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Gender Differences in Gratitude: Examining Appraisals, Narratives, the Willingness to Express Emotions, and Changes in Psychological Needs
Abstract
Previous work suggests women might possess an advantage over men in experiencing and benefiting from gratitude. We examined whether women perceive and react to gratitude differently than men. In Study 1, women, compared with men, evaluated gratitude expression to be less complex, uncertain, conflicting, and more interesting and exciting. In Study 2, college students and older adults described and evaluated a recent episode when they received a gift. Women, compared with men, reported less burden and obligation and greater gratitude. Upon gift receipt, older men reported the least positive affect when their benefactors were men. In Studies 2 and 3, women endorsed higher trait gratitude compared with men. In Study 3, over 3 months, women with greater gratitude were more likely to satisfy needs to belong and feel autonomous; gratitude had the opposite effect in men. The willingness to openly express emotions partially mediated gender differences, and effects could not be attributed to global trait affect. Results demonstrated that men were less likely to feel and express gratitude, made more critical evaluations of gratitude, and derived fewer benefits. Implications for the study and therapeutic enhancement of gratitude are discussed.
... Individuals with higher levels of gratitude are more likely to employ various strategies to cope with difficulties, thereby satisfying their need for competence [23]. Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, and Froh [24] suggest that the key to gratitude lies in recognizing various acts of kindness, which can boost individuals' confidence and sense of autonomy. According to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions [11], gratitude fosters the development of intimate friendships, fulfilling individuals' need for relatedness. ...
... This suggests that the experience of gratitude may lead to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Kashdan [24] and Chen et al. [27] found a positive causal relationship between gratitude and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, indicating that higher levels of gratitude are associated with greater satisfaction of individuals' basic psychological needs. Additionally, gratitude forms strong emotional bonds in social interactions [28], aligning with the perspective of the Find-Bind-Remind Theory, which highlights the important role of gratitude in establishing interpersonal relationships. ...
Prosocial behavior is vital for positive social development among adolescents, contributing to improved peer relationships, emotional well-being, and social competence. Gratitude, a positive emotion arising from recognizing and appreciating benefits received from others, has been identified as a potential contributor to adolescent prosocial behavior. This study aimed to investigate the mediating roles of social support and basic psychological needs in the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior among adolescents. A total of 390 middle school students participated in a longitudinal study, completing questionnaires assessing gratitude, social support, basic psychological needs, and prosocial behavior at two time points with a six-month interval. The results indicated that gratitude positively correlated with social support, basic psychological needs, and prosocial behavior. Structural equation modeling revealed that social support and basic psychological needs partially mediated the relationship between gratitude and adolescent prosocial behavior. Moreover, a chain-like mediation effect was observed, wherein social support influenced basic psychological needs, which in turn predicted prosocial behavior. These findings emphasize the importance of gratitude in fostering prosocial behavior among adolescents and highlight the mediating roles of social support and basic psychological needs in this relationship.
... Studies concluded that men think that expression of gratitude can lower their social status and masculinity that why they are less grateful than women. (Froh et al., 2009;Kashdan et al., 2009). As for life satisfaction in general, the common materialistic people were more satisfied with life overall. ...
... Studies concluded that men think that expression of gratitude can lower their social status and masculinity that why they are less grateful than women. (Froh et al., 2009;Kashdan et al., 2009). As for life satisfaction in general, the common materialistic people were more satisfied with life overall. ...
The purpose of the study was to quantify the impact of gratitude on subjective well-being and moderating role of materialism among Pakistani youth. For this purpose, the sample of 550 participants (aged 15-29) were selected through a multistage random sampling technique from five metropolitan cities of Pakistan. The measurement tools employed for the data collection were the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper 1999), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1998) Gratitude Questionnaire GQ-6 (McCullough et al., 2002), and Material Values Scale (Richines & Dawson., 1992). The collected data were analyzed through Smart PLS (3.0). The results showed a significant positive relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being (happiness and satisfaction with life) and a negative relationship with materialism. Whereas, materialism played a significant moderating role between gratitude and subjective well-being. Significant gender differences were also exhibited in this study. This study also provides guidelines and strategies for youth and parents, to educational professionals, new researchers, society, and government agencies.
... In the PERMA model, Meaning (M) is associated with having a purpose in life and is guided by personal values. Studies have highlighted that having a purpose in participants' lived experiences reduces health problems (37). It has also been found that getting involved in a cause that matters can bring more meaning in life (38). ...
Background
Caregiving is a committed role that focuses on providing the required support and care to a care receiver who is either ill, disabled, or dependent to the extent that they are incapable of independent functioning. The topic of caregiving has been extensively studied worldwide, mainly focused on the negative aspects of caregiving, like caregiver stress, burden, role conflicts, and burnout among caregivers. However, limited efforts have been made to understand the positive aspects of caregiving among informal caregivers who spend most of their time in this unpaid role. The present study addresses this concern by exploring the positive aspects of caregiving among family caregivers of older persons in India.
Methodology
This is a qualitative study, which was conducted, using the existential-phenomenological approach. In this study, a purposive sampling technique was used, and a total of a 100 family caregivers participated from four cities in India, namely Prayagraj, Pune, Visakhapatnam, and Guwahati. Twenty-five family caregivers between the age of 30–50 years participated from each of these four cities. The data was collected using six semi-structured interview questions on positive aspects of caregiving based on the lived experiences of caregivers. The interview schedule was developed based on the PERMA model and finalized after the pilot study. Each interview took 30–50 min and was recorded and transcribed.
Results
The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Some commonalities and differences were observed in the responses given by family caregivers from the four cities. Four major themes that emerged for the “Nature of positive caregiving” among participants from all four cities are “Caregiver’s attitude,” “Care and compassion,” “Roles and responsibilities,” and “Beliefs and values.” Four significant themes for the “Factors contributing to positive caregiving” are “Meaningfulness in life,” “Sense of belongingness,” “Personal growth,” and “Empathetic understanding.”
Conclusion
Based on the study’s findings, it can be said that the themes were associated with the PERMA model. Positive caregiving is an important indicator of caregivers’ and care receivers’ well-being. The findings have implications for planning some action research, training, and counseling programs for promoting positive aspects of caregiving among informal caregivers.
... Research suggests that women and men differ in a variety of well-being related aspects, including their reactions to happiness interventions. For example, Peura and Gayton (2012) as well as Kashdan et al. (2009) found that women were more engaged in gratitude exercises and also believed to get more happiness from them than men. This is because men are more likely to see gratitude exercises as a sign of weakness and vulnerability (Thompson et al., 2015). ...
People’s reasons for goal pursuit strongly relate to well-being. An important concept that captures differences in the reasons for goal pursuit is the goal-striving reasons framework. Until today, it remains unclear whether the goal-striving reasons framework relates differently to the well-being of particular groups of people. Using the positive-activity model as a guiding framework, the paper at hand analyses a number of person-related characteristics which are relevant in a goal-setting context and are assumed to change the relationship between goal-striving reasons and well-being. Employing a large cumulative data set the person-related characteristics comprise of demographic variables (age, gender, managerial status) and selected well-being related variables (assertiveness, burnout, engagement, goal progress). Using correlation analyses in conjunction with Fisher’s z-test the results show that contrary to older employees (aged 24 or older) the goal-striving reasons of younger people are not related to their well-being. Women’s self-esteem reasons are more strongly related to well-being than they are for men. People’s goal-striving reasons are more strongly associated with well-being for people with high levels of assertiveness, low levels of burnout, or high levels of engagement. The findings have implications for the delivery of the Happiness through Goal Setting Training, a Positive Psychology Intervention based on the goal-striving reasons framework, as it identifies various alterations of the training to cater for the needs of these subgroups.
... A pesar de que algunos estudios no encontraron diferencias en la gratitud entre hombres y mujeres (Caputo et al., 2016), al contrastar los puntajes promedio de acuerdo con el sexo, las mujeres obtuvieron mayor puntaje que los hombres (Kong et al., 2017;Preś et at., 2020). En este sentido, los hallazgos concuerdan con lo reportado por la literatura, donde se sugiere que las mujeres suelen comunicar su gratitud con mayor frecuencia que los hombres y son más propensas a expresarla en sus comportamientos (Kashdan et al., 2009) siendo los hombres quienes pueden encontrar cierta dificultad para expresar sus sentimientos y, en consecuencia, su gratitud (Grabowska, 1997). Adicionalmente, las mujeres también mostraron mayores niveles de optimismo disposicional (Armbruster et al., 2015;Hinz et al., 2017), resultado que difiere de trabajos en donde se ha encontrado que las mujeres fueron menos optimistas que los hombres (Moreno & Marrero, 2015;Puskar et al., 2010) y donde los resultados fueron mixtos (Chang et al., 2010). ...
Las investigaciones han sugerido que las personas agradecidas son más felices, enérgicas y tienen mayor esperanza de tener experiencias positivas. A pesar de que el GQ-6 es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para evaluar la gratitud, su estructura factorial no ha sido explorada en población mexicana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del GQ-6 en una muestra mexicana. Participaron 566 personas de población general de 18 a 67 años. El GQ-6 fue administrado junto con la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo (PANAS) y el Test de Orientación Vital (LOT-R). Los resultados indicaron una estructura unifactorial con seis indicadores la cual mostró una buena bondad de ajuste y confiabilidad aceptable (α = .79); estos resultados se mantuvieron independientemente del sexo. Puede concluirse que el GQ-6 es un instrumento con buenas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la disposición para experimentar gratitud en población mexicana.
... When these three needs are met, intrinsic motivation is most likely to occur [42]. In empirical research, Kashdan et al. [43] found that the key factor behind gratitude is the awareness of various good deeds, which can raise people's self-con dence and sense of autonomy. When these three basic psychological needs are satis ed, the internal motivation of individuals is stimulated and they show stronger initiative, enthusiasm, and persistence in their study [44]. ...
This paper examines the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement among Chinese high school students, exploring the mediating effects of internal locus of control and subjective well-being. The students of some high schools in Guangzhou were surveyed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the School Engagement Questionnaire, the Levenson’s IPC Scale, and the General Well-being Schedule, and 708 valid questionnaires were collected. Results showed a significant positive relationship between gratitude and academic engagement; internal locus of control and subjective well-being played a mediating role between gratitude and academic engagement, respectively; internal locus of control and subjective well-being played a chain mediating role between gratitude and academic engagement. These findings suggest that we can promote students' academic engagement not only by cultivating their gratitude, but also by improving their internal locus of control and subjective well-being.
... As a result, women tend to receive more social support and experience less relative deprivation than men, but have a lower sense of social responsibility (Eagley & Crowley, 1986). Kashdan et al. (2010) further confirmed that, compared with men, women feel less burden, less sense of responsibility and obligation, express more positive emotions, have a higher degree of gratitude, and have less sense of relative deprivation after receiving gifts. Based on this, we speculate that gender is closely related to feelings of gratitude, social support, social responsibility and relative deprivation. ...
The Chinese government has invested much money to help poor college students complete their studies, but the gratitude of the recipients remains to be further studied. This study proposed a parallel mediation model and used questionnaires to investigate 260 thousand college students of China to examine the impact of the level of social support on poor college students’ gratitude and the mediating role played by social responsibility and relative deprivation. The results showed that social support positively predicted the gratitude level of poor college students; social responsibility and relative deprivation mediated the relationship between social support and gratitude; gender, school type and difficulty level had a significant influence on gratitude level. In short, education to improve the sense of gratitude of poor college students can be summarized as “two increases and one decrease”: increase social support, enhance social responsibility, and reduce relative deprivation.
... Cousins, Garver-Apgar, & Christensen, 2004 ;Giebel, Weierstall, Schauer, & Elbert, 2013 ;Little, Jones, & DeBruine, 2008 ;Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). Au fil du temps et des recherches, de nombreuses différences hommes/femmes ont été identifiées sur les plans émotionnels (Canli, Desmond, Zhao, & Gabrieli, 2002 ;Deng et al., 2016 ;Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009), de la personnalité (Costa, Terracciano, & McCrae, 2001 ;Schmitt, Realo, Voracek, & Allik, 2008), ou de la cognition (Adani & Cepanec, 2019 ;Archer, 2019 ;Halpern, 2000 ;Yuan et al., 2008). Par exemple, les femmes disposent d'un avantage en matière de compétences langagières dès les stades les plus précoces de développement (Adani & Cepanec, 2019 ;Archer, 2019 ;Barel & Tzischinsky, 2018). ...
What is evolutionary psychology? Cognition and behavior in the light of evolution
Evolutionary psychology aims to understand human cognitive organisation and functioning in the light of evolutionary theory. Despite its growing acceptance among scientists as a metatheory of the mind, evolutionary psychology has yet to find its place in the French scientific literature. This article aims to provide a general introductory framework to evolutionary psychology. We describe how natural selection shaped cognition and behavior, and what it entails for conceptualizing the human mind. We also explore how sexual selection acted as a key driver for the evolution of psychological differences between men and women. Finally, we address the most recurrent critics directed at evolutionary psychology.
... Respecto a si la experiencia de emociones positivas varía según el sexo de los menores, la investigación es muy limitada y los resultados no muestran una dirección clara, excepto en cierto grado para la gratitud (Cuello & Oros, 2016;Froh et al., 2009;Kiang et al., 2016) y especialmente para la simpatía (Lemos et al., 2015;Malti, Gummerum, Keller, & Buchmann, 2009;Vossen, Piotrowski, & Valkenburg, 2015) donde algunos estudios tienden a coincidir en que las niñas presentan valores más elevados que los varones, como suele ocurrir en población adulta (Bernabé-Valero, García-Alandete, & Gallego-Pérez, 2014; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009). De cualquier manera, hay evidencia que sugiere que cuando las emociones y afectos positivos son evaluados de un modo global o más genérico (por ejemplo, a través del PANAS) no emergen diferencias entre los grupos (Barrón-Sánchez & Molero, 2014;Sandín, 2003;Veronese et al., 2012). ...
El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la validez basada en la estructura interna del Cuestionario Infantil de Emociones Positivas (CIEP), y elaborar un baremo para la interpretación de sus puntuaciones en niños y niñas argentinos de 8 a 12 años. Participaron 1384 niñas, 1376 varones y 1 menor que no identificó su sexo (M = 10.14; DE = 1.30). Todos asistían a escuelas primarias de gestión pública o privada, de zonas urbanas y suburbanas de Argentina. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio mostró que el modelo de cinco factores: alegría, gratitud, simpatía, serenidad y satisfacción personal, ajusta aceptablemente a los datos. Los análisis de varianza revelaron diferencias en la experiencia emocional positiva entre niñas y varones, siendo las primeras quienes muestran una mayor tendencia a ser agradecidas y simpáticas. A partir de estos resultados se calcularon las medias, las desviaciones típicas y los valores percentilares del CIEP para cada sexo, según correspondió
... In addition, men showed substantially more mindfulness than women did (Ditto et al., 2006). Reviews of several earlier studies on gender differences in mindfulness and resilience show that women typically experience higher levels of unpleasant affect, higher levels of internalising disorders (depression, anxiety, and eating disorders), and lower subjective wellbeing than men (Kashdan et al., 2009;Suldo et al., 2011). ...
Resilience is a character quality that enables people to successfully navigate difficult situations, change, and grow. Mindfulness is defined as paying attention to a state of consciousness that shows the mind is present and has a heightened and purposeful awareness of internal and external sensations occurring at a specific time. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between resilience and mindfulness among the adolescent students of Central and Northern Odisha. It was also proposed to find out the moderate role of resilience in predicting mindfulness among Central and Northern Odisha adolescents. A convenient sample (N = 385) of adolescent university students from the northern (n = 152, 39.5%) and central (n = 233, 60.5%), private and public sectors, including both males (n = 193, 50.1%) and females (n = 192, 49.9%), was collected. The sample was evaluated using the Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008) and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2012). Results indicated that resilience and mindfulness were positively correlated. There is a positive and significant relationship existing between resilience and mindfulness (r = 0.469, df = 383, p < 0.01). Results revealed a little gender difference in resilience and mindfulness.
... In addition, men showed substantially more mindfulness than women did (Ditto et al., 2006). Reviews of several earlier studies on gender differences in mindfulness and resilience show that women typically experience higher levels of unpleasant affect, higher levels of internalising disorders (depression, anxiety, and eating disorders), and lower subjective wellbeing than men (Kashdan et al., 2009;Suldo et al., 2011). ...
Resilience is a character quality that enables people to successfully navigate difficult situations, change, and grow. Mindfulness is defined as paying attention to a state of consciousness that shows the mind is present and has a heightened and purposeful awareness of internal and external sensations occurring at a specific time. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between resilience and mindfulness among the adolescent students of Central and Northern Odisha. It was also proposed to find out the moderate role of resilience in predicting mindfulness among Central and Northern Odisha adolescents. A convenient sample (N = 385) of adolescent university students from the northern (n = 152, 39.5%) and central (n = 233, 60.5%), private and public sectors, including both males (n = 193, 50.1%) and females (n = 192, 49.9%), was collected. The sample was evaluated using the Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008) and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2012). Results indicated that resilience and mindfulness were positively correlated. There is a positive and significant relationship existing between resilience and mindfulness (r = 0.469, df = 383, p < 0.01). Results revealed a little gender difference in resilience and mindfulness.
... In addition, it is reported in the literature that women and men feel different from each other (women feel more grateful than men) when they receive help (Naito, et. al., 2005;Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009). According to Naito and Sakata (2010), men's more reluctance to get help than women stems from their tendency to be independent. ...
... First, the degree of well-being between male and female athletes differs (Fraser, 2012), as female athletes have higher levels of well-being than males (Wang et al., 2008;Liu, 2011). Second, the psychological research has revealed differences in the satisfaction of basic psychological needs between males and females (Kashdan et al., 2009). Thus, gender regulates the relationship between basic psychological needs and well-being (Gómez-Baya et al., 2018). ...
Based on human motivation theory and self-determination theory, this study investigated the impact of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ well-being, and the influences of gender and athletes’ basic psychological needs. The survey objects comprised of 432 athletes participating in the Hebei Games in China. The results showed that coaches’ transformational leadership could significantly and positively predict athletes’ well-being. Basic psychological needs had a mediating effect on the relationship between coaches’ transformational leadership and athletes’ well-being. Gender significantly moderated the effect between athletes’ basic psychological needs satisfaction and subjective well-being. Compared with male athletes, female athletes had their basic psychological needs met, and the improvement in their well-being was more significant than the males. Coaches should adapt their transformational leadership to directly improve athletes’ well-being and indirectly achieve their well-being by satisfying the athletes’ basic psychological needs.
... Finally, our sample mostly consisted of women. Previous research (e.g., Brebner, 2003) has shown that gender plays a role in experienced and reported emotions, such as the experience of gratitude (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2009). Hence, future studies should consider a more gender balance sample and potentially compare gender differences. ...
Hope, gratitude, fear, and disgust may all be key to encouraging preventative action in the context of COVID-19. We pre-registered a longitudinal experiment, which involved monthly data collections from September 2020 to September 2021 and a six-month follow-up. We predicted that a hope recall task would reduce negative emotions and elicit higher intentions to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours. At the first time point, participants were randomly allocated to a recall task condition (gratitude, hope, or control). At each time point, we measured willingness to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours, as well as experienced hope, gratitude, fear, and disgust. We then conducted a separate, follow-up study in February 2022, to see if the effects replicated when COVID-19 restrictions were relaxed in the UK. In the main study, contrary to our pre-registered hypothesis, we found that a gratitude recall task elicited more willingness to engage in COVID-19 preventative behaviours in comparison to the neutral recall task. We also found that experienced gratitude, hope, and fear were positively related to preventative action, while disgust was negatively related. These results present advancement of knowledge of the role of specific emotions in the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Kashdan et al. found that the key factor behind gratitude is the awareness of various good deeds, which can raise people's self-confidence and sense of autonomy [39]. Broadens and builds theory [40] holds that gratitude can help individuals develop better close friendships (satisfying relatedness needs) and makes it is easier for people to see support from others as caring, loving, respectful, and delivered in good faith rather than because of interference; hence, people high in gratitude can use support from others fully, thereby satisfying their autonomy and competence needs. ...
Background
Previous research has examined the role of support provided by the workplace in promoting employee engagement. This study aimed to extend this research to the academic environment by testing a proposed model of the relationship between perceived social support and student engagement and its underlying mechanisms, with the latter involving the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and a grateful disposition.
Methods
A total of 622 Chinese college students were selected by convenience sampling. I adopted the Perceived Social Support Scale, Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale, Gratitude Questionnaire, and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student to collect their responses. The data were analyzed by using a moderated mediation model with SPSS and the Process 4.0 macro.
Results
The results showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs played a mediating role in the association between perceived social support and student engagement, while a grateful disposition played a moderating role. The moderating mediation model further revealed that this effect was more robust for students with a higher grateful disposition than for those with a lower level.
Conclusion
Perceived social support can significantly and positively predict student engagement through the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Students with a high grateful disposition benefit more than those with a low grateful disposition from using social support, as well as can use the received social support fully in order to meet their psychological needs and promote academic engagement.
... The result of their study suggested that the female Persian speakers use gratitude strategies more than the male speakers. Kashdan, Mishra, Breen and Froh's (2009) study also provides the depiction of gender in gratitude expression. In their study, they found that men's expression of gratitude is less familiar, and more discomforting compared with women's. ...
The goal of this study is to depict the gratitude strategies utilized by Indonesian EFL female and male students in responding to various academic situations. The data were gathered from 85 undergraduate students of English Literature, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Brawijaya University in Malang using Discourse Completion Tasks (DCT) from O’Keeffe, Clancy, & Adolphs (2011). The results show the diversity of gratitude strategies based on Chen, Ho, & Yang's (2005) taxonomy and used by the participants from both genders, varied from brief, lengthy, to complex thanking acts. All participants delivered mixed sets of thanking speech acts, explained in the following conditions: a) social status (students and lecturers), b) indebtedness (lending money to students), c) breaking promises (coming late to presentations), d) between friends (attending the proposal seminar) and e) the setting of public area (letting students to enter the elevator first). It is also revealed that both genders were successfully expressed their gratitude in responding to the five academical contexts made by the researcher.
... Receiving an intangible good was associated with the strongest urge to reciprocate the benefactor, and was indeed an act of gratitude. Moreover, Kashdan et al. (2009) demonstrated that women were more likely to feel and express gratitude, made them less critical to evaluate something/someone to be grateful for, and derived more benefits from gratitude than men. This high-gratitude trait in women satisfies their need to belong and their autonomous feelings. ...
Amidst the social-cultural predominance of male ulama in the religious context, female ulama play important roles and yet are often trapped in life-role complexity and gender bias, as they have a responsibility in both the domestic and public domains. This study aims to explore the meaning of the experience of gratitude among female ulama based on the perspective of positive psychology, with reference to the PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, and Accomplishment) model, with further interpretation of gratitude (shukr) from Sufi psychology. Using a qualitative (phenomenological) approach, we held online in-depth interviews with five female ulama participants from across Indonesia and Germany. The research demonstrates the interconnection between themes related to gratitude according to PERMA-Model and the embodiment of gratitude (shukr) in Sufi psychology. These findings provide evidence to support the practical implication of the integrative intervention of positive and Sufi psychology for clinical purposes or to promote flourishing and well-being among women.
... The GQ-6 is a unique and convenient measure of gratitude, and shorter tests such as this have advantages in a higher willingness to respond as well as provide more thoughtful answers (Fan & Yan, 2010). Several previous studies have examined the GQ-6 for its psychometric properties and have found evidence of good reliability and validity (Kashdan et al., 2009;Wood et al., 2009). Crosscultural investigations assessing the GQ-6 have also spanned more than eight languages and unique cultural contexts, as well as targeting several specific populations i.e. firefighters, athletes, high school students, and undergraduates. ...
Objectives
The 6-item gratitude questionnaire (GQ-6) is a widely used measure reported to be reliable and valid under traditional and Rasch investigations. However, recent investigations were inconsistent regarding the item structure of the GQ-6, with three investigations concluding that item 6 be removed. Previous Rasch analyses also did not produce interval conversion tables, a key benefit of this method which provides a means of improving scale accuracy and aligning the scale with the fundamental principles of measurement.
Methods
A Partial Credit Rasch Model was used to evaluate psychometric properties of the GQ-6 using a combined sample of 663 respondents from the USA (n = 345) and India (n = 318).
Results
Initial analysis showed significant scale dysfunction, with overall and individual item misfit, local dependency, disordered response thresholds, instances of differential item functioning by age and nationality, along with poor reliability. Through the use of recent advances in the Rasch methodology, locally dependent items were combined into two super-items and the best fit to the Rasch model was obtained with evidence of strict unidimensionality, invariance, and strong reliability. Results indicate the GQ-6 is suitable for individual and group assessment, while also permitting the creation of an ordinal-to-interval conversion algorithm which has been provided here.
Conclusions
This study confirmed the robust psychometric properties of the GQ-6 after minor modifications and provides a means for clinicians and researchers to improve the accuracy of this widely used measure in mindfulness research and other relevant studies without modification of its original response format.
... Meaning refers to the feeling of purpose, better quality of life, and a lower risk of health problems [56]. To be human is to seek meaning, which Seligman defines as a feeling of connection and service to something higher than oneself [57]. ...
As digital technology has become indispensable, its overuse has resulted in mental health issues for many users. While it benefits people by providing fast and plentiful information, it also creates sadness, anxiety, and stress. This study aimed to assess the well-being of digital technology users before, during, and six months after attending a coaching session that was designed according to the International Coaching Federation (ICF) approach. Seligman’s well-being model, consisting of positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA), was applied for the measurement, and then analyzed with descriptive statistics, repeated ANOVA, and paired-sample t-tests. The findings showed that coaching techniques can enhance well-being and that their results were maintained for six months after participation. In conclusion, coaching techniques should be promoted as a procedure for improving the well-being of digital technology users who face mental health issues.
... We also included a measure of locus of control, given that some theory has linked locus of control to general feelings of gratitude (Watkins et al. 2003), positing that those with an internal sense of control may be less likely to experience gratitude as they may see benefits more as a result of their own effort. However, the few studies that have examined this issue demonstrated that an internal locus of control predicts more general gratitude (Kashdan et al. 2009;Watkins et al. 2003); further, in Watkins and colleagues' study of college students, divine locus of control was even more strongly associated with general gratitude than was internal locus of control (Watkins et al. 2003). These intriguing findings suggest that individuals with an internal locus of control may experience that control as secondary (i.e., in conjunction with God's control). ...
In two national samples in the United States, we aimed to determine the extent to which GTG is distinct from both general gratitude and general religiousness, using statistical methods to determine (1) if GTG shows patterns of association with other variables distinct from general gratitude and religiousness, and (2) whether GTG predicts wellbeing above and beyond both general gratitude and religiousness. Online studies were conducted with 267 (Study 1) and 184 (Study 2) adults. Results across the two studies were consistent in demonstrating that GTG shows associations with relevant constructs that are distinct from both general religiousness and general gratitude. Further, GTG independently predicted aspects of psychological wellbeing, although findings were not consistent across all aspects. These findings indicate GTG is a unique construct warranting future research.
... For instance, Algoe, Haidt and Gable (2008, p.425) reported that "gratitude may function to promote relationship formation and maintenance." The finding of the present study of a slightly higher gratitude score of women had also been reported by Kashdan, Mishra, Breen and Froh (2009). According to Polak and McCullough (2006, p.343), "gratitude may have the potential to reduce materialistic strivings and consequently diminish the negative effects of materialistic strivings on psychological well-being." ...
This study was conducted to establish initial validity and reliability of some measures of psychological wellbeing for use in Nigeria. Two hundred and five adult Nigerians were randomly selected from a community in Ota, Ogun State using a multi stage sampling method which culminated in odd and even number method of simple random sampling for participants' selection. The participants were aged between 17 and 80 years (X =29.22, SD=11.93). A battery of the short forms of six psychological wellbeing instruments in a paper was administers, the instrument and results showed factorial validity of each instrument based on its factor loadings and consistent with literature. A correlation coefficient revealed the Cronbach alpha to be as follows for the instruments: PGIS = .840; GQ-6 = .316; MILQ = .825; SWLS = .718; LOT-R = .391; WDQ =.815. Each instrument showed initial validity for possible-use in Nigeria.
... Teachers could willingly volunteer to serve in school extracurricular activities or community initiatives. People who reported having a purpose in life have great life satisfaction and enjoy excellent health (Kashdan et al., 2009). Emotional and physically healthy and satisfying careers improve well-being (Ryff, 2014). ...
The Palestinian educational context is unique. Palestine has been under the Israeli Occupation since 1967 and, before that, it was under the British Mandate. In 1993, for the first time in history, Palestinians gained control over their education system. One could imagine the challenges that Palestinian teachers faced as they worked under these different educational and political systems. This conceptual chapter will focus on the challenges that Palestinian English teachers currently face in performing their teaching duties and the strategies that they use for their cognitive, emotional, and physical well-being. The chapter is divided into four main sections. The first part will provide an introduction and a contextual background pertaining to K–12 education in Palestine, English teachers’ preparation, and requirements. In the second part of the chapter, I will rely on Seligman’s (2011) well-being model as the theoretical framework to discuss the Palestinian English teachers’ well-being. In the third section, I will discuss the factors that affect Palestinian English teachers’ well-being and performance. The fourth section of the chapter will discuss the Palestinian school culture and its role in providing a healthy workplace for its teachers.
... Gratitude can be experienced through several different means such as recognition of a sacrifice, giving compliments, showing appreciation, and acknowledgment of skills and talents. Kashdan et al. (2009) point out that although on the whole women and girls tend to benefit more than men and boys from receiving gratitude and find it easier to show gratitude, in some contexts (e.g., male communities, teams), the men concerned may derive similar advantages. Thus, in these exemplars, it is clear that R1 and R2 both show gratitude. ...
... Rasa bermakna ditentukan nilai-nilai pribadi. Orang yang hidup bermakna memiliki tujuan hidup hidup lebih lama dan memiliki kepuasan hidup yang lebih besar serta lebih sedikit masalah kesehatan (Kashdan et al., 2009); (5) accomplishments yaitu perasaan berprestasi dalam bekerja dan menguasai apa yang dikerjakan, motivasi yang tinggi, serta puas dengan apa yang dikerjakan (Seligman, 2012); (Martyr et al., 2018). ...
Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan anak dari keluarga ekonomi lemah rawan mendapat kekerasan. Perlu dikembangkan program parenting bagi orang tua dari keluarga ekonomi lemah berbasis pada temuan child well being. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh usia ibu, pekerjaan ibu, tingkat pendidikan ibu, serta penghasilan keluarga terhadap Well Being anak usia dini. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Sampel dipilih secara purposive yaitu keluarga ekonomi menengah ke bawah di salah satu RW, yang banyak penduduk miskin dan ada kasus kekerasan anak. Responden penelitian 88 orang. Data dikumpulkan dengan instrument child well being yang teruji validitas reliabilitasnya. Hasil Analisis Regresi Linear berganda Dummy variabel menunjukkan variabel usia, pendidikan terakhir, dan penghasilan keluarga secara bersama – sama tidak berpengaruh terhadap Child Weil Being, ada variabel lain yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap well being anak usia dini dari keluarga ekonomi lemah. Temuan menunjukkan tidak selamanya kesejahteraan ekonomi menjadi variabel yang menentukan tingkat child well being
... For example, men appear to benefit more from grateful recounting than women [8]. We found this surprising result because women tend to be higher than men in dispositional gratitude [2,3], and tend to value gratitude more than men [48]. Indeed, we found that women tend to enjoy gratitude exercises more than men [8]. ...
In this chapter we review recent research in the relationship of gratitude to happiness. First, we show how gratitude is a critical component of the good life. Because gratitude is vital to wellbeing, it is important to establish the causes of state and trait gratitude. We explain an appraisal approach to grateful emotion and show how certain benefit interpretations are critical to the experience of gratitude. In this context, we describe an encouraging new paradigm that has been applied to the study of gratitude: Cognitive Bias Modification. This experimental approach has helped to establish the causal status of interpretations to gratitude, and we describe how this methodology should help to understand gratitude in future research. Recent research on the cognitive antecedents of gratitude has shown that the nature of the benefactor matters to experiences of gratitude, and in this regard, a divine benefactor may create a unique experience of gratitude. Gratitude scholars have now turned to the question: How does gratitude enhance happiness? We present research and theories that have attempted to speak to this issue. Finally, we explore the question: Who benefits most from gratitude interventions? Research has supplied some surprising answers to this question.
... Antes de hacer una reflexión respecto a la relación entre bienestar y comportamiento alimentario es necesario conocer que existen dos grandes orientaciones que definen al bienestar, y cada una de estas orientaciones se centra en diferentes aspectos del bienestar que se superponen, a saber, los aspectos hedónicos del bienestar y los aspec-tos eudaimónicos del bienestar (Kashdan et al., 2009). Mientras que la orientación hedónica se centra en el bienestar subjetivo, la orientación eudaimónica subraya la búsqueda del crecimiento, la realización humana y el bienestar psicológico. ...
En la actualidad, la comida es fuente tanto de placer como de conflicto para las personas. Gracias a la proliferación de redes comerciales y de transporte, la alimentación actual se rige por una diversidad en sus mercados. Aunque existen algunas diferencias, el cierre en la brecha de la variedad de platillos, sabores y olores que pueden disfrutarse ahora tanto en un restaurante como en casa es cada vez más notorio. Si bien la elaboración de platillos ha existido desde tiempos remotos, así como el uso de técnicas y métodos para preparar alimentos, cada cultura a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad ha elaborado una gama de platillos con características específicas, rigiéndose mayormente por la disponibilidad de ingredientes y el medio ambiente en el que habitaban (Goody, 1995; Fischler, 1995).
El acto natural de “comer” transciende la idea básica de “alimentarse por sobrevivir” a lo que actualmente se le conoce como “experiencia gastronómica” (Goody, 1997). Consumir un alimento no se limita a la ingesta de nutrientes, incluye también sabores, aromas, texturas, colores, así como otros estímulos, tales como la atmósfera, decoración, pistas visuales y auditivas, sin dejar de lado el contexto social. A diferencia del tratamiento que se le daba a los alimentos en la antigüedad, el arte culinario o la gastronomía implican no sólo la preservación histórica de recetas o fórmulas para realizar un platillo, sino también la innovación del uso de esas técnicas con los ingredientes que son cada vez más disponibles y variados, así como una colaboración con otras disciplinas. La gastronomía, en un sentido general, suele vincularse con diversos conceptos, tales como: cocinas, productos, alimentos, técnicas culinarias, identidades y cosmovisiones (Goody, J. 1995). Asimismo, se le ha vinculado con la hotelería, e industria de la restauración, el arte, el catering, lo gourmet y los chefs. Como disciplina, ha evolucionado de ser un mero arte sin métodos ni guías, a colocarse en una posición de carácter incluso “científico” (Hegarty, 2005). Cabe mencionar que en la actualidad la gastronomía se ha ido dejando de considerar como una línea de investigación que pueda partir de disciplinas tanto químicas y en su mayoría sociales.
En ese artículo se presenta una breve historia de cómo se fue consolidando la gastronomía como disciplina a lo largo de los dos últimos siglos, así como algunas actualidades respecto a los estudios gastronómicos consolidados y su relación con otras disciplinas concernientes al comportamiento alimentario y a la nutrición.
... As mentioned previously, it is stated that male students employ less gratitude expression than female students. Kashdan (2009) stated that there is a possibility of why man utters less expression of gratitude such as it regards as a weak point and susceptibility. He added that it may threaten man's masculinity and social standing. ...
In this study, the researcher focuses on the analysis of the strategies in expressing gratitude performed by English Department students in 5<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> semester of different gender. The objectives of this study are (1) identifying the contexts, types, and functions that influence gratitude expression uttered by the 5<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> semester of English Department students based on gender differences, (2) analyzing and discovering the language pattern in gratitude expression used by the 5<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> semesters of English Department students based on gender differences. The researcher used a descriptive-qualitative method and employed Spradley’s analysis method in collecting and analyzing the data which includes domain, taxonomic, componential and cultural context analysis. The source of data is in the form of participants; the students of 5<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> semester in English Department whereas the data were taken from responses in the form of utterances in DCT answered by the participants. Throughout the taxonomic analysis, the data were classified into Cheng’s taxonomy (2005) of gratitude strategies.
... Studies have demonstrated the relational benefits of these dispositional factors in organizational contexts (Chancellor et al., 2018;Di Fabio et al., 2017). Third, both gratitude and kindness have been associated with the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Gherghel et al., 2019;Kashdan et al., 2009;Wood et al., 2009). Therefore, the present investigation aims to examine the links between workplace gratitude and organizational kindness as well as COVID-19 anxiety, relatedness needs satisfaction, and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions) among selected Filipino employees. ...
This research explored the association of perceptions of gratitude and kindness at work with well-being outcomes, such as relatedness needs satisfaction, life satisfaction, and COVID-19 anxiety among selected Filipino employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that kindness positively predicted relatedness needs satisfaction even after controlling for participants' age, gender, employment status, and length of stay in the organization. Gratitude positively predicted life satisfaction. This research underscores the mental health payoffs associated with fostering gratitude and kindness in organizational contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic.
... The literature converges to confirm that men and women express emotions differently. Kashdan et al. (2009) further this perspective, spotlighting that women articulate prosocial sentiments such as empathy, gratitude, and happiness more explicitly than men. In this regard, the whole motivation of a diaspora tourist is not just about sightseeing. ...
Diaspora tourism refers to the travel of people in diaspora to their ancestral homelands in search of their roots or to feel connected to their heritage. Whereas most tourists become attached to a destination after repeat visits, diaspora tourism is unique because tourists with immigrant origins often feel connected to the people, culture, and heritage of the destination before actually visiting the place. This study examines inter-gender differences concerning the formation of the intention of third-generation Chinese migrants in Malaysia to participate in diaspora tourism. Leveraging the theory of planned behavior, data were collected from 260 third-generation Chinese migrants. Using the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique, our results emphasize the critical roles of attitude and perceived behavioral control in developing intention. It also shows that females have higher expectations than males when becoming diaspora tourists. These findings provide an essential theoretical platform for new interventions to promote the active participation of diaspora tourism.
... Studies have shown that the expression of gratitude differs among men and women Naito et al., 2005). Furthermore, studies across multiple approaches have supported the notion that women tend to convey and express gratitude, and subsequently acquire benefit from gratitude (Froh et al., 2008;Kashdan et al., 2009). Accordingly, Hill et al. (2013) also tested the moderating effect of gender and marital status on the effect of gratitude and well-being and discovered that the results are insignificant. ...
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has severely disrupted the well-being and mental health of people around the world. Positive emotions like resilience and gratitude have been proven to be able to improve one’s well-being. The theory of Broaden-and-build was used to explore resilience’s mediating role in the relationship between gratitude and well-being among Malaysian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data of 530 participants aged 18 to 35 years was analyzed using SmartPLS. The results showed that grateful and more resilient participants showed a better well-being, and the effects were further moderated by financial income and marital status. The results also supported the hypothetical statistical mediation model in which resilience is the statistical mediator for the association between gratitude and well-being. The results highlighted the significant influence of gratitude and resilience on Malaysian adults’ well-being and explained the role of gratitude in boosting their well-being. It is suggested that policymakers and mental health professionals should consider promoting gratitude and resilience to increase positive emotions and well-being in young adults and help society to be prepared for challenging times of adversity in the future.
... estos resultados son consistentes con diferentes estudios en los que se ha encontrado que las mujeres en general puntúan más alto en empatía que los hombres [23,13]. se hipotetiza que el sexo presentó un valor predictivo significativo, debido a los estereotipos sociales en cuanto a los roles de género, los cuales se inclinan a que en general las mujeres son más empáticas que los hombres, siendo más propensas a expresar emociones morales [15,11,39]. por otro lado, posiblemente la empatía materna percibida tuvo el mayor peso predictivo sobre la empatía autopercibida debido a la importante influencia de la conducta materna sobre los hijos en cuanto al área emocional y las conductas prosociales, dado que según algunos autores [6], la conducta prosocial sería parte de la empatía, coincidiendo con los resultados de diferentes estudios [29,31,22]. ...
Diversos estudios indican la importancia de determinados factores ambientales y genéticos en el desarrollo de la empatía. En el presente estudio se consideran ambos aspectos, teniendo por objetivo analizar cuál es el rol de la empatía parental percibida (materna y paterna), el sexo y el ser gemelo monocigótico o no, en la predicción de la empatía autopercibida de los hijos. Método: la muestra no probabilística estuvo constituida por 114 adolescentes y jóvenes adultos argentinos de ambos sexos, de entre 16 y 30 años. La muestra se dividió en dos grupos: 1) 61 hermanos gemelos monocigóticos (Medad = 23.49; DE = 4.23), de los cuales 46 eran mujeres y 15 eran varones; 2) 53 hermanos no gemelos (Medad = 23.57; DE = 3.38), de los cuales 40 eran mujeres y 13 eran varones. Resultados: el análisis de regresión por bloques indicó que la empatía parental percibida, el sexo y ser hermano gemelo monocigótico predicen un 39 % de la variancia de la empatía. Las variables que tuvieron mayor peso predictivo sobre la empatía de los jóvenes fueron la alegría empática materna (β = .38; p = .002), el sexo (β = .494; p <.001) y el ser o no hermano gemelo (β = .20; p = .029). Conclusiones: este estudio destaca la importancia de la empatía positiva materna en el desarrollo de la empatía de los hijos, así como el rol del sexo y el ser gemelo monocigótico o no en la predicción de dicha variable. Palabras clave: Empatía cognitiva - Empatía afectiva - Modelado parental - Diferencias por sexo - Regresiones por bloques.
... Before the pandemic, there is evidence supporting how gratitude relates to sense of relatedness among a sample in an online platform in Australia (Naqshbandi et al., 2020), undergraduate students in Singapore (Lee et al., 2015), early adolescents in China (Tian et al., 2016), undergraduate students in Croatia (Brdar & Kashdan, 2010), and college students in the United States (Kashdan et al., 2009). Apart from the direct link of gratitude to relatedness, research suggests that the basic needs for relatedness can predict subsequent gratitude (Lee et al., 2015). ...
Objectives:
Although gratitude relates to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) well-being outcomes in the United States, more evidence is needed to understand how this psychological strength reciprocally relates to mental health during this pandemic. This study examines the association of gratitude with stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students in the United States via a longitudinal design.
Methods:
An online survey was administered to 643 undergraduate students in a public university located in the southeastern region of the United States. There was a 1-month interval between the first and second waves of data collection.
Results:
Cross-lagged panel structural equation modeling showed that whereas gratitude positively predicted subsequent relatedness needs satisfaction, it negatively predicted later stress, anxiety, and depression. Relatedness needs satisfaction was reciprocally linked to subsequent gratitude.
Conclusion:
Results suggest that gratitude might serve as a protective psychological resource against the detrimental mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study aimed to identify the level of happiness among a sample of students from the University of Misurata, as well as to know the differences in happiness according to gender, specialization and stage of study, on a sample of (375) male and female students from the University of Misurata, who were chosen randomly, including (137) males and ( 238) females, and the comparative descriptive approach was used as the appropriate approach for the objectives of the study, and the happiness scale prepared by (Abbott, et al, 2006) was used. Data, and statistical methods included the use of arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficient, and a t-test for the significance of differences between averages and analysis of variance.
Gratitude has mostly been explored in relation to well-being but whether it is associated with school-related outcomes such as motivation and engagement has seldom been explored. Motivation and engagement, however, are critical to students’ academic success. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how gratitude is associated with different types of academic motivation (amotivation, controlled motivation, and autonomous motivation) and engagement (cognitive, behavioural, and emotional). We recruited 1099 Chinese university students and asked them to answer questionnaires assessing their levels of gratitude, motivation, and engagement. Structural equation modelling revealed that gratitude was positively associated with controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, and academic engagement but negatively associated with amotivation. Autonomous motivation partially mediated the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. The findings of this study elucidate the theoretical linkages among gratitude, motivation, and engagement, demonstrating the importance of gratitude for school-related outcomes.
Background
The application of self-determination theory in explaining student achievement has been well-established in various contexts. However, its application to medical education, particularly in interprofessional education (IPE) remains underexplored. Understanding how students’ motivation plays a role in students’ engagement and achievement is essential to optimize efforts to improve learning and instruction.
Objective
This two-stage study aims to contextualize the SDT framework to IPE through the adaptation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction to IPE (Study 1) and to demonstrate how SDT can be applied in IPE by examining a model of SDT constructs (Study 2) in predicting outcomes (behavioral engagement, team effectiveness, collective dedication, goal achievement).
Design
In Study 1 (n=996), we adapted and validated BPNS-IPE using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression using data from 996 IPE students (Chinese Medicine, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy). In Study 2 (n=271), we implemented an IPE program where we integrated SDT approaches and examined the relationship of SDT constructs with IPE outcomes using multiple linear regression.
Results
Our data supported the three-factor structure (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) of BPNS-IPE, meeting the required model fit. Autonomy predicted team effectiveness (F=51.290, p<.05, R²=.580); competence predicted behavioral engagement (F=55.181, p<.05, R²=.598); while relatedness predicted significantly four IPE outcomes: behavioral engagement (F=55.181, p<.01, R²=.598), team effectiveness (F=51.290, p<.01, R²=.580), collective dedication (F=49.858, p<.01, R²=.573), goal achievement (F=68.713, p<.01, R²=.649).
Conclusions
The SDT motivational framework can be adapted and applied in the IPE context to understand and enhance student motivation in medical education. Potential studies with the use of the scale are provided to guide researchers.
Guest columnist Ginger H. Williams is a new dean at Fort Hays State University, a regional comprehensive university in western Kansas. Ginger reflects on aspects of her work she is grateful for, such as a challenging renovation project and other new-to-her duties that help expand her skills. She also considers the many people whose support she relies upon. Readers are encouraged to consider what they are grateful for in their own professional lives and to find ways to express gratitude in a professional setting.
Araştırmanın amacı özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan annelerin mutluluk korkusu ile şükran düzeylerini sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelemek ve mutluluk korkusu ile şükran düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesidir. Bu araştırma kapsamında İstanbul’da ikamet eden, zihinsel yetersizliği veya otizm tanısı olan çocuğa sahip 312 anne çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. İlişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada çalışma grubunun Mutluluk Korkusu düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla Demirci vd., (2016) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan Mutluluk korkusu ölçeği, Şükran düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla ise Kardaş ve Yalçın (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Şükran ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına ilişin analizler SPSS 17 paket programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Analiz kısmında gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız örneklem T testi ve ANOVA testi farklılıkların hangi yönde gerçekleştiğini belirlemek amacıyla da Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların şükran düzeyleri ve mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla Pearson Momentler katsayısı kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanında, katılımcıların şükran düzeyinin mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri üzerindeki etkiyi belirlemek amacıyla da çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan annelerin şükran düzeyleri ve mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelendiği bu araştırmada hem sosyo-demografik değişkenlere göre hem de değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilere göre anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre annelerin mutluluk korkusu ve şükran düzeylerinin yaş, ekonomik durum, öğrenim durumu, çocuk sayısı değişkenleri açısından farklılaştığı, şükran düzeyleri ile mutluluk korkusu düzeyleri arasında da negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür.
Gratitude has several benefits on the physical and mental health of adolescence. However, only a few studies have explored how to promote the gratitude of adolescents from the perspective of a family. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between parental warmth and adolescents’ gratitude and its underlying mechanism. We recruited 357 adolescents to complete the questionnaire survey on parental warmth, gratitude, perspective-taking, and friendship quality. The following results were obtained. (1) Parental warmth positively predicted adolescents’ gratitude. (2) Friendship quality played a partial mediating role between parental warmth and adolescents’ gratitude. Specifically, parental warmth could not only directly predict adolescents’ gratitude, but also affect adolescents’ gratitude through friendship quality. (3) Perspective-taking negatively moderated the relationship between parental warmth and gratitude and positively moderated the relationship between friendship quality and adolescents’ gratitude. The present study clarified how and when parental warmth affected adolescents’ gratitude and also indicated that the latter could be improved by cultivating friendship quality and perspective-taking ability.
In this chapter we review the good of gratitude and recommend various methods for cultivating this human strength. First, we show how gratitude is indeed good. We show how gratitude is important to flourishing and happiness. Gratitude is strongly correlated with various measures of well-being, and experimental studies suggest that gratitude actually causes increases in happiness. If gratitude is good, then it behooves us to investigate how the disposition of gratitude can be enhanced. We suggest that grateful responding can be enhanced by training in noticing the good in one's life, and by encouraging interpretations and appraisals that have been found to promote gratitude. We then present a discussion of unresolved issues in the science of gratitude. This is followed by a discussion of who might benefit most from gratitude. We conclude with a summary of the cultivation of gratitude. Research strongly supports the idea that the cultivation of gratitude should result in a harvest of happiness, but cultivating gratitude is not likely to be an easy process.
Considering the significance of a preschool teacher's influence on children's overall behavior, this research focuses on the characteristics and positive emotions, like gratitude which are associated with good wishes and the tendency to do something positive (i.e. prosocial behavior). Therefore, the main question of this study was to explore gratitude and prosocial behavior among preservice preschool tachers, and to analyze the relationship between their gratitude, prosocial behavior and academic year and age. Results of a sample of 96 Early and Preschool Education students have shown higher levels of gratitude and prosocial behavior among students who participated in this study. In addition, the significant positive correlation between gratitude, prosocial behaviour and the students' age was determined. These findings have been discussed within the framework of preschool education students' future roles as preschool teachers who would be significant in the lives of preschool children.
Software development demands creativity and adept problem-solving skills. However, long-term stress and fatigue might impede these skills in software developers. From the perspective of positive psychology, this cross-sectional study investigated the effects of gratitude, age, and gender on stress and fatigue in 421 participants, 244 males (58 %) and 177 females (42 %), aged between 21 and 57 years (M = 36.20; SD = 7.56). The tools employed included the multi-component gratitude measure, perceived stress scale and fatigue assessment scale. Multiple linear regressions confirmed the beneficial effects of gratitude, and they indicated higher levels of perceived stress and fatigue in women and younger professionals. These findings have positive implications for organisational psychologists, as they signify the favourable impacts of gratitude in mitigating stress and fatigue in software developers. The authors recommend that organisational practitioners should focus on enhancing the professionals' well-being by strategizing and implementing gratitude training programmes.
Introduction:
The promotion of physicians' empathy (PE) skills in medical school plays a central role in physician-patient communication. However, a significant decline in empathy among medical students during their training has been repeatedly reported. Gratitude could be a possible protective factor for PE. However, as some students do not seem to be affected by this empathy loss, this study explores the relationship between gratitude and PE.
Methods:
Using validated questionnaires (JSPE-S, IRI and GQ-6), 88 medical students at LMU München evaluated their self-assessed PE and gratitude. In addition, they went through four OSCE stations focusing on general medicine, in which their empathy and communication skills were assessed by simulated patients (SP) and by an assessor using the Berlin Global Rating. Correlations were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and gender differences were analysed using Mann-Whitney U-tests.
Results:
In the self-assessment, there was a significant, moderate correlation between students' attitude towards empathy (JSPE-S) and their gratitude (GQ-6) and a weak correlation between the IRI subscale "Empathy" and the GQ-6. In terms of the performance-based assessment, there were also weak correlations between PE or communication skills and gratitude. There were no gender-specific differences in the gratitude of the students.
Conclusion:
We were able to demonstrate a correlational relationship between gratitude and empathy in medical students. Whether gratitude acts causally as a protective or supportive factor for empathy remains open. A causal relationship of gratitude to empathy should therefore be examined in a prospective study design.
Teaching in contemporary societies is an extremely multi-faceted and specialized task. Teachers have been known to have important influence on students' academic achievement and they also play a crucial role in educational attainment. Research consistently shows that teachers have the greatest potential to influence children's education. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between gratitude and psychological capital among high school teachers. The researchers have employed simple random technique for data collection through survey method. There were 65 teachers who participated in this study. The Gratitude questionnaire (McCullough et al., 2002) and Psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et.al, 2007) were used for assessing gratitude and the dimensions of psychological capital. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between gratitude and psychological capital among teachers. Gratitude and each of the psychological capital domains (hope, optimism, resilience, and self efficacy) are statistically correlated. Further, the findings revealed that psychological capital domains are significantly interrelated with all other variables except self-efficacy and resilience. Limitations and implications of the study are also discussed.
Dispositional gratitude has recently emerged as a variable of interest in organizational contexts. However, it remains unclear whether dispositional gratitude is predictive of employee well-being, with limited theoretical and empirical elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. To address these limitations, the present study investigated dispositional gratitude as a predictor of employee well-being and organizational commitment. Drawing on the broaden-and-build theory of positive affect, the study also examined whether the social bonding resources of leader-member exchange (LMX) and coworker exchange (CWX) mediated these effects. The participating employees ( N = 300) completed the survey in three waves at one-week intervals. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) confirm that dispositional gratitude is positively related to employee well-being and organizational commitment and that these effects are mediated by LMX and CWX. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings, the study’s limitations, and future research directions.
In this chapter a theory of motivation and emotion developed from an attributional perspective is presented. Before undertaking this central task, it might be beneficial to review the progression of the book. In Chapter 1 it was suggested that causal attributions have been prevalent throughout history and in disparate cultures. Studies reviewed in Chapter 2 revealed a large number of causal ascriptions within motivational domains, and different ascriptions in disparate domains. Yet some attributions, particularly ability and effort in the achievement area, dominate causal thinking. To compare and contrast causes such as ability and effort, their common denominators or shared properties were identified. Three causal dimensions, examined in Chapter 3, are locus, stability, and controllability, with intentionality and globality as other possible causal properties. As documented in Chapter 4, the perceived stability of a cause influences the subjective probability of success following a previous success or failure; causes perceived as enduring increase the certainty that the prior outcome will be repeated in the future. And all the causal dimensions, as well as the outcome of an activity and specific causes, influence the emotions experienced after attainment or nonattainment of a goal. The affects linked to causal dimensions include pride (with locus), hopelessness and resignation (with stability), and anger, gratitude, guilt, pity, and shame (with controllability).
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Tested theory that adherence to the traditional male gender role and help-seeking attitudes and behaviors are related. Ss were 401 undergraduate men who completed measures of help-seeking attitudes and behaviors, attitudes toward the stereotypic male role, and gender role conflict factors (i.e., success/power/competition, restrictive emotionality, and restrictive affectionate behavior between men). Canonical analysis and regression indicated that traditional attitudes about the male role, concern about expressing emotions, and concern about expressing affection toward other men were each significantly related to negative attitudes toward seeking professional psychological assistance. Restrictive emotionality also significantly predicted decreased past help-seeking behavior and decreased likelihood of future help seeking. The implications of these results for theory, research, and counseling practice are discussed.
Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (e. g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues. Finally, the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness. In a 6-group, random-assignment, placebo-controlled Internet study, the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise. They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms. Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology.
Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (e. g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues. Finally, the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness. In a 6-group, random-assignment, placebo-controlled Internet study, the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise. They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms. Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology.
In this book, Joseph Pleck examines and analyzes the full body of research literature on the male role that has appeared since the 1930s and subjects it to a devastating critique. He identifies the components of the "male sex role paradigm" which has been the basis of research for the past forty years, and notes numerous instances of blatant misrepresentation of data, twisted reinterpretations of disconfirming results, misogyny, homophobia, and class bias. He proposes a new theory, the "sex role strain paradigm," offers a reinterpretation of sex role stereotyping, and a critique of research by sociobiologists that allegedly demonstrates a biological basis for male aggression.
Social and personality correlates of crying relevant to clinical application were examined in the laboratory. The effects of gender and of gender-pairing on emotional expression of film-induced sadness were evaluated. College students served in pairs as experimental subjects. Results indicated that men retrospectively reported less crying than women, and that both male and female subjects reported more appropriate sex-stereotypic behavior (i.e., males cried less, females cried more) when in opposite-sex pairings. Correlational analyses indicated that females, unlike males, showed clear concordances between sadness and crying. Males, unlike females, evidenced negative correlations between reported anger and crying. Personality variables (including empathy, extraversion, femininity, ego strength, and prior levels of stress) were found to be associated with crying and sadness, although markedly different correlation patterns were seen for men and women. The findings collectively suggest that crying is associ...
U.S. emotion culture contains beliefs that women are more emotional and emotionally expressive than men and that men and women differ in their experience and expression of specific emotions. Using data from the 1996 emotions module of the GSS, the authors investigate whether men and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior, evaluating whether the patterns observed for men and women are consistent with cultural beliefs as well as predictions from two sociological theories about emotion and two sociological theories about gender. Surprisingly, self-reports do not support cultural beliefs about gender differences in the frequency of everyday subjective feelings in general. Men and women do, however, differ in the frequency of certain positive and negative feelings, which is explained by their difference in social position. The implications of the findings for theory and research on both gender and emotion are discussed.
One consistent element of Western sex stereotypes is that women are emotional, whereas men are rational. This is also widely spread in psychology and defended by feminist authors who equate women's relationality with their emotionality. In this article the concept of `emotionality' is criticized and the assumption that women are generally more emotional than men is questioned. A large amount of empirical research on sex differences in emotions is reviewed, leading to the conclusion that the general idea that women are more emotional than men tells us more about Western sex stereotypes than about women's actual emotions.
The present study was designed to test the assumption that gender differences in emotion expression are based on differences in the motives held by men and women in social interactions. Three hundred and fourteen students participated in this study by completing a questionnaire. Each questionnaire contained two vignettes that varied with respect to type of emotion (anger, disappointment, fear or sadness), sex of target, and object-target relationship. Dependent variables included measures of emotion expression and of motives for regulating one's emotions. The results support the general hypothesis that women are more concerned with relationships and less reluctant to express powerless emotions, whereas men are more motivated to stay in control and tend to express emotions that reflect their power.
We investigated the relationship between the emotional states of gratitude and indebtedness in two studies. Although many have suggested that these affects are essentially equivalent, we submit that they are distinct emotional states. Following Heider (1958), we propose that with increasing expectations of return communicated with a gift by a benefactor, indebtedness should increase but gratitude should decrease. The results of two vignette studies supported this hypothesis, and patterns of thought/action tendencies showed these states to be distinct. In addition, we found that with increasing expectations communicated by a benefactor, beneficiaries reported that they would be less likely to help the benefactor in the future. Taken together, we argue that the debt of gratitude is internally generated, and is not analogous to an economic form of indebtedness.
The purpose of these studies was to develop a valid measure of trait gratitude, and to evaluate the relationship of gratitude to subjective well-being (SWB). Four studies were conducted evaluating the reliability and validity of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT),
a measure of dispositional gratitude. This measure was shown to have good internal consistency and temporal stability. The GRAT was shown to relate positively to various measures of SWB. In two experiments, it was shown that grateful thinking improved mood, and results also supported the predictive
validity of the GRAT. These studies support the theory that gratitude is an affective trait important to SWB.
According to gender role theory, women's greater emotional intensity than men's stems from normative expectations for sex differences that arise as a result of men's and women's social roles. In the 1st experiment, endorsement of normative expectations for sex differences was associated with sex differences in Ss' own emotions: To the extent that they endorsed stereotypical differences between men and women, female Ss reported personally experiencing emotions of greater intensity and male Ss reported experiencing emotions of lesser intensity. The 2nd study manipulated expectations for responsiveness while Ss viewed a series of emotion-inducing slides. When instructions rendered normative expectations comparable for men and women, no sex differences were obtained in emotion self-reports. Furthermore, women evidenced more extreme electromyograph physiological responding than men, suggesting general sex differences in emotion that are not limited to self-report.
I: Background.- 1. An Introduction.- 2. Conceptualizations of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination.- II: Self-Determination Theory.- 3. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Causality and Perceived Competence.- 4. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Interpersonal Communication and Intrapersonal Regulation.- 5. Toward an Organismic Integration Theory: Motivation and Development.- 6. Causality Orientations Theory: Personality Influences on Motivation.- III: Alternative Approaches.- 7. Operant and Attributional Theories.- 8. Information-Processing Theories.- IV: Applications and Implications.- 9. Education.- 10. Psychotherapy.- 11. Work.- 12. Sports.- References.- Author Index.
Stereotypes about gender and emotional expression tend to be imprecise and misleading. They fail to acknowledge situational, individual, and cultural variations in males' and females' emotional expressiveness. They also tend to generalize across emotional intensity and frequency, as well as across different modalities of emotional expression, e.g. verbal vs, behavioral modalities. Moreover they tend to exaggerate the extent of gender differences in emotional expression. I argue that when gender differences in emotional expression do occur they can be traced to social processes such as dissimilar gender roles, status and power imbalances, and differing socialization histories of males and females. These processes may predispose some males and females to express emotions differently in some cultures and in some contexts. To support this argument, I present data from two studies, one showing that the amount of time fathers spend with their children relates to the gender stereotypic nature of their children's emotional expressiveness; and the other showing that gender differences in emotional expressiveness are culturally specific in a sample of Asian international, Asian-American, and European-American college students. Finally I note the potentially destructive limitations imposed by stereotypes on males' and females' interpersonal functioning as well as on their mental and physical health.
Gratitude, like other positive emotions, has inspired many theological and philosophical writings, but it has inspired very little vigorous, empirical research. In an effort to remedy this oversight, this book brings together prominent scientists from various disciplines to examine what has become known as the most-neglected emotion. The volume begins with the historical, philosophical, and theoretical foundations of gratitude, and then presents the current research perspectives from social, personality, and developmental psychology, as well as from primatology, anthropology, and biology. The volume also includes a comprehensive, annotated bibliography of research on gratitude. This work contributes a great deal to the growing positive psychology initiative and to the scientific investigation of positive human emotions. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers and students in social, personality, developmental, clinical, and health psychology, as well as to sociologists and cultural anthropologists.
This chapter examines the feeling of being grateful. It suggests feeling grateful is similar to other positive emotions that help build a person's enduring personal resources and broaden an individual's thinking. It describes various ways by which gratitude can transform individuals, organizations, and communities in positive and sustaining ways. It discusses the specific benefits of gratitude including personal and social development, community strength and individual health and well-being.
Gratitude is an emotional state and an attitude toward life that is a source of human strength in enhancing one's personal and relational well-being. In this article, we first explore the theological origins of gratitude as a virtue to be cultivated in the major monotheistic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Each tradition emphasizes the development of gratitude as a path to a good life, and prescribes approaches for practicing. Gratitude is explored further in the context of psychological theory and research. Empirical research linking gratitude with well-being and goal attainment is presented and discussed. Finally, future research questions and a tentative research agenda are presented.
An ACT Approach Chapter 1. What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? Steven C. Hayes, Kirk D. Strosahl, Kara Bunting, Michael Twohig, and Kelly G. Wilson Chapter 2. An ACT Primer: Core Therapy Processes, Intervention Strategies, and Therapist Competencies. Kirk D. Strosahl, Steven C. Hayes, Kelly G. Wilson and Elizabeth V. Gifford Chapter 3. ACT Case Formulation. Steven C. Hayes, Kirk D. Strosahl, Jayson Luoma, Alethea A. Smith, and Kelly G. Wilson ACT with Behavior Problems Chapter 4. ACT with Affective Disorders. Robert D. Zettle Chapter 5. ACT with Anxiety Disorders. Susan M. Orsillo, Lizabeth Roemer, Jennifer Block-Lerner, Chad LeJeune, and James D. Herbert Chapter 6. ACT with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Alethea A. Smith and Victoria M. Follette Chapter 7. ACT for Substance Abuse and Dependence. Kelly G. Wilson and Michelle R. Byrd Chapter 8. ACT with the Seriously Mentally Ill. Patricia Bach Chapter 9. ACT with the Multi-Problem Patient. Kirk D. Strosahl ACT with Special Populations, Settings, and Methods Chapter 10. ACT with Children, Adolescents, and their Parents. Amy R. Murrell, Lisa W. Coyne, & Kelly G. Wilson Chapter 11. ACT for Stress. Frank Bond. Chapter 12. ACT in Medical Settings. Patricia Robinson, Jennifer Gregg, JoAnne Dahl, & Tobias Lundgren Chapter 13. ACT with Chronic Pain Patients. Patricia Robinson, Rikard K. Wicksell, Gunnar L. Olsson Chapter 14. ACT in Group Format. Robyn D. Walser and Jacqueline Pistorello
Friends are an integral part of our lives---they sometimes replace family relationships and often form the basis for romantic relationships. This book] examines how friends give meaning to our lives and why we rely so heavily on them. The book is process oriented and research based with each phase of the friendship process documented by empirical research. The result is a conceptual framework that illuminates the fascinating components of how we make friends, how we become close, how we maintain friends, and how friendships deteriorate and dissolve. This book] illustrates . . . the fact that, as a field of study, close relationships is maturing rapidly. This book will be a particular interest to students, practitioners, and researchers in social psychology, sociology, communication, family studies, and social work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(cover)
Previous research has documented that specificemotions are differentially associated with women andmen. For example, sadness and happiness arestereotypically associated with girls and women, whereas anger and pride are stereotypically associatedwith men. The present research qualifies these previousfindings by establishing that gender-emotion stereotypesare context specific. Twenty-four scenarios were developed that depicted a target personover-or underreacting to happy, sad, or angry events ineither an interpersonal or an achievement context.Thirty-three female and 44 male Caucasian undergraduates judged how characteristic these reactions werefor women and men. The results demonstrated thatoverreactions to happyand sad events were morecharacteristic of women in the interpersonal context,but were more characteristic of men in the achievementcontext. Overreactions to angry scenarios, however, weremore characteristic of men, regardless of context. Theimplications of the context-dependent nature of gender-emotion stereotypes for men and womenare discussed.
The purpose of this studywas to see if feeling grateful to God reduces the deleterious effects of stress on health in late life. In addition, an effort was made to test for gender differences in this process. Three main findings emerged from the analysis of data provided by a nationwide sample of older adults. First, the data suggest that olderwomen are more likely to feel grateful to God than older men. Second, the results revealed that the effects of stress (e.g., living in a deteriorated neighborhood) on health are reduced for older people who feel more grateful to God. Finally, the analyses indicated that the potentially important stress-buffering properties of gratitude toward God emerge primarily among older women but not older men.
Being preoccupied with the pursuit of money, wealth, and material possessions arguably fails as a strategy to increase pleasure and meaning in life. However, little is known about the mechanisms that explain the inverse relation between materialism and well-being. The current study tested the hypothesis that experiential avoidance mediates associations between materialistic values and diminished emotional well-being, meaning in life, self-determination, and gratitude. Results indicated that people with stronger materialistic values reported more negative emotions and less relatedness, autonomy, competence, gratitude, and meaning in life. As expected, experiential avoidance fully mediated associations between materialistic values and each dimension of well-being. Emotional disturbances such as social anxiety and depressive symptoms failed to account for these findings after accounting for shared variance with experiential avoidance. The results are discussed in the context of alternative, more fulfilling routes to well-being.
This study investigated whether positive emotion is differentially prescribed for men and women in self-and other-oriented contexts. Subjects read a scene in which the main character either did or did not express positive emotion toward either the self or another person. After imagining themselves as the main character, subjects rated on a rewards/costs scale how others would respond to them if they had behaved as depicted. Females expected more rewards/fewer costs when positive emotion was expressed toward another person than when it was not, whereas expected rewards/costs did not differ when females expressed and did not express self-directed positive emotion. Males expected more rewards/fewer costs when positive emotion was expressed than when it was not expressed in both self-and other-oriented contexts. Findings indicate that norms for expression of positive emotion are gender differentiated in that women are particularly required to express positive emotion toward others.
Positive feelings are considered within the framework of a general model of origins and functions of affect. This model treats affect as reflecting the error signal of a feedback loop managing rate of incentive-seeking (and threat-avoidant) behaviour. In this view, positive feelings represent a sign that things are going better than necessary and are presumed to induce coasting. A tendency to coast is seen as facilitating the shift of attention and effort to other behavioural domains, where they may be needed more or where unforeseen opportunities have arisen. Such a function for positive feelings would permit the person both to maintain satisfactory standing with regard to multiple goals and to take advantage of unforeseen opportunities, thus providing adaptive value. Comparisons are made to other recently developed ideas concerning the functions of positive feelings.
Background: This paper reports the findings of a phenomenological study to understand and interpret the experience of a group of men before, during and after their attendance at a charity-based service for the early detection of prostate cancer. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on men's help-seeking behaviour regarding their health was undertaken. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with a purposive sample of 12 men who had attended the service in the previous 3 months. Results: Resultant data showed that men experience social, psychological and structural barriers to help-seeking including a threat to masculinity, embarrassment, fear and guilt at using an under-resourced health service. Participants attended the service due to a variety of motivating factors which are often complex and interrelated. However, fear of cancer, the value of early detection, the media and encouragement by women were key cues to action. Participants felt reassured and empowered by the process, largely due to the interpersonal and communication skills of health professionals working within the early detection service. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for health policy makers and health promoters to understand men's help-seeking behaviour, provide them with information in a relevant and meaningful way and provide services for the early detection of prostate cancer which should be of high quality and person-centred.
This study investigates the relationship between emotional expressiveness and dyadic adjustment in a sample of adults from Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hypotheses were explored and tested in the following areas: the factor structure of emotional expressiveness and marital adjustment items, gender differences in emotional expressiveness, and the relationship between emotional expressiveness and marital adjustment. The factor structure in the current sample shows similar structures as a previous Latin American sample, but differing from the structures identified in U.S. samples. Women were not found to report a difference in expressiveness compared to men. Emotional expressiveness showed a strong relationship with marital adjustment, illustrating the importance of sharing positive emotions while suppressing negative ones (expression of sadness was not significant). Implications for practitioners in cross-cultural work, and possible explanations for cultural differences are discussed.
According to our social-role theory of gender and helping, the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships. In contrast, the helping behaviors prescribed by the male gender role have been generously represented in research findings because they are displayed in relationships with strangers as well as in close relationships. Results from our meta-analytic review of sex differences in helping behavior indicate that in general men helped more than women and women received more help than men. Nevertheless, sex differences in helping were extremely inconsistent across studies and were successfully predicted by various attributes of the studies and the helping behaviors. These predictors were interpreted in terms of several aspects of our social-role theory of gender and helping.
The authors surveyed 212 university students in Japan and 284 university students in Thailand, using a multiaspect questionnaire that was designed to investigate cultural similarities and differences in gratitude. The questionnaire included the items involved in hypothetical helping situations: (a) perceived gains of recipients, cost to benefactors, and obligation to help as antecedent variables of gratitude; (b) both positive feelings of gratitude and feelings of indebtedness; and (c) requital to benefactors and increased prosocial motivation of recipients as an outcome of gratitude. In both Japanese and Thai students, positive feelings cor-related with facial and verbal expressions of gratitude and increased prosocial motivation. However, the variable of feelings of indebtedness was positively related to increased prosocial motivation only in Japanese male students.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
This study investigated 3 broad classes of individual-differences variables (job-search motives, competencies, and constraints) as predictors of job-search intensity among 292 unemployed job seekers. Also assessed was the relationship between job-search intensity and reemployment success in a longitudinal context. Results show significant relationships between the predictors employment commitment, financial hardship, job-search self-efficacy, and motivation control and the outcome job-search intensity. Support was not found for a relationship between perceived job-search constraints and job-search intensity. Motivation control was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of job-search intensity over time for those who were continuously unemployed. Job-search intensity predicted Time 2 reemployment status for the sample as a whole, but not reemployment quality for those who found jobs over the study's duration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
What is happiness? Why are some people happier than others? This new edition of The Psychology of Happiness provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of research into the nature of happiness. Major research developments have occurred since publication of the first edition in 1987 - here they are brought together for the first time, often with surprising conclusions. Drawing on research from the disciplines of sociology, physiology and economics as well as psychology, Michael Argyle explores the nature of positive and negative emotions, and the psychological and cognitive processes involved in their generation. Accessible and wide-ranging coverage is provided on key issues such as: the measurements and study of happiness, mental and physical health; the effect of friendship, marriage and other relationships on positive moods; happiness, mental and physical health; the effects of work, employment and leisure; and the effects of money, class and education. The importance of individual personality traits such as optimism, purpose in life, internal control and having the right kind of goals is also analysed. New to this edition is additional material on national differences, the role of humour, and the effect of religion. Are some countries happier than others? This is just one of the controversial issues addressed by the author along the way. Finally the book discusses the practical application of research in this area, such as how happiness can be enhanced, and the effects of happiness on health, altruism and sociability. This definitive and thought-provoking work will be compulsive reading for students, researchers and the interested general reader
from its inception, differential emotions theory (DET) . . . has maintained that emotions are the primary forces in organizing human thought and action / DET has also affirmed that it is the emotional component of consciousness and experience that gives richness and meaning to individual life and relationships / having characterized the emotions in this way, it follows that quality of life in the older adult can best be explained by a principle that affirms the community of emotion feelings and emotion expressions across the life span
show how DET may serve as a theoretical framework for emotional development across the life span / present an overview of DET / discuss key principles of life span emotional development / discuss DET in relation to adult development and aging / discuss how DET relates to other models of emotion in adulthood / conclude by discussing avenues for future research from the perspective of DET (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)