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Ecotourism as a Western Construct
Abstract
Most of the burgeoning literature on ecotourism is essentially Western-centric, insofar as it accepts as given an approach that is deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic and political processes. Despite the plethora of definitions as to what actually constitutes ecotourism (Fennell, 2003; Page & Dowling, 2002), the most common denominator is that it is nature-based. However, in the same way that Macnaghten and Urry (1998: 95) suggest that ‘there is no single “nature”, only natures’, it therefore follows that ‘nature tourism’ will be variously constructed by different societies and therefore that there will be multiple ‘nature tourisms’. Despite the fact that it should be obvious that it is patently not the case that ‘one size fits all’ we have witnessed the internationalisation of ecotourism, as evolved from a Western ‘classical conservationist’ approach (suggested by Mowforth and Munt (2003) to be more akin to preservationism), and its apparent universality as a concept. This paper examines how this has come about before moving on to consider how uncritical acceptance of Western-constructed ecotourism and a failure to recognise that there is no universal or unique understanding will only serve to reinforce rather than reduce the very inequalities that it may attempt to reduce.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
There is a huge employment demand for a decent trained and professional graduate in the world Tourism industry, especially, in the Asian-Pacific region where tourism industry vigorous rise and develop. It is the target task for tourism education to understand employers’ needs and produce graduates with high competences. This study aimed to recognize and evaluate the curriculum design in the university, consistent with the tourism industry’s needs along with the reviewed literature. Therefore, this paper use content analysis method analyzed curriculum design in the hospitality department Sol international school (SIHOM) in South Korea; the curriculum can be divided into eight categories according to the curriculum space and framing, which focused on university general knowledge and abilities. Moreover, tourism expertise matching the tourism industry respective, which are extraordinarily helpful in the future tourism career path. A review of relevant literature provided curriculum space and framing, an industry-based view, and the current situation of tourism education for the exploration of curriculum design. Superior curriculum design will help the university to progress the qualities of tourism education and enhance graduate employment competitiveness.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
Food tourism in particular events is seen as one of the principal methods of attracting attendees, tourists, and producing revenue in this era. There are several attributes for attending festivals and events. Do enthusiasms engage the reasons why people attend particular festivals such as food tourism? In view of that, what are attendees’ motivations for attending local food festivals? What is the expenditure status among the food events and festivals attendees? How does attendees’ overall satisfaction impact their loyalty to participate in food festivals? Accordingly, the research investigates the attendants’ perceptions of food culture and festival attributes in different regions in Iran. Iranian local foods as a unique component in several Asian countries are dominant tourist attractions concerning heritage and culture. The continuity of this support shows that the whole concept of these traditional foods goes back to centuries ago. Therefore, after resuscitation, these local foods found out that the approach is an alternative fact for preserving cultural heritage. With the aims of better understand food tourism festival attendees and to supply festival planners and marketers with cultural food information and traditional food, so they can better understand the attendees they are targeting. At the same time, the research is structured in a way which allows directly provide attendees’ perceived values regarding their satisfaction and behavioural intentions of food tourism festival and food culture attributes in Iran. Iran is a distinct region that has minimal studies on this particular topic, which makes this research unique and significant in Iran’s tourism and economic context. The respondents who participated in this research directly came from the tourism and hospitality management students and academic staffs in food tourism festival 10th May 2018 in Tehran, Iran. SmartPLS was performed by the VB-SEM to test the hypothesis. Out of 172 participants surveyed in this study, 148 (82.5%) respondents expressed behavioural intentions. The mediating role of attendees’ satisfaction of food tourism festival on the relationship between behavioural intentions and attendees’ perceived values of food cultures in food tourism festival was highlighted in this study. In total, 172 completed questionnaires were used for data analysis using Smart- PLS 3.2.8. Thus, as the measurement model reveals acceptable construct validity, the structural equation modelling technique to examine the structural path model and the hypotheses. The results of this study illustrate that the R2 of behavioral intentions is 0.537 which recommends that attendees’ perceived of food cultures and attendees’ satisfaction could explain 53.7 % of the variance in food tourism festival. Besides, the R2 of attendees’ satisfaction of attendees’ perceived of food cultures could is 0.645 which recommends that attendees’ satisfaction of food tourism festival could describe 64.5 % of the variance in food tourism festival. redundancy values (Q2 ) for the endogenous variable of behavioural intentions is, 0.285 and attendees’ satisfaction of food tourism festival, 0.299 are higher than zero (Fornell & Cha, 1994; Chin, 2010). The results revealed that having positive perceptions for attending food festivals and events are “to see and experience new and various image of food”, “to enjoy the environment”, “to test new and different kind of local foods”. These findings indicate that food may not be a significant motivating factor, but it can contribute to our understanding of the importance of attendees’ perceptions in pursuing resuscitation local food and in planning for future food festivals and events inIran.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
Nepal is the country with enormous diverse and rich in cultural, religious, geographical, and natural resources. Having eight of ten world's topmost mountain over 800 meters including Mount Everest, ten world's heritage sites, including seven in Kathmandu Valley, Lumbini (birthplace Gautam Buddha), Chitwan National Park and Sagarmatha National Park and several hotspot destinations for trekking, mountaineers, rock climbers Jungle safari and the with natural beauties. Tourism is a backbone of the Nepalese economy and also a leading source of foreign exchange and foreign revenue. Customer services are bracketed directly with the Tourism and Hospitality Industry, which is based on money, and without the customer, there is no revenue. Consequently, the tourism and hospitality industry’s mainstay is customer care, and it always plays an active imperial role in the growth of the Tourism sector. Hence, reliable customer service as to those who get excellence service is more likely to return for their future travel arrangements. As a result, service quality is becoming a part of tourism and hospitality practice; as it is essential to be able to quantify and study its effectiveness. Nepal has enormous potential for the tourism sector and has proven by delivering the quality of service to the tourist who prefers to visit and seek adventures. Hence by providing excellent service, the hotel has played a crucial role in satisfying their customer. Therefore, to satisfy its customers and to triumph towards its aims, the excellence of service is prerequisite. Service quality and customer satisfaction are the major components towards the success of any firm and also helps in intensifying the loyalty of customer and satisfaction, gain the competitive advantages within the competitors and sustain in the market for long-term in the competitive market. Quickly identifying the problems and improving the quality of service standard as requisite, can be a better approach in the satisfying customer. This study will investigate the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in 5-star hotels in Kathmandu, Nepal. The significant finding will provide essential tools for customer satisfaction and service quality for the different organizations, especially in the hotel industry.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
All-for-one tourism is a brand-new development concept and mode of China's tourism industry. Following the principle of guiding theory and practice, this paper discusses the concept and connotation of all-for-one tourism, the application of all-for-one tourism concept in planning and the exploration of regional tourism development path by combing relevant researches. Based on the literature review, this paper analyses the universal theoretical guidance to the all-for-one tourism development and discusses the possible research direction of the all-for-one tourism development in the future, in order to promote the research of the all-for-one tourism theory and then improve the all-for-one tourism development of tourism destinations. Finally, taking Ma'anshan City in Anhui Province, which is currently promoting the establishment of an all-for-one tourism demonstration zone, as an example, this paper puts forward the development path of all-for-one tourism.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
This study examines the effect of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) dimensions on tourism bank performance in Tehran. The CRM dimensions include customer orientation, knowledge management, CRM organization, and technology based on CRM influence. Similarly, an organization's performance is measured with financial performance, customer performance, internal process performance and growth, and learning performance. The study uses interviews and surveys questionnaires to collect data. It employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS software for data analysis. The results reveal positive and significant path relationships between CRM capabilities and tourism bank performance. This paper explains why some CRM programs are more successful than others and emphasize the required capabilities that support such success. It outlines the limitations and concludes with the management strategies that can improve tourism bank performance.
... There are two opposing views within the current ecotourism literature regarding the success and failure of ecotourism. On the one hand, ecotourism is sternly criticized for not accomplishing the purpose it subscribes (Cater, 2006;McKercher, 2010;Sharpley, 2006;Wheeller, 2005). On the other hand, it is championed as a sustainable development tool that can hit the dual aims of economic development and environmental conservation (Barkin, 1996;Gale & Hill, 2009;Honey, 2008;Khan, 1997;Snyman, 2014;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008;Wearing & Neil, 1999). ...
... This perhaps indicates that researchers are interested in examining ecotourism as a viable form of tourism in developing nations. However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. ...
... However, the domination of Western scholars in ecotourism research is vividly shown in the current study in accord with the findings of Cater (2006), Donohoe and Lu (2009), Weaver and Lawton (2007) and Wardle et al. (2018). Cater (2006) stated that many ecotourism studies are essentially Western-centric and are deeply embedded in Western cultural, economic, and political processes. Therefore, the way these scholars approach ecotourism research could possibly be influenced by the Western cultural, economic and political systems instead of individual local contexts with the assumption "one size fits all" (Cater, 2006;Nault & Stapleton, 2011;de los Angeles Somarriba-Chang & Gunnarsdotter, 2012). ...
This study examines the effect of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) dimensions on tourism bank performance in Tehran. The CRM dimensions include customer orientation, knowledge management, CRM organization, and technology based on CRM influence. Similarly, an organization's performance is measured with financial performance, customer performance, internal process performance and growth, and learning performance. The study uses interviews and surveys questionnaires to collect data. It employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS software for data analysis. The results reveal positive and significant path relationships between CRM capabilities and tourism bank performance. This paper explains why some CRM programs are more successful than others and emphasize the required capabilities that support such success. It outlines the limitations and concludes with the management strategies that can improve tourism bank performance.
... Whilst an increasing number of studies promote a stakeholder-based approach in ecotourism that includes local people (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008), both supporters and critics commonly view local communities in a reductionist fashion. First, communities are represented as passive onlookers to tourism development that have to be given a voice by other stakeholders involved in the process (Cater, 2006;Garrod, 2003;Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Whilst such calls have the best of intentions to make ecotourist developments more inclusive, local people are denied agency. ...
... Whilst such calls have the best of intentions to make ecotourist developments more inclusive, local people are denied agency. Second, local communities are typically represented as homogeneous entities where everybody is affected by tourism in the same way (Cater, 2006;Tolkach & King, 2015). Although scholars acknowledge that ecotourism development is received by communities in many different ways, studies largely fail to address the structural inequalities and power struggles that affect the extent to which local people benefit (Blackstock, 2005;Han et al., 2014). ...
... In many ecotourist projects, community participation is, in terms of Tosun (2006), mere tokenism and contributes only minimally to local development. There are many examples, particularly in the 'classical conservationist' approach (Cater, 2006), where local people are prohibited from accessing ecotourist sites, even dislocated to give way to ecotourist developments (Serenari et al., 2017), and where alternative livelihoods rarely offer sustainable outcomes (Carter et al., 2015). Commenting on the 'local participation mantra' in sustainable tourism, Cole (2006) points out that community participation is often constrained by institutional factors such as centralized decision-making and a lack of knowledge among host communities about ways in which they could participate. ...
As developing countries are embracing new forms of tourism, particularly nature-based and community-based variants, the claim that an ecotourist-driven economy offers a sustainable future for local communities has come under critical scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this debate by investigating a nature-based UNESCO heritage site that has developed into a prominent ecotourist destination in Indonesia: Komodo National Park (KNP). Based on qualitative research, including participant observation, this paper raises the question as to whether ecotourism has been an appropriate strategy to secure the sustainability of KNP’s natural resources and accommodate the needs of local communities. The contribution of this paper is twofold: first, in offering a critical analysis of the transition to an ecotourist-driven economy from a local perspective, the paper reveals a series of failures to deliver on the sustainable development goals. In so doing, the paper contributes to the critical literature on ecotourism. Second, the paper draws attention to the diverse and multi-layered character of local communities and their embeddedness in a regional economy. In that, it recommends a broader scope of tourism policies beyond the level of the immediate protected area in order to include multiple stakeholders.
Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1953123 .
... This means that those who implement, participate in and market ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism principles: 1) minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts, 2) build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, 3) provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts, 4) provide direct financial benefits for conservation, 5) generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry, 6) deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climates, 7) design, construct and operate low-impact facilities, and 8) recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous People in the community and work in partnership with them to create empowerment. Various definitions of ecotourism put forward by tourism experts and tourism scientists often refer to ecotourism not only as a product of natural tourism but also the basic principles that must be attached (Diamantis, 1999;Buckley, 2003;Weaver, 2005;Cater, 2006). Fung and Wong (2007) stated that the focus of ecotourism is on experience and education or learning about nature, landscapes, flora and fauna, including local culture. ...
... Even thematic parks owned by the private sector, as well as sites owned by the community or the government can also have the status of "ecotourism". Furthermore, the idea of ecotourism must be seen as a principle or spirit and soul for any form of tourism product and must be accepted as an obligatory task for every stakeholders and tourism actor (Cater, 2006;Avenzora, 2008b). ...
The success of geotourism development is strongly influenced by the orientation (perceptions, motivations and preferences) of the stakeholders. An aim of the study was to analyze the polarization of stakeholder orientation towards geotourism development in the Mount Slamet and Serayu Mountainous areas, Central Java Province. Research instrument used a closed-ended questionnaire following the scoring pattern of "One Score One Indicator Scoring System”. The sample of respondents was 8 stakeholder groups with a total of 1,252 respondents. The characteristics of the stakeholder was analysed by quantitative descriptive, while the indication of the polarization of the stakeholder orientation was analyzed by using the one way Anova statistical test. Results indicated that the polarization of stakeholder orientation had a positive direction and scale of polarization was strong. This conditions showed that there is a gap in the value of stakeholder orientation which makes the performance of geotourism development less than optimal. It is necessary to improve the quality of collaboration and cooperation so that there is no polarization in the orientation between stakeholders to achieve the sustainable geotourism development.
... For instance, the concepts of guardianship and protection in indigenous societies might be at odds with the principles of ecotourism. Research finds that conservation perceives environment in terms of scarcity or threats to scarcity (Cater, 2006). Such concepts might be alien for communities that have always lived in an ecologically sustainable manner. ...
... Other cultures like Chinese might favor human manipulation of nature to enhance its appeal. They might not have the objectives of creating pristine natural spaces (Cater, 2006). This is because Chinese culture emphasizes human interaction with natural objects and environment as they are continuously referred in literature, arts, and music. ...
Ecotourism as a concept has been analyzed with divergent views and theories. On one hand, there is criticism that ecotourism still consists of cosmetic changes as it involves elements of mass tourism. This school of thought considers ecotourism to be a misleading statement since travelers still uses conventional means of traveling which can increase the problems related to environment deterioration and climate change. In contrast, an opposing viewpoint is that the concept continues to evolve and develop with different organizations and countries striving to respond to challenges efficiently and effectively. Germany is one of the most advanced and developed countries in the world. It is an economic powerhouse that has a rapid industrial base and export oriented economy. Moreover, tourism is an important part of the services industry. The German government has promoted tourism as a means of enhancing and developing local communities. The demand for ecotourism has increased because of concerns that conventional tourism poses on the ecosystem and local communities. The study seeks to analyze the evaluation of ecotourism as a concept and its impact on Germany. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the ways that the government is promoting sustainable and ecotourism as an alternative to mainstream tourism.
... Out of the 19, 5 papers were published in 2006. However, in terms of local citation (by other article in the sample), the article written by Donohoe and Needham (2006) has received the highest number of local citations followed by Cater (2006). Both the articles were published in 2006. ...
... The co-citation network formed three clusters. The first cluster (red) consists of the articles related to a foundational understanding of ecotourism definition (Cater, 2006). It constituted 18 articles, including the highest cited work (Fennell, 2001). ...
In celebration of the twentieth anniversary, this research provides a comprehensive overview of the Journal of Ecotourism (JE) between 2002and2020.Themainobjectivesofthestudyaretodeterminethe publication trends, the conceptual, intellectual and collaboration structure in JE. Co-citation, co-word and collaboration techniques were used to understand and interpret the intellectual, conceptual and social structure in JE respectively. Bibliographic data were obtained from Scopus and analysed using ‘bibliometrix’ tool. The f indings reveal that JE has made significant progress in terms of publications and citations and its articles are cited by the premier journal in tourism. Co-word and co-citation analysis identified five and three clusters, respectively. Collaboration structure revealed that there is a good collaboration between authors in JE and 70% of the works are completed through collaborative research.
... The type of packages offered is defined by all tour operators of the island as ecotourism. Drawing from the rich literature on the topic (Buckley, 1994;Fennell & Dowling, 2003;Cater, 2006;Donohoe & Needham, 2006;Brandt & Buckley, 2018), we prefer to define it nature-based tourism. 5 Indeed, compared to the definition of ecotourism, what is practiced in Socotra is missing an active role in addressing social and environmental goals, and benefit conservation through "support for wildlife and protected areas, diversified livelihoods, environmental interpretation and ethics, and strengthened resource management institutions" (Stronza et al., 2019, p. 236). ...
The Socotra Archipelago is universally renown because of its biodiversity, nonetheless the cultural heritage—such as the centuries-old culture of small fishing communities—is not of minor importance. Even though Socotra Island is still hardly accessible to mass tourism, the number of tourists visiting it has been increasing and fishing tourism is growing, attracting amateurs and professionals from all over the world. Our research, based on semi-structured interviews and observation during fieldwork, aims at investigating if and how tradition-based fishing tourism could be a source for extra income for fishermen of Socotra and at the same time how it could incentivize sustainable tourism development on the island. The paper analyses fishermen’s tangible and intangible heritage, as well as the current fishing tourism offer in order to outline a concrete proposal of community-based tourism.
... [25] This plethora of definitions have also been criticized by some scholars that see them as evolving from a western-centric approach associated to preservationism and its marked separation of nature and society. [26] Since anthropological studies suggest there are different conceptions of nature [27], there must be multiple visions of 'nature tourism'. But borne within western-centric environmental ideology, ecotourism ethnocentric bias often ignores the fact that there are 'multiple natures' constructed variously by different societies. ...
Tourism is an industry that may be related to a series of social, economic, and environmental impacts, especially on rural livelihoods. Ecotourism is a segment of the industry that has been endorsed as a strategy to promote conservation of natural areas, by linking it to economic returns to local populations. Using a review of literature this chapter presents a synthesis of the mains gaps and challenges facing ecotourism researchers and practitioners. To the industry ecotourism may represent business as usual, since is a market-oriented strategy that generates many negative environmental impacts, and caters mainly to non-local, western demands. Nevertheless, in many cases, ecotourism has been used by local and indigenous populations to lead them out of their invisibility, due to the integration of their land into market economy. Furthermore, its impacts in the long run are less important, when Complimentary Contributor Copy Nelissa Peralta 358 compared to other land use strategies such as mining, ranching, and infrastructural development such as roads and hydroelectric power.
... To date, striking a balance between economic benefits from ecotourism activities and maintaining ecological sustainability and preserving indigenous socio-cultural practices remains the major challenge in developing countries including Kenya (Wondirad et al., 2019(Wondirad et al., , 2020. There is still a lack of consensus on whether ecotourism has managed to live up to its expectations or not (Wall, 1997;Gossling, 1999;Cater, 2006;Manyara and Jones, 2007;Bluwstein, 2017;Ma et al., 2019). ...
Community Based Ecotourism (CBET) has the potential to both improve the conservation status of mangrove ecosystems and stimulate local economies. However, these ecotourism initiatives often fail due to a lack of active local participation, poor management and a lack of an appropriate benefit sharing scheme. This paper explores perceptions, opportunities and challenges of community mangrove-based ecotourism in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Data collected from household surveys, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to examine local perceptions, challenges and opportunities with respect to their participation in ecotourism as a tool for mangrove conservation. The results obtained indicated that 81.4 % of the Gazi village community was aware of the ecotourism activities being undertaken in the area with 62.8 % acknowledging the socio-economic as well as the environmental impacts of the ecotourism activities. Also, 66.0 % of the local community identified cultural traditions and local skills possessed by the community as having the potential to promote sustainable ecotourism activities in the area. For the design and implementation of any ecotourism venture and the management of mangroves to be sustainable, including that undertaken by the Gazi community, this study recommends prioritising effective local participation and capacity building. In addition, private sector involvement is essential for the mobilisation of resources to further enhance the management and conservation of mangroves in the long-term. The results provide key insights needed not only to improve the design and management of community-led marine conservation initiatives but also for ensuring that optimal conservation benefits are achieved.
... As defned by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES), ecotourism is 'responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local people' (TIES 2006). Ecotourism involves the promotion of nature-based tourist activities, ecological and cultural conservation by educating tourists and the maximization of benefts for local stakeholders (Fennel 2008).While ecotourism initiatives have increased globally, various concerns do prevail, especially the extent to which ecotourism, as a Western construct (Cater 2006), can be translated into other geographical and socio-cultural contexts. Thaman (1994) argues that the idealized Western view of ecotourism does not necessarily work in the Pacifc Islands, where residents rely heavily on the sustainable utilization of natural resources to meet their needs, earn their living, and maintain cultural integrity. ...
Until the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been growing environmental, socio-cultural and economic concerns regarding the adverse impacts of tourism development. The overall objective of this chapter is to critically assess the development and status quo of eco-tourism initiatives in Fiji. The authors examine public sector perspectives on the principles of eco-tourism and how these principles have been implemented at the local level. Two case studies are introduced, an eco-tourism resort and a national marine park, especially to comprehend the implementation of eco-tourism projects and challenges faced by such projects. In their implementation of eco-oriented initiatives, these two ventures have been quite successful in protecting the environment and encouraging local community participation through providing supplementary income. Nevertheless, the enquiry critically contextualizes eco-tourism policies and practices as well as emerging concerns and opportunities.
... This is obviously based on the growth of tourism and it being considered one of the world's largest industries. In this context Erlet Cater (2006) points out that nature-based tourism is one of the world's most lucrative niche markets, that powerful transnational corporations are likely to exploit. A related aspect linked to the role of the private sector is the fact that tourism is becoming a significant and growing economic sector in most developing countries and the only sector that really demonstrates a continuous upward trend (Scheyvens 2009). ...
Volunteer tourism tries to answer to the demand of a modern tourist; doing ‘meaningful work’ in different environments and deeper immersion with local people when working side by side in different projects. It is relatively well studied from the point of view of the volunteers, how volunteerism affects the values of the volunteering individuals, and what kind of motivations volunteers have when engaging in volunteer activities abroad as
well as the market and scope of volunteerism. However, how this constant stream of volunteers is seen from the viewpoint of receiving communities and institutions is a less studied subject. This chapter intends to bring forth the experiences of recipients as well as those of the volunteers. The chapter studies how volunteering is perceived by local
staff at a Zambian Children’s home, by observing and studying the inner dynamics of encounters between regular Zambian staff and foreign volunteers. The study is based on ethnographically inspired participant observation and gives special attention to interface situations where different worlds of developed and developing world encounter. As a result of the analysis of everyday interactions, we conclude that volunteer tourism shares a lot of similar dynamics with development cooperation. They are both driven by partly egoistic, partly altruistic motivations and they are both strongly value-laden operations with significant power implications. Several recommendations are made for volunteer tourism involving work with children. Volunteers should be assigned some daily or weekly obligations, notwithstanding the importance of freedom in volunteerism. Host organisations should be more explicit about their expectations towards volunteers and provide adequate familiarisation and guidance. Establishing stronger ethical guidelines provided by both host and sending organisations would be important for volunteers working particularly with children.
... Equally, if they are too complex to implement, CE's will remain ambiguous in the conservation incentives that they generate, often failing to be aligned with localised socio-ecological conditions and conservation objectives (Ferraro, 2001). Others have noted that they are often limited by Westerncentric definitions and processes (Cater, 2006). In response to some of these criticisms, it has been argued that distinguishing between development interventions and conservation payments may not be practical on the ground (Mishra et al., 2003). ...
Conservation Enterprise is increasingly promoted to support the conservation of species and landscapes through incentives, such as ecotourism, including in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), Nepal. Yet the elusive behaviour of snow leopards here limits opportunities for conservation enterprise, particularly those linked to conventional ecotourism forms. Furthermore, the potential to explicitly link local snow leopard-friendly livestock production systems with the tourist market in the area, via eco-certified livestock products, has not been investigated. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the interest, from supply and demand perspectives, in introducing snow leopard ecotourism services and eco-certified products into the ACA tourist market. Questionnaire data were gathered from 406 tourists and 403 local residents. Our results, of interest to managers and researchers alike, show that there is potential to generate funds and support for both snow leopard conservation and community development, and add to the literature on utilising enterprise initiatives as conservation tools.
... Risk perception can be as the subjective judgments of consumers regarding tourism, safety information, crisis events, and shortcomings related to travel (Moutinho, 1987;Mowen and Minor, 1988;Cater, 2006), meaning that the developments of knowledge proceed subjective norms and reach the behavioral destination of humans. As long as the people came in to contact with the situational awareness, they will shift toward the acceptance of personal decisions. ...
The aviation industry is the center of gravity for tourism-dependent countries seeking to uplift their economic activities. The COVID-19 pandemic in the early part of 2020 threatened people and the air industry to the maximum extent. This paper investigated the sustainable air travel behavior of passengers under the risk knowledge path. The mediating role of risk perception, i.e., physical risk, psychological risk, and service quality, was also tested for the risk knowledge-air travel behavior association. We surveyed 339 travelers at six airports in Thailand from January to June 2021 to record their responses. We applied covariance–variance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM), and the study results revealed a direct effect of risk knowledge with an indirect impact via risk perception paths on air travel behavior. This paper highlights knowledge as a remedial response to the perceptual makeup of air services sustainability. The study has solid managerial implications for aviation management in the design of ideal pathways for retaining air services during the current public emergency of COVID-19.
... As stated, the basic principle of the CBT concept's success is an activity carried out by the local community as the primary actor in realizing an activity based on local values such as nature, culture, history, and the local economy [16,24]. Reaffirms that the tourist industry's success or long-term success is greatly reliant on the amount of acceptance and support from the local population [25][26]. ...
Local communities are an inseparable part of tourism destinations. The integration of local communities in the planning and development of tourism destinations is intended to ensure that local communities have the space and opportunity to participate in the tourism planning process. The integration framework starts with a basic understanding of tourism destinations. Community-based tourism is tourism development with a high level of local community involvement and can be accounted for from social and environmental aspects. Usually, the community's main source of income remains as before, for example from agriculture, plantations, or fishing. It is hoped that the income from the tourism sector can be an added value in gaining the economy amid the uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The main objective of this research is to examine and identify the potential for developing community-based creative tourism in Bintan. The process of data analysis includes understanding and compiling primary and secondary data that have been obtained methodically. The findings of the analysis and interpretation of this research data are used to develop the concept of community-based creative tourism in Bintan based on the city's potential to create creative zones centered on seven creative industries. in Bintan with the idea of sustainability and community empowerment to attract visitors, especially tourists from Singapore, due to Bintan's proximity and strategic position to Singapore. Of course, this is an opportunity that must be exploited in terms of attracting international visitors to Singapore as well as domestic tourists. At the same time, it is projected to increase tourist visits to Indonesia, especially to Bintan.
... Cater added a new dimension to the concept of ecotourism by emphasizing its embeddedness in an essentially western understanding of nature as "single", while in fact there are multiple "nature tourisms" and there is no universality of such a concept (Cater, 2006). ...
... Cater 842 notes continuing with this view that eco-tourism is a Western model of nature management and causes no fewer problems and threats to the environment than traditional forms of nature management. Despite this, ecotourism is traditionally understood and positioned as an important component of sustainable development. ...
The collection of conference materials covers a wide range of theoretical and applied problems of socio-economic, technical-technological, information-analytical, socio-philosophical and educational support of Ukraine's transition to sustainable development, taking into account modern transformation processes. Particular attention is paid to the problems of modeling socio-economic and environmental processes for effective territorial and corporate governance, public policy and self-government.
... The entire concept of community participation is put forth based on developed countries, which makes it implementation challenging to achieve in developing countries as there is a little consideration given to problems that arise on the operationality of the concept in the context of developing countries (Nault & Stapleton, 2011;Tosun, 2000). This could also be because ecotourism is a concept developed on the political and cultural ideologies prevalent in Western countries, making it a completely foreign concept to be implemented and, most importantly, to be acknowledged in developing and underdeveloped countries (Cater, 2006;Fletcher, 2009). When such foreign ideologies are introduced, local communities are alienated from such projects (Akama, 1996). ...
Purpose: This paper aims to analyse how community participation is viewed and implemented in ecotourism projects with evidence from ecotourism literature. The paper elaborates on the evolution and trends of community participation in ecotourism projects. Methodology: With the use of content analysis method, the study analyses literature in the form of journal articles. For the analysis, research articles published from 1990-2019 were collected from journal databases and search engines, including Scopus, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis, and Google Scholar. Originality/ Relevance: The present study intends to address the research gap in ecotourism literature that reviews and descriptively analyze the disseminated information on community participation. Findings: The main findings suggest that only some ecotourism projects are successfully running with the full participation of local communities. The extent and type of community participation vary in each ecotourism project depending on social, cultural, and political factors. It also points out the presence of contradicting views regarding its effectiveness and applicability. Theoretical/ Methodological Contributions: Analysis of ecotourism literature on one of the key aspects of ecotourism is necessary to investigate and understand the patterns and themes of community participation and contributes on the directions for future research. ABSTRACTO Objetivo del estudio: Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo se ve e implementa la participación comunitaria en proyectos de ecoturismo con evidencia de la literatura sobre ecoturismo. El documento profundiza en la evolución y tendencias de la participación comunitaria en proyectos de ecoturismo. Metodología: Con el uso del método de análisis de contenido, el estudio analiza la literatura en forma de artículos de revistas. Para el análisis, los artículos de investigación publicados entre 1990 y 2019 se recopilaron de bases de datos de revistas y motores de búsqueda, incluidos Scopus, Science Direct, Taylor y Francis y Google Scholar. Originalidad / Relevancia: El presente estudio pretende abordar la brecha de investigación en la literatura sobre ecoturismo que revisa y analiza descriptivamente la información difundida sobre la participación comunitaria. Hallazgos: Los hallazgos principales sugieren que solo algunos proyectos de ecoturismo se están ejecutando con éxito con la plena participación de las comunidades locales. El alcance y el tipo de participación comunitaria varían en cada proyecto de ecoturismo dependiendo de factores sociales, cultura les y políticos. También señala la presencia de opiniones contradictorias sobre su eficacia y aplicabilidad. Contribuciones teóricas / metodológicas: El análisis de la literatura sobre ecoturismo sobre uno de los aspectos clave del ecoturismo es necesario para investigar y comprender los patrones y temas de participación comunitaria y contribuye a las direcciones de la investigación futura.
... In the process of ecotourism planning, other stakeholders dominate [14]. The community is excluded and becomes a passive recipient of decision-making results, losing the opportunity to put forward their own demands and opinions [15,16]. Due to the deprivation of the right to participate in the planning process, the local community tends to then benefit little from CBET [13]. ...
Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular strategy to alleviate the contradiction between ecological protection and community development. As the stakeholders of CBET, the community’s participation in the planning process is of great importance to in order to realize the sustainability of CBET. Taking a community in Wolong Nature Reserve as a case study, in this study we developed a decision-making participation mechanism based on the participatory scenario method. Through this mechanism, community stakeholders can effectively reach consensus with other stakeholders on the planning of CBET in the future. The results showed that community participation in the planning process can mean decisions are more likely to reflect their interests. They unanimously proposed that future CBET must adhere to the basic principle of protecting biodiversity and must maximize the welfare of the community. Moreover, achieving the sustainability of CBET in protected areas requires the cooperation of all stakeholders.
... Often, historical occurrences fuel disputes and discord at local levels, which can stymie the effective planning and development of ecotourism activities. However, it is important to note that while local contexts can be highly varied and, thus, generalised findings across the broad global north and south contexts may not be applicable in specific research sites, valuable cross-cultural lessons can still be learnt (Cater, 2006). ...
The aim of this study was to examine the community’s trust in government and the levels of community involvement and participation in Ecotourism. The study employed a social capital and mixed-method research approach, based on two case study areas in Cameroon: the Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP) and the Douala Edea Wildlife Reserve (DEWR). Key findings of the study suggest that levels of community involvement and participation in ecotourism were low in general, but the community perceptions of trust in the government have remained relatively positive. It is recommended that further research on this topic be conducted to gain a deeper insight into issues related to perceptions of trust, the involvement and participation of communities in the ecotourism sector, and how the nuanced sociopolitical context in Cameroon contributes to these issues. In doing so, an effective and dedicated ecotourism policy may be formulated to guide the strategic growth of the subsector.
... Through the ecotourism pillar of equal benefits, the practice of ecotourism entailed an attempt to reduce social inequalities (Donohoe and Needham, 2006). However, in practice, ecotouristic activities in preserved natural ecosystems usually come at an expensive price due to the exclusiveness of the location (Cater, 2006). This can especially be seen in the recent expansion of luxury ecolodges and glamping. ...
This research paper explores the acceptance of the vertical farming concept, and more specifically, its acceptance in the ecotourist market.
Vertical farming, which can be defined as the growing of vegetables and leafy greens in fully controlled indoor and urban environments, is a new agricultural method that shows great promises in tackling the future problems linked to feeding the World. In the tourism industry, the concept could be integrated in currents structure to diversify the offering of activities. However, people seem to have a reluctance towards the concept, due to numerous social, economic, and personal factors.
While the acceptance of vertical farming has already been explored in other research papers, this paper investigates the specific ecotourist market who theoretically matches the underlying values of vertical farming. By means of a literature overview, five potential factors of resistance from ecotourist towards vertical farming were uncovered. They are the fact that ecotourist think vertical farming is a fake representation of natural farming, ecotourist question the ecological added value of vertical farming, ecotourist feel discomfort consuming high-tech produced goods, vertical farming, because of its economic scheme reinforces the idea that it is designed for a privileged population and finally, vertical farming can be seen as taking away the jobs of traditional farmers. After performing a survey research model with 118 participants, the researcher determined that the fake representation of nature, the elitist views and the employment perspectives were confirmed as resistance factors. The economic unrealism of vertical farming was also uncovered as a factor of resistance.
While the research paper confirms that vertical farming is an agricultural method mistrusted by the wider population, the research outcomes also point out that there are great misconceptions on the concept, which leads to its unacceptance. The researcher thus concluded from this research that although vertical farming must evolve on its own to meet the ever-changing desires of ecotourists, much work must be achieved in correctly educating ecotourists on the concept of vertical farming to increase their acceptance.
... Through equal benefits, ecotourism attempted to reduce social inequalities (Donohoe and Needham, 2006). However, in practice, ecotouristic activities in preserved natural ecosystems are expensive due to the exclusiveness of the locations (Cater, 2006). For example, the preserved ecosystem of the Ranch at Rock Creek near Yellowstone features glamping lodge charged $2200 to $3200 per night (The Ranch at Rock Creek, 2021). ...
This research paper explores the acceptance of the vertical farming concept, and more specifically, its acceptance in the ecotourist market.
Vertical farming, which can be defined as the growing of vegetables and leafy greens in fully controlled indoor and urban environments, is a new agricultural method that shows great promises in tackling the future problems linked to feeding the World. In the tourism industry, the concept could be integrated in currents structure to diversify the offering of activities. However, people seem to have a reluctance towards the concept, due to numerous social, economic, and personal factors.
While the acceptance of vertical farming has already been explored in other research papers, this paper investigates the specific ecotourist market who theoretically matches the underlying values of vertical farming. By means of a literature overview, five potential factors of resistance from ecotourist towards vertical farming were uncovered. They are the fact that ecotourist think vertical farming is a fake representation of natural farming, ecotourist question the ecological added value of vertical farming, ecotourist feel discomfort consuming high-tech produced goods, vertical farming, because of its economic scheme reinforces the idea that it is designed for a privileged population and finally, vertical farming can be seen as taking away the jobs of traditional farmers. After performing a survey research model with 118 participants, the researcher determined that the fake representation of nature, the elitist views and the employment perspectives were confirmed as resistance factors. The economic unrealism of vertical farming was also uncovered as a factor of resistance.
While the research paper confirms that vertical farming is an agricultural method mistrusted by the wider population, the research outcomes also point out that there are great misconceptions on the concept, which leads to its unacceptance. The researcher thus concluded from this research that although vertical farming must evolve on its own to meet the ever-changing desires of ecotourists, much work must be achieved in correctly educating ecotourists on the concept of vertical farming to increase their acceptance.
... [25] This plethora of definitions have also been criticized by some scholars that see them as evolving from a western-centric approach associated to preservationism and its marked separation of nature and society. [26] Since anthropological studies suggest there are different conceptions of nature [27], there must be multiple visions of 'nature tourism'. But borne within western-centric environmental ideology, ecotourism ethnocentric bias often ignores the fact that there are 'multiple natures' constructed variously by different societies. ...
Many protected areas have different biological, ecological and environmental resources and at the same time the use of these resources is different. In order to create protected areas, the issue of area management is discussed and zoning in the management of parks and protected areas is a solution to reduce conflicts in protected area management and it provides the opportunity to take the necessary measures. Lar National Park with an area of 28037 ha is located in 70 km of northeast of Tehran. This area with the aim of protecting 28 species of mammals, 105 species
of birds, 23 species of reptiles and several species of fish has been
managed; while this region receives a population of nomads every year,
who use the pastures of the regions for grazing in a period of one hundred
days. To prepare a conservation management plan, the ecological
resources of the region were mapped and overlaid to achieve management
units, These units were investigated for restricted nature, protected,
restoration, recreational and special zones in the area. After determination
of social economic conditions of native people, a management plan was
defined for the region. The planning defined public participation, staff
training, ecological and socio economic impacts assessment and
monitoring program in Lar National Park. Findings revealed that Lar
National Park has an important role in preserving the nature and species
of the region based on the evaluation. Therefore, for the protection and
promotion of habitats and species, it has required conscious and active
intervention and a coherent management plan for the region should be
considered. Conservation of hotspot biodiversity areas ensures that other
human activities do not harm these areas, and the reliability and viability
of areas with higher conservation values over an indefinite period of time
is ensured. The study proved that the zoning process is a decision-making
issue that inherently requires the evaluation of different land features
based on multiple objectives.
... The theoretical significance of the study lies in the discovery of the devices, which would stimulate the development of the ecological self-awareness and the factors which determine their effective impact on ecotourism (Björk, 2000;Blamey, 1997;Cater, 2006;Fenell, 2001). The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the proposed diagnostic technique allows to indentify the level of ecological self-awareness of an individual and to trace its formation dynamics. ...
The concept of "ecological self-awareness" is an integral part of ecological tourism. Ecological tourism is considered
in a broad and a narrow aspects. In a broad aspect ecotourism is a market capitalization of the environmental benefits of some
regions and the whole country. The Purpose of the research is to detect the influence of ecological self-awareness on the
development of ecological tourism. For the first time, from the individual-centered, humanistic, holistic standpoint, the category
of ecological self-awareness is defined as complex mental phenomenon, which integrates cognitive, emotional, value and
behavioral components, which enhance the attitude of individuals towards ecotourism. The data were collected from the
experimental and the control groups by calculating the empirical parameter value. The scale of ranks were used to measure the
results. The results show positive changes in ecological self-awareness in the experimental group. The dynamics of the changes in
the experimental group is much higher than in the control group. This fact let us assert that the applied formation technology has its
effectiveness. The ecological self-awareness is directly related to ecological education and influences the development of ecotourism.
... This can be seen by the fact that all of the journals we reviewed in this study were published in journals from the United Kingdom, which may obstruct authors from non-English speaking countries (Gaertner, 2020). As such, it is not surprising that sustainable tourist behavior research could be construed as Western hegemony (Adams, 2003;Cater, 2006). In fact, among the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, most of them need to tread dangerously between environmental conservation and livelihood fulfillment (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2020;Wall and Tao, 2008). ...
... This can be seen by the fact that all of the journals we reviewed in this study were published in journals from the United Kingdom, which may obstruct authors from non-English speaking countries (Gaertner, 2020). As such, it is not surprising that sustainable tourist behavior research could be construed as Western hegemony (Adams, 2003;Cater, 2006). In fact, among the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, most of them need to tread dangerously between environmental conservation and livelihood fulfillment (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2020;Wall and Tao, 2008). ...
This paper reviewed and analyzed peer-reviewed journals related to tourists' sustainable behavior and their contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) developed by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda. Based on a keyword-driven search, 127 articles were identified as relevant from the selected journals and analyzed by content analysis with a pragmatic approach. The findings revealed that (a) the number of publications in this area had a downtrend except those focusing on 'attitudes'; (b) the geographical region of the articles mostly focused on few countries; (c) quantitative research methods were still dominant; and (d) around 58% of the articles related to Goal 8, 11 and 12 of the SDGs. This paper discussed the above findings to illustrate the overall trends of this topic in academia and its limitation.
... One significant reason for the limited engagement of locals in tourism to protected areas is that local communities in Tanzania's Northern Circuit also understand "protected areas" and "tourism" as foreign concepts (Melubo, 2020;Melubo & Lovelock, 2019). This builds on the argument that ecotourism, tourism in protected areas and even tourism itself are Western constructs (Akama, 1996;Cater, 2006;Shultis & Heffner, 2016). This makes the very idea of local involvement as tourists discordant with community understandings and world views of their homes, lands and social practices of travel. ...
Despite the significance attached to local participation for African tourism development in terms of encouraging social, environmental and economic sustainability, development efforts remain largely centred on international tourism. Tourism in protected areas throughout Africa exemplify this contradiction. Statistics show that across Africa, the number of local citizens visiting national parks and reserves is notably fewer than international arrivals and community involvement in decision-making processes is limited. Drawing insights from tourism development in the protected areas of Tanzania’s Northern Circuit, we examine local community constraints to actively participating in the tourism industry as tourists. Local understandings of protected areas and tourism, high prices of services and a culture of prioritising socialising with friends and relatives over small group travel to pristine natural environments are identified as some of the key constraints to local participation as tourists. We argue that rethinking the structure and ideologies of Tanzanian tourism in protected areas to place greater emphasis on local community’s recreational needs, social practices and world views, is a seemingly obvious yet frequently overlooked means to increase community involvement and autonomy over what is considered by as a hegemonic Western tourism industry. Socialising tourism is a call for inclusive tourism, and in this chapter we discuss how greater local resident involvement in tourism as tourists – and not only as hosts or stakeholders of industry – can help reimagine and reconstruct Tanzanian tourism in a more culturally embedded and inclusive way.
... Ecotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that is based on natural resources and encourages ecological awareness (Ceballos-Lascuráin, 1991;Cheia, 2013;Jamrozy and Lawonk, 2017;Çetinkaya et al., 2018). Ecotourism pays attention to conservation goals that preserves the environment and improves the welfare of the society (David A Fennell and Malloy, 1999;Tisdell and Wilson, 2005;Cater, 2006;Correya andJacob, 2011;Singh et al., 2016). Ecotourism is one of the developments of tourism that supports conservation. ...
Ecotourism very support for conservation. Ecotourism may assist with preservation of natural resources and ecotourism functions in comparison to other alternatives, such as mass tourism. This study aims to analyze the sustainability status of ecotourism management for preserving natural resources and ecosystem functions. This study is a survey on ecotourism destinations Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC). To analyze the level of sustainability, 9 dimensions were analyzed based on theoretical and empirical studies. The dimensions consisted of (1) conservation, (2) participation, (3) recreation and education, (4) economy, (5) control, (6) government, (7) ecotourism center, (8) academics/researchers, and (9) social media. This study employed quantitative analysis using Rapfish application with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to assess the status and sustainability index of marine tourism management (CMC). The result revealed that the sustainability status of marine ecotourism management in CMC was categorized as “highly sustainable”. The highest value was the conservation dimension and the lowest value was in the government dimension. Therefore, government support for improving the role of ecotourism regarding preservation of natural resources and ecosystem functions is required. The government can give its support through implementing regulations, facilitating ecotourism management, designing public policy for ecotourism, and planning government policies that benefit the development of ecotourism.
... [25] This plethora of definitions have also been criticized by some scholars that see them as evolving from a western-centric approach associated to preservationism and its marked separation of nature and society. [26] Since anthropological studies suggest there are different conceptions of nature [27], there must be multiple visions of 'nature tourism'. But borne within western-centric environmental ideology, ecotourism ethnocentric bias often ignores the fact that there are 'multiple natures' constructed variously by different societies. ...
Laws and policies are critical in facilitating positive or negative outcomes where humans and wildlife have potential to interact. This article provides a historical overview of Nepal’s protected areas and reviews the Nepalese conservation laws to explore whether they, through enactment, have capacity to reduce the frequency and consequently the impact of human wildlife conflict (HWC). This review provides insights useful for the formulation of new conservation laws, or the revision of existing conservation laws, to prevent and mitigate HWC. Nepal’s conservation laws were formulated in the early 1970s, and modern protected areas were begun to establish. Initially, Nepal followed the Yellowstone model, an exclusionary approach involving the removal of local people from areas within the boundaries of the new National Parks. The intent was to separate humans and protected areas, measures that are often commended as effective in reducing interactions between humans and wildlife. Over time, the gradual relaxation of strict rules of exclusion, such as the granting of rights to local people to access resources inside protected areas, have encouraged a move towards coexistence. This later approach (coexistence) condoned, or at least allowed for, more contact between humans and wildlife, and may have increased the potential for HWC. Subsequent amendments to the conservation laws - including provisions for wildlife population management - may have gone some way toward reducing HWC; however, these amendments lack clarity and have been poorly implemented. This article recommends active implementation of laws that may reduce interactions between humans and wildlife and suggests improved compensation policies for wildlife damage.
... [25] This plethora of definitions have also been criticized by some scholars that see them as evolving from a western-centric approach associated to preservationism and its marked separation of nature and society. [26] Since anthropological studies suggest there are different conceptions of nature [27], there must be multiple visions of 'nature tourism'. But borne within western-centric environmental ideology, ecotourism ethnocentric bias often ignores the fact that there are 'multiple natures' constructed variously by different societies. ...
Ingestion of food contaminated by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances is responsible for the illness or death of about one in ten people worldwide every year. This characterizes significant public health risks, in addition to raising annual public health costs. Metals and metalloids are noteworthy among chemical environmental contaminants, due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and, in some cases, biomagnification capacity, as well as high toxicity risks. Several elements have been detected in high concentrations in the environment due to anthropogenic activities, leading to trophic chain incorporation and aquatic organism bioaccumulation, such as fish and mussels. These organisms, in turn, play extremely important ecological roles in aquatic trophic webs as energy carriers to higher trophic levels, becoming important links between the environment, contaminants and human populations through their consumption. In Brazil, several protected area categories have been established, including Extractive Reserves (RESEX). These are used by traditional populations whose survival is based on the extraction of natural resources and on subsistence and small animal agricultural activities. One of these RESEX, located in the Região dos Lagos area, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, comprises the Arraial do Cabo Marine Extractive Reserve, the first Marine Extractive Reserve in Brazil, created in 1997. Unfortunately, however, aquatic organisms in this RESEX have been shown to be contaminated by high metal and metalloid concentrations, mainly arsenic (As), often exceeding limits established by Brazilian and international legislations. This may make one of the main local economic activities, artisanal fishing, unfeasible, leading to socio-economic and environmental concerns, as this activity is an important food and economic source, representing over 50 % of the national fishery production, reaching 70 % in certain regions. In addition, ecosystem degradation heavily impacts poor populations, such as fishers, who are very vulnerable to ecosystem changes, including the degradation of fishing resources, leading to decreased protein intake by vulnerable populations and the consumption of food items containing high contaminant levels. In this context, this chapter will discuss aquatic organism contamination by As, focusing on the Arraial do Cabo RESEX, an important Brazilian conservation area, including chemical (i.e. As speciation into organic and inorganic forms) and geochemical As aspects, food chain accumulation capacity, potential effects on biota and humans and possible local traditional fishing community outcomes, categorized as extremely vulnerable by Brazilian legislation.
This article examines the role that reformed hiring practices and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives within the global industry of ecotourism may (or may not) play in bringing multiply marginalized or underrepresented (MMU) voices to the forefront of environmental risk communication and sustainability efforts worldwide. Ultimately, the article argues that ecotourism companies should promote grace-based hiring practices to include marginalized knowledges of threatened ecosystems (places) in a company’s decisions regarding sustainability.
In East Africa, settler-colonization during the Scramble for Africa period and the militarized conservation regimes that became a common feature of colonial governance in the region, characterized by conserved land secured via fences and patrols of armed rangers, fundamentally altered locals’ access to and relationship with their land and natural environment. In parallel to the impacts on locals’ relationship with nature, direct colonial governance impacted local expressions of leisure. Colonial authorities often enforced particular activities during times normally allocated as free time, forcing individuals sometimes to perform tasks or engage in activities contrary to local conceptions of leisure. This paper draws linkages between two discrete but related scholarly literatures focusing on African contexts: the lasting influences of a particular period and type of colonization on local peoples’: (a) conceptions of leisure, and (b) relationships to their natural environment. East Africa is the primary regional focus, to contain the scope. Snowballing literature search and database keyword searches are used for literature review, in which African-authored scholarship is prioritized to address Euro-North American bias in academic research. Evidence in the literature describes how leisure and perceptions of nature were constrained and redefined during the settler-colonial period and their evolution in the postcolonial era inform how leisure and perceptions of nature are shaped in the present. However, the paper focuses only lasting impacts of a particular period and type of colonization, and thus the lasting impacts are likely to be deeper than those described in this analysis. Next, the paper draws on intersections of these literatures to examine a contemporary issue in East Africa: recent efforts to increase domestic ecotourism by encouraging locals to engage in nature-based recreation activities and leisure experiences. The paper contributes to the African ecotourism literature by intersecting colonization, sociology of leisure, and tourism literatures to identify contemporary historically-rooted opportunities and challenges in domestic ecotourism in East Africa, highlighting gaps in sociology of leisure and ecotourism literatures pertaining to prospective African tourists’ perceptions of ecotourism activities.
In recent years it has been increasingly recognized that all tourist destinations have limits to their carrying capacity. These include infrastructure maximums for tourists, the capacity of the natural environment and the socio-cultural sustainability of the local population. In addition, tourism exacerbates climate change through greenhouse gases.
Purpose
The quest for alternative approaches to tourism has introduced ecotourism. However, in many instances, ecotourism becomes “green washing” process where revenue generation becomes prominent and protection of environmental assets is kept aside. The present article attempts to examine the impact of ecotourism policy on conservation in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (BKWS), Odisha, India.
Design/methodology/approach
Using social exchange theory (SET), the article examines whether ecotourism reduces the dependency of the local communities on natural resources and also the impact of ecotourism on conservation of biodiversity in BKWS.
Findings
The study using a mixed method approach finds that ecotourism in BKWS is able to provide economic benefits to the villagers. The economic benefits from diversified employment opportunities are able to motivate locals to conserve biodiversity. However, the socio-cultural impact is hardly experienced by the villagers.
Research limitations/implications
By examining the linkage of conservation with community development in a diverse society like India, the paper finds the linkage of conservation with development. The paper has also widened the existing ecotourism literature of India and Odisha. The study adopted SET so as to get a comprehensive understanding at the ground level, forming the basis for future research and further conceptual development.
Practical implications
The results of the study will help policy makers to develop an effective conservation strategy by integrating tourism, conservation and sustainable development of the locals so as to make ecotourism a successful approach in BKWS.
Originality/value
For a growing ecotourism site like BKWS, the current study is the first to assess impact of ecotourism on conservation and local people.
Museums and Social Responsibility examines inherent contradictions within and effecting museum practice in order to outline a museological theory of how museums are important cultural practices in themselves and how museums shape the socio-cultural dynamics of modern societies, especially our attitudes and understandings about human agency and creative potential.
Museums are libraries of objects, presenting thematic justification that dominant concepts of normativity and speciality, as well as attitudes of cultural deprecation. By sorting culture into hierarchies of symbolic value, museums cloak themselves in supposed objectivity, delivered with the passion of connoisseurship and the surety of scholarly research. Ulterior motives pertaining to socio-economic class, racial and ethnic othering, and sexual subjugation, are shrouded by that false appearance of objectivity. This book highlights how the socially responsive practitioner can challenge and subvert taken-for-granted motivations by undertaking liberatory museum work that engages subaltern narratives, engages historically disadvantage populations, and co-creates with them dialogical practices of collecting, preserving, exhibiting and interpreting. It points to examples in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, not as self-contained entities but as practices within a global web of relationships, and as microcosms that define normality and abnormality, that engage users in critical dialogue, and that influence, are conditioned by, and disrupt taken-for-granted understandings and practices of class, ethnicity, sex, gender, thinking and being.
Suitable for researchers and museum professionals, Museums and Social Responsibility presents a comprehensive argument and proposes critical, reflective processes to the practitioner, so that their museum work may more effectively engage with and change their societies and the world..
Ecotourists’ motivations are a fundamental concept in travel behaviour and determine different aspects of tourism activities, which will eventually reflect the value created by the travelling experience. This paper aims to evaluate the mediating role of the image of a destination on the perceived value of travellers. We analysed a sample of 382 visitors in three ecotouristic destinations located in Ecuador by using the partial least squares (PLS) methodology. Results show that utilitarian motivations related to enriching travellers lives (self-development) or to escaping from daily routines or social pressures (ego-defensive) are the most significant predictors of perceived value. Similarly, the social and emotional dimensions are the most important in the value assessment of an ecotourist destination. Managerial implications clearly arise from the results’ discussion. Ecotourist destination managers will have to closely examine these motivations in order to adapt destination services to enhance aspects that reinforce travellers’ motivations.
Ecotourism projects are mostly implemented in naturally fragile ecosystems as a savior of nature, culture, and indigenous people. This paper aims to make quantitative study of ecotourism in protected areas by using bibliometric analysis. VOSviewer, a popular bibliometric software, was used to analyze as many as 1182 research articles published from 2002 to 2020. Those articles were collected from the Scopus database. The study measured three distinct types of bibliometric indicators (quantity, quality, and structural indicators) to analyze the published articles scientifically. The analysis uncovers ecotourism research in protected areas as an emerging and predominant field of research with a sound growth in annual publications and citations. Importantly, the majority of ecotourism research articles are published in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Canada, and China. Nevertheless, ecotourism as a relevant research theme of is getting due importance in African and Asian countries for two key reasons: (1) wildlife and tribal populations, and (2) uncontaminated ecology and environment of ecotourism sites. Further, the main research themes of articles in the field of ecotourism in protected areas are broadly focused on conservation, visitor management, and community. Our findings reveal that controversial issues surrounding ecotourism and its relationship to protected areas, dominated by human-wildlife conflict, gender, and climate change, are attracting the attention of researchers worldwide.
This study analyses the behaviors and motivations of ecotourists in the Machalilla National Park, which is one of the most famous ecotourism destinations in the world. By choosing the case study of the Machalilla National Park, I wanted to do the research in one of the less discovered but with a high ecotourism potential area in the world. For this purpose, first I tried to read and analyze ecotourism, its characteristics, ecotourists and their segmentation, ecotourism in Ecuador and the coastal region. Secondly, I did my research in the national park area and around to understand the ecotourists' behaviors, their motivations to choose this destination. In the end, I tried to find out how ecotourists can contribute to this specific destination, which key elements of ecotourism should be developed in this area. It is also a great initiative to bring more interest in this region and be one of the first researchers due to the lack of previous studies and researches in this destination. Machalilla National park is a universal ecotourism destination, where the tourists can experience beaches, forests, island wildlife, local culture, and many more. This feature helps it to stand out from other ecotourism destinations in the world.
У статті досліджено потенціал екологічного туризму в регіонах України на основі тестування екологічних кривих Кузнеця (ЕКК), побудованих через співвідношення викидів в атмосферне повітря на кв. км регіону та валового регіонального продукту на душу населення. Показником туристичного потенціалу регіону вибрано валову додану вартість за такими видами економічної діяльності, як мистецтво, спорт, розваги та відпочинок і тимчасове розміщення та організація харчування (за період 2005–2018 рр. у приведених цінах). За наведеним показником вибрано Дніпропетровську, Львівську, Одеську області, як такі, що мають найвищу частку ВДВ за зазначеними видами економічної діяльності, а також побудовано ЕКК за даними в середньому по Україні. Більш ранній період проходження поворотної точки ЕКК в регіоні дає змогу зробити висновок про стійкість тенденції до екологічної переорієнтації населення. Доведено, що екотуризм має перспективи розвитку лише після досягнення певного рівня валового регіонального продукту і, відповідно, отримання населенням певного рівня прибутку, який і дає змогу поширитися стійким «зеленим» тенденціям у сфері організації відпочинку. За результатами дослідження зроблено висновок, що Дніпропетровська та Львівська області, а також Україна загалом пройшли поворотну точку на початку другої половини досліджуваного періоду (2012–2015 рр.), і лише Одеська область характеризується найбільш стійкими тенденціями до екологізації туризму у зв’язку з проходженням поворотної точки ЕКК у 2009 р. Тенденції ЕКК для Львівської області збігаються із середніми по Україні. Особливості ЕКК Дніпропетровської області зумовлені вищим рівнем ВРП на душу населення, який відображає проходження поворотної точки ЕКК (44 650 грн на душу населення проти середнього показника по Україні 32 002 грн на душу населення). Відповідно, доведено наявність соціальних та ринкових передумов для активного розвитку екологічного туризму в Україні та найбільших її туристичних регіонах. Перспективи подальших досліджень полягають у підвищенні специфікації ЕКК через розширення переліку викидів шкідливих речовин, а також конкретизації напрямів регіональної екологічної політики у сфері стимулювання та поширення екотуризму.
In den letzten Jahren wurde zunehmend erkannt, dass alle Tourismusziele Grenzen der Tragfähigkeit aufweisen. Dazu gehören unter anderem Infrastruktur-Höchstzahlen für Touristen, die Kapazität der natürlichen Umwelt und die soziokulturelle Belastbarkeit der einheimischen Bevölkerung. Außerdem verstärkt der Tourismus die Klimaerwärmung durch Treibhausgase.
This research aims at creating a concept of cooperation between stakeholders in developing eco-tourism in Batu City. Eco-tourism and the role of stakeholders are related to one another. It is due to the urge of stakeholders to work together in managing the potential of eco-tourism to achieve a development goal. This study applies the Penta-helix model and triple-bottom-line theories to investigate the contribution of stakeholders to sustainable development. The Penta-helix model is used to identify relevant stakeholders and conduct effective collaboration. At the same time, the triple-bottom-line is applied to observe the environmental and socio-economic aspects of the eco-tourism sector. This study employs a qualitative method with an interactive approach from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana by deepening literary understanding; and field interviews. The results of this study show that cooperation and interaction between stakeholders in developing eco-tourism are inferior. Thus, the researchers develop a stakeholder collaboration model through the Penta-helix model covering the government, private eco-tourism enterprises, communities, academics, and the media. They collaborate in determining the sustainability agendas covering environmental, economic, and social as a reflection of the triple bottom line element. Those designed agendas are to encourage the realization of eco-tourism development in Batu City, Indonesia. The research recommends further research to evaluate whether this eco-tourism development model can be effective if implemented.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan konsep kerjasama antar stakeholder dalam pengembangan ekowisata di Kota Batu. Karena ekowisata dan peran pemangku kepentingan berkaitan satu sama lain. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya dorongan dari para pemangku kepentingan untuk bekerja sama dalam mengelola potensi ekowisata untuk mencapai tujuan pembangunan. Studi ini menerapkan model penta helix dan teori triple bottom line untuk menyelidiki kontribusi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan. Model Penta helix digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pemangku kepentingan yang relevan dan untuk melakukan kolaborasi yang efektif, sedangkan triple bottom line diterapkan untuk mengamati aspek lingkungan dan sosial ekonomi dari sektor ekowisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan interaktif dari Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana dengan pendalaman pemahaman literatur; dan wawancara lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama dan interaksi antar pemangku kepentingan dalam pengembangan ekowisata masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mengembangkan model kolaborasi pemangku kepentingan melalui model Penta helix yang mencakup pemerintah, swasta, komunitas, akademisi, dan media. Mereka berkolaborasi dalam menentukan agenda keberlanjutan yang meliputi lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial sebagai cerminan dari elemen triple bottom line. Agenda yang dirancang tersebut adalah untuk mendorong terwujudnya pembangunan ekowisata di Kota Batu, Indonesia. Peneliti merekomendasi pada penelitian selanjutnya untuk mengevaluasi apakah model pembangunan ekowisata ini dapat efektif jika diimplemetasikan.
The fact that social entrepreneurship plays an important role in adopting economically sustainable strategies to achieve social goals and responsible tourism development has been confirmed by many experts in the field of entrepreneurship and tourism. However, there is still limited information on how tourism businesses claiming to be entrepreneurs interact with local communities. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by addressing the question of what approaches to community participation in the development of rural tourism are encouraged by social entrepreneurship in rural areas? This study focuses on tourism initiatives of ecotourism resorts in Iran. Accordingly, this study uses qualitative methods and interview tools to obtain its findings. The result shows three distinct manifestations of tourism-based social entrepreneurship in eco-lodges: 1) income-oriented pattern; 2) community empowerment model and 3) inclusive model. Findings show that in the three models introduced in the study, tourism based on social entrepreneurship seeks to ensure that even the poorest sections of society can enjoy a greater share of the economic and social benefits of tourism. This typology also shows the diversity of community participation, away from the role assigned by the government and independently. However, due to fluctuations in the number of tourists entering a rural area and the lack of structural support for ecotourism resorts, it remains to be seen whether such a development as a whole will lead to sustainable tourism development for local communities.
El Santuario Histórico Bosque de Pómac (SHBP), es un Área Natural Protegida
reconocida también como Patrimonio Cultural por la Zona Arqueológica Monumental
de Batán Grande, cuna de la cultura Sicán. Asimismo, en el contexto
turístico nacional el Santuario integra el producto turístico “Bosques y Pirámides
de Lambayeque” y está jerarquizado como atractivo turístico de tipo natural de
nivel 3.
El SHBP es administrado como área de uso indirecto por el Servicio Nacional de Áreas
Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP), ya que como Santuario Histórico protege “los valores
naturales que constituyen el entorno de sitios de especial significación nacional
por contener muestras de patrimonio monumental y arqueológico relevante para la
historia del país” (Ley de Áreas Naturales Protegidas N° 26834). Estas condiciones han
posicionado al Santuario como destino cultural y de naturaleza, ideal para el desarrollo
de la actividad turística y ecoturística, y que sirve como eje articulador entre los
diferentes actores del sector público, privado, academia y comunidad local.
En este sentido, esta investigación busca identificar los factores de la actividad ecoturística
de los emprendimientos locales que favorecen la sostenibilidad del Santuario
Histórico Bosque de Pómac. Para ello, se realizó un diagnóstico de situación actual
de la actividad ecoturística relacionada con los emprendimientos locales en el SHBP,
valorando la percepción de los emprendedores con respecto al impacto económico,
social y ambiental.
Se tuvo como principal sujeto de estudio a los negocios vinculados al turismo
que ofertan productos y servicios a los visitantes en el Santuario y se involucró
a actores locales relevantes que representaban a entidades públicas y privadas,
que tienen conocimiento y/o realizan actividades vinculadas al turismo en el Santuario.
Se realizaron visitas de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y talleres
que indagaron sobre las características y condiciones de la actividad en los ejes
claves de la sostenibilidad. Este estudio se complementó con una evaluación de
campo que incluyó vistas a emprendimientos considerados casos de éxito en
ecoturismo o turismo rural a nivel nacional que fueron entrevistados de forma
presencial.
A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se proponen estrategias de gestión que
permitan integrar de mejor manera a los emprendimientos locales y potenciar
los beneficios que conduzcan a una mejora efectiva de la calidad de vida de los
pobladores del área, así como generar acciones de conservación de los recursos
naturales y culturales en el Santuario.
Recent calls for papers in numerous academic journals within leisure studies have focused on a global and nation-specific climate that leans towards autocratic policy development, fascist rhetoric as the norm, and a greater expansion of a neoliberal philosophy. A critical leisure approach critiques leisure studies and leisure research for what the construction of leisure is in its origin and in its function. The aim of this discussion is to present counter, critical narratives to leisure studies. Two hundred and ninety-two texts that focused on the 'critical' in leisure were read and analyzed through critical discourse analysis and political discourse analysis. The analysis resulted in a historiography that articulates four key alternative or counter traditions: Critical Leisure Studies; New Leisure; Post-Leisure Studies; and Anti-Leisure, which could aid leisure studies into taking on a role as a 'new' cultural studies.
Australia, New Zealand and several South Pacific nations are examined in terms of environmental aspects of policy formulation, legislation, development and marketing. Specific attention is paid to the application of sustainable development principles to tourism and the appropriateness of ecotourism, particularly in the light of indigenous perceptions of tourism development. The chapter concludes by arguing that ecotourism has been promoted within a particularly narrow band of conservation and business thought which has failed to appreciate the role of social values within sustainable tourism development and the maintenance of biodiversity. -from Author
Many key dilemmas in contemporary development studies centre on disjunctures between theoretical innovation, formal policy and practice. Even the very meaning of ‘development’ and its implications are today hotly contested. Questions of scale, sustainability and identity lie at the heart of debates over the supposedly homogenizing effects of pervasive globalization. Many prevailing conventional wisdoms are inadequate, and we need more nuanced and contextual approaches in addressing poverty, disempowerment, environmental degradation and other mantras of ‘development’. Particular dilemmas addressed include the translation of theoretical advances into practice; difficulties of ‘mainstreaming’ radical alternatives; the dialectics of spatial scale; environmental, economic and socio-cultural trade-offs and costs associated with change; and the developmental implications of technological innovations, particularly information and computer technologies.
Ecotourism has become an alternative approach for overcoming the problems of traditional tourism with the assumption that there will be minimum negative impacts and maximum benefits for the local people and their environment. This study offers a comparative evaluation of the perceptions of environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts between residents of a traditional tourism area and a recently created ecotourism area, both located within the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Data were collected on-site among local residents in both areas. Overall, this study concluded that residents of the ecotourism area perceived fewer negative and positive impacts (environmental, economic, socio-cultural) as a result of tourism than the residents of the traditional tourism area.
The purpose of this paper is to invoke a Foucauldian framework in order to re-think the development of community-based tourism by focusing on the relationship between intermediaries and rural and isolated area communities in Papua New Guinea. Foucault's concepts of power/knowledge and governmentality provide a 'way of think-ing' about this relationship that challenges the dominant discourse of the tourism industry. To further elaborate these alternative concepts, the researchers lead a discus-sion through a number of areas that impact on the development of community-based tourism. These include the introduction of western models of management and their ability to undermine traditional forms of knowledge, the conceptualisation of the tourist destination as interactive space, and a critique of the tourism industry through poststructuralist feminist theory. From these perspectives community-based tourism or ecotourism suggests a symbolic or mutual relationship where the tourist is not given central priority but becomes an equal part of the system.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hull, 2003.
Rough Watersexplores one of the most crucial problems of the contemporary era--struggles over access to, and use of, the environment. It combines insights from anthropology, history, and environmental studies, mounting an interdisciplinary challenge to contemporary accounts of "globalization." The book focuses on The Mafia Island Marine Park, a national park in Tanzania that became the center of political conflict during its creation in the mid-1990s. The park, reflecting a new generation of internationally sponsored projects, was designed to encourage environmental conservation as well as development. Rather than excluding residents, as had been common in East Africa's mainland wildlife parks, Mafia Island was intended to represent a new type of national park that would encourage the participation of area residents and incorporate their ideas.While the park had been described in the project's general management plan as "for the people and by the people," residents remained excluded from the most basic decisions made about the park. The book details the day-to-day tensions and alliances that arose among Mafia residents, Tanzanian government officials, and representatives of international organizations, as each group attempted to control and define the park. Walley's analysis argues that a technocentric approach to conservation and development can work to the detriment of both poorer people and the environment. It further suggests that the concept of the global may be inadequate for understanding this and other social dramas in the contemporary world.
The Venice Charter, the foundation of modern conservation, has been viewed as a fundamental document reflecting the internationally accepted philosophy for protection of architectural heritage throughout the world. The Charter represents the acme of progress, in the European context, in architectural conservation, and is thus inevitably and fundamentally based on European conditions and attitudes. So strongly are European attitudes to architecture and its conservation embedded in the Charter, that it has skewed all conservation thinking towards the concept of the European monument, that emphasizes visual beauty through its material substance. Thus, some of the basic tenets of the Venice Charter seem ill-suited to East Asian architecture, which is conceived in a different spirit from its European counterpart. This paper discusses the need for approaches to the East Asian architectural heritage that are different from the modern Western view of conservation, and to make suggestions for developing conservation principles that are more suited to the unique values and aesthetic sense of East Asian culture and architecture. The conclusion is that conservation principles in the East Asian societies are determined in relation to the spiritual and naturalistic sensibilities of East Asian culture and architecture. These principles are put forward as a more appropriate basis than conservation principles that are developed within the Western cultural tradition.
Tourism, as a macro global force, is welcomed but often viewed with reticence as it can damage environments and bring about negative economic and sociocultural changes. For tourism to be sustainable, balance is integral. This paper questions the comprehension behind 'balance' using the discourse evident in globalisation studies. It argues that globalisation is not driven from 'out there'; external processes and activities interact with local conditions such that the outcomes of globalisation are moderated by processes that function at multiple layers. Understanding that power relationships interplay in a specific context and the organisational milieux in which the tourism experience is encountered help to elucidate the tensions that exist and throw light on the 'balance' that sustainable tourism aspires for. Whether the effects of tourism are expressed in terms of the economy, culture and heritage or the environment, understanding the global-local nexus credits local players with more control and enables a better understanding of the forces underpinning change and hence sustainability.
Sustainability became a leading concept in tourism development practice and research, but should be submitted to a critical examination in the context of wider theoretical and practical concerns. Three issues are considered in this paper: the possible misuse of the concept of sustainability in advertisement and as a means of legitimising takeover of control over natural sites or cultural practices of local people by state agencies or private enterprises; the interface between the discourses of authenticity and sustainability; and the problems of equity provoked by restrictions of access to valuable sites, in the name of sustainability.
Three main regions dominate the Asian ecotourism sector. The rainforest and reef region occurs mainly in Thailand and Malaysia and is closely linked with inbound markets and resort tourism. The mountain trekking region is an ecotourism hybrid found in the two sub-regions of northern Thailand and the Himalayas. The blossom and waterfall region is focused on Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and involves high volumes of domestic participation and floral/hydrological/geological attractions. Major themes of Asian ecotourism include spatial concentration at several scales, the presence of ecotourism that is hybridized and otherwise linked to other forms of tourism, and the critical influence of external environments. It is appropriate to identify an emergent 'Asian ecotourism' that meets the core criteria normally associated with this sector in a distinctive way.
Political pressures exerted by environmental movements have forced governments otherwise committed to neoliberal policies to find reconciliatory policy positions between two contradictory political imperatives—economic growth and environmental protection. This article explores some ideological means of reconciliation, as with notions of sustainable development, which appear to bridge the impassable divide, and some of the institutional means for dealing with contradiction, as with the displacement of political power upward, away from elected national governments and toward international agreements and nonelected global governance institutions. Through these two strategic maneuvers, the authors argue, environmental concern has been ideologically and institutionally incorporated into the global neoliberal hegemony of the late twentieth century. The global capitalist economy can grow, if not with clear environmental conscience, then with one effectively assuaged. This process of neoliberal deflection is illustrated using the case of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization.
Africa Today 52.4 (2006) 149-152
For more than a decade, community-based natural-resource- management and community-conservation programs have been introduced across the Third World, attracting funding from bilateral aid agencies, the World Bank, and all manner of international NGOs and private foundations. Enough time has now passed to take stock, and scholars in increasing numbers are publishing critical assessments of community-conservation initiatives (e.g., Agrawal and Gibson 2001; Brosius et al. 2005). Christine Walley's Rough Waters stands out in this important and growing body of work for its empathetic vision, ethnographical and historical depth, and critical insights on globalization and development. In combining a theoretically informed analysis with an engaging narrative style, Walley has established a standard against which future studies of community conservation can be measured.
Walley's study is set in the Mafia group of islands, off the coast of Tanzania. In 1995, a portion of the archipelago was set aside as the Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP). Unlike most African parks, where mass evictions have been the rule, the enabling legislation for MIMP incorporated preexisting communities within its boundaries. Community participation and development, primarily in the form of ecotourism, were thus added to the traditional conservation mandate of the protected area. Walley was present at the creation, so to speak, and her experience gives her a particularly valuable perspective from which to observe the dynamic unfolding of social relations among various actors over the course of nearly three years. Drawing from the work of Victor Turner and Max Gluckman, Walley, an anthropologist, refers to the day-to-day interactions in the MIMP communities as a "social drama," which she characterizes as an exploration of the "ways in which conflicts and alliances among different categories of actors can serve as a map of broader power relationships." The primary stage for the social drama is the island of Chole, located within MIMP. The actors include the local residents, representatives of the World Wide Fund for Nature (which was providing technical and financial support), officials from Tanzania's Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources, and the Environment (which had jurisdiction over the park), and various elected and appointed government officials.
Walley's work speaks to the field of political ecology, but is more clearly situated within critical-development studies (e.g., Ferguson 1994; Escobar 1995). At the core of her argument is the idea that place-history continues to inform and structure power relations in the present in complex ways. She suggests that MIMP demonstrates the complex intermingling of the modern and premodern "in a way that contests totalizing narratives of both modernity and globalization." In particular, she emphasizes the centrality of premodern models of patron–client relations for Chole residents' efforts to forge a relationship with the powerful actors involved in implementing MIMP.
The book's seven chapters, excluding the introduction and epilogue, are divided into three parts. In actuality, there are two main parts, II and III. Part II combines oral histories, ethnography, and archival research to construct a local perspective on place-history, community, and nature. Most of the oral histories are infused with a moral commentary on the conditions of slavery, which persisted until 1922, and focus on the rise and fall of Chole as an urban, cosmopolitan center in the Indian Ocean trade. The chapter on community addresses a complex set of tensions in Chole that revolve around gender and generational differences. The chapter on nature uncovers local understandings of marine fisheries and concerns over dynamite fishing by "outsiders." I found the chapters in part III, where she turns her attention to the park and its interactions with the residents of Chole, to be particularly compelling. There is no other work that approaches the intimacy and immediacy of Walley's account in these three chapters of the unraveling of a community-conservation project. The conflicts, alliances, hopes, and bitter disappointments of the various actors are chronicled with a literary flare that keeps the reader turning pages.
The materials in parts II and III...
This paper examines the inherent contradictions presented by locating ‘the space of the dream’. In this case it is the fictitious lamasery of Shangri-La described by James Hilton in the novel Lost Horizon, claimed to have been inspired by a monastery to the north of Zhongdian in the Chinese province of Yunnan. Whilst some of the idyllic attributes of Hilton’s vision of paradise on Earth are grounded in the natural and cultural diversity of the entire region, contingencies of place were bound to compromise any attempt to promote any one location as such for the purposes of international tourism. If it is a case of mis-taken identity, however, does it matter? The tourists may internalize their expectations and build a composite image of their diverse and disparate experiences which they take back home.
This chapter contains section titled:
This issue of >i>Problems of Economic Transition (PET)>/i> contains the second installment of articles devoted to the challenges confronting women in the Russian economy. Two common themes run through several of the present contributions: labor issues are the most important area of gender-based analysis, and Russian economy and society have tilted decisively in recent years toward more traditional conceptions of the role of women in the workplace. In light of this latter consideration, the lead article by A. Chirikova examines how women have fared as heads of companies in the transitional economy. Chirikova initially focuses on whether the gradual penetration of women into the managerial and entrepreneurial sectors of the economy has led to the emergence of a distinctive gender-specific style of enterprise management. The data are not comprehensive but still sufficient for her to identify potential areas of convergence and divergence in managerial style.
The notion and practice of development have been severely critiqued from both modernist and postmodernist perspectives, yet the global development industry flourishes. The latter have afforded important insights, but also suffer from unexamined ideological agendas, a disinclination to undertake detailed research into development processes and policy, a preoccupation with texts and representations by the development industry, and from perpetuating an indulgent and agenda-less academic cul-de-sac. Instead, the postmodern critique of development could lead to a more politically astute and practical reconstruction of certain aspects of 'development', particularly in the neopopulist mode of developmentalism. Three powerful development paradigms are identified, and the ways in which they are constructed, promoted, and adapted are discussed in the light of conflicting modernist and postmodern accounts.
Development, post-, anti-, and populist: A critical review Structuring ecotourism success: Framework for analysis. Paper presented at The Ecotourism Equation: Measuring the Impacts
- P Blaikie
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