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The uses and properties of almond oil
Abstract
Almond oil [Oleum amygdalae] has long been used in complementary medicine circles for its numerous health benefits. Although no conclusive scientific data exists currently, almonds and almond oil have many properties including anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting and anti-hepatotoxicity effects. Further, associations between almond oil and improved bowel transit have been made, which consequently reduces irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Further, some studies show a reduced incidence of colonic cancer. Moreover, cardiovascular benefits have also been identified with almond oil elevating the levels of so-called 'good cholesterol', high-density lipoproteins (HDL), whilst it reduces low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Historically, almond oil had been used in Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian schools of Medicine to treat dry skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Further, it is through anecdotal evidence and clinical experiences that almond oil seemingly reduces hypertrophic scarring post-operatively, smoothes and rejuvenates skin. Almond oil has emollient and sclerosant properties and, therefore, has been used to improve complexion and skin tone. Further studies looking into the use of almond oil post-operatively for the reduction of scarring are suggested.
... Almond is a local fruit tree native to the hot climates from Iran to the Sahra Desert (Ahmad 2010). ...
... The almond oil contains mostly poly and monounsaturated fatty acids with oleic, linoleic, palmitic acid, and oil-soluble components such as phytosterols and tocopherols (Ouzir et al. 2021). It is believed that almond oil improved intestinal transport of nutrients and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood (Ahmad 2010). It also has antioxidant potential due to its rich unsaturated fatty acid and phytochemical contents (Al-Attar 2020; Zhao et al. 2022). ...
... Ezeokeke et al. (2010) also found dietary palm oil supplemented diets decreased proventriculus and gizzard weights in broilers. Almond oil was associated with improving food passage through digestive system (Ahmad 2010). The result might be related with decreasing feed passage time in digestive system with oil supplementation that caused muscular hypertrophy in proventriculus of growing Japanese quails. ...
In this study, the effects of two different levels of sweet almond supplementation (2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg) to Japanese quails’ diets (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) on performance, carcass group, blood values and meat quality were examined. For this purpose, 72 one-day-old Japanese quails were randomly distributed under control and two different experimental groups for 35 days experiment, and their body weight and feed consumption were evaluated. At the end of the study, a total of 8 animals from each group were selected and slaughtered. Hot carcass yield, relative weights of liver, heart, spleen, gizzard, proventriculus and bursa of Fabricius to body weight were determined in slaughtered animals. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and lipase levels in blood serum samples and water holding capacity, pH, malondialdehyde, L, a*, and b* values in breast meat samples were investigated. As a result of the study, it was determined that the addition of sweet almond oil had a positive effect on performance, decreased lipase level in blood serum, and 2,500 mg/kg sweet almond oil supplementation reduced the ratio of proventriculus to body weight. To sum up, it was found that the addition of sweet almond oil to Japanese quail rations had a positive effect on performance and feed consumption; it also appears to reduce blood serum lipase value and proventriculus weight.
... Several previous studies have utilized alternatives for fixation such as commercially available honey or jaggery syrup with satisfactory results. Almond oil (AO) or oleum amygdalae is used in the cosmetic industry for its penetrating, moisturizing, restructuring, and skinrejuvenating properties [6] . On the other hand, Vitamin E is widely known for its potent antioxidant properties. ...
... AO, being a natural emollient, has been effectively used in ancient civilizations of India, China, and Greece for preservation or rejuvenation of the skin as well as for treating dryness-related skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema [6] . It was also used as an ingredient, for fixing hairs and in the mummification of bodies in ancient Egypt [9] . ...
... It was also used as an ingredient, for fixing hairs and in the mummification of bodies in ancient Egypt [9] . Although no conclusive scientific data describes the actual process by which AO preserves the tissue, its constituents -oleic acid, linoleic acid, pantothenic acid, palmitic acid, folate, and zine may have a role in its fixative properties [6,10] . On the other hand, Vitamin E is widely known for its potent antioxidant properties that can break radical chains to protect the integrity of tissues [7] . ...
Introduction: The health hazards resulting from exposure to formalin have given rise to the need of developing safer alternative fixatives.
Almond oil has been widely used in the aromatherapy and cosmetic industry for its good penetrating and skin-rejuvenating properties,
whereas vitamin E is a widely known anti-oxidant. The present study aimed to test the fixative efficacy of almond oil with vitamin E as
compared to formalin.
Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 42 tissue specimens obtained by crown lengthening procedure or other minor
surgical procedures. The specimens were divided into two groups- 21 specimens in the study group were fixed in oil fixative while others
were fixed in formalin for 24 hours. Routine histopathological procedures were done and the histomorphological parameters related to the
preservation of tissue architecture as well as cellular details were assessed.
Result: The preservation of tissue architecture and cellular details in tissues fixed in AO were comparable to that of tissues fixed in
formalin. Although statistically non-significant, all the three investigators agreed that oil-fixed tissues exhibited superior nuclear details as
compared to formalin.
Conclusion: Almond oil with vitamin E can be effectively used for the fixation of tissues, providing results that are comparable to
formalin-fixed tissues. The non-toxic, non-irritant chemical nature of almond oil coupled with its ease of availability, enable it to be utilized
safely even in remote areas.
... FucoPol was used to prepare emulsions with four different oils commonly used in cosmetic products' formulations, namely, castor oil [35][36][37][38], paraffin oil [39][40][41], almond oil [42,43] and olive oil [44][45][46][47][48]. Castor oil is a natural oil that acts as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, vasoconstrictive [49] and UV-protective agent [50]. Paraffin oil is a petroleum-based derivative that enables the regulation of viscosity in formulations, possessing protective and lubricating properties which prevent skin dehydration [51]. ...
... Paraffin oil is a petroleum-based derivative that enables the regulation of viscosity in formulations, possessing protective and lubricating properties which prevent skin dehydration [51]. Almond oil, an abundant macro and micronutrients source, is utilized in cosmetics due to its moisturizing and restructuring properties [42]. Olive oil, composed of squalene, phytosterol, tocopherol, vitamins A and E, and fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), is indicated for skin applications due to its acidity and soothing effect [16,39,52]. ...
... corresponding to ES values of 85-100% (Table 2). Antunes et al. [42] obtained olive oil/FucoPol emulsions in 2:3 and 3:2 (v/v) ratios that maintained at least 50% of the initial EI for 9 weeks, which agrees with the results reported in this study. ...
Biobased raw materials like natural polysaccharides are increasingly sought by the cosmetic industry for their valuable properties. Such biodegradable and usually non-cytotoxic biopolymers are commonly used in skin-care products as rheological modifiers, bioemulsifiers and/or bioactive ingredients. FucoPol is a natural polysaccharide with reported biocompatibility, emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity, shear-thinning behavior and bioactivity (e.g., antioxidant capacity, wound healing ability) that potentiate its utilization in skin-care products. In this study, olive oil and α-tocopherol containing emulsions were stabilized with FucoPol. Although the presence of α-tocopherol negatively impacted the emulsions’ stability, it increased their emulsification index (EI). Moreover, FucoPol outperformed the commercial emulsifier Sepigel® 305, under the tested conditions, with higher EI and higher stability under storage for 30 days. The formulation of FucoPol-based emulsions with olive oil and α-tocopherol was studied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that allowed the definition of the ingredients’ content to attain high emulsification. The RSM model established that α-tocopherol concentration had no significant impact on the EI within the tested ranges, with optimal emulsification for FucoPol concentration in the range 0.7–1.2 wt.% and olive oil contents of 20–30 wt.%. Formulations with 25 wt.% olive oil and either 0.5 or 2.0 wt.% α-tocopherol were emulsified with 1.0 wt.% or 0.7 wt.% FucoPol, respectively, resulting in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The emulsions had similar shear-thinning behavior, but the formulation with higher FucoPol content displayed higher apparent viscosity, higher consistency, as well as higher firmness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness, but lower spreadability. These findings show FucoPol’s high performance as an emulsifier for olive oil/α-tocopherol, which are supported by an effective impact on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of the emulsions. Hence, this natural polysaccharide is a potential alternative to other emulsifiers.
... Almond (Prunus dulcis) belongs to the subfamily Prunoideae, family Rosaceae (Ahmad, 2010). The kernel is a highly nutritious plant-based food, and due to the numerous health benefits associated with its regular consumption, it is gaining popularity as a healthy food [1]. ...
... Almond (Prunus dulcis) belongs to the subfamily Prunoideae, family Rosaceae (Ahmad, 2010). The kernel is a highly nutritious plant-based food, and due to the numerous health benefits associated with its regular consumption, it is gaining popularity as a healthy food [1]. Almonds are referred to as "the king of nuts" because they are amongst the most widely consumed nuts globally [2,3]. ...
Almond bagasse resulting after the production of almond-based drinks represents a promising by-product with potential for use as a functional ingredient. To facilitate its utilization, the stability of this material can be achieved through dehydration processes such as hot air drying or freeze-drying. Nevertheless, owing to its high fat content, almond bagasse is prone to lipid oxidation, which could result in undesirable quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the impact of dehydration (by hot air drying at 60 and 70 °C and by freeze-drying) and storage (at room temperature and in accelerated conditions) on the functional quality and stability of almond bagasse powder. Throughout the dehydration process, it was observed that antioxidant compounds were preserved without significant differences among dehydration treatments. These compounds increased over the storage period, especially in the samples treated with hot air. Regarding antiradical capacity, the hot-air-dried samples showed higher values than the freeze-dried ones, although in all cases, it increased during storage. For total phenols in samples air-dried at 70 °C, increases of more than 50% were observed. The acidity and peroxide index were increased in the extended storage period, although they did not reach critical values. Samples stored for 180 days showed peroxide values ranging from 10 to 12.8 meq O2/kg dry matter for samples stored at room temperature and from 14.7 to 23 meq O2/kg dry matter for samples subjected to accelerated storage.
... They include flowers, fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, legumes, roots, oils, herbs, spices, and pulses, while others are derived from animal products such as honey and beeswax [33]. Several natural ingredients had been used traditionally in Ayurvedic, Ancient Chinese, and GrecoePersian schools of Medicine for the treatment of various dry skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis [3]. Natural antiaging ingredients may offer similar benefits to the skin, such as moisturizing, barrier repairing, antioxidants, anti-inflammation hydroxy acids, skin lightening, sunblock, and vitamins. ...
... It is a great oil for massages, neither too greasy nor too absorbing. [3,11] Jojoba oil Similar to body oil and easily absorbed into the skin. Used in skin-care products, such as lotions, moisturizers, massage oils, and soothing creams. ...
... The composition of both oils is well known and reported in several studies. 24,25 Neem oil from the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss is rich in numerous bioactive phytochemicals, which are known to have excellent therapeutic potentials. Several studies demonstrated that these bioactive compounds display different effects on several biological processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. ...
... In particular, the vitamin B complex and zinc content support and maintain the skin in healthy condition. Since the Almond oil is also a rich source of antioxidants, oleic acid (64-82%) 25 and VitE (240-440 μg/g), 34 avoiding the cell damage from free radicals and favoring their survival and growth. 35,36 Moreover, this oil shows low toxicity and blood compatibility, 36 making it a good component for pharmaceutical formulations. ...
Purpose
Vitamin E (VitE) may be classified in “the first line of defense” against the formation of reactive oxygen species. Its inclusion in nanoemulsions (NEs) is a promising alternative to increase its bioavailability. The aim of this study was to compare O/W NEs including VitE based on Almond or Neem oil, showing themselves antioxidant properties. The potential synergy of the antioxidant activities of oils and vitamin E, co-formulated in NEs, was explored.
Patients and Methods
NEs have been prepared by sonication and deeply characterized evaluating size, ζ-potential, morphology (TEM and SAXS analyses), oil nanodroplet feature, and stability. Antioxidant activity has been evaluated in vitro, in non-tumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes, and in vivo through fluorescence analysis of C. elegans transgenic strain. Moreover, on healthy human volunteers, skin tolerability and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated by measuring the reduction of the skin erythema induced by the application of a skin chemical irritant (methyl-nicotinate).
Results
Results confirm that Vitamin E can be formulated in highly stable NEs showing good antioxidant activity on keratinocyte and on C. elegans. Interestingly, only Neem oil NEs showed some anti-inflammatory activity on healthy volunteers.
Conclusion
From the obtained results, Neem over Almond oil is a more appropriate candidate for further studies on this application.
... For this purpose, O/W nanoemulsions (NEs) can be chosen and almond oil can be selected as internal phase to take advantage of its bioactive components (i.e. high concentration of linoleic acid [21]). Almond oil exhibits a wildly range of therapeutic effects such an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity, which may be useful as an adjuvant in enhancing the effect of other active compounds to be loaded in NEs [21]. ...
... high concentration of linoleic acid [21]). Almond oil exhibits a wildly range of therapeutic effects such an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity, which may be useful as an adjuvant in enhancing the effect of other active compounds to be loaded in NEs [21]. In addition, the antioxidant activity of almond oil may also protect the delivered drugs from oxidation and hydrolysis and potentially acts on the metabolic functional abnormalities in retinopathies [22]. ...
In recent years, nanotechnology has allowed to formulate different ophthalmic vehicles to extend residence time in the eye after topical application, decreasing the number of instillations and improving patient's compliance. The goal of this study was to develop an oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions (NEs), composed of almond oil as the inner oil phase and Hepes or Palitzsch buffer as the outer aqueous phase, stabilized by non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20 or Tween 80). By modifying the oil/surfactant/water ratio, the best nanoemulsion formulations in terms of chemical-physical characteristics for ocular application were selected. In particular, hydrodynamic diameter, size distribution, ζ-potential, microviscosity and polarity of the internal oil phase, along with pH, osmolarity, turbidity, stability in simulated eye tears and rheological properties were evaluated. Furthermore, mucoadhesive properties of selected samples have been measured by turbidimetric assay and mucin particle method to establish their potential interaction with mucin in simulated tear fluid. Finally, cytotoxicity studies using the Alamar Blue reduction assay in Y-79 (Human retinoblastoma cell line) cells have been performed, anticipating their compatibility and suitability for ocular administration.
... Prunus amygdalus dulcis oil, or sweet almond oil, is used commonly in skincare and haircare products for its emollient, moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties [23]. Rich in fatty acids and vitamin E, it helps protect against oxidative stress and is suitable for all skin types [24]. ...
This review provides a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a cosmetic cream to assess the environmental impacts throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal, using the methodology according to international standards. The LCA was performed using the OpenLCA 2.0.1 software, with data from the Ecoinvent 3.8 database and relevant literature. The assessment focused on multiple impact categories, including climate change, acidification, eutrophication (freshwater, marine and terrestrial), ecotoxicity (freshwater), human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer), ionizing radiation, land use, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone formation, resource use (fossils, minerals and metals), and water use. The LCA of a cosmetic cream containing gold nanoparticles revealed significant environmental impacts across critical categories. The total climate change potential was 2596.95 kg CO2 eq., driven primarily by nanoparticle synthesis (60.7%) and electricity use (31.9%). Eutrophication of freshwater had the highest normalized result (3.000), with nanoparticle synthesis contributing heavily, indicating the need for improved wastewater treatment. The resource use (minerals and metals) scored 1.856, while the freshwater ecotoxicity reached 80,317.23 CTUe, both driven by the nanoparticle production. The human toxicity potentials were 1.39 × 10−6 CTUh (cancer) and 7.45 × 10−5 CTUh (non-cancer), linked to emissions from synthesis and energy use. The LCA of the cosmetic cream revealed several critical areas of environmental impact. The most significant impacts are associated with gold nanoparticle synthesis and electricity use. Addressing these impacts through optimized synthesis processes, improved energy efficiency, and alternative materials can enhance the product’s sustainability profile significantly.
... Almond oil has moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-conditioning properties. It can help treat dry skin, eczema, and psoriasis, and is high in vitamin E, which acts as an antioxidant [19]. ...
Herbal cold creams, formulated with natural oils, have emerged as a popular choice in the cosmetic industry due to their natural composition, enhanced safety profile, and potential therapeutic benefits. These emulsions provide a cooling sensation upon application and offer advantages such as moisturizing, nourishing, and protecting the skin. The physiology of the skin, the mechanism of action of topical formulations, and the ideal properties of herbal cold creams play a crucial role in their formulation and effectiveness. Natural oils, such as neem, coconut, almond, olive, and sesame oil, enhance the therapeutic potential of cold creams by providing moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-aging properties. Herbal cold creams can be formulated as oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, each with its unique characteristics. The formulation process involves careful consideration of ingredient selection, emulsifier choice, preservation, and manufacturing methods. Evaluation parameters, including pH measurement, irritancy test, spreadability, viscosity, and dilution test, are essential to ensure the quality, stability, and efficacy of the formulated creams. The growing trend towards herbal cosmetics highlights the need for further research and development to create innovative, safe, and effective herbal cold cream formulations that cater to the diverse needs of consumers while adhering to regulatory requirements
... [21][22][23] Almond oil is a rich source of fatty acids, vitamin B complex and zinc which support and maintain the skin in healthy condition. It is also a rich source of antioxidants, oleic acid, 24 and Vitamin E, 25 avoiding the cell damage from free radicals. Moreover, this oil shows low toxicity and blood compatibility, 26 making it a good component for pharmaceutical formulations. ...
There is an unmet demand for transdermal devices that can deliver large dose of medications through the skin. Herein, nanoemulsion‐based poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) transdermal hydrogel films were developed for the high‐dose anti‐epileptic drug carbamazepine. A stable nanoemulsion was created with almond oil, Tween 60, and amphiphilic locust bean gum. The nanoemulsion had a hydrodynamic diameter of 251 nm, a polydispersity of 10.3%, and a zeta potential of −51.2 mV. Carbamazepine‐loaded nanoemulsion was blended with carbamazepine‐free PVA dispersion and casted into films. To accommodate a high dose, carbamazepine‐loaded nanoemulsion was trapped in a PVA dispersion containing carbamazepine to create transdermal films. The physicochemical characteristics and drug penetration characteristics of the produced films were compared. Both films had the uniform thickness, weight, and drug content. The folding endurance was found to be greater than 700 in both cases. Water vapor permeability decreased when carbamazepine was added to almond oil as well as polymer dispersion. FESEM pictures revealed a waxy paper‐like appearance for the PVA hydrogel film with dual drug‐reservoirs. FTIR spectra assessment revealed a hydrogen bonding interaction between PVA and carbamazepine. X‐ray diffraction examination revealed that the film contained an amorphous dispersion of carbamazepine. Dual carbamazepine reservoir‐based films outperformed single nanoemulsion drug reservoir‐based films in terms of drug flux through excised rat skin by 3.2 times. The in vitro skin permeation findings corresponded well to zero order kinetic models. Overall, this study showed that a high‐dose drug could be placed on nanoemulsion‐based transdermal PVA hydrogel films, resulting in improved skin permeability.
Highlights
Nanoemulsion was stable at almond oil:Tween 60/modified gum ratio of 5:5.
Loading of high dose carbamazepine in nanoemulsion‐PVA transdermal films.
Film of dual carbamazepine reservoir showed low water vapor permeation, moisture retention.
Flux of carbamazepine from films improved three times through excised rat skin.
... Avocado oil, rich in monosaturated fat, can boost collagen production, prevent the appearance of wrinkles, increase skin elasticity and moisturize the skin, while also acting as a shield against ultraviolet irradiation, because it contains fat soluble vitamins A, B, E and D, and polyphenols such as phytosterols which play a major role in rejuvenating the stressed skin [29]. Almond oil, known for its softening, moisturizing and nutritive properties, is also used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [30]. Thus, the development of stable emulsions using this natural oil can lead to creating a diverse range of emulsion-based products, depending on the added hydrophilic compound and its bioactivity [31]. ...
Cosmeceuticals are one of the fast-growing areas of the natural personal care industry. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with medicinal or drug-like benefits that can affect the biological functioning of the skin depending on the ingredients in the composition. The development of one formulation acting on the dermis and stimulating the collagen production is very important for the hydration of the skin. The association of collagen with other ingredients can have a positive effect on increasing the natural production of collagen in the skin. An example of such an ingredient is niacinamide, which, having a recognized nutritional value, has been quite recently studied. Considering these aspects, this study focused on developing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, based on natural ingredients (vegetable oils, floral waters, and essential oils) and hydrolyzed collagen and niacinamide as active ingredients, and on evaluating the stability, pH, optical, superficial, rheological and textural properties, as well as microbiological tests of the emulsions, in order to investigate their potential as a cosmeceutical product. All the obtained emulsions proved to be stable at variable temperatures and had a pH value compatible with natural pH of the skin, allowing their safe application. Over goniometric analysis, a partial wetting and a hydrophilic character of the emulsions were emphasized. Following the rheological analyses, all dermatocosmetic emulsions exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and a thixotropic character, these properties being very important for their production process and their application on the skin surface to generate an optimal therapeutic effect. The textural characteristics recorded for all emulsions indicated adequate spreadability at the application site. All tested samples respected the Pharmacopoeia limits of microbiological contamination. All prepared emulsions have good stability, are safe for the skin and have appropriate physicochemical and microbiological characteristics; therefore, they can be used as a cosmeceutical product.
... Sweet almond oil, extracted from kernels of sweet cultivars, is used in the production of edible oil and the cosmetics industry because it has anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting and anti-hepatotoxicity effects [56,66]. The essential oil of bitter almonds has potential application to produce biodiesel, and when it is refined, it can be used in the manufacture of flavorings [67]. ...
Almond production plays a very significant role in the Portuguese socio-economic context, especially with regard to dried fruit production. Indeed, Portugal is the third largest almond producer in Europe, producing 41,450 t of almonds in shells in 2021. This is due to its edaphoclimatic conditions that are favorable for its production. Traditionally, the north region of “Trás-os-Montes” has stood out as one of the most relevant for Portuguese almond production and bioeconomy. However, production in “Alentejo“ and “Beira Interior” will surpass the northern region in a short time as a result of the installation of new orchards. Despite its importance, there is a need to uncover genetic traits underlying phenotypic desirable traits needed to improve yield and quality but also cope and mitigate the impacts of climate change on their production. To address this, it is important to characterize the genetic resources available and the germplasm collection since they are crucial players for conservation and breeding initiatives. In this review, we describe the main cultivars of almonds cultivated in Portugal and their productive challenges. We also provide an overview of the main genetic resources available, breeding goals, and accomplishments regarding their improvement towards biotic and abiotic constraints in both Portugal and the rest of the world.
... As well as a tasty and nutritious addition to the diet, almonds are also used medicinally, especially in the treatment of kidney stones, gallstones and constipation (Fairchild, 1902). Almond oil is used to treat dry skin conditions and as a carrier oil in aromatherapy (Ahmad, 2010;Michalak, 2018). The seeds also have demulcent, emollient and laxative properties (Ellison & al., 1978;Moertel & al., 1982;Milazzo & al., 2006) and the leaves and nuts are used in the treatment of diabetes (Jenkins & al., 2008). ...
The typifications of the scientific names of the common almond Amygdalus dulcis (≡ Prunus dulcis ; Rosaceae, Prunoideae) and the Mediterranean almond tree A. webbii (≡ P. webbii ), a wild relative of the common almond, are discussed. Amygdalus dulcis is neotypified on a specimen at VAL recently collected from a living tree of the variety of almond most similar to the original description. Amygdalus webbii is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at P collected by Pierre Martin Rémi Aucher‐Éloy.
... On the other hand, jojoba oil renders an excellent lubricity without greasiness, as is the case with other lipids such as lanolin and petrolatum [35]. Rice bran oil is described as a "natural and value-added healthy ingredient" in terms of enhancing skin moisture and contributing towards improved physical stability of emulsions [36]. Thus, the lipid component of SEDDSs or SDEDDSs can influence patient compliance. ...
Self-emulsification is considered a formulation technique that has proven capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs by advancing both solubility and bioavailability. The capacity of these formulations to produce emulsions after moderate agitation and dilution by means of water phase addition provides a simplified method to improve delivery of lipophilic drugs, where prolonged drug dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is known as the rate-limiting step rendering decreased drug absorption. Additionally, spontaneous emulsification has been reported as an innovative topical drug delivery system that enables successful crossing of mucus membranes as well as skin. The ease of formulation generated by the spontaneous emulsification technique itself is intriguing due to the simplified production procedure and unlimited upscaling possibilities. However, spontaneous emulsification depends solely on selecting excipients that complement each other in order to create a vehicle aimed at optimizing drug delivery. If excipients are not compatible or unable to spontaneously transpire into emulsions once exposed to mild agitation, no self-emulsification will be achieved. Therefore, the generalized view of excipients as inert bystanders facilitating delivery of an active compound cannot be accepted when selecting excipients needed to produce self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). Hence, this review describes the excipients needed to generate dermal SEDDSs as well as self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs); how to consider combinations that complement the incorporated drug(s); and an overview of using natural excipients as thickening agents and skin penetration enhancers.
... Dermatitis atopik berhubungan erat dengan munculnya alergi makanan, asma dan rhinitis alergi yang disebut dengan atopic march. Terdapat beberapa faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi terjadinya DA, antara lain disregulasi imun, defek pada diferensiasi terminal epidermal, defisiensi antimicrobial peptides (AMP), perubahan komposisi lipid interselular dan perubahan mikrobiota kulit yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi barier kulit (Kezic et al., 2011;Kim and Leung, 2018 (Ahmad, 2010;Nolan and Marmur, 2012 ...
ABSTRAK Dermatitis atopik (DA) merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronis yang ditandai xerosis, eczema kronis dan pruritus akibat paparan berulang dengan antigen. Minyak almond berasal dari buah almond (prunus dulcis) merupakan emolien yang kaya akan senyawa aktif asam lemak esensial, vitamin dan mineral lain yang bermanfaat untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk mengevaluasi kandungan minyak almond dengan analisis in silico pada pengobatan DA. Senyawa aktif prunus dulcis diekstraksi dari database knapsack. Format simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILE) diambil dari basis data pubchem. Potensi perbaikan sawar, anti eczema, antiinflamasi dan antipruritus menggunakan pass server. Mekanisme molekuler senyawa aktif tubuh manusia diambil dari search tool for interacting chemicals (STITCH), diprediksi secara eksperimental, dianalisis komputasional dan analisis pathway dengan perangkat lunak cytoscape. Terdapat 17 senyawa aktif pada Prunus dulcis. Potensi tinggi sebagai antieczema diprediksi secara komputasi dan uji laboratorium, sedangkan potensi antiinflamasi, perbaikan sawar kulit dan antihistamin dalam uji laboratorium tidak terbukti, namun secara komputasional diprediksi efektif. Oleic acid dengan rerata kemungkinan aktif (Pa) 0,838 sebagai senyawa tertinggi antieczema. Minyak almond dipertimbangkan sebagai terapi topikal tambahan DA karena meningkatkan penetrasi terapi topikal lain, namun perlu diatur frekuensi pemakaiannya untuk mencegah keparahan gejala DA. ABSTRACT Atopic dermatitis (AD) is chronic inflammatory disease characterized by xerosis, chronic eczema and pruritus due to repeated exposure to antigens. Almond oil derived from almonds (Prunus dulcis) is emollient that rich in active compounds of essential fatty acids, vitamins and other minerals that are beneficial for maintaining healthy skin. Aim of this study to evaluate the content of almond oil by in silico analysis as treatment of AD. The active compound prunus dulcis was extracted from the knapsack database. The simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILE) format is taken from the pubchem database. Potential barrier repair, anti eczema, anti-inflammatory and antipruritic using pass server. The molecular mechanism of the active compounds in human body was taken from the search tool for interacting chemicals (STITCH), predicted experimentally, computationally analyzed and pathway using cytoscape software. There are 17 active compounds in Prunus dulcis. High potency as antieczema predicted computationally and in laboratory tests, while the potential for anti-inflammatory, skin barrier repair and antihistamines in laboratory tests was not proven, but computationally predicted to be effective. Oleic acid with average active probability (Pa) of 0.838 the highest antieczema compound. Almond oil considered as adjunct topical therapy for AD because increases the penetration of other topical therapies, but need to adjust the frequency of use to prevent the severity of AD symptoms.
... Prunus amygdalus dulcis is a non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitising and noncomedogenic ingredient, being an easily emulsifiable and water insoluble oil with a positive spreading coefficient and a high solubility effect in lipophilic cosmetic raw materials. These penetrating, moisturising, and restructuring properties are widely appreciated in the cosmetic industry, with this oil being present in several cosmetic products [28,29]. Triethanolamine (TEA) was acquired from Acros Organics B.V.B.A. (Geel, Belgium), and glycerine was acquired from Honeywell (Seelze, Germany). ...
The main function of vitamin C, as an antioxidant, is to combat free radicals and prevent premature aging, smoothing wrinkles and expression lines. In addition, it acts directly on depigmentation and prevention of blemishes on the skin. In this study, natural oils (30 wt.%) and α-tocopherol (2.5 wt.%) containing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with the bacterial fucose-rich polysaccharide FucoPol were formulated, adding L-ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. The optimized formulations were obtained with 8.0 wt.% L-ascorbic acid for the Olea europaea oil formulation (C1) with a ƞ value of 2.71 Pa.s (measured at shear rate of 2.3 s−1) and E24 = 96% and with 15 wt.% L-ascorbic acid for the Prunus amygdalus dulcis formulation (C2) with a ƞ value of 5.15 Pa.s (at a shear rate of 2.3 s−1) and E24 = 99%. The stability of the FucoPol-based formulations was investigated over 45 days at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C. The results showed that all formulations maintained the organoleptic characteristics, with pH variations (5.7–6.8 for C1, and 5.5–6.03 for C2) within the regulations for cosmetic products (4 ≤ pH ≤ 7). The accelerated stability tests proved the formulations’ stability at 4 °C with EI = 95% for C1 and EI = 100% for C2. The rheological assessment demonstrated that the formulation presents a shear-thinning and liquid-like behavior. Regarding textural parameters, formulations C1 and C2 displayed an increase in firmness and consistency with similar spreadability during the shelf life. These findings further demonstrate FucoPol’s functional properties, acting as an emulsifier and stabilizer polysaccharide in cosmetic formulations containing L-ascorbic acid.
... Herbalbased cosmetic products improve the functioning/texture of the skin by boosting collagen growth by eradicating harmful effects of free radicals, maintain keratin structure in good condition and making the skin healthier. 17,18 to treat itching due to sunburn, eczema and scabies. Fruit powder is used as skin exfoliat-ing agent. ...
Introduction: The beauty product preparation from natural ingredients reaches is historical. People of rural area where the practice of modern cosmetic products are not accessible, they mostly use and depend upon the locally available ingredients in their own formulations. The inclusion of extracts in topical formulations can minimize the skin damage of oxidative stress, which has been associated with delaying the aging process. Therapeutic benefits by addition of plant-based active ingredients such as alpha-hydroxy acid, retinoic acid, ferulic acid, ascorbic acid, and coenzyme Q10 are common. Natural preservatives are also in priority but it is equally important to carry research for their efficacy and assurance. Methods: An independent approach was used to conduct the literature review. Major well-known bibliometric information sources studied are the Web of Science, Scopus, Mendeley and Google Scholar. Several keywords like name of plants, skin whitening, anti-acne, herbal cosmetics, Ayurvedic herbs, skin cancer, moisturizer etc were chosen to obtain a large range of papers to be analyzed. Local news papers, research reports and official websites were also studied. Results: The results obtained from this review showed that, there are numerous herbs which are effective and safe for cosmetic purpose. Herbal based cosmetic factories are started in Nepal but their research part not much strong and found frequently lead by non-pharmacist or non-chemist human resources. Herbs are rich in vitamins, phenolics and carotenoids which have mainly anti-aging, revitalizing and rejuvenating properties. Herbs have vitamins, saponins and flavanoids which supply various nutrients to hair and help to darkening of hair. Different literatures available prove that the heavy metals are also mixed in large quantity in cosmetics found in Nepalese market. There is an immediate need to execute strong guidelines regarding the quality of cosmetic products in Nepal. Conclusions: The current review on herbal cosmetics focuses on the natural sources of cosmetics, their medicinal benefits, mechanism of action, key chemical constituents and their advantages along with safety.
... Understanding the importance of preventing pressure ulcers and considering that fish oil is an available, natural, and cheap substance compared to expensive treatments. considering the similar properties of this oil with olive oil and hyper oxygenated fatty acids [22,23] and the effectiveness of dressings containing fish oil in preventing pressure ulcers [8], and the lack of a study on the effect of fish oil alone in preventing Pressure ulcers, this study was conducted to determine the effect of using fish oil on the skin in preventing pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit. ...
Introduction
Today, the anti-inflammatory property of fish oil is used to heal wounds, but this property has not been investigated to prevent the occurrence of pressure ulcers. So the research team decided to evaluate this feature as well.
Materials and methods
This clinical trial study was performed on 102 patients admitted to the intensive care unit located at Besat Hospital in 2020. Samples were assigned to three groups control, placebo, and intervention using permutation blocks. Before the intervention, the questionnaire of demographic and clinical variables, level of consciousness, Braden scale, and short nutritional status questionnaire was completed by the main researcher. In the intervention group, in addition to routine care, 2 cc of fish oil was gently rubbed into the sacrum once a day for 5 days. The same intervention was repeated in the placebo group, with the difference that soybean oil was used instead of fish oil, and the control group received only the usual care. The daily evaluation of pressure ulcers by one of the ICU nurses lasted up to 6 days.
Results
The results showed that there was a significant difference in the incidence of pressure ulcers in the three groups (P = 0.043). The risk of pressure ulcers in the control group was 11.9 and 2.7 times higher than the fish oil group and placebo group (P = 0.023) & (P = 0.132).
Conclusion
The use of topical fish oil can be effective in preventing pressure ulcers.
... Almond oil is rich in oleic acid, linoleic acid (ω-6), stearic acid, palmitic acid, phytosterols, and triterpene alcohols. The application of almond oil on the skin has a moisturizing and emollient long-lasting effect, which helps to maintain the integrity of the skin barrier [29,42]. ...
Three individual hydroalcoholic extracts derived from Hamamelis virginiana leaves, Krameria lappacea root, Salix alba bark, and the resulting herbal mixture (HM) were assessed for the phytochemical profile as well as for antibacterial and cytotoxic potential. The chemical composition of the individual extracts and of their mixture was analyzed by chromatographical (LC-MS) and spectrophotometrical methods. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by using the agar-well diffusion and the broth microdilution assays, whereas the potential cytotoxicity was investigated on human keratinocyte cell line by MTT method and apoptosis test. The HM composition revealed important amounts of valuable polyphenolic compounds provided from the individual extracts, having synergistic biological effects. All tested extracts displayed in vitro antimicrobial properties, with a significantly higher efficacy noticed for the HM when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, none of the tested extracts was responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity against the human keratinocytes in the selected concentration range. Furthermore, the HM was included in an oil-in-water cream for the nonpharmacological treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, developed and optimized by using a QbD approach. A D-optimal experimental plan with four factors that varied on two levels was used to investigate the effect of the quantitative variation of the formulation factors (emulsifier, co-emulsifier, thickening agent, oily phase ratio) on the characteristics of the cream in terms of firmness, consistency, adhesiveness, stringiness, spreadability, and viscosity. Based on the experimental results, an optimal formulation containing 2.5% emulsifier and 20% oily phase was prepared and analyzed. The obtained results showed appropriate quality characteristics of this novel cream, which may be used in the future to manage the associated symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.
... Although levan has excellent cosmetic properties, the combination of active ingredients in the same delivery system represents innovation in cosmetology, as it increases the pre-existing bioactive action, and may also add new properties to the product (Lacatusu et al., 2018). Almond oil is commonly used in skin creams, and anti-aging products due to its properties as an emollient, moisturizer, antioxidant, and photoprotective effect (Sultana, Kohli, Athar, Khar, & Aqil, 2007;Ahmad, 2010). Cinnamon essential oil presents antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against a wide range of pathogens (Herman, Herman, Domagalska, & Młynarczyk, 2012;Zhang, Liu, Wang, Jiang, & Quek, 2016;Chuesianga et al., 2019) and can be added in cosmetic formulations, enhancing the antioxidant action, and adding antimicrobial properties to the product (Silva et al., 2020). ...
The addition of natural molecules such as microbial exopolysaccharides in cosmetics is a trend in the current market, adding properties and improving the product quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a facial biocosmetic formulation containing microbial levan, almond and cinnamon oils. The centroid-simplex design was used to evaluate the spreadability, antioxidant activity, moisture retention capacity and viscosity of formulations. Since it is a facial cosmetic, the formulation was optimized using the intermediate viscosity. The optimized formulation with intermediate viscosity was 75% (0.75 g) levan and 25% (2 mL) almond oil, without the addition of cinnamon oil. This formulation was submitted to 90 days under different exposure conditions, and the results showed a spreadability of 805 mm2, pH and density ideal for the facial area, with an antioxidant activity of 72%, hydration capacity of 100.3%, viscosity with no-Newtonian behavior, and normal organoleptic properties when stored at room and low temperature. The formulation with levan associated with almond oil showed potential for application in the facial area, with high antioxidant properties, moisturizing intermediate viscosity and stability for 90 days. The utilization of centroid-simplex design allowed the development of a biocosmetic with desired characteristics just by adjusting the concentrations of the bioactive.
... The almond Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb (subfamily Prunoideae of family Rosaceae) contains fixed oil, phenolic compounds abundant in almonds; it also contains and some micronutrients, vitamins, minerals and has different pharmacological activities [23][24][25][26] . Almond seeds and oil have cardio-protective, immune-stimulant effects, anti-inflammatory, and reduce irritable bowel syndrome symptoms , and they are also helpful in treating constipation 27,28 . Almond oil has also been used to treat dry skin disorders like psoriasis, eczema, and many more disorders in ancient treatment cultures but today it is used in aromatherapy and for producing many skin-hair cosmetics 29 . ...
... It is also used for its moisturizing properties to treat dry skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema. There are also studies showing that almond oil hypertrophically reduces postoperative scars and improves the appearance of the skin (Ahmad, 2010;_ Ivedi et al., 2020;Rungwasantisuka and Raibhub, 2020). In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the behaviour of microcapsules that contains lavender and sweet almond oil and transferred with spraying method to become an alternative to conventional methods. ...
Purpose
The aim was to prepare antibacterial microcapsules and transferred to denim and non-denim (canvas) trousers.
Design/methodology/approach
For this purpose, lavender and sweet almond oil as active agents were encapsulated with ethylcellulose shell with a spray dryer method and carried out capsule optimization studies.
Findings
The particle diameter of the capsules ranged between 0.61 and 8.76 µm, SPAN value was 1.608 and the mean particle size was 4 µm. The mass yields of capsules ranged between 35.0 and 75.4 %w/w. Denim fabrics were treated with prepared capsules by exhaustion and spraying methods. It was seen that microcapsules provided a reduction of bacteria by over 97% against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the fabrics still showed an antibacterial effect after five washing cycles.
Originality/value
When application methods were compared, the spraying method was found to be more sustainable process than exhaustion and could be used as an alternative for reducing energy consumption and capsules could provide antibacterial properties to the fabrics.
... Масло сладкого миндаля широко используется в качестве носителя для разбавления других эфирных масел, так как является достаточно стойким, имеет мягкий приятный запах и легко впитывается кожей. Надо подчеркнуть, что благодаря этим свойствам масло сладкого миндаля также часто используется в качестве плацебо или контрольного средства в исследованиях, посвященных ароматерапии [37,38]. ...
... During the last decade, a remarkable increase in worldwide almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) production has been recorded, reaching 3,182,902 tons in 2018 (FAOSTAT, 2020). Almond kernel is a nutrient-dense food, with a high content of proteins (12-22%) or carbohydrates (20%) (Ahmad, 2010;€ Ozcan et al., 2020a), rich in fiber (Kamil and Chen, 2012) and macro and micro minerals being rich in most of the essential elements ( € Ozcan et al., 2020b). Furthermore, the almond stands out for its high oil content (40-67%), a fatty acid profile with a low percentage of saturated fats, and monounsaturated fatty acids predominating (Yada et al., 2011). ...
Purpose
Almond oil is a gourmet product with functional food characteristics owing to its high almond oil content and high nutritional quality. One of the primary constraints on its production is the lack of information regarding oil extraction from an industrial perspective, including by-products generation.
Design/methodology/approach
The performance, quality and composition characteristics were analyzed, both from the physical-chemical and organoleptic point of view, of the almond oils obtained through two pressure systems: screw press (SP) and hydraulic press (HP). To ensure the success of almond oil production at a commercial scale, in this work, an economic study of the costs of the process was carried out as a complementary part of optimizing the production of virgin almond oil.
Findings
Physicochemical analysis showed little difference, just in total sterols (HP 2069, SP 2153) and some quality indexes (K232: HP 1.63, SP 2.13; peroxide index: HP 1.74, SP 0.95), in contrast to sensory analysis. Consumer judges valued roasted almond oil extracted using a HP the best. The production cost of the oil extracted with the SP was €23.05/l. With the HP it was €25.13/l, owing to the lower oil yield in the extraction. The most expensive treatment was for the HP with toasted almonds (€27.76/l), owing to the greater need for processing.
Originality/value
Production costs derived from the method used have received little attention. This paper presents data that allow for the transference between academic and industrial ambit and their economic viability.
... Almond oil contains a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), particularly oleic fatty acids [10], that may reduce cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in hepatocytes [11]. Moreover, Almond oil was used as a medicine substitute and indicated promise in pharmacological and biomedical and research [12]. ...
Osteoporosis is a common health problem distinguished by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, thus increase bone fragility and fracture. Nutrition possesses a critical role in reducing osteoporosis risks among its impact on fragility factors, particularly on bone mass development and maintenance. The current study was carried out to assess and compare the protective effect of almond and thyme against osteoporosis induced by excessive intake of carbonated beverage (Coca-Cola) in rats. Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: G1, control negative fed balanced diet; G2, control positive fed balanced diet and received Coca-Cola orally by gavage (20 ml/day) (CB); G3, almond powder (5g/100g diet) (A); G4, thyme powder (5g/100g diet) (T) and G5, (CB) +(A); 6, (CB)+(T)). Almond and thyme supplementation significantly reduced the development of osteoporosis as well as inflammation and oxidative stress. Our findings show that almond and thyme can effectively reduce soft drink-induced bone loss and could be used as dietary supplements to prevent bone resorption and osteoporosis.
... Herbalbased cosmetic products improve the functioning/texture of the skin by boosting collagen growth by eradicating harmful effects of free radicals, maintain keratin structure in good condition and making the skin healthier. 17,18 to treat itching due to sunburn, eczema and scabies. Fruit powder is used as skin exfoliat-ing agent. ...
Introduction: The beauty product preparation from natural ingredients reaches is historical. People of rural area where the practice of modern cosmetic products are not accessible, they mostly use and depend upon the locally available ingredients in their own formulations. The inclusion of extracts in topical formulations can minimize the skin damage of oxidative stress, which has been associated with delaying the aging process. Therapeutic benefits by addition of plant-based active ingredients such as alpha-hydroxy acid, retinoic acid, ferulic acid, ascorbic acid, and coenzyme Q10 are common. Natural preservatives are also in priority but it is equally important to carry research for their efficacy and assurance.
... Chemically, almond oil is a water insoluble, rapidly emulsifiable ester that is non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing, and non-comedogenic. According to a previous study, almond oil has immune-boosting and hepatoprotective properties (Ahmad, 2010). Proteins (amandine) and minerals including calcium and magnesium are found in almond oil. ...
Abstract | Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug broadly used for the treatment of a wide range of malignancies.
Many studies have shown that natural compounds derived from plants have medicinal and antioxidant properties.
T
he purpose of the current investigation was to investigate if almond oil could protect male mice against doxorubicin
induced cardiotoxicity. The experimental mice were divided into three groups; control group: received 0.9 percent
saline, doxorubicin group: Mice were intraperitoneal injected with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg) ithree times over a period
of two weeks (dose every five days) and almond oil group: Mice were administered almond oil orally (2.26 g/kg) using
oral gavage daily over a period of three weeks, one week prior to the doxorubicin injection and two weeks along with
doxorubicin injection. The effects and mechanisms of doxorubicin on superoxide dismutase activities were elucidated by
molecular docking studies. Treatment with almond oil attenuated lipid peroxidation, improved superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activities that are associated with doxorubicin administration. Also almond oil considerably modulated the
gene expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and lowers the serum levels of both nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and
tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The elevated levels of Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB), Lactate Dehydrogenase
(LDH), and Troponin-1 induced by doxorubicin injection were neutralized by almond oil supplementation. Almond oil
ameliorated all the histological alterations caused by doxorubicin. The administration of almond oil with doxorubicin
modulated the doxorubicin-induced changes in serum and cardiac tissue in mice due to its anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant properties.
Keywords | Doxorubicin, Medicinal plant, Transmembrane receptors, Heart toxicity, Oxidative stress, Cytokines
An illness defined by the lack of genetic control over cell growth and proliferation, primarily as a result of environmental influences, is known as abnormal proliferation. The most essential ways to reduce the risk of cancer in modern society are to quit smoking and eat a lot of fruits and vegetables. Nut seeds contain anacardic acids, polyphenols, vegetable protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, phenolic compounds, selenium, vegetable fiber, folic acid, and phytoestrogens, just like fruits and vegetables that contribute in anti-cancer activity. Although the processes by which these components can intervene in the prevention of cancer have not been fully explored, there are a number of them. There are only a few epidemiological studies that look at the link between nut seed consumption and cancer risk. The colon/rectum is the most widely investigated region, as it is an organ where the action of nuts is biologically reasonable. Although the findings are inconclusive, there is a possibility of a preventive effect against colon and rectum cancer. Similarly, some studies suggest that it may protect against breast and prostate cancer, but there is insufficient evidence for other tumor types. New epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate the potential effects of nuts on cancer, particularly prospective studies that provide reliable and full estimates of their consumption and allow for analysis of their effects independent of legume and seed use. This review shows the role of pistachio, cashew, and almond seeds in prevention and treatment of abnormal proliferation and the secondary metabolites that are involved in the mechanism.
This review synthesises current research on the multifaceted benefits of almonds, highlighting their historical significance, nutritional profile, and medicinal properties. Originating from the Middle East and South Asia, almonds have traversed global culinary and medicinal landscapes, thanks to their rich content
of monounsaturated fats, protein, fibre, vitamins, and minerals. The phytochemical diversity of almonds, including amygdalin, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, contributes to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Advanced extraction and analysis methods reveal the complexity of almond's
bioactive compounds, highlighting variability influenced by cultivar and environmental factors. Clinical trials and scientific studies support almonds' role in improving metabolic health, showcasing their potential in managing obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and even offering anticarcinogenic properties.
Despite their health benefits, the review also addresses the allergenic potential of almonds and the importance of management and labelling regulations for sensitive individuals. Future research directions emphasize the need to explore the mechanistic basis of almonds' health benefits, develop sustainable
cultivation and processing methods, and investigate the potential for new pharmacological discoveries.
Background
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CO) has been studied extensively for its antioxidant properties but faces several limitations, including high volatility, low aqueous solubility, and irritation.
Objective
We aimed to develop a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) to enhance the benefits of CO
Methods
Using the emulsification sonication method, a liquid lipid component, surfactant concentration, and a co-surfactant were optimized to create CO-loaded NLC (CO-NLC). The developed CO-NLC was rigorously assessed for its stability during storage. Free radical scavenging activity and fibroblast oxidative stress protection were also measured to assess the antioxidant activity.
Results
The CO-NLC displayed a spherical shape with a hydrodynamic diameter of 125.77 ± 29.68 nm, homogenous particle distribution with polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.09, and a surface charge of -27.30 ± 4.56 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 97% and a good stability profile. Furthermore, free CO and CO-NLC displayed very strong free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 22.74 ± 0.57 µg/mL and 18.28 ± 2.63 µg/mL, respectively. However, only CO-NLC managed to protect fibroblast cells from the harmful effects of oxidative stress.
Conclusion
The NLC formulations improved free radical scavenging activity and effectively protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress compared to free CO.
An almond is also known as the "king of Nuts''. Almonds generally belong to the family of Rose called Rosacea. The Scientific name of Almond is Prunes dulcis. If you are looking for a versatile oil, you must try almond oil. It is made from two types of plum almonds: Sweet almonds, Bitter almonds. Its anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting, and cardiovascular benefits help you better control the fats in your body. Sweet almond oil is the best for your skin type. Most of the health benefits associated with almond oil come from its high content of healthy fats. Almond sources include vitamin E oil (tocopherol), copper, and magnesium and high-quality protein. Almond oil is an edible essential oil that is rich in many nutrients and has positive effects on our health. High in vitamins D and E as well as minerals, almond oil helps reduce inflammation, shield the skin from UV radiation damage, and restore moisture to the skin. It also has significant levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins A and B. Rich in unsaturated fats, it penetrates deeply to leave your complexion feeling softer. Its 19% linoleic acid content hydrates cells more effectively, soothes skin, and protects against oxidative damage. Keywords Almond, Almond oil, Sweet almond oil, Bitter almond oil.
Nuts consumption has increased significantly in the last 10 years, especially driven by the stimulated awareness of their possible beneficial health effects. Increased nuts consumption is linked to an obvious accumulation of by-products and waste. With the view of the circular economy, the aim of this review is to analyse the recent and innovative approaches able to valorise the by-products derived from almonds and hazelnuts, two important nut products of the Italian scene, with historical and traditional importance. The most important solutions are concerned with reuse of almond hull, shell, skin, oil cake, and hazelnut shell; skin and oil cake are often considered waste or by-products. Many interesting implications in the feed and food sectors have been detected in the last ten years, aimed at designing innovative materials developed from by-products and extraction of bioactive molecules for different purposes. The perspective chosen to discuss the topic is related to the sustainability of these processes, in terms of both the environment and economy. The circular economy supports a zero-waste approach, which should not also be meant as a zero-cost process in terms of the level of technology that has been partially developed.
During the treatments of pathogenic bacterial diseases using antibiotics several problems emerge viz antibiotics toxicity to the patients and resistance of the bacteria to different antibiotics. Essential oils are natural products having antimicrobial activity to different microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteroides). These essential oils can also be combined with antibiotics (Lavandula oil mixed with Ciprofloxacin for treatment of Salmonella spp). The oils are used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant bacteria as Mentha pulegium L oil is used for the treatment of imipenem resistant acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS). The antimicrobial activities of essential oils are exhibited under the effect of constituents as aldehydes, fatty acids, ecosom, and hexagonal demonic acids present in Atropa belladonna. Other plants and Lavandula pedunculata contain camphor, fenchor, polyphenols, flavonoids, and hydroethanolic acids. These ingredients function as antioxidants, alteration of cell wall composition, impairment of nucleus and cytoplasm.
Free radicals are one of the factors that cause skin problems. Excessive exposure to free radicals can trigger aging, such as sagging of the skin of the lower eyelids which causes a decrease in the periorbital area, known as “eyelid bags”. Changes in the extracellular matrix and loss of the structurally important proteins collagen and elastin lead to loss of structural support and elasticity. Free radical reactions can be prevented by using eye cream. Eye cream is made to get rid of puffiness or dark circles under the eyes. Eye cream is made from a light, easy-to-absorb formula and contains vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin K which are good for skin care and rejuvenation. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Gayo avocado oil eyecream formulation with the addition of patchouli leaf essential oil. The method used is experimental from the results of research that has been done before. Then three stages of testing were carried out, namely irritation test, organoleptic test and characteristic observation test. Then, for the test results, a comparison of the first and second formulations was carried out to determine which eye cream is suitable for use as a beauty product
Scientific development in the field of Cosmetics has lead its products to a borderline, summarized by the designation cosmeceutical (a fusion between cosmetics and pharmaceutical). The regulatory authorities do not recognize the designation above because, as they declare, a product which claims pharmacological properties must be classified as a medicine. It is clear, however, the growth of scientific content on the cosmetics development. This increase represents an opportunity to Pharmacists activity, not only regarding the cosmetics development, but also the safety monitoring in cosmetics. Furthermore, consumers and Health Authorities have been paying more attention to safety. To consumers, the major concern goes to synthetic active ingredients, what which justifies the higher demand on cosmetics that contains natural active ingredients, perceived by the consumers as safer. Although the specific segment of natural cosmetics shows the biggest increase, the Cosmetics and Personal Hygiene market experiences significant economic growths year after year.
Following what’s been mentioned previously, this monograph pretends to: i) find out the botanical species with cosmetics’ applications through a scientific literature review; ii) identify amongst the botanical species with cosmetics’ uses those which grow in Algarve (South of Portugal); iii) associate the development of cosmetics products with a strategy of territorial rescue on Algarve’s countryside affected by desertification; iv) enhance pharmaceuticals’ education and profession value.
Key-words: Cosmetics, Botanical extracts, Algarve, Territorial rescue, Pharmacist.
Virgin olive oil (VOO), characterized by its unique aroma, flavor, and health benefits, is subject to adulteration with the addition of oils obtained from other edible species. The consumption of adulterated olive oil with nut species, such as hazelnut or almond, leads to health and safety issues for consumers, due to their high allergenic potential. To detect almond and hazelnut in olive oil, several amplification systems have been analyzed by qPCR assay with a SYBR Green post-PCR melting curve analysis. The systems selected were Cora1F2/R2 and Madl, targeting the genes coding the allergenic protein Cor a 1 (hazelnut) and Pru av 1 (almond), respectively. These primers revealed adequate specificity for each of the targeted species. In addition, the result obtained demonstrated that this methodology can be used to detect olive oil adulteration with up to 5% of hazelnut or almond oil by a single qPCR assay, and with a level as low as 2.5% by a nested-qPCR assay. Thus, the present research has shown that the SYBR-based qPCR assay can be a rapid, precise, and accurate method to detect adulteration in olive oil.
Almond (Amygdalus communis L.) kernel, a source of nutrients in many traditional diets, is being used more frequently as a nutritious snack and component. It is well known that almond kernels are a protein-rich food. Compared to the amino acid profile recommended by FAO, almond kernel protein is an ideal protein with perfect balance of amino acids. It also has a variety of better functional properties such as solubility, emulsifying ability, oil absorption capacity and foaming ability. pH and ion strength have significant influences on these functional properties. Furthermore, almond kernel protein is easily digested and absorbed by the human body. So almond kernel protein can be used as a high-quality protein resource. This review describes the techniques for extracting almond kernel protein, as well as its functional properties, nutritional worth, and applications. The purpose of this review is to provide ideas for the effective use of almond kernel protein and the creation of related products.
Background
Seed oils have been exploited for an array of purposes with their addition to dietary, cosmetics, or therapeutic products. The process of skin aging is a natural and complex phenomenon in living beings. Skin aging is classified into two independent processes, i.e., chronological aging and premature aging. Aging is observed as a loss of strength and elasticity of the skin, leading to wrinkles on the skin. It is due to a decrease in various components of the skin matrix, like elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. Furthermore, aging is potentiated by excessive exposure to UV radiation (Photoaging) and can be prevented or reduced by using products that combat photoaging.
Objective
Anti-aging and antiwrinkle agents are in demand for maintaining skin tone. Seed oils composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids are traditionally used in cosmetic products as moisturizers and emollients, while palmitic acid and oleic acid are known for their penetration-enhancing effect. With the changing trend for extraction of oils like cold pressed methods, seed oils enriched with polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are good antioxidants and antimicrobials and therefore have an ever-growing demand for their usage in the treatment of skin diseases. In this review, an attempt will be made to brief the phytoconstituents present in various seed oils and their utilization against skin ailments. Furthermore, a mechanistic approach towards the benefit of oils in skin barrier repair, antiaging, and photo-aging with the help of extensive well-designed clinical trials carried out in the recent past is elaborated.
Method
A literature search in the Scopus database, Pubmed, and Medline was carried out using the terminology “aging, photoaging, antioxidant, UV-protection, sunscreens, skin barrier repair, and fatty acids, formulations” in the study. Data were retrieved over the last twenty years.
Result
The review summarises the mechanistic approach and beneficial application of seed oils for healthy and glowing skin. The oils obtained from olives, sesame, borage, grape seeds, and carrot seeds have multitargeted effects. However, the variation in pharmacological effect may vary based on geographically differing varieties, skin type, and person-to-person variation. The need to standardize the varieties for their phytoactive ingredients and the composition of formulation used for skin care can help utilize the seeds as a potential source of actives against skin diseases.
Conclusion
Conclusion: The potential of seed oils can be increased with appropriate analytical tools, validation protocols, and systematic experimental studies at preclinical and clinical trials for their application to skin care products.
Sweet almond oil is a raw material with high-added value used in different products. Then, the aim of this study is to evaluate the quality and purity of 10 body oils based on sweet almond oils currently available in the Brazilian market. Fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol (TAG) profile were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS), respectively. The authenticity of samples was assessed using an analytical curve equation. Soybean oil was chosen as the adulterant because it is the cheapest vegetable oil commercialized in Brazil. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) in conjunction with ASAP-MS classified product samples according to the type of vegetable oil (soybean and sweet almond oils). The addition of soybean oil (8.79% to 99.70%) was confirmed in samples. However, only two samples stated in their label the presence of soybean oil as an ingredient. These findings highlight the need for better oversight by regulatory bodies to ensure that consumers acquire high quality and authentic products based on equally high quality and purity of sweet almond oils.
Hydrolysis of olive, rapeseed, linseed, almond, peanut, grape seed and menhaden oils was performed with commercial lipases of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. In chromogenic plate tests, olive, rapeseed, peanut and linseed oils degraded well even after 2 h of incubation, and the R. miehei, A. niger and R. oryzae lipases exhibited the highest overall action against the oils. Gas chromatography analysis of vegetable oils hydrolyzed by R. miehei lipase revealed about 1.1 to 38.4-fold increases in the concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids after the treatment, depending on the fatty acids and the oil. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by R. miehei lipase treatment from menhaden oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, hexadecanedioic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with yields from 12.02 to 52.85 µg/mL reaction mixture. Folin–Ciocalteu and ferric reducing power assays demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity for most tested oils after the lipase treatment in relation to the concentrations of some fatty acids. Some lipase-treated and untreated samples of oils, at 1.25 mg/mL lipid concentration, inhibited the growth of food-contaminating bacteria. The lipid mixtures obtained can be reliable sources of extractable fatty acids with health benefits.
Background:
The representative anti-COVID-19 herbs, i.e. Poria cocos, Pogostemon, Prunus, and Glycyrrhiza plants, are commonly used in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Diverse medicinal compounds with favorable anti-COVID-19 activities are abundant in these plants, and their unique pharmacological/pharmacokinetic properties are being revealed. However, the current trends of drug metabolism/pharmacokinetic (DMPK) investigations of anti-COVID-19 herbs have not been systematically summarized.
Methods:
Here, the latest awareness, as well as the perception gaps of DMPK attributes, in the anti-COVID-19 drug development and clinical usage was elaborated and critically commented.
Results:
The extracts and compounds of P. cocos, Pogostemon, Prunus, and Glycyrrhiza plants show distinct and diverse absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/T) properties. The complicated herb-herb interactions (HHIs) and herb-drug interactions (HDIs) of anti-COVID-19 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb pair/formula dramatically influence the PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) performance of compounds thereof, which may inspire researchers to design innovative herbal/compound formulas for optimizing the therapeutic outcome of COVID-19 and related epidemic diseases. The ADME/T of some abundant compounds in anti-COVID-19 plants have been elucidated, but DMPK studies should be extended to more compounds of different medicinal parts, species and formulations, and would be facilitated by various omics platforms and computational analyses.
Conclusion:
In the framework of systems pharmacology and pharmacophylogeny, the DMPK knowledge base would promote the translation of bench findings into the clinical practice of anti-COVID-19, and speed up the anti-COVID-19 drug discovery and development.
Thee global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
*e global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer
awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases,
there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its
unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. *erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely
used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development
of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct,
Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market
surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic
industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. *e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58
families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new
ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify
the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing
demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for
medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the
development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the
country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multi�disciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting
functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
e global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
Epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with favorable plasma lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk. These effects may result from their high monounsaturated fat (MUFA) content but nuts contain constituents other than fatty acids that might be cardioprotective. We conducted a study to compare the effects of whole-almond vs. almond oil consumption on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. Using a randomized crossover trial design, 22 normolipemic men and women replaced half of their habitual fat (approximately 14% of approximately 29% energy) with either whole almonds (WA) or almond oil (AO) for 6-wk periods. Compliance was ascertained by monitoring dietary intake via biweekly 5-d food records, return of empty almond product packages and weekly meetings with a registered dietitian. Fat replacement with either WA and AO resulted in a 54% increase in percentage of energy as MUFA with declines in both saturated fat and cholesterol intake and no significant changes in total energy, total or polyunsaturated fat intake. The effects of WA and AO on plasma lipids did not differ compared with baseline; plasma triglyceride, total and LDL cholesterol significantly decreased, 14, 4 and 6% respectively, whereas HDL cholesterol increased 6%. Neither treatment affected in vitro LDL oxidizability. We conclude that WA and AO do not differ in their beneficial effects on the plasma lipid variables measured and that this suggests that the favorable effect of almonds is mediated by components in the oil fraction of these nuts.
This preliminary investigation compares peripheral blood cell counts including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD16(+) lymphocytes, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, hematocrit, humoral parameters including serum interferon-gamma and interleukin-6, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA). Psychological measures including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) between recipients (n = 11) of carrier oil massage and aromatherapy massage, which includes sweet almond oil, lavender oil, cypress oil and sweet marjoram oil. Though both STAI and SDS showed a significant reduction (P < 0.01) after treatment with aromatherapy and carrier massage, no difference between the aromatherapy and control massage was observed for STAI and SDS. Aromatherapy, in contrast to control massage, did not significantly reduce RBC count or hematocrit. However, aromatherapy massage showed a significant (P > 0.05) increase in PBLs, possibly due to an increase in CD8(+) and CD16(+) lymphocytes, which had significantly increased post-treatment (P < 0.01). Consequently, the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The paucity of such differences after carrier oil massage suggests that aromatherapy massage could be beneficial in disease states that require augmentation of CD8(+) lymphocytes. While this study identifies the immunological benefits of aromatherapy massage, there is a need to validate the findings prospectively in a larger cohort of patients.
The use of peppermint oil in treating the irritable bowel syndrome has been studied with variable results probably due to the presence of patients affected by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, lactose intolerance or celiac disease that may have symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome.
The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of enteric-coated peppermint oil in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in whom small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, lactose intolerance and celiac disease were excluded.
Fifty-seven patients with irritable bowel syndrome according to the Rome II criteria, with normal lactose and lactulose breath tests and negative antibody screening for celiac disease, were treated with peppermint oil (two enteric-coated capsules twice per day or placebo) for 4 weeks in a double blind study. The symptoms were assessed before therapy (T(0)), after the first 4 weeks of therapy (T(4)) and 4 weeks after the end of therapy (T(8)). The symptoms evaluated were: abdominal bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhoea, constipation, feeling of incomplete evacuation, pain at defecation, passage of gas or mucus and urgency at defecation. For each symptom intensity and frequency from 0 to 4 were scored. The total irritable bowel syndrome symptoms score was also calculated as the mean value of the sum of the average of the intensity and frequency scores of each symptom.
At T(4), 75% of the patients in the peppermint oil group showed a >50% reduction of basal (T(0)) total irritable bowel syndrome symptoms score compared with 38% in the placebo group (P<0.009). With peppermint oil at T(4) and at T(8) compared with T(0) a statistically significant reduction of the total irritable bowel syndrome symptoms score was found (T(0): 2.19+/-0.13, T(4): 1.07+/-0.10*, T(8): 1.60+/-0.10*, *P<0.01 compared with T(0), mean+/-S.E.M.), while no change was found with the placebo.
A 4 weeks treatment with peppermint oil improves abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Background— Although recent studies have indicated that nut consumption may improve levels of blood lipids, nuts are not generally recommended as snacks for hyperlipidemic subjects because of their high fat content. Furthermore, the effective dose is still unknown.
Methods and Results— The dose-response effects of whole almonds, taken as snacks, were compared with low-saturated fat (<5% energy) whole-wheat muffins (control) in the therapeutic diets of hyperlipidemic subjects. In a randomized crossover study, 27 hyperlipidemic men and women consumed 3 isoenergetic (mean 423 kcal/d) supplements each for 1 month. Supplements provided 22.2% of energy and consisted of full-dose almonds (73±3 g/d), half-dose almonds plus half-dose muffins, and full-dose muffins. Fasting blood, expired air, blood pressure, and body weight measurements were obtained at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Mean body weights differed <300 g between treatments. The full-dose almonds produced the greatest reduction in levels of blood lipids. Significant reductions from baseline were seen on both half- and full-dose almonds for LDL cholesterol (4.4±1.7%, P=0.018, and 9.4±1.9%, P<0.001, respectively) and LDL:HDL cholesterol (7.8±2.2%, P=0.001, and 12.0±2.1%, P<0.001, respectively) and on full-dose almonds alone for lipoprotein(a) (7.8±3.5%, P=0.034) and oxidized LDL concentrations (14.0±3.8%, P<0.001), with no significant reductions on the control diet. No difference was seen in pulmonary nitric oxide between treatments.
Conclusions— Almonds used as snacks in the diets of hyperlipidemic subjects significantly reduce coronary heart disease risk factors, probably in part because of the nonfat (protein and fiber) and monounsaturated fatty acid components of the nut.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Peppermint tea, brewed from the plant leaves, and the essential oil of peppermint are used in traditional medicines. Evidence-based research regarding the bioactivity of this herb is reviewed. The phenolic constituents of the leaves include rosmarinic acid and several flavonoids, primarily eriocitrin, luteolin and hesperidin. The main volatile components of the essential oil are menthol and menthone. In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported. Several clinical trials examining the effects of peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been conducted. However, human studies of peppermint leaf are limited and clinical trials of peppermint tea are absent. Adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, although caution has been urged for peppermint oil therapy in patients with GI reflux, hiatal hernia or kidney stones.
Objective
This paper provides a review of research on partially hydrolyzed guar gum that is relevant to clinical nutrition practice.
Psyllium is an excellent dietary source for both soluble and insoluble fibers and has been used in supplemental and food products for its beneficial health effects. The strong water-absorbing and gelling capacities have made it a great challenge to incorporate psyllium in foods at the level needed to claim health benefits on the label. This review is focused on the approaches to improve the functionality, sensory property, and bioactivity of psyllium. Also included is a brief summary of the health beneficial effects of psyllium, along with its possible adverse effects. The information may be useful for those in psyllium research and functional food development.
Almonds and other nuts appear to confer health benefits despite their high fat content. To assess the effect of almonds on colon cancer, whole almond-, almond meal- or almond oil-containing diet effects on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane-treated F344 male rats were investigated. Six-week-old male F344 rats were fed the various almond and control diets and given subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight) twice 1 week apart. After 26 weeks animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine 1 h prior to sacrifice, after which colons were evaluated for ACF and cell turnover (labeling index, LI). Whole almond ACF and LI were both significantly lower than wheat bran and cellulose diet groups (-30 and -40%, respectively), while almond meal and almond oil ACF and almond meal LI declines were only significant vs. cellulose (P<0.05). These results suggest that almond consumption may reduce colon cancer risk and does so via at least one almond lipid-associated component.
Almond oil was extracted from almond and saponified with saturated KOH-methanol. The mixed fatty acids methylated by methanol-H2SO4(4:1, V/V). Methyl esters were extracted by ether and detected by gas chromatography. The major fatty acids in Taiyuan almond oil were found to be about 68% oleic acid (C18:1), 25% linoleic acid(C18:2), 4.6%-4.8% palmitic acid(C16:0) and a little of palmitoleic acid(C16:1), stearic acid(C18:0). A trace of arachidic acid(C20:0) was also found.
Enteral fiber-free diets alter intestinal transit and produce diarrhea or constipation. This prospective double blind, controlled study evaluates the use of guar gum, a soluble fiber and a candidate prebiotic in enteral feeds, to prevent diarrhea and potential health benefits in intensive care unit patients.
Twenty patients on enteral nutrition with persistent diarrhea were randomized to receive a new enteral feed either enriched with 2% soluble guar gum (study group, n = 10) or fiber-free (control group, n = 10) for 4 successive days.
The number of liquid stools in response to a soluble fiber-enriched diet was 2.0+/-0.9 (first day) vs. 1.0+/-0.7 (fourth day) (P < 0.01), and in the control group 1.2+/-0.7 (first day) vs. 2.1+/-0.8 (fourth day) (P < 0.05). In the fiber-enriched feed group, plasma glucose and cholesterol levels at termination of the study, respectively, reached 126+/-81 and 164+/-71 mg dl(-1), as compared to 333+/-108 and 378+/-26 mg dl(-1) on Day first (P < 0.01). In the control group, these values on the fourth day were, respectively, 267+/-94 and 263+/-79 vs. 247+/-115 and 315+/-78 on Day first (P > 0.05).
Guar gum-enriched enteral nutrition was related to a decrease of diarrheal episodes in ICU patients with preexisting diarrhea; and to a trend for lower plasma glucose and cholesterol levels.
The effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) were compared in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, at 10 g/day (N = 40) and 5 g/day (N = 46) for 12 weeks. Gastrointestinal symptoms (GSRS), quality of life (SF-36), and psychological symptoms (HADS) were evaluated at baseline, during treatment (months 1 and 3), and at follow-up (month 6). In both groups symptoms and quality of life improved significantly after the first month of administration until follow-up compared to those at baseline. However, the improvement was significantly reduced at follow-up compared to the end of treatment. PHGG was effective for improving somatic (gastrointestinal symptoms) and psychological (quality of life and psychological distress) symptoms over the short term. Since the improvement tended to decrease after the end of the treatment period, further studies should evaluate the benefits of PHGG at a maintenance dosage.
Insomnia is the most common of all sleep complaints and is under-researched. The current treatments of choice are conventional hypnotics agents, but these have potential for serious adverse reactions. Uncontrolled and anecdotal evidence suggests that lavender oil is an effective treatment for insomnia, but this has not been formally investigated.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the proposed trial methodology and the efficacy of Lavandula augustifolia (lavender) on insomnia. Interventions: Interventions consisted of Lavandula augustifolia (treatment) and sweet almond oil as placebo/control. The aroma was supplied via an Aromastream device (Tisserand Aromatherapy, Sussex, UK).
This was a pilot study with randomized, single-blind, cross-over design (baseline, two treatment periods, and a washout period, each of 1 week duration).
Volunteers with defined insomnia treated on a domiciliary basis participated in the study.
Outcomes were assessed with the following: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) indicating insomnia (score > 5 at entry); Borkovec and Nau (B&N) Questionnaire evaluating treatment credibility; and Holistic Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (HCAMQ) assessing attitudes to CAM and health beliefs.
Ten (10) volunteers (5 male and 5 female) were entered and completed the 4 week study. Lavender created an improvement of -2.5 points in PSQI (p = 0.07, 95% CI - 4.95 to - 0.4). Each intervention was equally credible and belief in CAM did not predict outcome. Women and younger volunteers with a milder insomnia improved more than others. No period or carry-over effect was observed.
The methodology for this pilot study appeared to be appropriate. Outcomes favor lavender, and a larger trial is required to draw definitive conclusions.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the world's most common gastrointestinal functional disorder and is associated with several social and economic costs. Health-related quality of life is often impaired in patients with IBS. The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying IBS remain poorly defined. The therapeutic approach to patients with IBS is based on symptoms, and fibers may play an important role in treatment. Among the various types of fiber, water-soluble, non-gelling fibers seem to be a promising option for treatment of IBS. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a water-soluble, non-gelling fiber that has provided therapeutic benefits. In clinical trials, PHGG decreased symptoms in constipation-predominant and diarrhea-predominant forms of IBS and decreased abdominal pain. Further, an improvement in quality of life was observed in patients with IBS during and after treatment with PHGG. Moreover, PHGG seems to have prebiotic properties because it increases the colonic contents of short-chain fatty acids, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria.
Results of the pilot study of the four counties randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy massage with 1% Santalum album (Sandalwood) (group A) when compared with massage with Sweet Almond Carrier oil, (group B) or Sandalwood oil via an aromastone (group C), in reducing levels of anxiety in palliative care. The aims of the pilot study were to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing anxiety in patients receiving palliative care in four counties. The primary end points of the research were to report a statistically significant difference in anxiety scores between experimental group (B) and comparison groups (A and C) and to influence the integration of aromatherapy into all aspects of palliative care. The limited data of the pilot study (N=34) tested the logistics of the research, particularly the 25% attrition rate and the robustness of the data collection tools. The results were not substantial enough to generate coherent statistics. Therefore no assumptions could be drawn from these results due to the inconsistencies that were bound to occur in such a small sample. However, the results do seem to support the notion that Sandalwood oil is effective in reducing anxiety.
This paper provides a review of research on partially hydrolyzed guar gum that is relevant to clinical nutrition practice.
All relevant papers published on partially hydrolyzed guar gum were reviewed and the results summarized.
Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a water-soluble dietary fiber with a wide range of uses in clinical nutrition. Its low viscosity allows its use in enteral products and beverages. PHGG can be added to enteral formulas and food products as a dietary fiber source. PHGG provides the benefits associated with dietary fiber ingestion. Addition of PHGG to the diet reduced laxative dependence in a nursing home population. PHGG also reduced the incidence of diarrhea in septic patients receiving total enteral nutrition and reduced symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. PHGG also increased production of Bifidobacterium in the gut.
The ease of use of PHGG and its clinical effectiveness make it a good choice in clinical nutrition practice.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been implicated in photoaging and various types of skin carcinomas. Although the human skin has evolved several defense mechanisms to survive the insults of actinic damage like keratinization, melanin pigmentation, etc., it is still subjected to the harmful effects of sunlight.
In this study, the role of almond oil in reducing the degradative changes induced in skin upon exposure to UV radiation was investigated.
Mice were divided in four groups of 20 animals. Group I was the control group. Group II was negative control, which received almond oil treatment alone. Group III was exposed to UV radiation only and Group IV received both UV treatment and almond oil treatment. Visible skin grading assessed the changes based on a rating scale, biochemical tests (glutathione estimation and lipid peroxidation), and histopathologic studies.
Upon exposure of mice to UV radiation, it was found that pronounced visible skin changes were seen after 12 weeks of exposure. The results of the biochemical tests, glutathione estimation, and lipid peroxidation showed that almond oil reduced the effect of UV light-induced photoaging on the skin. Histopathologic studies also indicated a photoprotective effect of almond oil on the skin after UV exposure.
It was concluded that topical almond oil is capable of preventing the structural damage caused by UV irradiation and it was also found useful in decelerating the photoaging process.
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal motility disorder that is often chronic, negatively affects patients' daily lives, and is associated with high healthcare costs. There is a considerable range of treatment modalities available for patients with constipation; however, the clinical evidence supporting their use varies widely. Nonpharmacologic modalities, such as increased exercise or fluid intake and bowel habit training, are generally recommended as first-line approaches, but data on the effectiveness of these measures are limited. The clinical benefits of various traditional pharmacologic agents (many of which are available over the counter, such as laxatives and fiber supplements) remain unclear. Although these modalities may benefit some patients with temporary constipation, their efficacy in patients for whom constipation is chronic is less well defined. Some studies suggest benefit with psyllium, polyethylene glycol, and lactulose; however, the use of other agents, such as calcium polycarbophil, methylcellulose, bran, magnesium hydroxide, and stimulant laxatives, is not supported by strong clinical evidence. More recently, newer agents have been approved for the treatment of patients with chronic constipation on the basis of comprehensive clinical investigation programs. Tegaserod, with its well-established clinical profile, and lubiprostone, the latest addition to the treatment armamentarium, represent the new generation of therapies for chronic constipation. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of traditional therapies used in the management of the multiple symptoms associated with chronic constipation and discusses recently approved and emerging therapies for this disorder.
Topical application of oils and oil-based formulations is common practice in skin care for both adults and infants. Only limited knowledge however is available regarding skin penetration and occlusive potential of oils and common methods for measuring skin moisturization fall short when it comes to the moisturizing effect of oils.
In this study we used in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy to test the efficacy of paraffin oil (mineral oil) and two vegetable oils in terms of skin penetration and occlusion. Petrolatum was used as a positive control.
The products were applied topically on the forearms of nine volunteers and seven infants and Raman spectra were acquired before and at 30 and 90 min following application. Depth concentration profiles for lipid and water were calculated from the Raman spectra. Skin occlusion was assessed from the amount of stratum corneum (SC) swelling measured from the water concentration profiles.
The paraffin oil and the vegetable oils penetrate the top layers of the SC with similar concentration profiles, a result that was confirmed both for adult and infant skin. The three oils tested demonstrated modest SC swelling (10-20%) compared to moderate swelling (40-60%) for petrolatum.
These data indicate that there is no statistical difference between the paraffin oil and vegetable oils in terms of skin penetration and skin occlusion. The results for petrolatum show that in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy is sensitive and specific enough to measure both lipid uptake and skin occlusion events following topical application.
Oil content and fatty acid composition were determined for two years in the kernel oil of eight cultivars and 47 advanced self-compatible almond genotypes developed in an almond breeding program. Considerable variation between genotypes was found for all parameters. Oil content ranged from 48% to 67% of the total kernel dry weight but was consistent over the two years. Fatty acid composition was also very variable, with significant differences between genotypes, even in genotypes of the same progeny. Oleic acid, ranging from 63% to 78%, and linoleic acid, ranging from 12% to 27%, were the major fatty acids, showing higher values in some selections than in their parents. The large variability observed for all fatty acids and the presence of selections with higher oil and fatty acid contents than the commercial cultivars represents a very promising base to obtain new almond cultivars with oil of higher quality, satisfying the industrial and consumer sectors.
The fruit of the matter
- Cantor
Cantor D, Fleischer J, Green J, Israel DL. The fruit of the matter. Mental Floss 2006;5(4):12.