocin (OT) has been linked with maternal bonding and caregiving, but less is known about the role of OT in human fatherhood and paternal caregiving. A system- atic review of methods and findings of previous OT research in human fathers was car- ried. The literature search on PubMed and Scopus yielded 133 records. Twenty-four studies were included and analyzed. Significant variability emerged in OT methodol- ogy, including laboratory tasks, assessment methods, and outcome measures. Fathers’ OT levels appear to increase after childbirth. OT was significantly correlated with less hostility and with the quality of paternal physical stimulation in play interactions, but not with paternal sensitivity. Fathers’ and children's OT levels were significantly cor- related in a limited subset of studies, intriguingly suggesting that cross-generational OT regulation may occur during the early years of life. This study highlights relevant issues and limitations of peripheral OT assessment in human subjects, especially in fathers. Although the study of paternal neuroendocrinology appears promising, cop- ing with these issues requires dedicated efforts and methodological suggestions are provided to guide future advances in this field.

The role of oxytocin in the transition to fatherhood and in paternal caregiving: A systematic review

Article

Sep 2020
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINO

Children's Socioemotional Development Across Cultures

Article

Dec 2020

Heidi Keller

The development of socioemotional competencies is central for children's development in general. Infants are equipped with basic predispositions to acquire environmental information. However, contexts and cultures differ with respect to their emphasis on particular developmental domains. Two developmental pathways for which research evidence is available have been characterized: the Western middle-class perspective and the perspective of rural traditionally living farming families. Infants have different social experiences with respect to their caregivers, their behaviors, and their social regulation. The developmental focus of Western middle-class children is on individualistic agency, which implies that socioemotional development is subordinated to self-development. The developmental focus of the rural traditionally living farmer child is on social connectedness and social responsibility. Self-development is part of the development of communal agency. This review discusses the ethical implications of regarding the Western middle-class pathway as universal and normative and emphasizes the need to consider different pathways as normative.

Parental Attunement, Insightfulness, and Acceptance of Child Diagnosis in Parents of Children With Autism: Clinical Implications

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Early parent–child relationships are an important factor influencing many domains of child development, even in the presence of autism. In this study, we investigated the associations between parent–child attunement during play, parental insightfulness, and parental acceptance of their child’s diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. A sample of 50 parents (26 mothers and 24 fathers) of 26 children aged between 24 and 58 months were videotaped during parent–child play interactions and then interviewed about what they thought had gone through their child’s head during the play interaction, and about their feelings and thoughts about their child’s diagnosis. Play interactions were evaluated using a coding protocol to assess parental attunement. The results showed that parents who were more able to accept their child’s diagnosis and to see things from their child’s perspective were more likely to also be attuned during play interactions with their children. These findings highlight the importance of studying the parental ability of insightfulness and acceptance of their child diagnosis of ASD for the implementation of intervention programs for supporting parental attunement and improving the interactions between the parents and the children with autism spectrum disorders.

Türkiye'de Birlikte Ebeveynlik Deneyimleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma / Coparenting Experiences in Turkey: A Qualitative Study

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

In this study, the experiences related to the coparenting process of married and living together couples with children aged 0-18 in different regions and the context of Turkey have been investigated. The phenomenological approach, as a qualitative research, was utilized in the present research. Within the scope of the study, face-to-face interviews with a total of 60 married couples were conducted in urban and rural areas of İzmir, Ankara, and Van provinces. In this study, Demographic Information Form and Semi-Structured Interview Form developed by the researchers were used as tools for collecting data. The analysis of qualitative data was carried out in three phases: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. While the findings of the study have indicated that fathers in the urban areas are more involved in childcare process and manage the process in cooperation/division of labor with their spouses; during the interviews conducted in the rural areas, it was determined that childcare responsibilities were frequently fulfilled by the mothers. It is seen that more emphasis is placed on coparenting agreement in urban areas, whereas a parenting agreement generated by the mother and approved by the father was more emphasized in rural areas. While the examples related to disagreements in the process of the coparenting both in rural and urban areas are given, it was noted that the theme of no conflict was more frequently highlighted in rural areas. Significant differences and similarities have been identified in terms of coparenting patterns in families by different socioeconomic statuses and regions/contexts. The findings were discussed and the recommendations for implication and research were provided.

Cumulative Risk on Oxytocin-Pathway Genes Impairs Default Mode Network Connectivity in Trauma-Exposed Youth

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

Background: Although the default mode network (DMN) is a core network essential for brain functioning, little is known about its developmental trajectory, particularly on factors associated with its coherence into a functional network. In light of adult studies indicating DMN's susceptibility to stress-related conditions, we examined links between variability on oxytocin-pathway genes and DMN connectivity in youth exposed to chronic war-related trauma Methods: Following a cohort of war-exposed children from early childhood, we imaged the brains of 74 preadolescents (age 11–13 years; 39 war-exposed) during rest using magnetoencephalography (MEG). A cumulative risk index on oxytocin-pathway genes was constructed by combining single nucleotide polymorphisms on five genes previously linked with social deficits and psychopathology; OXTR rs1042778, OXTR rs2254298, OXTRrs53576, CD38 rs3796863, and AVPR1A RS3. Avoidant response to trauma reminders in early childhood and anxiety disorders in late childhood were assessed as predictors of disruptions to DMN theta connectivity. Results: Higher vulnerability on oxytocin-pathway genes predicted greater disruptions to DMN theta connectivity. Avoidant symptoms in early childhood and generalized anxiety disorder in later childhood were related to impaired DMN connectivity. In combination, stress exposure, oxytocin-pathway genes, and stress-related symptoms explained 24.6% of the variance in DMN connectivity, highlighting the significant effect of stress on the maturing brain. Conclusions: Findings are the first to link the oxytocin system and maturation of the DMN, a core system sustaining autobiographical memories, alteration of intrinsic and extrinsic attention, mentalization, and sense of self. Results suggest that oxytocin may buffer the effects of chronic early stress on the DMN, particularly theta rhythms that typify the developing brain.

What is resilience: an affiliative neuroscience approach

Article

Jun 2020

Ruth Feldman

Resilience – a key topic in clinical science and practice – still lacks a clear conceptualization that integrates its evolutionary and human‐specific features, refrains from exclusive focus on fear physiology, incorporates a developmental approach, and, most importantly, is not based on the negation (i.e., absence of symptoms following trauma). Building on the initial condition of mammals, whose brain matures in the context of the mother's body and caregiving behavior, we argue that systems and processes that participate in tuning the brain to the social ecology and adapting to its hardships mark the construct of resilience. These include the oxytocin system, the affiliative brain, and biobehavioral synchrony, all characterized by great flexibility across phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Three core features of resilience are outlined: plasticity, sociality and meaning. Mechanisms of sociality by which coordinated action supports diversity, endurance and adaptation are described across animal evolution. Humans' biobehavioral synchrony matures from maternal attuned behavior in the postpartum to adult‐adult relationships of empathy, perspective‐taking and intimacy, and extends from the mother‐child relationship to other affiliative bonds throughout life, charting a fundamental trajectory in the development of resilience. Findings from three high‐risk cohorts, each tapping a distinct disruption to maternal‐infant bonding (prematurity, maternal depression, and early life stress/trauma), and followed from birth to adolescence/young adulthood, demonstrate how components of the neurobiology of affiliation confer resilience and uniquely shape the social brain.

Psychotherapy Supervision: An Ever-Evolving Signature Pedagogy

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Clifton Edward Watkins, Jr.

Psychotherapy supervision, as an ever-evolving signature pedagogy, is briefly described, its essentials summarized.

Caregiving representations in war conditions: Associations with maternal trauma, mental health, and mother-infant interaction

Article

Feb 2020

Risk features in mothers’ caregiving representations remain understudied in dangerous environments where infants most urgently need protective parenting. This pilot study examines the feasibility of a novel coding system for the Parent Development Interview (PDI) interview (ARR, Assessment of Representational Risk) in assessing 50 war‐exposed Palestinian mothers’ caregiving representations. First, we explored the content and structure of risks in the representations. Second, we examined associations between the high‐risk representations, mothers’ pre‐ and postnatal exposure to traumatic war events (TWE), depressive and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and self‐rated emotional availability (EA) with their 1‐year‐old infants. Following three dimensions of high‐risk caregiving representations were identified: self/dyadic dysregulation, unavailable, and fearful. Mothers’ prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with dysregulating and fearful representations, and their postnatal PTSD with fearful representations. TWE were not associated with the high‐risk representations. Moreover, mothers of boys reported more fearful representations, and mothers with financial difficulties reported more unavailable representations. TWE and high‐risk representations were not associated with EA. However, qualitative analysis of the representations indicated risks in the mother–infant relationship. Further, older mothers and mothers with postnatal PTSD reported lower EA. Cultural variance in caregiving representations and the use of self‐report measures among traumatized mothers are discussed.

Uloga obitelji u razvoju socijalne kompetencije adolescenata

Thesis

Dec 2012

Marina Merkaš

Polazeći od teorije privrženosti, obiteljske sistemske teorije i teorije ekoloških sustava, svrha je rada bila istražiti odnose između obiteljskog funkcioniranja, sigurnosti adolescenta u obitelj i socijalne kompetencije adolescenta. Za potrebe rada postavljen je teorijski model utjecaja obiteljskog funkcioniranja na socijalnu kompetenciju adolescenata, kojim se predviđa izravan i neizravan - putem osjećaja sigurnosti adolescenta u obitelj - utjecaj obitelji na razvoj socijalne kompetencije. Provedeno je predistraživanje, u kojem je sudjelovalo 104 djece i njihova oba roditelja, s ciljem razvoja i validacije Skale obiteljskog funkcioniranja te odabira čestica za vršnjačke procjene za primjenu u glavnom istraživanju. U glavnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 377 djece koja se nalaze u razvojnom razdoblju rane adolescencije, njihova oba roditelja i razrednici. Nacrt istraživanja uključivao je dvije vremenske točke prikupljanja podataka od istih sudionika. Za mjerenje obiteljskog funkcioniranja korištena je Skala obiteljskog funkcioniranja, osjećaj sigurnosti adolescenta u obitelj mjeren je Skalom sigurnosti u obiteljski sustava (Forman i Davies, 2005), a socijalna kompetencija Skalom za procjenu ponašanja i emocija (Epstein, 2004). Podatci o obiteljskom funkcioniranju i socijalnoj kompetenciji prikupljeni su iz više izvora - adolescenti, roditelji, razrednici i vršnjaci. Obrada rezultata uključivala je složene statističke analize prikladne za podatke prikupljene iz različitih izvora, u različitim vremenskim točkama i o različitim konstruktima. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti kako socijalno kompetentan adolescent dolazi iz obitelji koja je za njega sigurna okolina za razvoj i koju obilježava visoka razina kohezije i fleksibilnosti te dobra komunikacija unutar obitelji, bez obzira na izvor procjene ili vrijeme prikupljanja podataka. Rezultati ukazuju na postojanje značajnih interindividalnih razlika u intraindividualnim promjena u socijalnoj kompetenciji, osjećaju sigurnosti adolescenta u obitelj i funkcioniranju obitelji u ranoj adolescenciji, pri čemu su se intraindividualne promjene kretale od promjena na lošije do promjena na bolje. U prosjeku dolazi do blagog pogoršanja u socijalnoj kompetenciji, osjećaju sigurnosti u obitelj i obiteljskom funkcioniranju iz perspektive adolescenata za vrijeme jednogodišnjeg razdoblja obuhvaćenog istraživanjem. Rezultati istraživanja jasno pokazuju kako obiteljsko funkcioniranje može izravno i pozitivno pridonijeti objašnjenju promjene u socijalnoj kompetenciji adolescenta, dok obrnuti smjer utjecaja u ovom istraživanju nije potvrđen. Nadalje, rezultati istraživanja ne podupiru tezu o longitudinalnom medijacijskom efektu djetetova osjećaja sigurnosti u obitelj u odnosu obiteljskog funkcioniranja i socijalne kompetencije djeteta, ali ukazuju na neizravan utjecaj obitelji na razvoj socijalne kompetencije. U radu se o rezultatima istraživanja raspravlja iz perspektiva različitih teorijskih okvira i dosadašnjih spoznaja uvažavajući dosege korištene metodologije.

Fathers’ but not Mothers’ Repetition of Children’s Utterances at Age Two is Associated with Child Vocabulary at Age Four

Article

Nov 2019

Repetition in child-directed speech has been shown to benefit child language development, yet fathers remain largely understudied in this context because research is primarily dominated by a focus on mothers. Accordingly, the current study, using a comparative approach, examined concurrent and longitudinal associations between parental repetition of children's utterances and child language ability. A period of 10 min of triadic structured play interaction for 21 families was analyzed using bivariate and partial correlations. No associations were found between parents' repetition and children's standardized measures of language ability; however, both mothers and fathers of 2-year-olds (M = 23.82 months, SD = 1.32; 11 girls) engaged in more repetition when their children used less diverse vocabularies in interaction, tentatively suggesting synergies between parental language input and concurrent child vocabulary. Furthermore, although maternal repetition at 2 years of age showed no significant relationship with children's language abilities at 4 years, fathers' repetition of 2-year-olds' utterances showed positive associations with children's vocabulary diversity at 4 years of age even after controlling for maternal repetition and children's language abilities at 2 years. Although these results are inconclusive, it is possible that paternal repetition of children's utterances may contribute to vocabulary development.

Is it possible to improve early childhood development with a video-feedback intervention directed at the mother-father-child triad?

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

Relationships with primary caregivers provide the context for early childhood development, and evaluating those relationships during the early years can detect difficulties that may influence future mental health. Video feedback is a valuable intervention tool in early childhood, both for family relationships and child development. An intervention was implemented using this technique, focused on mother-father-child triads that were experiencing difficulties in social-emotional development. Participants were 80 mother-fatherinfant triads (experimental group, EG=40, control group, CG=40), with children between 1 and 3 years old. Socio-emotional difficulties decreased significantly in the children who received the intervention (Wilks λ=0.930, F (1, 78)=5.907; P=.017). There was also an increase in psychomotor development in communication (Wilks λ=0.948, F (1, 78) =4.284; P=.042) and fine motor skills (Wilks λ=0.875, F (1, 78)=11.185; P=.001) in children in the EG compared with children in the CG.

The NeMo real-time fMRI neurofeedback study: protocol of a randomised controlled clinical intervention trial in the neural foundations of mother–infant bonding

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

Introduction Most mothers feel an immediate, strong emotional bond with their newborn. On a neurobiological level, this is accompanied with the activation of the brain reward systems, including the striatum. However, approximately 10% of all mothers report difficulties to bond emotionally with their infant and display impaired reward responses to the interaction with their infant which might have long-term negative effects for the child’s development. As previous studies suggest that activation of the striatal reward system can be regulated through functional MRI (fMRI)-based neurofeedback (NFB), we have designed and investigate fMRI-NFB training to treat maternal bonding difficulties. Methods and analysis In the planned trial, mothers will be presented pictures of their infant and real-time fMRI (rtfMRI), peripheral measures, neural, endocrine, psychophysiological and behavioural measures will be assessed. Mothers with bonding difficulties (n=68) will be randomised to one of two double-blind intervention groups at 4–6 months postpartum. They will participate in three repeated NFB training sessions with rtfMRI-NFB training to increase activation of (a) the ventral striatum or (b) the anterior cingulate. Interview data and real-time mother–infant interaction behaviour pre-intervention, post-intervention and at follow-up will serve as clinical outcome measures. Ethics and dissemination Study procedures are in line with the recommendations of the World Medical Association (revised Declaration of Helsinki) and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, s-450/2017, Heidelberg University. All participants will provide written informed consent after receiving a detailed oral and written explanation of all procedures and can withdraw their consent at any time without negative consequence. Results will be internationally published and disseminated, to further the discussion on non-pharmacological treatment options in complex mental disorders. Trial registration number DRKS00014570; Pre-results.

Skepticism across cultures: The ability to doubt and reject distorted claims in Jordanian and U.S. children

Article

Oct 2019
COGNITIVE DEV

The current study examined Jordanian children’s performance on a skepticism measure that had been previously implemented on U.S. children. Seventy-four 6- to 9-year-old Jordanians were presented with various claims (i.e., biased, self-reports, persuasive, and informative), followed by questions aimed at examining their ability to reject distorted claims and explain their reasons for skepticism. Children also completed an interpretive theory of mind measure (IToM) to examine how advanced social cognition may contribute to their ability to doubt distortions. Jordanian children had more difficulty than U.S. children at rejecting and explaining distorted claims but had the most difficulty condemning claims related to best friend bias and self-reports. Older Jordanian children also provided more accurate explanations than younger children regarding their reasons for doubt, although this was only true for half of the claims. Finally, although Jordanian’s IToM scores correlated with skepticism skills, this did not hold true after controlling for age.

Explanatory effects of young childhood caregiving environment, child’s pro-social behavior, and child self-regulation skills on adolescent problem behavior

Article

Mar 2019
CHILD YOUTH SERV REV

SOCIALINĖS KOMPETENCIJOS SAMPRATA IR DINAMIKA PASTARĄJĮ DEŠIMTMETĮ: LIETUVOS STUDENTŲ TYRIMAS

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Socialinis asmenybės kompetentingumas – vienas svarbiausių veiksnių, turinčių įtakos jos psichosocialinei adaptacijai. 1998–1999 m. atliktas tyrimas užfiksavo tam tikrus Lietuvos studentų socialinės kompetencijos ypatumus. 2010–2011 m. atliktu tyrimu buvo siekta atsakyti į klausimą, ar pastaruoju metu kitusi socialinė aplinka ir jos keliami reikalavimai jaunam žmogui yra susiję su socialinės kompetencijos pokyčiais, o konkrečiau – socialinių įgūdžių prioritetų kaita. Pirmame tyrime dalyvavo 623, antrame – 590 studentų iš įvairių Lietuvos universitetų. Tyrime naudotas Socialinės kompetencijos testas (Ullrich und de Muynck, 1998, adaptuota R. Lekavičienės, 2001). Nustatyta, kad per pastarąjį dešimtmetį įvyko tam tikri studentų socialinės kompetencijos lygį atspindinčių socialinių įgūdžių pokyčiai: studentai įgijo daugiau pasitikėjimo savimi, tapo ryžtingesni ir mažiau priklausomi nuo kitų žmonių, jie geba spontaniškiau reikšti savo jausmus. Kartu šiuolaikiniai jaunuoliai mažiau linkę iš kitų žmonių prašyti paslaugos arba informacijos, o tai gali būti susiję tiek su pozityviomis priežastimis (pvz., jau minėtu padidėjusiu pasitikėjimu savo pačių galimybėmis), tiek su negatyviomis priežastimis (pvz., atstūmimo arba įsipareigojimų kitiems žmonėms baime). Pagrindiniai žodžiai: socialinė kompetencija, socialiniai įgūdžiai, studentai. THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN THE LAST DECADE: A RESEARCH OF LITHUANIAN STUDENTS Dalia Antinienė, Rosita Lekavičienė Summary According to the dominant view of psychology, the construct of social competence is inseparable from the context, it is action and activity-oriented and related to the specific goals and transactions of personality. Social competence determines the level of efficiency of social behaviour. Social competence of personality is one of the main factors influencing psycho-social adaptation of personality. The survey, performed in the period of 1998–1999, revealed some peculiarities of social competence of Lithuanian students. In the survey, performed in 2010–2011, it was tried to find out whether social environment, which changed in these times, and its requirements for a young person had an impact to the changes of social competence, or, more precisely, to the change of priorities of social skills, which are one of the indicators of social competence. The students from different Lithuanian universities participated in the surveys: in the first survey participated 623 students and in the second survey participated 590 students. In the surveys Ullrich and de Muynck social competence assessment questionnaire (Ullrich and de Muynck, 1998, adapted by Lekavičienė, 1999), which analyses the behaviour according seven factors – (F1) General self-confidence, (F2) Resistance to failures and criticism, (F3) Ability of expressing feelings, (F4) Ability of asking for a favour, (F5) Unyielding, (F6) Ability of demanding, (F7) Feeling not guilty, was used. On purpose to test the psychometric validity of social competence assessment questionnaire, in 2010–2011 the analysis of the reliability of scales was performed repeatedly. Internal consistency of the scales of social competence assessment questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha varied from 0,6 to 0,8 in both surveys), resolution (itt), minimal and maximal intercorrelation between the items of every scale were re-tested. In conclusion it can be predicated that the psychometric quality of Ullrich and de Muynck social competence assessment questionnaire after the second measurement was good. Data analysis revealed that some particular changes of students’ social skills, reflecting the level of social competence, happened in the last decade: students became more self-confident, decisive and less dependent on other people, they are capable to express their feelings more spontaneously. Equally, contemporary young people are less used to ask other people for a favour or for some information and that can be related to both positive reasons, i.e. to higher self-confidence, and to negative reasons, for example, to the fear of repulse or commitment to other people. During the analysis of the whole structure of social competence assessment questionnaire the method of multidimensional scales allowed to make the sequence of scales in which two aspects are reflecting – emotional strain, experienced by a person at the time of realisation of social skills and the inner or outer plan of realisation of a social skill. Keywords: social competence, social skills, students.

Genetic and Peripheral Markers of the Oxytocin System and Parental Care Jointly Support the Cross-Generational Transmission of Bonding across Three Generations

Article

Dec 2018
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINO

Intrusive parenting in early childhood: A review and meta‐analysis

Article

Mar 2023

This systematic review and meta‐analysis examines similarities and differences in intrusive parenting between mothers and fathers and relations between intrusive parenting and early childhood development. The authors integrated 55 studies and differentiated cognitive skills and socio‐emotional problems as developmental outcomes. The present study employs three‐level meta‐analyses to reliably estimate effect sizes and examine a range of moderators. It finds a moderate effect size of similarities in intrusive parenting within a family (r = 0.256, confidence interval [CI] = [0.180, 0.329]). No significant differences were observed in intrusiveness level between mothers and fathers (g = 0.035, CI = [−0.034, 0.103]). Intrusive parenting had a significant positive association with children's socio‐emotional problems (rmother = 0.098, CImother = [0.051, 0.145]; rfather = 0.094, CI father = [0.032, 0.154]) but was not related to cognitive skills. Moderator analyses suggest that East Asian mothers exhibit higher intrusiveness levels than fathers, whereas Western parents display no significant differences. Overall, these results reveal more similarities than differences in intrusive parenting and that culture likely plays a role in shaping gender‐specific parenting behaviors.

Family alliance as a developmental antecedent of depressive and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence: Friendship quality as a mediating factor

Chapter

Dec 2022
ADV CHILD DEV BEHAV

Family interactions constitute a critical context in which children can learn the basic relational skills that they need to make friends. In turn, friendship quality is a robust predictor of child socioemotional functioning. Therefore, friendship is likely to act as a bridge in a socioemotional developmental cascade linking early family interactions to child subsequent socioemotional adjustment. This study aimed to examine a mediation model linking family alliance (the degree of mother–father–child engagement and coordination in joint activities) in kindergarten to anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence through the mediating role of friendship quality in middle childhood. The family alliance of 87 mother–father–child triads was assessed when children were aged 6 years based on a 15-min videotaped interaction. Children reported on the quality of their relationship with their best friend at age 10 and on their anxiety and depressive symptoms at both 12 and 13 years (averaged). Results showed that children who experienced better family alliance at 6 years had higher relationship quality with their best friend at 10 years which in turn, predicted less anxiety (but not depressive) symptoms in early adolescence. There was a significant indirect effect of family alliance on anxiety through friendship quality. Findings suggest that family alliance may play a central role in shaping children's capacity to develop high-quality friendships, with implications for their subsequent socioemotional functioning. Further longitudinal studies are needed to examine the reciprocal influences unfolding over time that are likely to characterize developmental cascades among family systems, children's developing friendships, and their socioemotional functioning.

A maternidade e a lei de drogas: uma análise sob a aplicação da prisão domiciliar no estado do Espírito Santo

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

O presente estudo tem por escopo a análise quanto a atual aplicabilidade da tese fixada quando do julgamento do habeas corpus coletivo n.º 143.641 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Propõem-se um recorte mais específico no que tange ao exame de decisões proferidas em sede de Segundo Grau de jurisdição tendo por alvo mulheres segregadas cautelarmente no Estado do Espírito Santo pela suposta prática de delitos relacionados à Lei n.º 11.343/06 (Lei de Drogas) que se encontram gestantes ou detém filho de até 12 anos de idade incompletos e, por via de consequência, se amoldariam ao benefício da prisão domiciliar, nos termos do art. 318, incisos IV e V do Código de Processo Penal. Empregou-se a metodologia empírica de abordagem qualitativa, em decisões do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Espírito Santo que versam sobre o tema. O exame dos acórdãos permitiu a conclusão de que, malgrado a Suprema Corte tenha fixado como regra o emprego da prisão domiciliar frente ao público alvo analisado, tal benefício encontra grande resistência ainda pelos aplicadores do direito que, baseando-se na vontade do interprete, põem em segundo plano os limites semânticos do texto.

Marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and family alliance: Parental perspective taking as a moderator

Article

Sep 2022

Research has shown that family alliance (FA), operationalized as the quality of mother–father‐child triadic interactions, is important for child socioemotional development. However, few studies have investigated the predictors of FA, and there are few longitudinal studies available. Accordingly, this study first examined whether mothers' and fathers' marital satisfaction and parenting stress during infancy predicted FA five years later, when their children entered kindergarten. Second, the moderating role of both parents' perspective‐taking capacity as a moderator of these longitudinal associations was examined. The study was conducted with 113 intact families (mother–father‐child). Marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and perspective taking were reported by both parents and FA was assessed by observation. Contrary to expectations, neither parent's marital satisfaction or parenting stress was directly related to family alliance. However, significant moderating effects were found for both parents' perspective taking, such that higher paternal and maternal parenting stress predicted poorer FA only among parents with relatively lower perspective‐taking capacities. These findings suggest that some aspects of the quality of family interactions when children enter school can be predicted by mothers' and fathers' personal dispositions assessed as early as five years prior. 研究表明，家庭联盟(FA)对儿童的社会情感发展尤其重要，家庭联盟FA的情况可以反映出母亲‐父亲‐孩子三方互动的质量。然而，很少有研究调查FA的预测因素，也很少有纵向长期的研究。因此，本研究首先考察了父母在婴儿期阶段的婚姻满意度和育儿压力是否能预测在五年后孩子进入幼儿园时的家庭联盟FA情况。其次，研究了父母双方转换视角看待事物的能力对这些长时间的纵向关联的调节作用。本研究对113个完整的家庭(母亲‐父亲‐孩子)进行了调查。夫妻双方都报告了婚姻满意度、育儿压力和转换视角思考问题的能力，家庭联盟的状况也通过观察接受评估。与预期相反，父母的婚姻满意度和育儿压力都与家庭联盟没有直接关系。然而，研究发现，父母双方的视角转换能力都有显著的调节作用，例如，较高的家长养育压力只在换位思考能力相对较低的父母中预测较差的FA。这些发现表明，孩子入学时的家庭互动质量的某些方面可以通过提前在五年前就对父母的个人性格进行评估来预测。

Psychosocial Stages of Development

Chapter

Full-text available

Sep 2013

Erik Erikson's psychosocial development model has been a leading theory on the stages of human development since 1963. Erikson was a student of Anna Freud, studying to become a psychoanalyst. However, his view of psychosocial development diverged from psychoanalysis and he concluded that development is influenced not only by inner conflicts, but also by the social world. He challenged the field to examine how identity is formed and the extent of social and environmental influences in shaping individual development. Erikson's theory revolutionized the field of development and identity, leading to pioneering work such as James Marcia's identity status model, which focused on adolescent development. Keywords: lifespan and development psychology; Erikson, Erik; personality

Beziehungen zu Gleichaltrigen

Chapter

Nov 2021

In diesem Kapitel betrachten wir die besondere Beschaffenheit der Interaktionen mit Gleichaltrigen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die soziale Entwicklung von Kindern. Zuerst besprechen wir theoretische Perspektiven zur besonderen Rolle der Interaktionen mit Gleichaltrigen. Nachfolgend betrachten wir Freundschaften, die engste Form solcher Beziehungen. Danach betrachten wir die Interaktionen von Kindern innerhalb der größeren Gruppe von Peers. Diese Beziehungen werden nicht zusammen mit Freundschaften behandelt, weil sie für die Entwicklung von Kindern eine etwas andere Rolle zu spielen scheinen, besonders was das Ausmaß an Vertrautheit untereinander betrifft. Zuletzt geht es um den Einfluss der Eltern in Bezug auf die Peer-Beziehungen von Kindern.

What watching others watching can tell us: using video vignettes alongside narrative interviews to access multiple positions and embodied information in cross-cultural mother-infant research

Article

Aug 2021

Culturally-embedded and embodied understandings of interaction, transmitted intergenerationally, and often non-consciously through sensory and affective memory, are notoriously difficult to access. Such information is often contained in implicit memory and is not readily available for narrative explanation. Alternative methodologies that can access these models of meaning are required. While videos of mother-infant interaction have long been used for both assessment and clinical intervention, in this paper, the use of participant commentary during observation of interactional videos as a qualitative research method, alongside narrative interviews, is proposed. The utility of this dual method is demonstrated through its use in a study aimed at understanding local understandings of maternal sensitive responsiveness in a South African township setting. By analysing participant responses to video material alongside their answers to interview questions, this paper suggests that participant reflection on video material utilised alongside narrative interviewing allows for analysis and interpretation of shifting participant identifications and positions, capturing greater complexity in understandings of culturally-embedded parent-infant interaction.

Cultural Moderation of the Effects of Parenting: Answered and Unanswered Questions

Article

Aug 2021

Maayan Davidov

In this article, I address the cultural moderation of the links between parenting and children's adjustment, and highlight avenues for research. First, I address whether cultural moderation effects occur. I review an inconsistent pattern of results, suggesting that cultural moderation effects are not robust in nature and raising the need to systematically uncover their parameters. Then, I consider the underlying mechanism of cultural moderation effects. Researchers agree that such effects stem from differential meanings of the same parenting behavior across cultures, but we still need direct evidence of how meaning variables account for cultural moderation effects. Such evidence can come from studies that incorporate four components: parents' behavior, children's adjustment, cultural variables, and meaning variables. Finally, I propose a theoretical model that outlines how different elements create and convey the meaning of parental behavior across three temporal stages: before, during, and after the behavior occurs.

Major depression, temperament, and social support as psychosocial mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of parenting styles

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

In this three-generation longitudinal study of familial depression, we investigated the continuity of parenting styles, and major depressive disorder (MDD), temperament, and social support during childrearing as potential mechanisms. Each generation independently completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), measuring individuals' experiences of care and overprotection received from parents during childhood. MDD was assessed prospectively, up to 38 years, using the semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Social support and temperament were assessed using the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR) and Dimensions of Temperament Scales-Revised, respectively. We first assessed transmission of parenting styles in the generation 1 to generation 2 cycle (G1→G2), including 133 G1 and their 229 G2 children (367 pairs), and found continuity of both care and overprotection. G1 MDD accounted for the association between G1→G2 experiences of care, and G1 social support and temperament moderated the transmission of overprotection. The findings were largely similar when examining these psychosocial mechanisms in 111 G2 and their spouses (G2+S) and their 136 children (G3) (a total of 223 pairs). Finally, in a subsample of families with three successive generations (G1→G2→G3), G2 experiences of overprotection accounted for the association between G1→G3 experiences of overprotection. The results of this study highlight the roles of MDD, temperament, and social support in the intergenerational continuity of parenting, which should be considered in interventions to "break the cycle" of poor parenting practices across generations.

Birlikte Ebeveynlik Ölçeği: Ölçek Geliştirme, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

Coparenting has been increasingly investigated in parenting and family studies literature in recent years. In the international literature, empirical evidence indicate that the quality of coparenting predicts parent and child outcomes above and beyond the marriage relationship. Nevertheless, Turkish researchers have begun to study coparenting recently and in a limited way, and there is not a comprehensive culture-specific measurement tool for assessing coparenting in Turkish families yet. Therefore, in order to fill this gap in the Turkish literature, this study aimed to develop a Coparenting Scale (CS) specific to Turkish culture and to examine its validity and reliability. The study was conducted with 677 parents (n = 550 mothers, 81.2%; n = 127 fathers, 18.8%) who are married and live together and have children between the ages of 0-18. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the CS consists of six dimensions, namely the coparenting agreement, the coparenting conflict, the coparenting support, the coparenting undermining, the coparenting about division of labor and the joint management of family relations. Significant correlations between CS total score and sub-dimensions and Family Conflict Scale, Family Cohesion Scale, and Perceived Romantic Relationship Quality Scale demonstrated that CS has criterion-related validity. In reliability analyses, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from .87 to .95 for sub-dimensions of CS. Cronbach’s alpha was .97 for the total scale. In the test-retest study performed at three-week interval, the reliability coefficients were .76 and above. As a result, the research findings indicated that CS is a comprehensive, valid, and reliable instrument in order to assess the level of coparenting relationship in couples with children aged 0-18, married, and living together in Turkish culture

Social Behavior as a Transdiagnostic Marker of Resilience

Article

May 2021

Ruth Feldman

The recent shift from psychopathology to resilience and from diagnosis to functioning requires the construction of transdiagnostic markers of adaptation. This review describes a model of resilience that is based on the neurobiology of affiliation and the initial condition of mammals that mature in the context of the mother's body and social behavior. The model proposes three tenets of resilience—plasticity, sociality, and meaning—and argues that coordinated social behavior stands at the core sustaining resilience. Two lines in the maturation of coordinated social behavior are charted, across animal evolution and throughout human development, culminating in the mature human reciprocity of empathy, mutuality, and perspective-taking. Cumulative evidence across ages and clinical conditions and based on our behavioral coding system demonstrates that social reciprocity, defined by plasticity at the individual, dyadic, and group levels, denotes resilience, whereas the two poles of disengagement/avoidance and intrusion/rigidity characterize specific psychopathologies, each with a distinct behavioral signature. Attention to developmentally sensitive markers and to the dimension of meaning in human sociality may open new, behavior-based pathways to resilience. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Challenge of Empathy: Examining Processes in the Israeli-Palestinian Bi-National School for Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents

Article

Oct 2020
PSYCHOANAL INQ

A 30-month-long training program in child and adolescent psychotherapy was established in response to specific Israeli and Palestinian mental health services’ needs. Trainees came from Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. This article addresses the rationale for the program, the opposition it encountered upon its inception, and the empathic processes that arose in the training group through a short vignette from a group supervision hour. It demonstrates the delicate nature of empathy, and its retreat in the face of conflict and aggression. Attention to empathic processes is presented as central both to psychotherapeutic relationships, as well as to the process of learning from group dynamics. The group’s growing capacity for empathy paralleled an increased appreciation for complexity and meeting the unknown personal territory of another. Relating to the Israeli-Palestinian context of the group, enabled an expanded ability to recognize one another’s humanity, while accepting existing political conflicts and experiential differences.

The Dynamic Systems Perspective: What is the System?

Chapter

Nov 2012

Tom Hollenstein

Triadic interactions, parental reflective functioning, and early social-emotional difficulties

Article

Feb 2020

Early childhood is a critical period for social-emotional development; during this period, the child's immediate family is the system with the greatest influence on his or her development. The parents' capacity to reflect on the children's ability to process and interact within a social environment, called parental reflective functioning (RF), is considered an important factor in protecting children from highly prevalent social-emotional difficulties and may have a strong influence on children's long-term development. Objective: To describe and analyze the relationships among parents' RF, the quality of the mother-father-child triadic interaction, and children's social-emotional difficulties. Method: A nonexperimental, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted. Fifty mother-father-child triads, each in a current relationship that included at least one child aged 12-36 months, were evaluated. Sociodemographic background, triadic interaction, parental RF, and social-emotional difficulties were assessed. Results: Triadic interaction was found to have a significant effect on the child's social-emotional difficulties, explaining 9% of the variance. In addition, the mothers' RF had a significant influence on triadic interaction, explaining 19% of the variance. An exploratory finding showed that triadic interaction mediates the relationship between mothers' RF and children's social-emotional difficulties.

A Case of Child Survivor of Family Trauma: Creating a Safe Place, Building Strengths Through Play

Chapter

Jun 2019

Young children living in dysfunctional households marked with high levels of interparental domestic violence are at higher risk for developing future psychiatric disorders and overall health problems. Successful treatment interventions with this group are varied, although existing research highlights the need for treatments that adopt a strength-based approach, that promote safety, and that nurture interpersonal relationships. Child-centred play therapy provides the client with a sense of empowerment and is described in this chapter.

Interactional Synchrony and Child Gender Differences in Dyadic and Triadic Family Interactions

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019
J FAM ISSUES

Based on family systems theory, our objectives were to examine the association between dyadic parent–child interactional synchrony (mother–child and father–child) and triadic mother–father–child interactional synchrony and the effect of the child’s gender on the family interactional synchrony at the child’s third year. Forty-three low-income Brazilian families (mother, father, and child) were observed in free play interaction. Multidimension assessments of the degree of dyadic and triadic interactional synchronies were made (interpersonal distance, visual and body orientation, play involvement, and shared affect). Results indicated that father–child dyadic interaction was more strongly associated with triadic family interaction than mother–child interaction. Furthermore, father–daughter dyads and triads with girls were more attuned than all other family compositions. Taken together, these results expand research in the field and suggest that fathers may have a greater impact on child gender development than previously thought. Our findings also add empirical evidence to the unique contribution of the triadic family context for understanding of parental roles and family dynamics. Keywords mother–child interaction, father–child interaction, triadic interaction, family processes, gender socialization

The Role of the Father in Child Development

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 1985

For a variety of sociopolitical, economic, scientific, and clinical reasons, considerable interest in the study of father-child relationships has emerged in the last decade. In the last few years, the focus has narrowed to concern about the effects of increased paternal involvement. Interest in, and concern about, the latter seems to be especially prominent among social service providers and clinicians. For this reason, and also because the voluminous literature on paternal influences has been scrutinized quite extensively, we will focus in this chapter on evidence concerning the effects of increased involvement. Much less will be said, mostly in summary fashion, about paternal influences more generally, although readers will be referred to recent reviews for further discussions of the literature.

Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, by Martin L. Hoffman (Book review)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Zora Raboteg-Šarić

In this article Hoffman's theory of the development of empathy and moral internalization is reviewed. The theory extends into a comprehensive theory of prosocial moral development that links its emotional/motivational, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. The author examines five prototypic moral encounters that may give rise to empathic distress and its derivatives. They range from simple situations where one is an innocent bystander, one is a transgressor, real or virtual-to more complex situations that involve multiple claimants where the individual is forced to choose which victims to help and which to ignore, and caring versus justice dilemmas where one must choose between helping an individual or following a moral principle. Hoffman's book on the relationship between empathy and moral development confronts a wide range of theoretical and empirical issues and provides a well-conceptualized and clearly structured agenda for future research.

The Organization of Emotional Development

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1982
PSYCHOANAL INQ

L. Alan Sroufe

Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1991

People in different cultures have strikingly different construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence of the 2. These construals can influence, and in many cases determine, the very nature of individual experience, including cognition, emotion, and motivation. Many Asian cultures have distinct conceptions of individuality that insist on the fundamental relatedness of individuals to each other. The emphasis is on attending to others, fitting in, and harmonious interdependence with them. American culture neither assumes nor values such an overt connectedness among individuals. In contrast, individuals seek to maintain their independence from others by attending to the self and by discovering and expressing their unique inner attributes. As proposed herein, these construals are even more powerful than previously imagined. Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of the self as independent and a construal of the self as interdependent. Each of these divergent construals should have a set of specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation; these consequences are proposed and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The cultural structuring of child development.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1997

[focuses] primarily on recent theory and research related to 3 distinctive conceptualizations of culture's influence on child development, and [describes] efforts by ourselves and others to forge a new, more powerful framework based on a synthesis of several approaches / 3 recurring themes emerge from this literature review . . . how best to conceptualize variability within and across cultural settings, to characterize activities of the child's mind, and to improve methodological rigor in research in culture and development the cultural organization of settings / culture, communication, and practices / parents' cultural belief systems [nature and sources, cross-cultural and intra-cultural variation, the instantiation of parental ethnotheories, developmental consequences of parental ethnotheories] / integrative frameworks [the ecocultural niche, the developmental microniche, the developmental niche] / the systematic power of culture (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Psychology of Cultural Experience

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008
AM ANTHROPOL

Richard Castillo

The Psychology of Cultural Experience. Carmella C. Moore and Holly F. Mathews. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 247 pp.

Fatherhood in the Twenty‐First Century

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2000
CHILD DEV

The twentieth century has been characterized by four important social trends that have fundamentally changed the social cultural context in which children develop: women's increased labor force participation, increased absence of nonresidential fathers in the lives of their children, increased involvement of fathers in intact families, and increased cultural diversity in the U.S.. In this essay, we discuss how these trends are changing the nature of father involvement and family life, and in turn affecting children's and fathers' developmental trajectories. We end with an eye toward the twenty-first century by examining how the children of today will construct their expectations about the roles of fathers and mothers as they become the parents of tomorrow. This life-span approach to fatherhood considers the broader sociohistorical context in which fatherhood develops, and emphasizes the urgent need to consider mothers, fathers, and family structure in future research as we seek to understand and model the effects of parenting on children's development.

The Role of the Father in Child Development / M. R. Lamb.

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1981

Michael E Lamb

Attention, self–regulation and consciousness

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1998

Consciousness has many aspects. These include awareness of the world, feelings of control over one's behaviour and mental state (volition), and the notion of a continuing self. Focal (executive) attention is used to control details of our awareness and is thus closely related to volition. Experiments suggest an integrated network of neural areas involved in executive attention. This network is associated with our voluntary ability to select among competing items, to correct error and to regulate our emotions. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that these various functions involve separate areas of the anterior cingulate. We have adopted a strategy of using marker tasks, shown to activate the brain area by imaging studies, as a means of tracing the development of attentional networks. Executive attention appears to develop first to regulate distress during the first year of life. During later childhood the ability to regulate conflict among competing stimuli builds upon the earlier cingulate anatomy to provide a means of cognitive control. During childhood the activation of cingulate structures relates both to the child's success on laboratory tasks involving conflict and to parental reports of self–regulation and emotional control. These studies indicate a start in understanding the anatomy, circuitry and development of executive attention networks that serve to regulate both cognition and emotion.

Social Competence in Developmental Perspective

Book

Jan 1989

What determines the focus of a researcher's interest, the sources of inspiration for a study, or the variables scrutinized? If we were to examine the antecedents of these decisions, they would surely emerge as accidents of circumstance--the personal experiences of the researcher, the inspiration of early mentors, the influence of contemporary colleagues--all tempered by the intellectual currents that nurture the researcher's hypotheses. Among the accidents that mold the careers of researchers is geographic location. The culture in which a research program emerges helps determine both its very subject and its method. The primary purpose of this book is to assist those interested in the scientific study of children's social competence in transcending the boundaries imposed both by geography and by selective exposure to the highly diverse schools of thought that have led to interest in this field. Most of these ideas were presented and exchanged at an Advanced Study Institute entitled "Social Competence in Developmental Perspective" held in Savoie, France, in July 1988. This Institute was attended by scholars from France, England, Northern Ireland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Canada, the United States and Brazil. Those who participated will recognize that the metamorphosis from lecture to chapter has necessitated many changes. In order to accommodate the reader who may be unfamiliar with the field, more attention has been paid here to identifying the theoretical contexts of the research described.

Touch in mother-infant interaction

Article

Jan 1995

Ed Tronick

Maternal sensitivity and infant triadic communication

Article

Mar 2004

Background and method: The aim of this study was to examine whether a mother's sensitivity towards her one-year-old infant is related to the infant's propensity to engage in 'triadic' relations - that is, to orientate to an adult's engagement with objects and events in the world, for example in sharing experiences with an adult. In order to determine that any effects were specific to infants' behaviour in the interpersonal domain, we also tested their performance on tests of understanding means-ends relations and object permanence. Results: The results were that high maternal sensitivity and low intrusiveness correlated with high levels of infant triadic interpersonal engagement with a stranger vis-a-vis performance on the non-social tasks. There was also suggestive evidence that maternal sensitivity might be related to infants' propensity to share experiences with the mother. Exploratory analyses revealed that these findings held up when the effects of maternal socio-economic status and ethnic group were taken into account; and there was some indication that the effects of maternal intrusiveness on infant profiles of performance were more marked for mothers who did not have a partner. Conclusion: There is a specific relation between maternal sensitivity and one-year-old infants' propensity to engage with someone else in relation to the world.

Mind, Self, and Society

Book

Jan 2001

George Herbert Mead

The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts

Article

Jul 1989

Harry Triandis

Three aspects of the self (private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism-collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, child-rearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.

Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions

Article

Jan 1994
J OPER RES SOC

Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice

Article

Sep 2001
CONTEMP SOCIOL

Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing.

Article

Feb 1964
AM SOCIOL REV

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Developmental Psychology

Article

Dec 1986

Gustav Jahoda

The burden of the argument put forward in this paper is that in spite of a considerable expansion of cross-cultural development studies over the past two decades, developmental psychology as a whole remains unduly parochial. Since most of its theories originate in the first world, one of the main functions of cross-cultural work is to assess the range of their applicability across the globe. After briefly illustrating this theme in relation to infant behaviour, research and theories dealing with cognitive development in childhood and adolescence are reviewed in more detail. Piagetians focusing on supposedly universal processes appeared at one time sharply opposed to followers of Vygotsky concentrating on specific context-bound learning. Cross-cultural work has resulted in a convergence such that what divides them now is mainly a difference of emphasis, both sides accepting forms of 'local constructivism'. Important contributions from workers outside these major traditions are outlined and a shift away from exclusive concern with learning to understand the physical, and towards the social world is noted. In conclusion, some evidence is mentioned indicating that cultural factors powerfully affect emotional as well as cognitive development and it is suggested that there is a need to devote more effort in that direction.

Culture, Behavior, and Personality

Article

Feb 1979

Arnold A. Rogow

The Cultural Nature of Human Development

Book

Jan 2003

Barbara Rogoff

Estudio sobre el desarrollo de los seres humanos, visto como procesos culturales que ocurren a través de la participación del sujeto, junto a otros miembros de su comunidad, en la construcción y reconstrucción de prácticas culturales que han sido heredadas de generaciones anteriores. Temas clásicos del desarrollo humano como la crianza, la interdependencia y la autonomía, las transiciones a lo largo del ciclo vital, el desarrollo cognoscitivo, el aprendizaje, los roles de género o las relaciones sociales son examinados desde una perspectiva cultural, que reúne ideas de la psicología evolutiva, la antropología, la educación y la historia.

National and Civic Identities of Palestinians in Israel

Article

Apr 1997

Similarity measures were obtained from 77 Palestinians living in Israel about 17 attitudes toward their national and civic identities. The symmetric similarity matrices were subjected to a multidimensional scaling analysis. Results showed that (a) the Arabic language and cultural heritage were key factors in the participants' national identity; (b) of two orthogonal dimensions that emerged, a national-Palestinian dimension and a civic-Israeli dimension, the former was judged twice as important; (c) the Zionist movement and Israel's policies toward its Palestinian citizens were evaluated negatively on both dimensions; and (d) political and social aspects of the national identity were evaluated positively on the national dimension but negatively on the civic dimension.

Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1

Article

Jan 1969

J. M. Bowlby

The Interpersonal World of The Infant

Article

Jan 1985

Daniel N. Stern

Multiple Regression: Testing And Interpreting Interactions

Book

Jan 1991

This study investigated 3 broad classes of individual-differences variables (job-search motives, competencies, and constraints) as predictors of job-search intensity among 292 unemployed job seekers. Also assessed was the relationship between job-search intensity and reemployment success in a longitudinal context. Results show significant relationships between the predictors employment commitment, financial hardship, job-search self-efficacy, and motivation control and the outcome job-search intensity. Support was not found for a relationship between perceived job-search constraints and job-search intensity. Motivation control was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of job-search intensity over time for those who were continuously unemployed. Job-search intensity predicted Time 2 reemployment status for the sample as a whole, but not reemployment quality for those who found jobs over the study's duration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Social Contexts

Article

Jul 1989

Harry Triandis

Three aspects of the self (private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism–collectivism, tightness–looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, child-rearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.

The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Children: An Historical Overview

Article

Nov 1992

Eleanor E. Maccoby

The history of research on childhood socialization in the context of the family is traced through the present century. The 2 major early theories (behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory) are described. These theories declined in mid-century, under the impact of failures to find empirical support. Simple reinforcement theory was seriously weakened by work on developmental psycholinguistics, attachment, modeling, and altruism. The field turned to more domain-specific mini-theories. The advent of microanalytic analyses of parent–child interaction focused attention on bidirectional processes. Views about the nature of identification and its role in socialization underwent profound change. The role of "parent as teacher" was reconceptualized (with strong influence from Vygotskian thinking). There has been increasing emphasis on the role of emotions and mutual cognitions in establishing the meaning of parent–child exchanges. The enormous asymmetry in power and competence between adults and children implies that the parent–child relationship must have a unique role in childhood socialization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing

Article

Jan 1963

Beatrice B. (Ed) Whiting

This 1st volume in a proposed series presents the cultural material obtained by teams spending more than 6 months in a community of 50-100 families. Each culture is decribed in a separate chapter. "Nyansongo: A Gusii Community in Kenya" (R. A. LeVine & B. B. LeVine); "The Rajputs of Khalapur, India" (L. Minturn & J. T. Hitchcock); "Taira: An Okinawa Village" (T. W. Maretzki & H. Maretzki); "The Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico" (K. Romney & R. Romney); "Tarong: An Ilocos Barrio in the Philippines" (W. F. Nydegger & C. Nydegger); and "The New Englanders of Orchard Town, U.S.A. (J. L. Fischer & A. Fischer). The over-all research design aims at relating cross-culturally the different patterns of child rearing to subsequent differences in adult personality. Extensive ethnographic background data are presented including material relevant to 9 behavioral systems: succorance, self-reliance, achievement, responsibility, obedience, dominance, sociability, and aggression. Child training is described chronologically in sections from pregnancy and childbirth through adolescence. Individual as well as cultural differences are assessed. Hypotheses to be tested focus on aggression, dependency, and internalization of mechanisms of behavior control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Social Research on Family Lifestyles among Arabs in Israel

Article

Aug 1989
J COMP FAM STUD

Majid Al-Haj

Reviews social research on the Arab family in Israel during (1) the 1950s and 1960s and (2) the 1970s and 1980s. Three main family units are distinguished: the hamula (kinship group), the extended family, and the nuclear family. The complexity of the modernization process among Arabs in Israel is reflected in family lifestyles. Although the hamula has been integrated into the modern system, the economic role of and identification with the kinship group have changed. Despite changes in the structure of the extended family, however, there has been some continuity in the extended relationships between family members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Cultural change and intergenerational relationship in Arabian families

Article

Jan 1983

M. Fakhr El-Islam

Contends that in Arabian culture a hierarchical order is maintained in the family in which the dominance of the male over female and older over younger is observed. The family offers security to its members in return for behavior that is harmonious with the cultural code. Respect for and obedience of elders top the list of family traditions, and paying honor to parents is held to bring about prosperity, success, health, and happiness. Tradition favors living with parents after marriage in the extended family. Filial relationships are more important than marital relationships. A son is given more freedom, responsibility, and authority than a daughter. Parents have a right to arrange marriages for their children of both sexes. Changes have come about with socioeconomic changes following the discovery of oil. The number of educated families is rising rapidly, socialization now takes place partially outside the family, and there is conflict over lack of achievement motivation in the young. Intergenerational conflict results in loss of family support. It is suggested, on the basis of clinical experience, that communication improves during family therapy and may prevent reprecipitation of illness in family members. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Peer play and socialization in two cultures: Implications for research and practice.

Article

our research has focused on peer culture in the preschool years / through ethnographic study of peer interaction in nursery schools in the United States and Italy, we have identified common features of peer culture and have described basic patterns of cultural production and reproduction in these schools / have discovered . . . that collective negotiation is central to these cultural processes although we have recognized the importance of adults (especially parents and teachers) in such negotiations, we have concentrated primarily on the analysis of peer interaction and culture / in this chapter we examine the role of teachers more directly, and develop further the notion of early childhood education as a reproductive partnership (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Beyond Cognition: Expanding the Search for the Early Roots of Internalization and Conscience

Article

Jan 1994

Grazyna Kochanska

J. E. Grusec and J. J. Goodnow (see record 1994-25033-001) offered a new comprehensive reformulation of discipline encounters as context for children's internalization of parental views. They focused mainly on children's social information processing and how it affects perception and acceptance of parental messages. The model seems best suited for middle childhood and adolescence. This commentary suggests additional directions in research on internalization in early childhood. It is argued that processes such as social referencing, sensitivity to standard violations, emergence of self, emotional reactions to wrongdoing, early self-conscious emotions, and self-regulation may be important antecedents and signs of internalization in the 1st 3 yrs of life. The proposed shift from cognitive to affective and self-regulatory aspects of early conscience reveals children's temperament as an important but neglected contributor to early moral development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Counseling Arab-American families.

Article

Nuha Abudabbeh

In this chapter, Abudabbeh discusses the nature of Arab identity and Arab family life, and then discusses her experiences as a counselor and therapist of Arab-American families. Although the Arab family system has in recent decades been influenced by processes of modernization, many traditional notions of family life continue to influence Arab-American immigrants. These notions include an emphasis on sharply delineated gender roles, patriarchal patterns of authority, conservative sexual standards, the importance of self-sacrifice for the greater good of the family, and the importance of honor and shame as regulators of moral norms and emotions. These traditional notions clash with the individualistic and egalitarian ethos ruling American mainstream culture. For the family therapist counseling Arab-American families, a key challenge is to help both the family as a whole and its individual members find acceptable compromises between the old and the new ways of relating to each other and to their surrounding society. The therapist must be a knowledgeable and honest "culture broker." Abudabbeh provides several case studies which demonstrate that conflicts between traditional Arab norms and Western notions of individual self-fulfillment can split Arab-American families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Amae, intimacy, and the early moral self

Article

Feb 2006
INFANT MENT HEALTH J

Robert Emde

I believe the universal aspects of Doi's concept of amae have a dual origin in the biologically based motives of infancy and in the expectable adpative experiences of the caregiving relationship. Our theory, arising from recent research, is that the necessary intimacy of this relationship and the exercise of these motives leads to early relationship motives and early moral motives. These in turn find representational coherence in the 3-year-old's narrative self that contains a continual internal dialogue with one or more significant others who are comforting, encouraging, watchful, and critical. The narrative self may also contain an “executive sense of we,” giving the child more of a sense of obligation and power. Many emotionally engaging experiences in infancy are stored as procedural knowledge and are influential later as an “affective core of self” without being accessible to consciousness. Amae also seems based on procedural knowledge. Future research in Japan and the United States will benefit from operationalizing concepts related to amae and to emotional availability. Effects of gender, temperament, and conflicts within and across generations can then be examined.

Interventions with infants and families at risk: Context and culture

Article

Sep 2004
INFANT MENT HEALTH J

Salvador Celia

Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony: The coregulation of positive arousal

Article

Jan 2003
INFANT MENT HEALTH J

Ruth Feldman

To examine the coregulation of positive affect during mother–infant and father–infant interactions, 100 couples and their first-born child were videotaped in face-to-face interactions. Parents' and infant's affective states were coded in one-second frames, and synchrony was measured with time-series analysis. The orientation, intensity, and temporal pattern of infant positive arousal were assessed. Synchrony between same-gender parent–infant dyads was more optimal in terms of stronger lagged associations between parent and infant affect, more frequent mutual synchrony, and shorter lags to responsiveness. Infants' arousal during mother–infant interaction cycled between medium and low levels, and high positive affect appeared gradually and was embedded within a social episode. During father–child play, positive arousal was high, sudden, and organized in multiple peaks that appeared more frequently as play progressed. Mother–infant synchrony was linked to the partners' social orientation and was inversely related to maternal depression and infant negative emotionality. Father–child synchrony was related to the intensity of positive arousal and to father attachment security. Results contribute to research on the regulation of positive emotions and describe the unique modes of affective sharing that infants coconstruct with mother and father. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.

Sociobiological patterns of Arab culture

Article

Jan 1990

Glenn E. Weisfeld

Some of the salient features of Arab culture are described and illustrated using historical and ethnographic accounts supplemented by interview data on 92 Arab-Americans. An attempt is made to explain the major features and changes in Arab culture in sociobiological terms using Dickemann's model of stratified polygynous societies as a prototype. In ancient Arabia, commercial wealth and then military plunder seem to have favored female chastity as a way of competing for large bride prices. Chastity was enforced through the claustration, veiling, genital mutilation, and early betrothal of daughters. Militarism and wife capture promoted polygyny, female infanticide, and investment in sons, who provided kin altruism, including guarding of kinswomen's chastity. In modern times the disappearance of wife capture and the persistence of claustration, polygyny, and/or early betrothal may have favored male homosexuality. This Arab model is in rough agreement with Dickemann's general model, with several demurrals. Female infanticide arose more in response to poverty and to sons' value as warriors and kin altruists, and less as a result of superfluous upper-class daughters. Also, dowry seems to have been virtually absent from Arab culture even if present in other Muslim societies. Additional features of Arab culture are examined and some general conclusions reached. Veiling may serve not only as an adjunct to claustration but also as a barrier to romantic entanglements. And a test of cross-cultural data implies that restriction of females arises from economic stratification, not from polygyny.

Parental leave and work adaptation at the transition to parenthood: Individual, marital, and social correlates

Article

Jul 2004
J APPL DEV PSYCHOL

This study examined individual, marital, and social–contextual factors associated with the length of maternity and paternity leave and the parents' work adaptation at the transition to parenthood. Ninety-eight dual-earner parents of 3- to 5-month-old infants were surveyed following the mother's return to work. A shorter maternity leave (<12 weeks) was associated with higher maternal depression, lower parental preoccupation with the infant, less knowledge of infant development, more negative impact of birth on self-esteem and marriage, and higher career centrality. Fathers took an average of 6.5 days as paternity leave and longer leaves were related to positive employer reaction, higher paternal preoccupation with infant, more marital support, and higher family salience. Mothers' work adaptation was related to shorter work hours, higher marital support, lower depression, and career centrality, whereas marital support and career centrality predicted fathers' work adaptation. Shorter parental leave combined with perceived low-quality childcare predicted lower parental adjustment to the work role. Risk indicators at the transition to dual-earner parenthood and implications for social policy are discussed.

Cooperation and Communication in the 2nd Year of Life

Article

Jul 2007
CHILD DEV PERSPECT

Michael Tomasello

—Although primates have evolved complex cognitive skills and strategies for competing with others in their social group, only humans have developed complex cognitive skills and motivations for collaborating with one another in joint endeavors. This cooperative dimension of human cognition emerges most clearly around the first birthday as children begin to collaborate and communicate with joint intentions and joint attention. This collaboration is also grounded in social motivations for helping and sharing with others that are unique to humans. In using the skills of shared intentionality that underlie these cooperative interactions, 1-year-olds come to create perspectival cognitive representations.

Children of Different Worlds: The Formation of Social Behavior

Article

Mar 1990
CONTEMP SOCIOL

Synchrony in the Triad: A Microlevel Process Model of Coparenting and Parent-Child Interactions

Article

Jan 2009

Guided by a microanalytic approach to the study of relationships, we assessed parent, infant, and coparental behaviors during triadic interactions in 94 parents and their 5-month-old firstborn child. Relational behaviors in each family subsystem--mother-infant, father-infant, and coparenting--were microcoded. Marital satisfaction and infant temperament were self-reported. No differences were found in the infants' behavior toward mother and father or in the time spent with each parent. Mothers' and fathers' relational behavior during parent-infant episodes were generally comparable, yet mothers vocalized more and the latency to father's displaying positive affect was longer. Conditional probabilities indicated that under conditions of coparental mutuality, fathers showed more positive behaviors than mothers. Lag-sequential analysis demonstrated that change in the infant's social focus between parents followed change in coparental behavior. Fathers' coparental mutuality was independently predicted by maternal behavior during mother-child episodes, father marital satisfaction, and infant difficult temperament, whereas mothers' coparental mutuality was only linked with fathers' relational behavior. Results highlight the importance of including a microlevel perspective on the family system at the first stages of family development.

Biological and environmental initial conditions shape the trajectories cognitive and social-emotional development across the first years of life

Article

Feb 2009
DEVELOPMENTAL SCI

Human development is thought to evolve from the dynamic interchange of biological dispositions and environmental provisions; yet the effects of specific biological and environmental birth conditions on the trajectories of cognitive and social-emotional growth have rarely been studied. We observed 126 children at six time-points from birth to 5 years. Intelligence, maternal sensitivity, and child social engagement were repeatedly tested. Effects of neonatal vagal tone (VT) and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms on growth-rates were assessed. Cognitive development showed a substantial growth-spurt between 2 and 5 years and social engagement increased rapidly across the first year and more gradually thereafter. VT improved cognitive and social-emotional growth-rates across the first year, whereas maternal depressive symptoms interfered with growth from 2 to 5 years. Differences between infants with none, one, or two non-optimal birth conditions increased with age. Findings shed light on the dynamics of early development as it is shaped by biological and environmental initial conditions.

Maternal behavior to infants in five cultures

Article

Feb 1988
New Dir Child Dev

Families and Individual Development: Provocations from the Field of Family Therapy

Article

May 1985

Patricia Minuchin

Family therapy suggests a reformulation of concept and method in studying the family and individual development: to regard the family as an organized system and the individual as a contributing member, part of the process that creates and maintains the patterns that regulate behavior. In this review, the theories and clinical experiences of family therapists are regarded as a resource for developmental psychology, and particular attention is paid to those aspects that challenge traditional formulations in the developmental field. The review focuses on systems theory as the paradigm underlying family therapy and considers the implications of this framework for conceptions of the individual, the study of parent-child interaction, and new research formulations and areas of study. It also considers trends in the developmental field that move toward such formulations.

Infant Temperament, Mother's Mode of Interaction, and Attachment in Japan: An Interim Report

Article

Feb 1985

The issues of autonomy and aggression in the three-year-old: the Utku Eskimo case

Article

Dec 1972
Semin Psychiatr

J L Briggs

On Fathering (The Nature and Functions of the Father Role): Part I: Acquiring An Understanding of the Father Role

Article

Sep 1980

James Henderson

Origins of Attachment: Maternal Interactive Behavior across the First Year

Article

May 1993

Russell A Isabella

This study built on attachment theory and previous research in examining the interactional origins of the secure, insecure-resistant, and insecure-avoidant patterns of attachment. Maternal sensitive responsivity, rejection, and activity were the focus of repeated naturalistic observations when infants were 1, 4, and 9 months of age; quality of attachment was assessed at 1 year. Mothers of secure 1-year-olds were observed to be more sensitively responsive at 1 and 4 months and less rejecting at 1 and 9 months than mothers of insecure infants. Mothers of insecure-avoidant infants were more rejecting at 9 months, whereas mothers of insecure-resistant infants were least sensitively responsive and most rejecting at 1 month; the insecure groups were also differentiated on the basis of patterns of change from 1 to 9 months, with mothers of resistant infants becoming less rejecting and mothers of avoidant infants becoming more rejecting relative to other mothers.

Maternal sensitivity in a developing society: The context of urban poverty and infant chronic undernutrition

Article

Oct 1997

Marta Valenzuela

This study focuses on young children's chronic undernutrition and its association with maternal sensitivity, sociodemographic variables, children's play, and problem-solving measures. Data were obtained with home observations and laboratory procedures on 85 mothers and infants (M age = 18 months) in a low-income urban population in Santiago, Chile. Maternal sensitivity was correlated with maternal education, maternal weight, and marital satisfaction. Observed in a variety of maternal roles, maternal sensitivity was also significantly associated with children's nutritional status, attachment security, and mastery behavior. These findings demonstrate the relevance of the maternal sensitivity construct outside industrialized societies and underline the need for intervention strategies to extend beyond nutritional supplementation to address deficits of maternal care associated with specific caregiver's roles.

Child Development and Marital Relations

Article

Parent-Child and Triadic Antecedents of Children's Social Competence: Cultural Specificity, Shared Process

Abstract

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