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Abstract

Ceramic inlays and partial crowns have become scientifically recognized posterior restorations. Their clinical effectiveness depends on the development of durable dental ceramics and luting materials as well as an effective bonding system. Therefore, these factors were in the focus of interest in the past. In contrast, only little attention was given to preparation techniques. However, current studies show that special preparation rules should be followed to ensure best fitting CAD/CAM ceramic restorations and long-lasting clinical success. This paper describes preparation requirements by means of detailed three-dimensional schematic drawings and then deduces the clinical procedure for the preparation of ceramic inlays and partial crowns with standardized preparation instruments.
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Abstract
Ceramic inlays and partial crowns have become scientif-
ically recognized forms of restoration for the posterior
region. The prerequisites for their clinical effectiveness lie
in the development of durable dental ceramics and bond-
ing materials as well as an adapted bonding system. Thus,
these factors stood at the center of interest in the past. In
contrast, rather less attention was given to the basic
preparation technique. However, current studies show
that special preparation rules must also be observed in the
production of CAD/CAM ceramic restorations to assure
Zusammenfassung
Keramikinlays und -teilkronen sind mittlerweile wis-
senschaftlich anerkannte Restaurationsformen für den
Seitenzahnbereich. Die Voraussetzungen für ihre klini-
sche Bewährung liegen in der Entwicklung haltbarer
Dentalkeramiken und Befestigungswerkstoffe sowie
einer angepassten Befestigungssystematik. Beide Para-
meter standen daher in der Vergangenheit im Mittel-
punkt der Beachtung. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde der
zugrunde liegenden Präparationstechnik eher weniger
Beachtung geschenkt. Aktuelle Studien zeigen aller-
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Guidelines for the Preparation of CAD/CAM
Ceramic Inlays and Partial Crowns
Richtlinien für die Präparation CAD/CAM-
gefertigter Keramikinlays und -teilkronen
M. O. Ahlersa, G. Mörigb, U. Blunckc, J. Hajtód, L. Pröbstere, R. Frankenbergerf
a Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. dent., CMD-Centrum Hamburg-Eppen-
dorf und Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung und Präventive Zahn-
heilkunde, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
b Dr. med. dent., Privatpraxis Düsseldorf-Oberkassel
c OA Dr. med. dent., Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
Zahn-, Mund-, und Kieferheilkunde, Abteilung für Zahner-
haltung und Parodontologie
d Dr. med. dent., Praxis für ästhetische Zahnheilkunde und
Implantologie München
e Prof. Dr. med. dent., Praxis für Zahnmedizin in der Wilhelm-
Fresenius-Klinik Wiesbaden
f Prof. Dr. med. dent., FICD, FADM, Poliklinik für Zahnerhal-
tung und Präventive Zahnheilkunde, Zentrum für Zahn-,
Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Marburg
a Dentist, CMD Center Hamburg Eppendorf, and Clinic for
Conservative and Restorative Dentistry, School for Dental
Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Ger-
many.
b Dentist in Private Practice, Düsseldorf-Oberkassel, Germany.
c Senior Dentist, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Dental,
Oral and Craniomandibular Sciences, Department of Den-
tal Restoration and Periodontology, Berlin, Germany.
d Dentist in Private Practice, Esthetic Dentisty and Implantol-
ogy, Munich, Germany.
e Professor, Practice for Dental Medicine in the Wilhelm Fre-
senius Clinic, Wiesbaden, Germany.
f Professor, FICD, FADM, Clinic for Restorative and Preven-
tive Dentistry, Center for Dental Oral and Craniomandibu-
lar Sciences, University Clinic, Marburg, Germany.
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lasting success. In this paper, the forms of preparation are
described by reference to detailed three-dimensional
schematic drawings, and the clinical procedure for the
preparation of ceramic inlays and partial crowns using
standardized preparation instruments is derived from
these.
Keywords: preparation technique, preparation design,
preparation instruments, depth marking, ceramic inlays,
ceramic partial crowns, production of CAD/CAM restora-
tions, adhesive bonding, risk of fracture, cavity angle.
Introduction
Up until about 20 years ago, the restoration of posteri-
or teeth was performed mainly using the indirect method
to create inlays and (partial) crowns made of metal alloys,
luted with classical zinc phosphate cements.1-3 Since
then, the importance of adhesively bonded dental ceram-
ics has increased continuously, and different dental
ceramics have been developed for the production of
inlays and partial crowns. The clinical results of the first
ceramic inlay systems were not satisfactory.4-6 In
response, the industry developed new ceramic masses
(leucite-reinforced glass ceramic) and dentally engi-
neered forms of production (pressed ceramics), as well
as different CAD/CAM methods for the subtractive
machining of industrially prefabricated dental ceramics
(Cerec, Sirona, Bensheim; absolute Ceramics, biodentis,
Leipzig). In the meantime, prospective clinical long-term
studies for the treatment of posterior teeth with the
leucite-reinforced glass ceramic IPS Empress have been
published, in which the material has proven successful
with adhesive bonding after observation periods of up to
12 years.5,7-9 Successful results have been documented
after 8 years,10 15 years,11 and even 18 years with very
good results for Cerec inlays produced chairside.12 On
this basis, ceramic inlays and partial crowns are today sci-
entifically recognized restorations for the posterior
region.5-7,13-17
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
dings, dass auch bei der Herstellung CAD/CAM-gefer-
tigter Keramikrestaurationen spezielle Präparationsre-
geln beachtet werden müssen, um einen dauerhaften
Erfolg sicherzustellen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden
die Präparationsformen anhand von detaillierten drei-
dimensionalen Schemazeichnungen beschrieben und
auf deren Grundlage die klinische Vorgehensweise für
die Präparation von Keramikinlays und -teilkronen
unter Verwendung standardisierter Präparationsinstru-
mente abgeleitet.
Schlüsselwörter: Präparationstechnik, Präparationsde-
sign, Präparationsinstrumente, Tiefenmarkierung, Kera-
mikinlays, Keramikteilkronen, CAD/CAM-Restaurati-
onsherstellung, adhäsive Befestigung, Frakturrisiko,
Kavitätenwinkel
Einleitung
Die Restauration von Seitenzähnen erfolgte bis vor
20 Jahren vorwiegend im indirekten Verfahren mittels
Inlays und (Teil-)Kronen aus Metalllegierungen und der
Befestigung mit klassischen Zinkphosphatzementen1-3.
Seitdem hat die Bedeutung adhäsiv befestigter Dental-
keramiken beständig zugenommen. Mittlerweile wur-
den verschiedene Dentalkeramiken für die Herstellung
von Inlays und Teilkronen entwickelt. Die klinischen
Ergebnisse der ersten Keramikinlaysysteme waren nicht
zufriedenstellend4-6. Die Industrie entwickelte darauf-
hin neue keramische Massen (leuzitverstärkte Glaskera-
mik) und zahntechnische Herstellungsformen (Presske-
ramik) sowie verschiedene CAD/CAM-Verfahren zur
subtraktiven Bearbeitung industriell vorgefertigter Den-
talkeramiken (Cerec, Sirona, Bensheim; absolute Cera-
mics, biodentis, Leipzig). Inzwischen liegen prospektive
klinische Langzeitstudien für die Behandlung von Sei-
tenzähnen mit der leuzitverstärkten Glaskeramik IPS
Empress vor, in denen nach Beobachtungszeiträumen
von bis zu 12 Jahren das Material bei adhäsiver Befesti-
gung als erfolgreich eingestuft wurde5,7-9. Für chairside
hergestellte Cerec-Inlays sind erfolgreiche Ergebnisse
nach 8 Jahren10, 15 Jahren11 und sogar 18 Jahren mit
sehr guten Ergebnissen dokumentiert12. Auf dieser
Grundlage sind Keramikinlays und -teilkronen heute
wissenschaftlich anerkannte Versorgungen für den Sei-
tenzahnbereich5-7,13-17.
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Fractures are the main reason for
ceramic restoration failure
In different clinical studies, catastrophic fractures or bulk
fractures were listed as the main cause for the failure of
ceramic posterior-tooth restorations, both for the older
ceramic systems and for the more recent systems
named.5-7,10,13-15,18 It was also evident in comparative
studies of the different systems that partial or total frac-
tures were one of the most frequent causes of compli-
cations in ceramic restorations produced in the labora-
tory.11
Can restoration failure be avoided by
modified preparation?
The influence of the preparation technique on the dura-
bility of ceramic restorations that were produced with
pressing processes and CAD/CAM was therefore exam-
ined in different studies. It was clearly shown that changes
of the preparation design reduce the physical stress19,20
and thus increase the strength of the restoration.11,21 It
can be derived from the results of these studies that cer-
tain cavity geometries contribute to reducing the risk of
fracture.22 These include semispherical cavity floor seg-
ments21 and rounded cavity shapes,22 meaning classical
box and step preparations were avoided.11
In combination with earlier proposals, which were based
rather on the fundamental material properties of the
ceramic and the adhesive bonding technology,23 new
preparation rules were produced for restoration with
ceramic inlays and partial crowns and these are described
and illustrated below.
Modified preparation technique for
ceramic inlays
The actual preparation of the occlusal cavity and any
approximal boxes should basically be defect oriented, and
requires rounding off all “edges” inside the cavity, instead
of parallel-walled surfaces and sharp transitions to the
cavity floor. This requirement was satisfied by the use of
diamond burs, with a rounded transition from the occlusal
cavity floor to the parapulpar walls in the design of the
transitions from the cavity walls to the cavity floor and
Hauptgrund für das Versagen
keramischer Restauration: Frakturen
Sowohl für die älteren Keramiksysteme als auch für die
genannten jüngeren Systeme wurden in verschiedenen
klinischen Studien als Hauptursache für das Versagen
keramischer Seitenzahnrestaurationen katastrophale
Frakturen bzw. „bulk fractures“ aufgeführt5-7,10,13-15,18.
Auch bei vergleichenden Untersuchungen der unter-
schiedlichen Systeme fiel auf, dass partielle oder totale
Frakturen bei laborgefertigten Keramikrestaurationen
eine der häufigsten Komplikationsursachen waren11.
Vermeidung des Restaurationsversagens
durch modifizierte Präparation?
In verschiedenen Studien wurde daher der Einfluss der
Präparationstechnik auf die Haltbarkeit der Keramikre-
staurationen untersucht, die mit Pressverfahren und
CAD/CAM gefertigt wurden. Dabei konnte deutlich
gezeigt werden, dass Veränderungen der Präparations-
gestaltung den physikalischen Stress reduzieren19,20 und
so die Festigkeit der Restauration erhöhen11,21. Aus den
Ergebnissen dieser Arbeiten lässt sich ableiten, dass
bestimmte Kavitätengeometrien dazu beitragen, das
Frakturrisiko zu reduzieren22. Hierzu zählen halbkugel-
förmige Kavitätenbodensegmente21 und gerundete
Kavitätenformen22 sowie der Verzicht auf klassische
Kasten- und Stufenpräparationen11.
In Kombination mit früheren Vorschlägen, die eher auf
den grundsätzlichen Materialeigenschaften der Keramik
und der adhäsiven Befestigungstechnologie basierten23,
wurden neue Präparationsregeln für die Versorgung mit
Keramikinlays und -teilkronen entwickelt, die im Folgen-
den beschrieben und illustriert werden.
Modifizierte Präparationstechnik
für Keramikinlays
Die eigentliche Präparation der okklusalen Kavität und
eventuell notwendiger approximaler Kästen sollte
grundsätzlich defektorientiert erfolgen und verlangt
anstelle von parallelwandigen Flächen und kantigen Über-
gängen zum Kavitätenboden die Abrundung sämtlicher
„Kanten“ innerhalb der Kavität. In der Gestaltung der
Übergänge von den Kavitätenwänden zum Kavitätenbo-
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from the parapulpar walls to the approximal box floor.
The transition from the occlusal cavity floor to the para-
pulpar walls is also of particular importance. Since round-
ed grinding instruments/preparation instruments prepare
only concave shapes, the required “round” transition can
be achieved only by multiple breaks of that edge (Fig 1).
The parallelism of the “box walls”, required in the past
for the wedging effect of the zinc phosphate cement, is
no longer required in adhesive bonding, since retention
takes place micromechanically through enamel and dentin
adhesion as well as the adhesion of the composite buildup
filling. An extremely parallel design of the preparation
walls is even detrimental in this case. On the other hand,
according to the available data, the susceptibility to frac-
ture of the ceramic inlays increases when the cavity angle
is increased by 5 to 10 or 20 degrees.24 Therefore, an
included angle of around 6 up to a maximum of 10 degrees
must be aimed for (Fig 2). The diamond instruments
intended for a preparation should therefore also have cor-
respondingly conical geometry.
Even if the most modern dental ceramics are less sus-
ceptible to fracture, their risk of fracture even in adhe-
sive bonding should not be underestimated, for ceram-
ics are brittle restoration materials in comparison to
metals. Although so far no clear recommendation for a
minimum thickness could be derived from the clinical
results,6,14,25 the thickness in the region of the fissure
den und von den parapulpären Wänden zum approxima-
len Kastenboden wird diese Vorgabe durch den Einsatz
von Diamantschleifern mit einem abgerundeten Über-
gang zur Stirnfläche realisiert. Von besonderer Bedeutung
ist auch der Übergang vom okklusalen Kavitätenboden zu
den parapulpären Wänden. Da abgerundete Schleifin-
strumente nur konkave Formen präparieren, lässt sich der
erforderliche „runde“ Übergang hier nur durch mehrfa-
ches Brechen jener Kante erreichen (Abb. 1).
Auch die ehemals für die Verkeilungswirkung des Zink-
phosphatzementes erforderliche Parallelität der „Kasten-
wände“ ist bei adhäsiver Befestigung nicht mehr erfor-
derlich, da die Retention mikromechanisch über die
Schmelz- und Dentinhaftung sowie die Haftung an der
Kompositaufbaufüllung erfolgt. Eine extrem parallele
Gestaltung der Präparationswände ist in diesem Fall sogar
hinderlich. Andererseits steigt nach vorliegenden Mes-
sdaten bei einer Erhöhung des Kavitätenwinkels von 5°
auf 10° oder 20° die Frakturanfälligkeit der Keramikin-
lays24. Daher ist ein Öffnungswinkel von etwa 6° bis maxi-
mal 10° anzustreben (Abb. 2). Die für eine Präparation
vorgesehenen Diamantinstrumente sollten daher zudem
eine entsprechend konische Geometrie aufweisen.
Auch wenn die weiterentwickelten modernen Dentalke-
ramiken weniger frakturanfällig sind, sollte deren Frak-
turgefahr selbst bei der adhäsiven Befestigung nicht
unterschätzt werden, denn im Vergleich zu Metallen sind
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 1 The transitions from the preparation walls to the cavity
floor and all angles inside the cavity should be rounded.
Abb. 1 Der Übergang von den Präparationswänden zum Ka-
vitätenboden und alle Winkel innerhalb der Kavität sollten
abgerundet sein.
Fig 2 Adhesive bonding no longer requires a retention shape,
therefore the included angle of the cavity walls to one another
should be 6 to 10 degrees.
Abb. 2 Die adhäsive Befestigung erfordert keine Retentions-
form mehr, daher sollte der Öffnungswinkel der Kavitäten-
wände zueinander 6° bis 10° betragen.
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should not be less than a minimum of 1.5 mm26 (Fig 3).
To ensure that this requirement is being met during
preparation, it is possible to check the preparation depth
reached from time to time with a periodontal probe. As
an alternative, a diamond bur with laser marks for check-
ing the penetration depth in the preparation – developed
for this purpose by the present authors – can be used
(Expert Set 4562, Komet/Gebr. Brassler, Lemgo, Ger-
many). If the depth in the region below the fissure is not
sufficient, an alternative to deepening the entire prepa-
ration consists in additionally removing tooth structure
with a round preparation instrument in the region of the
cavity floor under the former central fissure – after all,
with adhesive bonding, a flat cavity floor is no longer
required.
Requirements similar to those for the occlusal minimum
thickness apply for the width of the occlusal isthmus: at
least 2.5 mm are recommended (Fig 4). If the minimum
material thickness is not reached in the region of the isth-
mus, the indication should be queried and it should be
checked whether a direct composite restoration would not
be more advantageous in the individual case.
If these requirements are not met or the extent of the
defect results makes it impossible to keep a minimum wall
thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm, the cusp concerned or the affect-
ed cavity wall must be shortened, in view of loading under
functional disturbances. This should be done by extend-
Keramiken spröde Restaurationsmaterialien. Obwohl aus
den klinischen Resultaten bislang keine eindeutige Emp-
fehlung für eine Mindeststärke abgeleitet werden konn-
te6,14,25, sollte eine Mindeststärke von 1,5 Millimetern im
Bereich der Fissur nicht unterschritten werden26 (Abb. 3).
Um die Umsetzung dieser Forderung während der Präpa-
ration abschätzen zu können, ist es möglich, zwi-
schenzeitlich mit einer Parodontalsonde die erreichte
Präparationstiefe zu kontrollieren. Alternativ kann der von
der Autorengruppe zu diesem Zweck entwickelte Dia-
mantschleifer mit Lasermarkierungen zur Kontrolle der
Eindringtiefe bei der Präparation angewendet werden
(Experten-Set 4562, Komet/Gebr. Brassler, Lemgo). Ist
die Tiefe im Bereich unter der Fissur nicht ausreichend,
besteht eine Alternative zur Vertiefung der gesamten
Präparation darin, im Bereich des Kavitätenbodens unter
der ehemaligen Zentralfissur zusätzlich Zahnhartsubstanz
mit einem runden Präparationsinstrument abzutragen –
schließlich ist bei adhäsiver Befestigung ein planer Kavitä-
tenboden nicht mehr erforderlich.
Für die Breite des okklusalen Isthmus gelten ähnliche Vor-
gaben wie für die okklusale Mindeststärke, hier werden
mindestens 2,5 Millimeter empfohlen (Abb. 4). Wird die
minimale Materialstärke im Bereich des Isthmus nicht
erreicht, sollte die Indikationsstellung hinterfragt werden
und geprüft, ob nicht im Einzelfall eine direkte Kompo-
sitrestauration vorteilhafter ist.
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 3 An occlusal minimum thickness of 1.5 mm should also
be complied with in the fissure region – especially with regard
to the stability of adhesive bonding.
Abb. 3 Eine okklusale Mindeststärke von 1,5 Millimetern
sollte – gerade im Hinblick auf die Stabilität bei der adhäsiven
Befestigung – auch im Fissurenbereich eingehalten werden.
Fig 4 An occlusal minimum width of 2.5 mm is required at
the narrowest place (isthmus) to avoid fracture of the inlay.
Abb. 4 Eine okklusale Mindestbreite von 2,5 Millimetern an
der engsten Stelle (Isthmus) ist erforderlich, um einen Bruch
des Inlays zu vermeiden.
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ing the restoration to make a partial crown.25,27,28 In the
present example, the planned ceramic inlay became a par-
tial crown (Fig 5). In this case, apart from taking into
account the actual material thickness of the remaining cav-
ity walls, it is also important to observe the future loading
of the structures while crushing food, in chewing move-
ments with food crushing (abrasion) and in chewing
movements without food crushing (attrition). Thus,
dynamic occlusion contacts on a narrow residual tooth
structure should be avoided.
The requirement for rounded transitions also applies for
the course of the cavity walls themselves (Fig 6). This
requirement results from the production process both in
conventional dental laboratory fabrication and when
using modern CAD/CAM milling techniques.
The requirements of avoiding acute angles in the restora-
tion material and the maintenance of a minimum wall
thickness of the ceramics also influence the design of the
preparation shape in the approximal region. Therefore,
slightly diverging, box-shaped preparations with restora-
tion margins which run out approximately at right angles
must be the goal.29 However, this also applies for the
remaining tooth structure, especially for the course of the
enamel prisms in the approximal region.
Sofern diese Vorgaben oder die Ausdehnung des Defektes
dazu führen, dass eine Mindestwandstärke von 1,5 bis
2 Millimetern unterschritten wird, erfordert dieses mit
Blick auf die Belastung unter Parafunktionen die Einkür-
zung des betreffenden Höckers bzw. der betreffenden
Kavitätenwand. Dies sollte in Form einer Ausdehnung der
Restauration auf eine Teilkrone erfolgen25,27,28. Im vor-
liegenden Beispiel wurde aus dem geplanten Keramikin-
lay eine Teilkrone (Abb. 5). Wichtig ist hierbei neben der
Berücksichtigung der eigentlichen Materialstärke der ver-
bleibenden Kavitätenwände auch die Beachtung der
zukünftigen Belastung der Strukturen bei der Nahrungs-
zerkleinerung, bei Kaubewegungen mit Nahrungszer-
kleinerung (Abrasion) und bei Kaubewegungen ohne
Nahrungszerkleinerung (Attrition). Hieraus ergibt sich die
Vorgabe, dass dynamische Okklusionskontakte auf einer
schmalen Restzahnhartsubstanz vermieden werden soll-
ten.
Die Maßgabe der abgerundeten Übergänge gilt auch für
den Verlauf der Kavitätenwände selbst (Abb. 6). Deren
Notwendigkeit ergibt sich aus dem Herstellungsprozess
sowohl bei herkömmlicher zahntechnischer Herstellung
als auch beim Einsatz moderner CAD/CAM-Frästechni-
ken.
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 5 In the case of residual wall thicknesses that are less than
1.5 to 2 mm, prophylactic shortening of the cusps is necessary
for stabilization.
Abb. 5 Bei Restwandstärken, die unterhalb von 1,5 Millime-
tern bis 2 Millimetern liegen, ist eine prophylaktische Höck-
ereinkürzung zur Stabilisierung notwendig.
Fig 6 Sharp transitions in the course of the preparation should
also be avoided occlusally, since with CAD/CAM inlays, the
cutter radius correction otherwise causes unwanted gaps.
Abb. 6 Spitze Übergänge im Präparationsverlauf sollten auch
okklusal vermieden werden, da bei CAD/CAM-gefrästen
Inlays die Fräserradiuskorrektur sonst unerwünschte Spalten
verursacht.
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The preparations with rounded shapes appearing to be
“simple” at first glance prove to be quite demanding when
implemented in practice (Fig 7), since no clear geometri-
cal references (edges and surfaces) can be recognized. For
this reason, depth marking and the use of preparation
instruments as “gauges” are also expedient (for example
when using a cylindrical bur, a depth mark in the sensi-
tive region of the isthmus is indicated). To avoid damage
to the neighboring tooth arising from concentrating on
the geometrically correct preparation, the adjacent tooth
can be protected with a steel separator. The actual shap-
ing of the approximal box walls should preferably be done
with a flame-shaped diamond bur or finisher. However,
this should be used only laterally, never on the box floor.
Alternatively, oscillating preparation instruments are quite
suitable for preparing the box walls (for example the
instruments designed by Burkart Hugo Sonicprep Ceram
No. 51 and 52, KaVo, Biberach, Germany).
The approximal extension of the preparation in this case
no longer follows Black’s original idea of “extension for
prevention”. Instead of this, the approximal margins
should be extended only so far that the cavity margins no
longer touch the neighboring tooth26 (Fig 8). This exten-
sion is indispensable for both conventional and also opti-
Die Vorgaben einer Vermeidung von spitzen Winkeln im
Restaurationsmaterial und die Aufrechterhaltung einer
Mindestwandstärke der Keramik geben auch die Gestal-
tung der Präparationsform im Approximalbereich vor.
Anzustreben sind daher leicht divergierende, kastenför-
mige Präparationen mit Restaurationsrändern, die in etwa
rechtwinklig auslaufen29. Dieses gilt allerdings auch für
die verbleibende Zahnhartsubstanz, speziell für den Ver-
lauf der Schmelzprismen im Approximalbereich.
Die auf den ersten Blick vermeintlich „einfachen“ Präpa-
rationen mit gerundeten Formen erweisen sich in der Pra-
xis als durchaus anspruchsvoll in der Umsetzung
(Abb. 7), da keine eindeutigen geometrischen Referen-
zen (Kanten und Flächen) zu erkennen sind. Aus diesem
Grund sind auch die Tiefenmarkierung und der Einsatz
von Präparationsinstrumenten als „Messlehren“ sinnvoll
(beispielsweise ist bei der Präparation mit einem zylin-
drischen Schleifer eine Tiefenmarkierung im sensiblen
Bereich des Isthmus angezeigt). Um zu vermeiden, dass
bei der Konzentration auf die geometrisch korrekte
Präparation Schäden am Nachbarzahn entstehen, kann
dieser mit einer Stahlmatrize geschützt werden. Die
eigentliche Ausformung der approximalen Kastenwän-
de erfolgt vorzugsweise mit einem flammenförmigen
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 7 The surface angle at the transition of the cavity to the
tooth surface should be around 90 degrees, this imparts high
strength to the ceramic and also to the tooth structure.
Abb. 7 Der Oberflächenwinkel am Übergang der Kavität zur
Zahnoberfläche sollte etwa 90° betragen, dies gibt der
Keramik und auch der Zahnhartsubstanz eine hohe Festigkeit.
Fig 8 A separation is required approximally to the extent that
contacts to the neighboring teeth are avoided – this facilitates
impression taking and later simplifies the removal of surpluses
in adhesive bonding.
Abb. 8 Approximal ist eine Separierung soweit erforderlich,
dass Kontakte zum Nachbarzahn vermieden werden – dies
ermöglicht die Abformung und erleichtert später die Entfer-
nung von Überschüssen bei der adhäsiven Befestigung.
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cal impression taking, and in adhesive bonding it enables
the careful removal of surpluses and covering with glyc-
erin gel30 as well as easy handling of these regions after
curing.31
With larger structural defects, it is expedient to fill these
with adhesively bonded buildup fillings. The subsequent
preparation can then be performed so that the optimum
thickness of the ceramic is achieved in all dimensions. This
assures that sufficient energy densities for light curing are
effective on the lower side of the ceramics in later adhe-
sive bonding. A further advantage of the use of adhesive
buildup fillings is that contamination is prevented by
dentin sealing in the first session; this leads to a lastingly
good adhesive bond between the dentin and the adhe-
sive buildup materials. All positive edges and corners are
rounded off optimally as a side effect. However, it remains
decisive with regard to the actual cavity preparation that
all restoration margins should lie in the region of the tooth
structure (Fig 9).
In the design of the marginal region, it is important to
avoid thinly tapering margins in ceramic restorations for
reasons of material strength. Acute-angled bevels known
from the classical preparation technique, especially
approximally, are therefore contraindicated29,31 (Fig 10).
Diamantschleifer oder -finierer. Dieser sollte aber nur
lateral eingesetzt werden, nie am Kastenboden. Alter-
nativ sind oszillierende Präparationsinstrumente für die
Ausarbeitung der Kastenwände gut geeignet (zum Bei-
spiel die von Burkart Hugo gestalteten Instrumente
Sonicprep Ceram Nr. 51 und 52, KaVo, Biberach).
Die approximale Extension der Präparation folgt dabei
nicht mehr dem ursprünglichen Blackschen Credo einer
„Extension for Prevention“. Stattdessen sollten die appro-
ximalen Ränder lediglich soweit extendiert werden, dass
die Kavitätenränder den Nachbarzahn nicht mehr
berühren26 (Abb. 8). Diese Ausdehnung ist für die Abform-
technik und auch für optische Aufnahmetechniken unver-
zichtbar und ermöglicht bei der adhäsiven Befestigung die
sorgfältige Überschussentfernung und Abdeckung mit
Glyceringel30 sowie nach der Aushärtung eine leichte Bear-
beitung dieser Bereiche31.
Bei größeren Substanzdefekten ist es sinnvoll, diese mit
adhäsiv befestigten Aufbaufüllungen aufzufüllen. Die
nachfolgende Präparation kann dann so erfolgen, dass
die optimale Stärke der Keramik in allen Dimensionen
erreicht wird. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass bei der
späteren adhäsiven Befestigung ausreichende Energie-
dichten für die Lichthärtung auf der Unterseite der Kera-
miken wirksam werden. Für adhäsive Aufbaufüllungen
spricht zudem, dass die hierfür erforderliche Dentinver-
siegelung in der ersten Sitzung eine Kontamination ver-
hindert und zudem zu einem dauerhaft guten Haftver-
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 9 Adhesive buildup fillings may also not cover the enamel
margin, if necessary the enamel margins must therefore be
exposed again.
Abb. 9 Auch adhäsive Aufbaufüllungen dürfen den
Schmelzrand nicht bedecken, gegebenenfalls müssen die
Schmelzränder daher wieder freigelegt werden.
Fig 10 All preparation margins should be finished, without
creating bevels.
Abb. 10 Sämtliche Präparationsränder sollten finiert werden,
ohne dabei Federränder anzulegen.
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Modified preparation technique for
ceramic partial crowns
As mentioned above, when the required minimum wall
thicknesses are not reached, the affected cavity wall
should be shortened in dubious cases. Cusps should be
shortened when the minimum thicknesses of around
1.5 mm tooth structure is not maintained, if the prepara-
tion reaches occlusally up to the cusp tip, or in the case
of occlusal contacts in dynamic occlusion giving rise to
fears of flexural loading of the remaining residual tooth
structure (Fig 11).
With regard to the approximal extension of the prepa-
ration, especially when replacing amalgam restorations,
an extension of the defects beyond the enamel (which
is relatively narrow at such sites) into the dentin often
already exists. Provided it is possible to keep the area
dry with a rubber-dam during later adhesive bonding,
such a spatially limited dentin margin does not represent
a problem in treatment with indirect ceramic restorations
(Fig 12).
As in the preparation for ceramic inlays, introduction of
an adhesive buildup filling is also expedient in prepara-
tion for treatment with ceramic partial crowns, to com-
pensate for especially deep defects (Fig 13). In this way,
not only is the unnecessary removal of otherwise over-
hanging tooth parts avoided, but it is also assured that
the material thickness of the later indirect ceramic restora-
bund zwischen dem Dentin und dem adhäsiven Aufbau-
material führt. Als Nebeneffekt werden alle positiven Kan-
ten und Ecken optimal abgerundet. Hinsichtlich der
eigentlichen Kavitätenpräparation bleibt allerdings ent-
scheidend, dass alle Restaurationsränder im Bereich der
Zahnhartsubstanz liegen sollten (Abb. 9).
Bei der Gestaltung des Randbereiches sollte beachtet wer-
den, dass dünn auslaufende Ränder bei Keramikrestau-
rationen aus materialkundlichen Gründen zu vermeiden
sind. Aus der klassischen Präparationstechnik bekannte
spitzwinklige Abschrägungen und Federränder, zumal
approximal, sind daher kontraindiziert29,31 (Abb. 10).
Modifizierte Präparationstechnik für
Keramikteilkronen
Aus den Vorgaben für die Präparation von Keramikinlays
hat sich bereits ergeben, dass bei einem Unterschreiten
der erforderlichen Mindestwandstärken im Zweifelsfall
die betreffende Kavitätenwand eingekürzt werden sollte.
Das Einkürzen von Höckern ist bei einem Unterschreiten
der Mindeststärke von etwa 1,5 Millimetern Zahnhart-
substanz erforderlich, wenn die Präparation okklusal bis
an die Höckerspitze heranreicht oder bei Okklusionskon-
takten in dynamischer Okklusion, die eine Biegebelastung
der verbleibenden Restzahnhartsubstanz befürchten las-
sen (Abb. 11).
9
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 11 Both the remaining cusp parts as well as the ceramic
restoration material require a minimum thickness of 2 mm.
Abb. 11 Sowohl die verbleibenden Höckeranteile als auch das
keramische Restaurationsmaterial benötigen eine Mindest-
stärke von 2 Millimetern.
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tion remains as uniform as possible (Fig 14). Especially
with regard to the necessary energy density for light poly-
merization under the ceramic restoration, this procedure
is helpful and represents an additional measure of cer-
tainty. A maximum thickness of the ceramic restoration
on the occlusal surface of 3 mm and an approximal ver-
tical dimension of maximum 6 mm are recommended as
reference points in purely light-initiated polymerization of
the bonding composite; of course, the opacity of the
ceramic used is decisive (Fig 15).
Provided both cusps have to be shortened, it is essential
to achieve a comparatively “round” preparation. The
“ideal” preparation form based on the material repre-
sents a small revolution in comparison to the classical
preparation technique for restoring with metal restora-
tions and classical luting cements (Fig 16). However, it
has been shown in practice that such a preparation shape
is indeed optimal for the later adhesive bonding of the
ceramic restoration, but at the same time only the pos-
sibility of adhesive bonding permits its use for the provi-
sional restoration. Since this in turn is undesirable in terms
of contaminating the surface of the tooth structures, the
compromise results in designing the occlusal boxes so
Hinsichtlich der approximalen Ausdehnung der Präpara-
tion ist speziell bei einer Zweitversorgung von Zähnen,
die mit Amalgamfüllungen behandelt wurden, häufig
bereits eine Ausdehnung der Defekte bis über den – dort
relativ schmalen – Schmelz hinaus ins Dentin gegeben.
Sofern bei der späteren adhäsiven Befestigung eine siche-
re Trockenlegung mit Kofferdam möglich ist, stellt ein der-
artiger, räumlich begrenzter Dentinrand bei der Behand-
lung mit indirekten Keramikrestaurationen kein Problem
dar (Abb. 12).
Wie bei der Präparation für Keramikinlays ist auch bei
der Präparation für die Behandlung mit Keramikteilkro-
nen das Einbringen einer adhäsiven Aufbaufüllung sinn-
voll, um besonders tiefe Defekte auszugleichen
(Abb. 13). Dadurch wird einerseits die unnötige Entfer-
nung ansonsten überhängender Zahnanteile vermieden
und zugleich sichergestellt, dass die Materialstärke der
späteren indirekten Keramikrestauration möglichst ein-
heitlich bleibt (Abb. 14). Speziell im Hinblick auf die not-
wendige Energiedichte unter der Keramikrestauration bei
der Lichtpolymerisation ist dieses Vorgehen hilfreich und
stellt ein zusätzliches Sicherheitsmerkmal dar. Als
Anhaltspunkte sind dabei eine Maximalstärke der Kera-
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 12 The preparation margins should
end approximally in the enamel if possi-
ble; in dentin-limited preparation mar-
gins, a durable bond is possible only
with optimum control of moisture.
Abb. 12 Approximal sollten die Präpa-
rationsränder nach Möglichkeit im
Schmelz enden; bei dentinbegrenzten
Präparationsgrenzen ist ein dauerhafter
Verbund nur bei optimaler Feuchtigkeits-
kontrolle möglich.
Fig 13 Large defects and undercut
areas should not remain untreated.
Abb. 13 Große Defekte und Unter-
schnitte sollten nicht unbehandelt
bleiben, ...
Fig 14 Large defects and undercut
areas should be covered with a dentin-
adhesive buildup filling.
Abb. 14 ... sondern mittels einer
dentinadhäsiven Aufbaufüllung
abgedeckt werden.
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that sufficient macroretention is possible for fastening the
provisional restoration; moreover, clear fixing of the later
definitive restoration in the final position is assured. A
parallel.walled isthmus for improving the retention is not
required due to adhesive bonding, for undesirable loss-
es of tooth structure are caused by this, and stress-free
insertion is not possible (Fig 17).
The restoration margins should in any event be prepared
with retention of obtuse transition angles. Oval grinding
instruments, which were originally developed for shaping
the palatinal surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth, have
proven themselves as useful preparation instruments
(Fig 18).
When shaping the cavity floor in the region of the former
fissures, it is important to remove sufficient tooth struc-
ture under the fissures to assure a uniform restoration
thickness in that area region as well (Figs 19 and 20).
mikrestauration auf der Okklusalfläche von 3 Millime-
tern und eine approximale Vertikaldimension von maxi-
mal 6 Millimetern bei rein lichtinitiierter Polymerisation
des Befestigungskomposites empfehlenswert; entschei-
dend ist dabei die Opazität der jeweiligen Keramik
(Abb. 15).
Sofern beide Höcker eingekürzt werden müssen, ergibt
sich aus den beschriebenen Anforderungen die Regel,
dass auch hier eine vergleichsweise „runde“ Präparati-
on anzustreben ist. Die materialkundlich eigentlich
„ideale“ Präparationsform stellt dabei im Vergleich zur
klassischen Präparationstechnik zur Versorgung mit
metallenen Restaurationen und klassischen Befesti-
gungszementen eine kleine „Revolution“ dar (Abb. 16).
In der Praxis hat sich dabei allerdings gezeigt, dass eine
derartige Präparationsform zwar für die spätere adhäsi-
ve Befestigung der Keramikrestauration optimal ist,
gleichzeitig allerdings auch für die provisorische Versor-
gung nur die Möglichkeit einer adhäsiven Befestigung
zulässt. Da dieses wiederum im Hinblick auf die Vermei-
dung einer Kontamination der Oberfläche der Zahn-
hartsubstanzen unerwünscht ist, ergibt sich in der Praxis
der Kompromiss, den okklusalen Kasten so zu gestalten,
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 15 When purely light-curing bonding composites are
used, the ceramic material thickness should be a maximum of
3 mm occlusally and 6 mm approximally (the opacity of the
ceramic used in each case is decisive).
Abb. 15 Die Keramik-Materialstärke sollte bei der Verwen-
dung von rein lichthärtenden Befestigungskompositen
okklusal maximal 3 Millimeter und approximal 6 Millimeter
betragen (entscheidend ist die Opazität der jeweils eingesetz-
ten Keramik).
Fig 16 A parallel-walled isthmus for improving retention is
not required in adhesive bonding, for it causes unwanted loss-
es of tooth structure and leads to insertion not free of stress.
Abb. 16 Ein parallelwandiger Isthmus zur Verbesserung der
Retention ist bei der adhäsiven Befestigung nicht erforderlich,
verursacht zudem unerwünschte Zahnhartsubstanzverluste
und führt zu einer nicht spannungsfreien Eingliederung.
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Discussion
In the past, attempts to increase the stability of ceramic
posterior tooth restorations mainly focused on improving
the material properties and the adhesive bonding tech-
niques. The greater durability of the currently used den-
tal ceramics demonstrates the success of these develop-
ments.5,7-12,25
However, the influence of cavity design on the treatment
result was given less attention. The traditional require-
ments for cavity design were oriented to the restoration
of posterior teeth with indirect posterior tooth restora-
tions made of (precious) metals, which were bonded with
zinc phosphate cements. The requirement for improving
the retention of the cast restoration in the cavity or on the
stump was – and still is – that the preparation surfaces
should be designed as parallel as possible to achieve a
clamping fit, and thus relatively sharp cavity angles had
to be accepted. The restoration margins were also beveled
as far as possible to obtain the geometrical reduction of
the gap width of the marginal joint filled with compara-
tively brittle luting cement.3,32
By reference to the properties of adhesive bonding and
the available data on the influence of the preparation
dass eine hinreichende Makroretention für die Befesti-
gung der provisorischen Restauration möglich wird und
darüber hinaus eine eindeutige Lagefixierung der späte-
ren definitiven Restauration in der festgelegten Endpo-
sition sichergestellt ist. Ein parallelwandiger Isthmus zur
Verbesserung der Retention ist infolge der adhäsiven
Befestigung nicht erforderlich, denn dadurch werden
unerwünschte Zahnhartsubstanzverluste verursacht und
eine spannungsfreie Eingliederung ist nicht möglich
(Abb. 17).
Die Präparation der Restaurationsränder sollte in jedem
Fall unter der Einhaltung stumpfer Übergangswinkel
erfolgen. Hierfür haben sich als rationelle Präparationsin-
strumente eiförmige Schleifinstrumente gut bewährt, die
ehemals für die Gestaltung der Palatinalflächen oberer
Frontzähne entwickelt wurden (Abb. 18).
Bei der Gestaltung des Kavitätenbodens im Bereich der
ehemaligen Fissuren ist dabei zu berücksichtigen, dass
auch unter den Fissuren genügend Zahnhartsubstanz ent-
fernt wird, um eine gleichmäßige Restaurationsstärke,
auch im Bereich der ehemaligen Fissuren, sicherzustellen
(Abb. 19 und 20).
12
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 17 A shallow hollow would be more favorable for later
adhesive bonding. However, the complete lack of an isthmus
makes reliable provisional restoration and positioning of the
partial crown in adhesive bonding more difficult.
Abb. 17 Für die spätere adhäsive Befestigung wäre eine seichte
Mulde günstiger; das völlige Fehlen eines Isthmus erschwert
allerdings die zuverlässige provisorische Versorgung und die
Positionierung der Teilkrone bei der adhäsiven Befestigung.
Fig 18 The entire preparation margin should end at an angle
as close as possible to 90 degrees because of the material
properties of the ceramic; however, the enamel prisms should
be broken discreetly.
Abb. 18 Der gesamte Präparationsrand sollte aufgrund der
Materialeigenschaften der Keramik in einem Winkel möglichst
nahe 90° enden; die Schmelzprimen sollten allerdings dezent
gebrochen sein.
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shapes on the susceptibility to fracture, it becomes clear
that the requirements for the preparations of adhesively
bonded indirect ceramic restorations must be fundamen-
tally different: The requirement of parallel walls applies
only with restrictions, the interior angles must be round-
ed without exception, and pronounced bevels of the
preparation margins are contraindicated – otherwise
acute-angled restoration margins are generated. These
are tenable in restorations made of (precious) metals in
the region not loaded by chewing, but not in ceramic
restorations. However, when designing the margins,
adhesive bonding requires strict observation of the direc-
tion in which the enamel prisms run, to avoid cutting
unsupported enamel prisms and thus the later disinte-
gration of the margins.11
A further requirement is that when bonding composites
which are solely light-curing, the material thickness of the
restoration material must be limited so far that sufficient
light energy can be guaranteed on the bottom of the
ceramic restoration with commercially available polymer-
ization lamps. As an alternative, the dentist should employ
dual-curing luting composites.9
With the preparation technique presented in this article,
cavity shapes are also achieved that enable production of
Diskussion
In der Vergangenheit lag der Fokus innerhalb der unter-
schiedlichen Möglichkeiten, die Stabilität der keramischer
Seitenzahnrestaurationen zu erhöhen, auf der Verbesse-
rung der Materialeigenschaften und der adhäsiven Befe-
stigungstechnologien. Die bessere Haltbarkeit der aktu-
ell verwendeten Dentalkeramiken demonstriert den
Erfolg dieser Entwicklungen5,7-12,25.
Im Vergleich dazu wurde als dritter Faktor der Einfluss der
Kavitätengestaltung auf das Behandlungsergebnis wenig
beachtet. Die traditionellen Vorgaben für die Kavitäten-
gestaltung orientierten sich an der Versorgung von Sei-
tenzähnen mit indirekten Seitenzahnrestaurationen aus
(Edel-)Metallen, die mit Zinkphosphatzementen befestigt
wurden. Zur Verbesserung der Retention der Gussre-
stauration in der Kavität bzw. auf dem Stumpf galt – und
gilt immer noch – die Vorgabe, die Präparationsflächen
zur Erzielung einer Klemmpassung möglichst parallel zu
gestalten und damit relativ scharfe Kavitätenwinkel in
Kauf zu nehmen. Zur geometrischen Verringerung der
Spaltbreite, der mit vergleichsweise sprödem Befesti-
gungszement gefüllten Randfuge, wurden zudem die
Restaurationsränder nach Möglichkeit abgeschrägt3,32.
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Fig 19 Completely flat cusp shortenings indeed reduce the
restoration margins, but the ceramic restoration material is too
thin in the region of the fissures. The reduction should there-
fore basically follow the outer shape of the tooth.
Abb. 19 Völlig plane Höckereinkürzungen verkürzen zwar die
Restaurationsränder, im Bereich der Fissuren resultiert daraus
allerdings eine zu geringe Stärke des keramischen Restaura-
tionsmaterials, die Reduzierung sollte daher grundsätzlich der
ursprünglichen äußeren Form des Zahnes folgen.
Fig 20 Curved preparation margins also create sufficient
space in the region of the fissures for the ceramic restoration
material and unnecessary removal of structure under the cusp
tips can be avoided.
Abb. 20 Geschwungene Präparationsränder schaffen auch im
Bereich der Fissuren ausreichend Platz für das keramische
Restaurationsmaterial und es kann ein unnötiger Substanzab-
trag unter den Höckerspitzen vermieden werden.
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accurately fitting (glass) ceramic restorations according to
the CAD/CAM method with narrower adhesive joints.
The bonding composite in the joint region of the ceram-
ic restorations is exposed to wear by mastication.5,8,13,33
It is still unclear to what extent the degree of filling of the
bonding composite influences the long-term behavior of
all-ceramic inlays or partial crowns.8
The long-term clinical role of the polymerization mode of
the bonding composite used has yet to be fully elucidat-
ed.25,34,35 However, against this background, a reduction
of the adhesive joint by optimized preparation shapes or
a buildup filling corresponding to the described require-
ments is expedient for creating the best possible precon-
ditions for the success of the selected bonding technolo-
gy.
The procedure described by the present authors can be
well understood by its graphic illustration and should rep-
resent a guideline for the structurally changed procedure
in preparation for adhesively luted ceramic inlays and par-
tial crowns. The instruments developed especially for this
simplify the practical procedure and facilitate its controlled
implementation in practice (Figs 21a and 21b). The pro-
cedure and the premises forming the basis of the prepa-
ration deviate structurally from the classical preparation
technique for metal inlays and partial crowns with classi-
cal “cementing”. However, the comparatively “simple”
Anhand der Eigenschaften der adhäsiven Befestigung
und den vorliegenden Daten zum Einfluss der Präpara-
tionsformen auf die Frakturanfälligkeit wird deutlich,
dass die Vorgaben für die Präparationen adhäsiv befe-
stigter indirekter Keramikrestaurationen fundamental
anders sein müssen: Die Forderung paralleler Wände gilt
nur noch eingeschränkt, die Innenwinkel müssen zwin-
gend abgerundet sein und dezidierte Abschrägungen
der Präparationsränder sind kontraindiziert – andernfalls
werden spitzwinklige Restaurationsränder erzeugt, die
zwar bei Restaurationen aus (Edel-)Metallen im nicht
kaubelasteten Bereich haltbar sind, bei Keramikrestau-
rationen jedoch nicht. Die adhäsive Befestigung erfor-
dert bei der Gestaltung der Ränder allerdings die strik-
te Beachtung der Verlaufsrichtung der Schmelzprismen,
um den Anschnitt nicht abgestützter Schmelzprismen
und damit die spätere Desintegration der Ränder zu ver-
meiden11.
Eine weitere Vorgabe besteht darin, bei der Beschränkung
auf Befestigungskomposite, die allein durch Lichtinitiati-
on aushärten, die Materialstärke des Restaurationsmate-
rials soweit zu begrenzen, dass mit handelsüblichen Poly-
merisationslampen die hinreichenden Lichtleistungen auf
der Unterseite der Keramikrestauration gewährleistet
werden. Alternativ sollte der Behandler auf dualhärtende
Befestigungskomposite ausweichen9.
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
Figs 21a and b The preparation set for the controlled implementation of the preparation techniques described was developed
jointly by the authors.
Abb. 21a und b Das Präparationsset für die kontrollierte Umsetzung der beschriebenen Präparationstechniken wurde von der
Autorengruppe gemeinsam entwickelt.
ab
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shapes of the adhesive preparation require at least as
much professional qualification, concentration, skill and
time as conventional preparations. The procedure
described is consciously standardized, structured and
therefore reproducible, thus contributing to clinical qual-
ity assurance.
It should not be underestimated that teeth which have
been prepared according to the criteria described above
enable a clear interpretation of optical impressions or clas-
sical model-based impressions. This in turn creates a basis
for the work sequence in the manufacture of the restora-
tions, in which the described preparation shapes are espe-
cially well-suited for producing ceramic restorations that
can be inserted accurately and free of stress. IJCD
IJCD
References
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Mit der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Präparationstech-
nik werden zudem Kavitätenformen erreicht, die eine
Herstellung von möglichst passgenauen (glas-) kerami-
schen Restaurationen nach dem CAD/CAM-Verfahren
mit schmaleren Klebefugen ermöglichen. Das Befesti-
gungskomposit im Fugenbereich der Keramikrestauratio-
nen ist dem Verschleiß durch die Kaubelastung ausge-
setzt5,8,13,33. Noch ist unklar, inwieweit der Füllungsgrad
des Befestigungskomposites das Langzeitverhalten von
vollkeramischen Inlays bzw. Teilkronen beeinflusst8.
Auch ist nicht vollständig untersucht, ob der verwendete
Polymerisationsmodus des Befestigungskomposites kli-
nisch langfristig eine Rolle spielt25,34,35. Vor diesem Hin-
tergrund ist allerdings eine Verkleinerung der Klebefuge
durch optimierte Präparationsformen bzw. eine den
beschriebenen Vorgaben entsprechende Aufbaufüllung
sinnvoll, um bestmögliche Voraussetzungen für den Erfolg
der gewählten Befestigungstechnologie zu schaffen.
Die von den Autoren in diesem Beitrag beschriebene Vor-
gehensweise ist durch ihre grafische Illustration gut nach-
vollziehbar und soll einen Leitfaden für die strukturell ver-
änderte Vorgehensweise bei der Präparation für adhäsiv
zu befestigende Keramikinlays und -teilkronen darstellen.
Die eigens dafür entwickelten Instrumente erleichtern das
praktische Vorgehen und ermöglichen dessen kontrol-
lierte Umsetzung in der Praxis (Abb. 21a und b). Aus der
Darstellung ergibt sich, dass die Vorgehensweise und die
Prämissen, die der Präparation zugrunde liegen, struktu-
rell von der klassischen Präparationstechnik für die
Restauration mit metallenen Inlays und Teilkronen unter
klassischer „Zementierung“ abweichen. Die vergleichs-
weise „einfach“ anmutenden Formen der Adhäsivpräpa-
ration erfordern allerdings mindestens ebenso viel fachli-
che Qualifikation, Konzentration, Geschick und Zeit wie
herkömmliche Präparationen. Als Beitrag zur klinischen
Qualitätssicherung ist das geschilderte Vorgehen dabei
bewusst normiert, strukturiert und daher gut nachvoll-
ziehbar.
Nicht zu unterschätzen ist, dass Zähne, die nach den oben
beschriebenen Kriterien präpariert wurden eine eindeuti-
ge Interpretation der lichtoptischen oder mittels klassi-
scher Modellherstellung gewonnenen Abformungen
ermöglichen. Dies wiederum schafft eine Grundlage in
der zahntechnischen Prozesskette, wobei die beschriebe-
nen Präparationsformen in besonderem Maße dafür
geeignet sind, passgenau und spannungsfrei eingeglie-
derte Keramikrestaurationen zu ermöglichen. IJCD
IJCD
15
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
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cepts based on stress distribution analysis. Compend Con-
tin Educ Dent 2000;21:649-652, 654; quiz 656.
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24. Esquivel-Upshaw JF, Anusavice KJ, Yang MC, Lee RB. Frac-
ture resistance of all-ceramic and metal-ceramic inlays. Int
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International Journal of Computerized Dentistry 2009; 12: 000–000
PD Dr med dent M. Oliver Ahlers
1982: Began study of dentistry in Hamburg, scholarship
from the Friedrich Naumann Stiftung
1987: Internships in Boston and New York
1988: State exams (Hamburg, Germany) and license to
practice
1992: Doctorate at Hamburg University (Experimental stud-
ies on the prevention of cleft lips and palates), Germany
1996: Prize for meeting’s best from the German Society
of Functional Diagnostics and Therapy for the develop-
ment of a documentation system for clinical functional
diagnoses (with Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
1997: Assistant medical director
2001: Prize for meeting’s best from the German Society
of Functional Diagnostics and Therapy for the develop-
ment of a diagnostic scheme for clinical functional diag-
noses (with Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
2001: General Secretary of the German Society of Func-
tional Diagnostics and Therapy (DGFDT)
2003: Instructor at the Department of Restorative and
Preventive Dentistry, Hamburg-Eppendorf
2004: Postdoctoral qualification (Habilitation) on the
intraoral repair of tooth colored composites, venia legen-
di, nomination as Associate Professor
2004: Deputy medical director of the Department of
Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Hamburg-Eppendorf
2005: Foundation and dentistry head of the CMD, Ham-
burg-Eppendorf
2005: Appointment as „Specialist for functional diagnos-
tics and therapy of the DGFDT“
2008: Prize for meeting’s best from the German Society
of Functional Diagnostics and Therapy for the develop-
ment of an electronic condylar position measuring system
(with K. Vahle-Hinz, A. Rybczynski and Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
PD Dr. med. dent. M. Oliver Ahlers
1982: Studium der Zahnmedizin in Hamburg, Stipendi-
um der Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung
1987: Auslandsfamulaturen in Boston und New York
1988: Staatsexamen und Approbation in Hamburg
1992: Promotion an der Universität Hamburg
1996: Tagungsbestpreis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Funktionsdiagnostik und -therapie für die Entwicklung
eines Dokumentationssystems für klinische Funktionsbe-
funde (mit Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
1997: Oberarzt
2001: Tagungsbestpreis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Funktionsdiagnostik und -therapie für die Entwicklung
eines Diagnoseschemas für die klinische Funktionsanaly-
se (mit Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
2001: Generalsekretär der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Funktionsdiagnostik und -therapie
2003: Lehrverantwortung für die Poliklinik für Zahner-
haltungskunde und Präventive Zahnheilkunde
2004: Habilitation für das Fach Zahn-, Mund und Kiefer-
heilkunde über die "Intraorale Reparatur zahnfarbener
Composite", Venia legendi, Ernennung zum Priv.-Doz.
2004: Stellvertretender ärztlicher Leiter der Poliklinik für
Zahnerhaltungskunde und Präventive Zahnheilkunde
2005: Gründung und zahnärztliche Leitung des CMD-
Centrums Hamburg-Eppendorf
2005: Ernennung zum „Spezialisten für Funktionsdia-
gnostik und -therapie der DGFDT“
2008: Tagungsbestpreis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Funktionsdiagnostik und -therapie für die Entwicklung
eines elektronischen Kondylenpositionsmesssystems (mit
K. Vahle-Hinz, A. Rybczynski und Prof. Dr. Jakstat)
Address/Adresse:Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. dent. M. Oliver Ahlers, CMD-Centrum Hamburg-
Eppendorf, Falkenried 88, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,
E-Mail: Oliver.Ahlers@cmd-centrum.de, www.cmd-centrum.de
... This applies equally to chairside work and CAD/CAM restorations [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, clinical problems still lie in the technique sensitivity of the adhesive systems [7][8][9]; the selection of the polymerization mode of the adhesive and luting composite [10][11][12]; and an accurate, ceramic-compatible preparation with smooth cavity geometries avoiding tensile forces in ceramics [12]. The latter depends not only on the tooth structure that can be adhesively stabilized but also on the extent of dentin caries to be excavated. ...
... This applies equally to chairside work and CAD/CAM restorations [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, clinical problems still lie in the technique sensitivity of the adhesive systems [7][8][9]; the selection of the polymerization mode of the adhesive and luting composite [10][11][12]; and an accurate, ceramic-compatible preparation with smooth cavity geometries avoiding tensile forces in ceramics [12]. The latter depends not only on the tooth structure that can be adhesively stabilized but also on the extent of dentin caries to be excavated. ...
Article
Full-text available
(1) The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the handling of proximal-cervical undermined enamel margins on the adhesive performance of differently fabricated and differently cemented ceramic inlays and partial crowns (2) Methods: 192 extracted third molars received MOD (n = 96) and partial crown (n = 96) preparations. A mesial 2 × 2 × 4 mm cervical groove was created in dentin to simulate a deeper (dentin) caries excavation. This dentin groove was either left (G/groove), filled with composite (F/filling), or completely removed (D/dentin). Distal proximal boxes did not receive a groove and served as controls within the same tooth. Labside (e.max Press) restorations additionally went through a temporary phase. Labside and chairside (e.max CAD) inlays and partial crowns were then adhesively luted with Syntac/Variolink Esthetic (SV) or Adhese Universal/Variolink Esthetic (AV). Initially, and again after thermomechanical loading (TML: 1 million cycles at 50 N, 25,000 thermocycles at 5 °C/55 °C), specimens were molded and the resulting 24 groups of epoxy replicas (n = 8) were gold-sputtered and examined for marginal gaps using scanning electron microscopy (200× magnification). Light microscopy (10× magnification) was used to measure proximal cervical crack propagation in adjacent enamel. (3) Results: Regardless of the adhesive system, D groups generally showed significantly lower marginal quality (79–88%; p < 0.05), with the universal adhesive performing better than the multi-step adhesive system (p < 0.05). Subgroups G and F were similar in marginal quality (94–98%; p > 0.05) and not worse than the controls (p > 0.05) regardless of the adhesive system, but showed less cracking in F than in G (p < 0.05). In general, fewer cracks were observed in chairside CAD/CAM restorations than in laboratory-fabricated restorations (p < 0.05). Partial crowns showed better marginal quality (96–98%) and less cracking than inlays (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: If the dentin level is lower than the enamel level in ceramic preparations after caries excavation in the proximal box, the resulting undermined enamel should not be removed. In terms of enamel integrity, partial crowns outperformed inlays.
... All teeth were prepared for a partial ceramic crown or a multi-surface ceramic inlay according to the guidelines for ceramic restorations [12]. Except for the DME area, all surfaces of the preparation margins were placed within the dental hard tissues. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: This prospective clinical trial evaluated periodontal parameters at proximal deep-margin-elevation (DME) restoration margins 2 years after placement and compared them with baseline values and with supra-gingival/equigingival margins (control) on the opposite proximal surface of the same tooth. Methods: One-sided subgingival proximal defects in (pre-)molars were restored using composite DME and CAD/ CAM-manufactured lithium disilicate partial restorations. Periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depths (PD), plaque index (PI)) were recorded after ceramic insertion (baseline) and at 2-year follow-up, and compared between DME and control (Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.05). Results: Sixty-eight patients with 77 restorations were included; 51 patients with 57 restorations were re-evaluated at 2 years. Two restorations were replaced (ceramic fracture, secondary caries), and one tooth developed apical periodontitis. Periodontal parameters were not significantly different at baseline. After 2 years, BOP increased significantly at the DME (p adj. = 0.010), but not at controls (p adj. = 0.517); but BOP was not significantly different between DME and control (p adj. = 0.110). PD was significantly higher in DME vs. control (p adj. = 0.015), but remained stable in both groups over the 2-year period (DME: p adj. = 0.171, control: p adj. = 0.517). PI increased significantly in both groups (p adj. < 0.001), but did not differ between both sides (p adj. = 0.341). Conclusion: Proximal DME was associated with increased gingival inflammation at 2-year recall compared to baseline. Clinical significance: DME is a promising approach for restoring teeth with deep proximal defects, but proximal DME is associated with increased gingival inflammation. The periodontal situation remains stable after the first year of placement.
... The main issue with deep proximal boxes when bonding ceramic restorations is that moisture control can pose a challenge, as the placement of rubber dams can be difficult [5,9,29,57]. For this problem to be solved, DME can be performed with a restorative material to facilitate the placement of rubber dams and adhesive luting [10]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: This computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermocycling on deep margin elevation relocation of subgingival cavity outlines in 80 molar teeth using advanced lithium disilicate ceramic. Material/Methods: Eighty mandibular molar teeth were prepared for deep margin elevation below the cementoenamel junction. The following types of restorations were subsequently applied to each group: glass ionomer filling, bulk-fill flow-able resin composite, bioactive resin composite, and nanohybrid resin composite. Full-coverage crowns with standardized preparation and a shoulder finish line were prepared to receive CAD/CAM-milled advanced lithium disilicate crowns. Samples were examined at 6 equidistant points via digital microscope on each proximal surface at the restoration-tooth and crown-restoration interfaces before and after thermocycling for 15 000 cycles. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, at a level of significance of 0.05. Results: The vertical marginal gap was significantly higher after aging and was the highest for glass ionomer filling, 9.091 (±1.147) and 9.936 (±6.376) µm, followed by nanohybrid resin composite, 3.59 (±1.03) and 3.87 (±0.97) µm, bioactive resin composite, 3.17 (±0.81) and 2.59 (±0.21) µm, and bulk-fill flowable resin composite, 1.89 (±0.60) and 2.42 (±0.64) µm, at the cervical and apical interfaces, respectively. Conclusions: Thermocycling significantly changed the marginal adaptation of all restorative materials. Highest values for marginal adaptation were recorded in the glass ionomer filling group, followed by nanohybrid composite and bio-active resin groups, whereas lowest values were recorded among the bulk-fill flowable resin composite group at cervical and apical interfaces.
... Es importante tomar en cuenta que dependiendo de la aplicación clínica final que se tenga del modelo deberán tomarse en cuenta algunas consideraciones especiales 13 . Algunos estudios muestran que existen limitaciones para poder registrar ángulos agudos y donde sugieren realizar terminaciones redondeadas y lisas para facilitar primeramente su registro 14 . La resolución de la impresión del modelo 3D también juega un rol importante en la obtención de un modelo digital 15 . ...
Article
Introducción: el uso de escáneres intraorales en la Odontología ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, principalmente por la eliminación del uso de materiales de impresión, pero sobre todo por la velocidad y comodidad en la obtención de los registros. Objetivo: dar a conocer la comparación de dos métodos convencionales de impresión (alginato y polivinilsiloxano) y el escaneado intraoral para determinar si existen discrepancias en tamaño. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, prospectivo transversal donde se seleccionaron 15 pacientes (9 Masculinos, 6 Femeninos) de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Tecnológica de México. Para cada paciente se realizaron tomas de modelos de estudio con tres diferentes métodos. Método 1: impresión con alginato; Método 2: impresión con polivinilsiloxano; Método 3: escaneo intraoral. Posteriormente, con los Métodos 1 y 2 se obtuvieron modelos de yeso, y con el Método 3 se imprimieron los modelos 3D. Con un vernier digital se midieron manualmente los modelos en cinco distancias transversales y se analizaron los resultados con anova para muestras independientes (p>0.05). Resultados: no existen diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las distancias intercanina superior e inferior, primer premolar superior e inferior, segundo premolar superior e inferior, primer molar superior e inferior, segundo molar superior e inferior en Método 1, Método 2 y Método 3. Conclusiones: El sistema de escaneo intraoral en conjunto con la tecnología de impresión 3D es un sistema confiable para poder reproducir las discrepancias transversales de las medidas de los maxilares dentales, sin embargo, dependiendo de su uso final deberán tomarse en cuenta otros factores como el tipo de tecnología de impresión 3D para su correcta aplicación clínica.
... Saridag et al and Bedair et al (25,26) Similar setting was used in the present study as well to apply thermo cycling challenge to prepared occlusal veneer specimens in addition to using natural human teeth to have the closest clinical relevance to conditions occurring within the oral environment. Also, the preparation design of teeth was determined based on the guidelines for minimal invasive partial coverage ceramic restorations protocol suggested by Ahlers et al and Kern el al (27,28) Using high strength ceramic material for the fabrication of ultrathin occlusal veneers is crucial for restoration success and long-term performance. CAD-CAM lithium disilicate ceramic blocks were used due to their high mechanical properties and high rates of survival reported before. ...
... Additional advantages of employing CAD/CAM systems include technological advancements that have made it possible to minimize the shrinking process of the materials to be scanned while simultaneously improving patient convenience [15,16]. Similarly, the geometry of the intraoral scanner's light bulb has also been altered and reduced, making it more comfortable for its purpose, that is; the ratio of the apex bulb has been adjusted, allowing the scanner to detect all but the most demanding dental features with this system, notably the posterior teeth [17,18]. The images acquired from the scan consume significantly less time than analog impressions [3], allowing the dental or technical team to identify errors and limitations at each step and correct them in CAD/CAM systems, where the scanner models, system software, and manufacturing machines are perfectly coordinated [19]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose of the study The goal behind this study is to answer the question “In tooth-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs), does the digital impression techniques compared to fabrications using conventional impression methods improve the marginal and internal fit? Background The incorporation of digital technology in the fabrication of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) has accelerated over the past decade. This study is directed at evaluating the marginal and internal fit of FPDs manufactured using digital approaches compared to conventional techniques. The need for updated data has encouraged this review. Materials and methods An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Grey Database to identify relevant studies. The Modified Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used to assess the risk of bias in in vitro experiments. The key results of this meta-analysis were the standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each main variance, marginal fit, and internal fit between the digital and conventional techniques. Additional analyses were performed to assess the significance of three subgroup parameters: method of digitalization, cement spacer thickness, and span length, and their influence on the fit of the FPDs. Results Based on predefined criteria, of the seven articles included in this systematic review, only five were selected for the quantitative data analysis. The marginal fit results were ( P = 0.06; SMD: -1.88; 95% CI: − 3.88, 0.11) ( P > 0.05) and the internal fit results were ( P = 0.02; SMD: -0.80; 95% CI: − 1.49, − 0.10) ( P < 0.05). Regarding the subgroup analyses, the method of digitalization subgroup results were ( P = 0.35; SMD: -1.89; 95% CI: − 3.89, 0.11) and ( P = 0.80; SMD: -0.80; 95% CI: − 1.49, − 0.11) for marginal and internal fit, respectively. The span length results were ( P = 0.10; SMD: -1.89; 95% CI: − 3.89, 0.11) for marginal fit and ( P = 0.02; SMD: -0.80; 95% CI: − 1.49, − 0.11) for internal fit. The cement spacer thickness ( P = 0.01; SMD: -1.89; 95% CI: − 3.89, 0.11) and ( P = 0.04; SMD: -0.80; 95% CI: − 1.49, − 0.11) for marginal and internal fit, respectively. Conclusion Tooth-retained fixed partial dentures FPDs produced by digital scanning and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems can significantly enhance the internal fit compared with those manufactured by traditional methods. Intraoral scanners can replace conventional impressions for the fabrication of FPDs because they minimize the operating time and reduce patient pain. Further clinical studies are required to obtain more conclusive results. Systematic review registration This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42021261397.
... The indication of lithium disilicate ceramic covers single posterior and anterior restorations as well as 3-unit fixed bridges up to the second premolar for natural teeth and implants. The modern adhesive technique has made it possible to dispense with retentive preparation designs and stabilise the remaining tooth substance [6][7][8]. Due to the minimal ceramic thickness of 1 mm in load-bearing areas, the preparation design can be optimised for maximal tooth preservation, and minimally invasive treatment approaches have become established in the modern restorative dentistry [9][10][11]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives Evaluation of cumulative survival and complication rate of monolithic lithium disilicate inlays and partial crowns performed by supervised undergraduate students up to 8.3 years of clinical service. Materials and methods In this retrospective clinical study 143 lithium disilicate posterior restorations (IPS e.max Press) were examined according to the FDI criteria. A standardised questionnaire was used to determine patient satisfaction. The aesthetic outcome was evaluated by dentists and dental technicians using intraoral photographs. Data were descriptively analysed. Cumulative survival and success rates were calculated using Kaplan–Meier estimation. Results The cumulative survival rate of lithium disilicate restorations was 97.5% after a mean service time of 5.9 years and 95.0% after 8.3 years. The cumulative success rate decreased from 94.4% after 5.9 years to 30.7% after 8.3 years. Repairs were required for 7 restorations (4.9%), and 5 (3.5%) were classified as failures. The results of the questionnaire indicate a high level of patient satisfaction. The subjective aesthetics were assessed more critically by dental technicians compared to dentists. Conclusion Lithium disilicate posterior restorations survived successfully up to 8.3 years when carried out by undergraduate students. Clinical relevance Pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramic inlays and partial crowns are reliable treatment options in posterior teeth.
Article
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Objectives This prospective controlled clinical trial aimed to compare periodontal parameters of proximal deep-margin-elevation (DME) restoration margins with supragingival/equigingival restoration margins (control) on the opposite proximal surface of the same tooth. Materials and methods Subgingival one-sided proximal defects (mesial or distal) on (pre-)molars were restored with composite DME and CAD/CAM-manufactured lithium disilicate ceramic partial-coverage restorations. Periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depths (PPD), plaque index (PI)) were recorded after insertion of the ceramic restoration (baseline) and at 1-year recall visit and compared between DME and control on the same tooth (Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.05). Results Sixty-eight patients with 77 restorations were included. At baseline, periodontal parameters did not differ between DME and control. Sixty-two restorations could be examined after 1 year. BOP was significantly increased for DME (padj. = 0.003), but not for control (padj. = 0.714). Surfaces with DME showed a significantly higher proportion of BOP than control surfaces (DME: 45 restorations (73.8%), control: 27 restorations (44.3%); padj. = 0.005). PI increased significantly on all tooth surfaces (padj.<0.001), but did not differ between DME and control side (padj. = 0.162). Probing depths did not differ between baseline and follow-up (DME: padj. = 0.199, control: padj. = 0.116). Two restorations were replaced due to a ceramic fracture and secondary caries. Conclusion Proximal DME is associated with increased gingival inflammation compared to supragingival or equigingival restoration margins. Clinical relevance DME is a promising treatment approach for indirect restoration of teeth with deep proximal defects, but gingival inflammation should be expected.
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Background Many monolithic machined materials have been introduced and provided a suitable mechanical and physical properties for inlay restorations. However, there is shortage in the studies evaluating the marginal adaptation using these materials. Purpose This study aimed to compare the effect of fabricating inlay restorations from 3 different CAD-CAM materials on marginal gaps before and after thermocycling. Materials and methods Sixty human premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20) according to the material used: (e.max CAD, Ivoclar AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein), (HC, Shofu, Koyoto, Japan) and (Brilliant Crios, Coltene, Altstätten, Switzerland) (n = 20). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM- 6510 lv, JEOL, Tokyo, JAPAN) was used to for measuring the marginal gaps after cementation of inlay restorations. The magnification was adapted to 250x. Marginal gaps were revaluated with SEM after thermocycling. The temperatures of baths were 5 and 55 °C was applied for a total of 5000 cycles. All data were statistically analyzed by using ANCOVA to demonstrate if there were any statistically significant differences between the gap measures after thermocycling of the three independent (unrelated) groups. A Bonferroni adjustmen was used to perform post hoc analysis (α = 0.05). Results Post-intervention marginal gap was statistically significantly lower in group EX (110.8 μm) which was statistically significant compared with group SF (112.5 μm) (mean difference=-1.768, P = .007) and group BR (113 μm) (mean difference=-2.272, P = .001), however, in. comparing SF and BR groups, there was no significant difference (mean difference=-0.5, P = .770). Conclusions Thermocycling affected the marginal gaps of composite based restoration and resin-modified ceramics widely. However, it had a very small effect on glass ceramics marginal adaptation. Clinical implications The marginal gaps of CAD-CAM inlays varied according to material used (ceramic based, combination, or resin based). Thermocycling has a minor effect on the marginal adaptation of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic inlays, where it affected the margin of resin-modified ceramic and composite based inlays greatly. Using lithium disilicate glass-ceramic might improve the clinical longevity of inlay restored teeth.
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Objective Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems are widely used in dental treatment. Clinicians can use chairside CAD/CAM technology, which has the advantage of being able to fabricate inlays on the same day. We aimed to evaluate the effects of crystallization firing processes, fabrication methods (one-step and two-step), and materials on marginal and internal adaptations of silicate-based glass-ceramic all-ceramic inlays fabricated with CAD/CAM chairside systems. Methods Ten artificial mandibular left first molars were prepared with standardized ceramic class II mesial-occlusal (MO) inlay cavities. Optical impressions were obtained using CEREC Omnicam Ban. IPS e-max CAD (IE), (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Initial LiSi Block (LS) (Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, Japan), VITA Suprinity (SP), (Vita Zahnfabrick, Bad Säckingen, Germany), and Celtra Duo (CD) (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) (n=10) were milled using CEREC MC XL (Bensheim, Germany). IE and SP were crystallization-fired using CEREC Speed Fire. The silicone replica technique was used for the measurement of internal (axial and pulpal walls) and marginal (cervical and occlusal edge) adaptations. The adaptations were measured using a thin layer of light-body polyvinyl siloxane impression material placed between the master tooth inlay preparation and restoration. Marginal and internal adaptations of IE, LS, SP, and CD were measured using a stereomicroscope (500×). For IE and SP, marginal and internal adaptations were measured before and after the crystallization firing process. Data analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test. For IE and SP, marginal and internal adaptations before and after the crystallization firing process were analyzed using the t-test. The significance level was set at α=0.05. Results One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in occlusal and cervical edge marginal adaptations among the material groups (p<0.001). The Tukey HSD test revealed a significant difference in marginal occlusal and cervical edge adaptations between LS and CD groups and IE and SP groups (p≤0.05). For IE and SP inlays, the t-test revealed a significant difference between occlusal and cervical edge adaptations before the crystallization firing process and those after the crystallization firing process, with the latter group showing a more significant discrepancy in adaptation than the former group (p≤0.05). Conclusions Fabrication methods (one- and two-step) affected the marginal adaptation compatibility but not internal compatibility of MO inlays. The crystallization firing process affected the marginal adaptation of inlays using lithium silicate or lithium disilicate glass-ceramics. However, adaptation to the cavity was considered clinically acceptable for all materials.
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In this in vitro study, all-ceramic inlays were subjected to a static strength test. The material used in this case was Vita Mark II ceramic (Vita-Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). The goal of the study was to evaluate two different inlay preparations with differently designed ceramic inlays resulting from it, to determine which offered the greatest possible resistance in static fracture loading tests. Tooth 36 on the model, provided with a standard preparation with a level floor, served as the test object. Two inserts were produced: one with classical preparation pattern, the other with a modified shape of the cavity floor. In one inlay design, the cavity floor was designed according to the guidelines valid for all-ceramic inlay restorations; in the second inlay design, a differently shaped cavity floor was selected to exclusively meet the requirements of the ceramic material. Impressions were then taken, and inlays were designed and produced by means of CAD/CAM technology. Lower fracture strength with mean fracture load values of ca 66.6 N was shown for traditional inlay preparations with a cavity floor segment designed as box. The mean fracture strength of the inlay design consisting of the same material with a hemispherical cavity floor segment was 84.9 (N), 27.5% greater. The question arises whether it is possible, independently of the ceramic used, to achieve an increase in strength by modifying the design of the inlay.
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This controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate IPS Empress inlays and onlays over 12 years. The null hypothesis was that different luting resins would have no influence on clinical outcome. In the course of a prospective clinical long-term trial, 96 ceramic inlays and onlays were placed in 34 patients using one adhesive (Syntac) and four different luting composites (Tetric, Variolink Low, Variolink Ultra, Dual Cement). Recalls were carried out by two calibrated investigators using modified USPHS codes and criteria at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 years. Fifteen of the 96 restorations had to be replaced (failure rate 16%; Kaplan-Meier); 12 of them suffered bulk fractures. After twelve years of clinical service, significantly more bulk fractures were found when light-curing composite was used for luting (p < 0.05). Fractures were noticed between 3 and 4 years of clinical service and later after 11 to 12 years; aside from those times, no single fracture occurred. Secondary caries was not observed. IPS Empress inlays and onlays exhibited satisfactory clinical outcomes over a 12-year clinical period. Restorations luted with dual-cured resin composites revealed significantly fewer bulk fractures.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of glycerine gels in preventing the formation of an oxygen-inhibition layer during the polymerization of composite resin materials. Sixteen glass-ceramic inlays were adhesively luted with and without the application of glycerine gels on the inlay margins before the polymerization of the luting composite resin material. To remove the oxygen-inhibition layer, the inlays were brushed with acetone. Replicas were obtained before and after acetone brushing, and a computerized quantitative marginal analysis was carried out under the scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the polymerization with and the polymerization without the use of a glycerine gel. The inlay margins polymerized after the application of a glycerine gel showed better marginal adaptation than did the inlay margins polymerized without it, suggesting that oxygen inhibition during polymerization can be prevented by the application of glycerine gels to the surface of composite resin materials.
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The availability of improved ceramic materials, bonding techniques, new technology and issues of amalgam safety have led to a revival of interest in ceramic inlays in density over the past ten years. Clinical studies have been carried out during this time using various evaluation technique to assess the clinical performance of these restorations. In this paper, recent clinical studies are examined and a review of the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical performance and survival statistics of ceramic inlays in presented. The major problems associated with ceramic inlay therapy appear to be fracture, hepersensitivity, degree of fit, maintenance of marginal integrity, microleakage, bond failure and cement wear. Other areas which also effect the clinical performance of ceramic inlays are ceramic wear, opposing tooth wear, plaque accumulation, gingivitis, secondary caries, colour stability, anatomic form and radiopacity. Recommendations based on the findings of clinical studies are also preseneted and whilst no specific material or technique has been shown to be clearly superior, certain principles which predispose to success can be identified. When compared with other forms of aesthetic intra-coronal restorations, ceramic inlays perform well. However, their high cost and extreme technique sensitivity would appear to restrict their use to certain limited clinical situations.
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Using extended, standardized MOD preparations, it was the aim of this in vitro study to examine the performance of CAD/CAM ceramic inlays in comparison to composite inlays after mechanical and thermal fatigue loading in terms of marginal quality and stabilization of the remaining tooth structure. Standardized cavities with different wall thicknesses were prepared in 90 extracted premolars; 10 additional premolars remained untreated. Composite inlays (Tetric) and CAD/CAM restorations (Cerec II; Vita Mark II) were adhesively placed in the cavities. After loading in a chewing simulator, quantitative and qualitative marginal gap examinations were conducted and fracture resistance determined. The results show that ceramic inlays provide significantly greater stabilization and better marginal quality than do composite inlays. Chairside-fabricated ceramic inlays inserted using adhesive technology are able to stabilize weakened cusps. In the case of very thin remaining walls (about 1.3 mm), however, the marginal quality and the cusp-stabilizing effect are also reduced.
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Ceramic inlays are discussed as one option for the substitution of amalgam restorations. The purpose of this study was to determine the longevity of glass ceramic inlays and amalgam restorations placed by the author: 123 class I and class II Dicor inlays placed with adhesive techniques and 163 amalgam class I and class II restorations were investigated. The observation time for the inlays varied from 4 to 82 months. The inlays were clinically investigated using modified USPHS criteria and documented photographically. Kaplan-Meier statistics were used to calculate the survival rate. From the 123 evaluated inlays 12 inlays (9.7%) failed: 7 due to fractures, 4 because of endodontic problems and 1 inlay was replaced due to persisting postoperative pain. All fractures could be explained by case selection errors. According to the Kaplan-Meier method, the estimated success rate after 6 years was 76% for the Dicor inlays and 87% for the amalgam restorations (control group). The difference was not statistically significant. It was concluded that Dicor inlays may be used as a successful alternative to amalgam.
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Conservative ceramic restorations have much to offer to improve appearance and strengthen posterior teeth. The advent of resin bonding makes possible many designs for inlays, onlays, and partial coverage crowns. This review discusses conventional porcelain, Optec HSP porcelain, Dicor, and Cerapearl with emphasis on strengthening mechanisms, principles of preparations, accuracy of fit, and indications.
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Resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (FPD) with a metal framework have some disadvantages: a grey shimmer of the metal wings through the abutment teeth, a higher corrosion rate, and an allergenic potential of the non-precious alloys used. The Al2O3 ceramic In-Ceram seems to be strong enough to serve as a framework for resinbonded all-ceramic FPDs. Because of the fact that ceramic wings often don't have enough inter-occlusal space, a new preparation design was developed. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of load orientation (45 degrees and 60 degrees) and the design of the interproximal connector on the stress distribution in the bridges. A 3-dimensional finite-element model was developed to simulate the anatomical situation. The biting force was assumed as 250 N and oriented in oro-buccal direction. The loading-point was palatal 1.5 mm beneath the incisal edge. It was found that stress generally increased with an angle of the biting force of 60 degrees. A small interdental connector (3 mm height) and/or strong interdental separation resulted in stresses of up to 455 MPa (45 degrees) or 534 MPa (60 degrees). Less separation with rounded edges and a higher connector (4 mm) reduced the stress to 122 MPa (45 degrees) and 143 MPa (60 degrees). Due to an average tensile strength of In-Ceram at 340-400 MPa, an all-ceramic resin-bonded FPD may only be recommended if the height of the connector could be minimum 4 mm. Rounded edges and little interdental separation are significant for stress reduction.