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Comparative study of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of six essential oils and their components
Natural Product Research
Abstract
The antioxidant activities and the determined major components of six popular and commercially available herb essential oils, including lavender (Lavendular angustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarius officinalis), lemon (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradise), and frankincense (Boswellia carteri), were compared. The essential oils were analysed by GC-MS and their antioxidant activities were determined by testing free radical-scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation in the linoleic acid system. The major components of the essential oils of lavender, peppermint, rosemary, lemon, grapefruit, and frankincense were linalyl acetate (28.2%), menthol (33.4%), 1,8-cineole (46.1%), limonene (64.5 and 94.2%), and p-menth-2-en-ol (34.5%), respectively. The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was obtained by the lavender essential oil and limonene, with RC50 values of 2.1 +/- 0.23% and 2.1 +/- 0.04%, respectively. Radical-scavenging activity against the ABTS radical was highest in peppermint essential oil (1.6 +/- 0.09). Lavender oil was most effective for inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation after 10 days.
... Owing to their complex chemical compositions, EOs are widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and food industries [1,4]. The EOs of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula dentata are obtained from aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family and have been widely used in traditional medicine owing to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties [5][6][7]. Thus, the antioxidant properties of EOs play a fundamental role in oxidative stress because of the inherent capacity of some of their main components to stop or delay the aerobic oxidation of organic matter (for example, membrane lipids) [8]. ...
... Regarding the in vitro antioxidant activity, although the antioxidant capacity of EOs and their main components has been previously reported [7,32], it is necessary to evaluate whether the biological activity is preserved after nanoencapsulation; thus, by distributing the NC-EOs in the skin furrows, their potential dermatological application was retained [33]. ...
... Figure 2 shows the %I at the concentration of 45 µg/mL for the EO of L. dentata (66.79%), which was higher than that obtained for the EOs of R. officinalis (65.21%). This result is comparable to that reported by Yang et al. [7] for Lavandula EOs, as it was more effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation in a test period of 10 days compared to other EOs, including the EOs of R. officinalis. Hosni et al. [39] established that the powerful antioxidant activity of EOs can be attributed to the presence of a high percentage of monoterpenes. ...
Essential oils (EOs) are natural antioxidant alternatives that reduce skin damage. However, EOs are highly volatile; therefore, their nanoencapsulation represents a feasible alternative to increase their stability and favor their residence time on the skin to guarantee their effect. In this study, EOs of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula dentata were nanoencapsulated and evaluated as skin delivery systems with potential antioxidant activity. The EOs were characterized and incorporated into polymeric nanocapsules (NC-EOs) using nanoprecipitation. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ferric thiocyanate method. The ex vivo effects on pig skin were evaluated based on biophysical parameters using bioengineering techniques. An ex vivo dermatokinetic evaluation on pig skin was performed using modified Franz cells and the tape-stripping technique. The results showed that the EOs had good antioxidant activity (>65%), which was maintained after nanoencapsulation and purification. The nanoencapsulation of the EOs favored its deposition in the stratum corneum compared to free EOs; the highest deposition rate was obtained for 1,8-cineole, a major component of L. dentata, at 1 h contact time, compared to R. officinalis with a major deposition of the camphor component. In conclusion, NC-EOs can be used as an alternative antioxidant for skin care.
... Current research explores antioxidant properties, which vary in EO due to differences in plant parts, extraction methods, dominant compounds in EO, antioxidant assays, comparisons with different controls, measured free radicals, and various factors that significantly influence the antioxidant capacity and IC 50 [4,21,[27][28][29][30]. For example, IC 50 values using ABTS indicated inhibition at 28 mg/mL of LEO [12], whereas similar tests reported inhibition at 2.97 mg/mL for the same [25]. ...
... Supported by scientific evidence, studies involving DPPH testing show promising results for EO from dried lemon leaves extracted using hydro-distillation [14,61]. Similarly, limonene (D/L) has been identified as possessing strong antioxidant properties [25,27,67,68]. ...
Recent studies have explored the antioxidant properties of lemon essential oil (LEO), taking considering factors like plant part, extraction methods, and antioxidant assay. However, due to varied results and limited precision in individual studies, our meta-analysis aims to offer a comprehensive understanding across different experiments, irrespective of location or time. Out of 109 scientific articles published between 1947 and 2024, only 28 successfully validated their data on differences in antioxidant capacity and IC50, using weighted averages of Hedges’ d in meta-analysis. A meta-analysis revealed several key findings: (i) lemon leaf and peel extracts have higher IC50 compared to controls, whereas whole plant extracts show lower values (p < 0.001); (ii) the maceration preserves antioxidant properties better than hydro-distillation and Soxhlet extraction (p < 0.001); (iii) LEO require higher concentrations to achieve comparable free radical inhibition as the standard controls such as AsA, BHT, and quercetin, suggesting lower antioxidant efficiency. This was supported by IC50 result, which showed no significant difference between LEO and other compounds like thymol, Thymus vulgaris EO, and Citrus aurantium EO. However, compared to AsA, BHT, limonene, and trolox, the inhibition efficacy was significantly lower (p < 0.01). These findings consistently demonstrated significant antioxidant activity across multiple assays, including ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, DPPH, and FRAP (p < 0.01). Notably, the predominant components of LEO including α-linoleic acid, D-limonene, limonene, L-limonene, neryl acetate, sabinene, and Z-citral, which demonstrate significant potency as antioxidant agent (p < 0.01). Specifically, limonene and Z-citral make substantial contributions to its antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01). Despite variations in purity among LEO extractions, there is potential for future enhancement through nanoemulsion. In conclusion, LEO show promise as an alternative antioxidant, with emphasis to selecting samples based on leaves or peels and employing maceration extractions for various antioxidant assays. Active components rich in terpenoids, such as limonene and Z-citral, are particularly noteworthy.
Graphical Abstract
... In-vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and anti-viral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions and some anti-allergenic potential (Mc Kay and Blumberg, 2006) Mentha piperita herb; plant extract and oil of peppermint health benefits. Animal studies show Mentha piperita have analgesic and anesthetic effects in central and peripheral nervous system immune system influencing actions and anticancer potential (Yang et al., 2010). Mentha piperita L. is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. ...
... The antioxidant activities and the determined major components of six popular and commercially available herb essential oils including lavender, peppermint; rosemary; lemon; grape fruit, and frankincense were compared (Yang et al., 2010). The major components of the essential oils of these herbs were linalyl acetate; menthol; 1,8-cineole; limonene, and p-menth-2-en-ol, respectively. ...
Study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different volatile oils such as: (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum N.)(CIN); (Eucalyptus globules L.) (EUC); (Mentha Piperita L.)(PEP) oils and their combination by two concentrations (100 and 300 μg/ml) on the four marker lysosomal enzymatic activities (ACP, Acid phosphatase; β-GAL, β-galactosidase, β-NAG, β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, and β-GLU, β-Glucuronidase) in rat liver in-vitro. In addition to, the activities of these enzymes in Carbontetrachloride(CCl 4)-induced hepatotoxicity (in-vivo) for each volatile oil by the two concentrations were investigated. It was observed that at the in-vitro experiment, the activity of each lysosomal enzyme appeared to be decreased by different values depending on the concentration of the volatile oil. The highest percentage values of the inhibitory effect were observed at the high concentration of the oil. The enzyme activity was altered according to the enzyme type and the oil. On the other hand, at the experiment of CCl 4-induced hepatotoxicity (in-vivo), the enzyme activity behavior was changed according to sole dose of treatment. At the sole treatments of each volatile oil by the two concentrations, the enzyme activity was decreased by different percentage values of inhibition. It was concluded that (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum N.); (Eucalyptus globules L.); (Mentha Piperita L.) oils by the two concentrations and also their mixtures exerted an inhibitory effect by different percentage of inhibition due to the effect of their antioxidant components of oils on the membrane permeability of the lysosomes. [Kamal, M. El-Deib and Nermien, Z. Ahmed. Comparison of the Effects of Some Essential Oils as Anti-inflammatory Agents on the activities of Lysosomal Acid-Hydrolases in Rat Liver in-vitro. Nature and Science 2011; 9(10):90-98]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net.
... Chamomile, which has several applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, is well known for its relaxant properties and has exhibited antioxidant activity according to a team of researchers in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina [28]. Similarly, Grapefruit, known for its use in fragrances, has also shown antioxidant activity in a study by researchers in Asia in 2010 [29]. ...
... Elaguel et al. showed that henna has substantial antioxidant activity and has a significant potential in combatting cancer [35]. Mint, a natural antioxidant, has also shown its effectiveness in the treatment of mental fatigue as reported in a study by a team of researchers from Korea in 2010 [29]. ...
Alzheimer’s Disease is among the major chronic neurodegenerative diseases that affects more than 50 million people worldwide. This disease irreversibly destroys memory, cognition, and the overall daily activities which occur mainly among the elderly. Few drugs are approved for Alzheimer’s Disease management despite its high prevalence. To date, the available drugs in the market cannot reverse the damage of neurons caused by the disease leading to the exacerbation of symptoms and possibly death. Medicinal plants are considered a rich source of chemical constituents and have been contributing to modern drug discovery in many therapeutic areas including cancer, infectious, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. Moreover, essential oils that are extracted from plant organs have been reported for a wide array of biological activities, and their roles as antioxidants, antiaging, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory activities. This article highlights the promising potential of plants’ essential oils in the discovery of novel therapeutic options for Alzheimer’s Disease and halting its progression. In this article, 428 compounds were reported from the essential oils isolated from 21 plants. A comparative study is carried out by employing a variety of machine learning techniques, validation, and evaluation metrics, to predict essential oils’ efficacy against Alzheimer’s Disease progression. Extensive experiments on essential oil data suggest that a prediction accuracy of up to 82% can be achieved given the proper data preprocessing, feature selection, and model configuration steps. This study underscores the potential of integrating machine learning with natural product research to prioritize and expedite the identification of bioactive essential oils that could lead to effective therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer’s Disease. Further exploration and optimization of machine learning techniques could provide a robust platform for drug discovery and development, facilitating faster and more efficient screening of potential treatments.
... (Xu et al, 2003) In present era, due to the multidimension uses of M. piperita, its consumption is astounding. Due to the presence of various constituents and compounds obtained from this plant and the essential oil extracted from its various portions has enormous use in our daily life areas like pestisides, cosmetics, confectionary pharmaceuticals beverages (Yang et al., 2010). The reality that many everyday products such as baked goods, beauty products, verbal hygienic products, meds, insecticides, and as a flavor enhancer in toothpastes, gum, and refreshments, include some compounds and constituents from the dehydrated and fresh plants of mint, as well as their essential oils, demonstrates the plant's economic importance (Patel et al., 2007). ...
... Mint is an important medicinal plant and also rich source of many vital antioxidants. Schmidt et al., (2015) mentioned that EOS extracted from mint herb has antiradicals functions with respect to DPPH and hydroxyl (OH−) radicals, while it is also stated by some researchers that the extracted essential oils possess radical scavenger activity against the ABTS radical (Yang et al., 2010). In order for mint to serve as an antioxidant, phenolic chemicals like rosmarinic acid and flavonoids like hesperidin, naringin, luteolin, and eriocitrin must be present in the leaves (Dorman et al., 2009). ...
Kizildeniz, T. G. (Org.). (2022). Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary (160 p.). Niğde, Turquia: T-fide A.Ş. In: 1st International Congress on Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary, November 20-21, 2022.
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... Additionally, GFO is known for its distinct aromatic profile, contributing a refreshing citrus flavor and aroma to various food products, thus augmenting their sensory appeal. Beyond its preservative and flavoring roles, GFO is also valued for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties, which align with the growing consumer demand for natural and health-promoting ingredients in foods [14]. The effects of GFO on the physicochemical characteristics of pectin (PC) and xanthan gum (XG) have not been studied. ...
... Antioxidant capacity detected by ABTS •+ assay has shown similar results where films incorporated with GFO indicated higher radical scavenging potential when compared to the control films (Fig. 5). It has been reported that grapefruit essential oil has antioxidant activity, which can be beneficial for food preservation and disease prevention [14,40]. Previous studies have also indicated that the antioxidant properties of edible films can be enhanced by adding essential oils. ...
This research focused on the development of films based on pectin and xanthan gum composite loaded with different concentrations of grapefruit essential oil (GFO). The fabricated films were characterized to assess the effect of GFO on the structural, mechanical, barrier, chemical, and antioxidant properties. The addition of GFO enhanced the functional properties of the films, as confirmed by FTIR analysis showing molecular interactions within the film matrix. SEM observations revealed that films with higher GFO content had a smoother, more compact structure with uniform oil distribution. Films loaded with oil demonstrated enhanced water resistance, as their decreased permeability ranged from 0.733 ± 0.009 to 0.561 ± 0.020 (g mm)/(m².h.kPa). Additionally, these films showed a notable increase in tensile strength, ranging from 2.91 ± 0.19 to 8.55 ± 0.62 MPa. However, the addition of oil led to a reduction in the elongation at break of the films, which decreased from 52.84 ± 3.41 % to 12.68 ± 1.52 %, and a decline in transparency from 87.57 ± 0.65 % to 76.18 ± 1.12 %. Fabricated films exhibited enhanced antioxidant properties, as evidenced by increased DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging activities with the addition of GFO. The findings of the current study suggest that GFO is an effective natural additive for enhancing the physiochemical properties of pectin and xanthan gum-based films, making them more suitable for food packaging applications.
... The differences in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of cucumbers during storage in this study might be linked to the different antioxidant activity of the applied EOs. Previous findings showed that a rosemary EO presented greater antioxidant activity than a lavender EO [60]. This could explain the decrease in antioxidants and polyphenols in rosemary-treated cucumber fruits in our case, due to reduced oxidative stress. ...
... Moreover, decreased MDA levels were found in untreated cucumbers (control) on the last day when compared to Day 0, whereas the activity of the examined antioxidant enzymes did not differ between Day 0 and Day 10, when taking the levels of SOD, CAT and POD into consideration. As rosemary EO has significant antioxidant activity, higher than other essential oils (compared to lavender EO), applying it alone and/or in combination appeared to reduce the oxidative stress of cucumbers while they were being stored [60]. The reduction in the oxidative stress indicators by the vapor of the applied EOs is mainly attributed to their composition (i.e., phenols, flavonoids, etc.), which exhibit free radical scavenging activities while at the same time increasing the antioxidant capacity of the produce they are applied on [59]. ...
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), one of the most widely consumed vegetables, presents high perishability during storage and marketing if it is not handled and stored properly. Currently, there is an increased interest of the food industry to reduce waste (due to quality losses) and to utilize natural products for the preservation of fresh commodities. This study’s goal was to evaluate the effects of lavender (Lav) and rosemary (Ros) essential oils (EOs), their mixture (Lav + Ros, 1:1 v/v) and their main compound (eucalyptol) via vapor phase on cucumber’s postharvest quality. The outcomes of this study demonstrated that 200 μL/L of Lav and Ros EOs increased the respiration rate of cucumbers after 10 days of storage at 11 °C, while 100 μL/L of the EOs mixture and Eucalyptol (100 and 200 μL/L) had no effect on respiration, on the same day. The application of Eucalyptol (100 and 200 μL/L) resulted in less acceptable fruits (less pleasant aroma and unpleasant taste). A decrease in fruit firmness was found in cucumbers exposed to Lav 200 μL/L and Ros 100 μL/L. Interestingly, Eucalyptol was found to accelerate the fruit ripening index after five days of storage, and to decrease organoleptic properties of the fruit (i.e., aroma, taste) on the fifth day of storage. The fruit revealed increased oxidative stress (i.e., increased lipid peroxidation), especially at a high concentration (200 μL/L) of Eucalyptol after 10 days. This has resulted in the activation of other non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms such as the increase in fruit ascorbic acid content. Notably, no effects on fruit weight loss, total soluble solids and color were observed with the examined treatments. Overall, this study suggests that the investigated products (EOs and their main compound) have a putative role in postharvest storage for the preservation of cucumbers. However, further investigation is needed for the determination of the optimum application conditions (i.e., concentration, time and method of application) on cucumbers and other fresh produce.
... It is thought to have originated in the Mediterranean region, although it is cultivated all the over globe. It is rich in natural antioxidants and has been used to treat amenorrhea, depression, analgesia, sleeplessness [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Lavender essential oil contains sterzoaldehyde ketone, linalool alcohol, which help to reduce pain and inflammation 11 . ...
... The qualitative preliminary phytochemical screening of L. angustifolia leaf extract was carried out to check the presence of various secondary metabolites like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Steroids, Tannins, Anthraquinones, Phenols, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Proteins and Glycosides by using standard methods [13][14][15][16] . ...
The aim of the current study was to screen out the phytochemical constituents viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins and glycosides from the leaf extracts of Lavandula angustifolia by quantification method. Further, the evaluation of antioxidant properties was carried out by DPHH assay by using methanol extract while as antibacterial assay was done with aqueous and methanolic extracts. Phytochemical screening of L. angustifolia leaf extract exhibited the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and glycosides. The protein, lipid, flavonoid, carbohydrate, phenolic and tannin content was estimated in methanolic extract and it was found proteins, lipids and flavonoids were present in highest concentration followed by carbohydrates, phenols and tannins. In the DPHH radical scavenging assay, the methanolic leaf extracts of the L. angustifolia scavenged 63.51±1.43% of DPHH radicals at the concentration of 250µg/ml. The result was compared with the ascorbic acid as standard molecule as it showed 95.57±1.12 of DPHH radical scavenging activity at 80 µg/ml. The present investigation showed the L. angustifolia extracts possess the significant quantities of phytochemical constituent and also exhibited good antioxidant as well as antibacterial activity. The results demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity exhibited in the methanolic leaf extracts of L. angustifolia would be due to the presence of phenolic components and our outcomes validated its use in traditional medicine.
... The antioxidant properties of many herbs and spices are reported to be effective in retarding the process of lipid peroxidation in oils and fatty acids and have gained interest of many research groups (9,10) . Among the herbs and spices extensively studied, the plants and EOs obtained from the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family possess a significant antioxidant activity; for example, those of oregano (11,12) and lavender (4,13) . ...
... On the contrary, the highest DPPH was obtained by lavender EO; highest ABTS radical scavenging assay was obtained in peppermint (M. piperita) EO; lavender oil was most effective for inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation after 10 days (13) . Kulisic et al. (11) , found that IC 50 = 0.50 and 1.8 × 10 -2 (g/l) for EO (air-dried flower tops and stalks) of Oregano (O. ...
In this study, we assessed the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and marjoram (Majorana hortensis) essential oils (EOs). Marjoram and lavender EOs showed promising antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrasyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the ß-carotene bleaching test, and the 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The three applied methods have shown that marjoram essential oil displays strong antioxidant activity as well as good antibacterial activity. GC/MS analyses indicated that L. angustifolia essential oil consisted of linalool as the most abundant component (37.65%), followed by linalyl acetate (15.29 %), α-muurolene (8.59 %), alloaromadendrene (6.03%), ß-phellandrene (4.39%) and other minor components. On the other hand, M. hortensis essential oil consisted of terpinen-4-ol (48.98%), α-terpinol (11.75%), γ-terpinene (9.64%), spathulenol (3.51%), linalyl acetate (2.58 %) and sabinene hydrate (2.30%) as the main constituents. Lavender and marjoram herbs presented considerable content of carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, crude fiber, EOs, minerals (Fe, Zn and Cu), low values of fats, ash, and the absence of mycotoxins.
... These results are in accordance with work of Javed et al. (2014) who reported that tangerine have strong scavenging activity (91.1%). Correspondingly, Yang et al. (2010) found that citrus peel oil contained limonene which is a major component and having antioxidant activity similar to that of strong antioxidant. ...
Mushrooms are products which lose their unique organoleptic properties after harvesting and, it has a short shelf life. The effect of edible coating of mushroom on shelf life was evaluated by using carrageenan (1.5%) and different concentrations of tangerine (Citrus reticulate) essential oil (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%). Edible coating solutions were prepared using different rotational speed of mixing (500, 1000 and 1500 rpm). Physiochemical properties of tangerine essential oil and rheological characteristics of edible coating solutions were measured. The results indicated that all edible coating solutions exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. The highest value of water vapor permeability was for carrageenan (1.5%) incorporated with tangerine essential oil (0.2%) at 500 rpm sample. Essential oil and mixing speed affected the edible film morphology. Edible coating of mushroom affected the weight loss, firmness, moisture content and microbiological properties. The obtained results indicated the possibility of prolonging the period of preserving mushrooms by using the coating film prepared from carrageenan mixed with tangerine essential oil.
... The antioxidants consist in carotenoids, vitamins, phenolics, flavonoids, dietary glutathione, and endogenous metabolites. Documented to be quenchers of singlet and triplets, free radical scavengers, peroxide dissipators, and enzyme inhibitors are plant-derived antioxidants (Yang et al., 2010). Since fruits and vegetables abound in many antioxidant compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids, recent studies on antioxidant activity stress phenolic components, especially flavonoids. ...
Antioxidants are essential for safeguarding the body from damage inflicted by free radicals, which are unstable molecules generated by metabolic activities or exposure to detrimental environmental conditions like pollution and radiation. Free radicals induce cellular damage, contributing to accelerated aging and the onset of various chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Antioxidants function as protective agents, neutralizing dangerous chemicals and safeguarding cells from damage. The most notable among these are vitamins C and E, along with substances like polyphenols and flavonoids. Besides antioxidants, functional foods are vital nutritional elements that offer health advantages exceeding simple nutrition, as they encompass biologically active substances that enhance health and safeguard against diseases. These foods comprise green vegetables and vibrant fruits. Consuming antioxidants and functional foods enhance general health and sustains the body's internal equilibrium. Notwithstanding their advantages, it is imperative to consume these foods in appropriate quantities, as excessive intake of antioxidants may result in detrimental effects. This article seeks to elucidate the interplay between antioxidants, free radicals, and functional foods, as well as their contributions to enhancing human health, illness prevention, and overall quality of life.
... Research conducted in the past 10 years has revealed that L. angustifolia extracts exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. These include analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antiseptic, antibacterial, antidepressant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002;Atsumi and Tonosaki, 2007;Yang et al., 2010;Adaszyńska et al., 2013;Nikolić et al., 2014;Carrasco et al., 2016;Chrysargyris et al., 2016;Shokri et al., 2017;Gouda et al., 2018;Alshammari, 2022;Açıkgöz et al., 2024;Assaggaf et al., 2024;Elrherabi et al., 2024;Lei et al., 2024;Massoud et al., 2024;Mykhailenko et al., 2024). ...
... Compared to those of the free EO, the limonene retention rates of microcapsules MC1 and MC2 were 89.9% and 90.2%, respectively. Limonene is a monoterpene hydrocarbon compound with anti-inflammatory (Yu, Yan, & Sun, 2017), antifungal (Dias et al., 2020), antitumor (Magalhães et al., 2020), neuroprotective (Eddin et al., 2021), and antioxidant (Olatunya & Akintayo, 2017;Yang et al., 2010) activities, indicating that its bioactive properties are important for health. Limonene also promotes re-epithelialization capacity by increasing collagen synthesis and improving wound healing in rat skin (Keskin et al., 2017). ...
Essential oils (EOs) are continuously explored from new sources, while encapsulation emerges as a promising strategy for their application in different fields. The aim of this study was to characterize microcapsules (MCs) containing EOs extracted from Campomanesia adamantium fruit residues, evaluate their antioxidant capacity and incorporate them into a cosmetic formulation. Two microcapsules (MCs) containing EO were prepared by complex coacervation with gelatin (G) and gum arabic (GA) in two ratios: MC1 (G:GA 1:2) and MC2 (G:GA 2:1). The chemical composition, EO retention, encapsulation efficiency, morphological features, solubility, hygroscopicity, thermal properties, infrared spectroscopy, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. EO and MC were incorporated into an anti-aging cosmetic formulation, and the organoleptic characteristics, stability (4, 25, and 45 °C), spreadability, and microbiological quality of the cream were evaluated for 90 days. MC1 exhibited superior properties due to the greater proportion of gum arabic, which provided thermal protection, better water solubility, lower hygroscopicity, and a less porous surface. The MC1 and MC2 antioxidant capacities were similar to those of free EO, consistent with the results of the retention rates and encapsulation efficiency. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the encapsulation, maintaining the main constituents of EO (α-pinene, limonene, β-ocimene, and β-caryophyllene). Incorporating the MCs and EO into a cosmetic cream resulted in the formation of a stable emulsion with good spreadability and consistent organoleptic properties over 90 days, suggesting that C. adamantium residue can be used in cosmetic formulations.
Index terms:
Agrobiodiversity; bioactive compounds; Cerrado; guavira; volatile oil
... With regard to TTEO, numerous studies have reported its antioxidant activity, with varying results. In our study, the ABTS scavenging activity of the oil was lower than in the findings of Yang et al. [48], whose data demonstrated that TTEO showed an RC50 value of 1.6 ± 0.02% against ABTS radicals. Similarly, Zhao et al. [49] demonstrated the IC50 for ABTS + scavenging activity of tea tree oil to be 3.5 × 10 −2 mL/mL. ...
The current study investigated the impact of nutmeg essential oil (NEO) and tea tree essential oil (TTEO) on the preservation of raw chicken fillets during nine days of refrigerated storage study. The primary aim was to explore the antioxidant and antimi-crobial properties of these essential oils (EOs) and assess their ability to extend the shelf life of poultry meat. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to identify the chemical compositions of NEO and TTEO, revealing the presence of compounds like myristicin and terpenoids, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, where both oils exhibited potent free radical scavenging abilities, with NEO showing higher efficacy than TTEO. The EOs showed their antimicrobial potential, exhibiting significant antibacterial activities against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens , such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Raw chicken fillets treated with either NEO or TTEO at 1% were analyzed for physico-chemical, microbio-logical, and sensory attributes. Results demonstrated that both NEO-and TTEO-treated samples maintained better microbiological qualities, with lower total viable counts and enhanced sensory attributes, such as color and odor, compared to the control samples. Furthermore, NEO and TTEO effectively delayed spoilage, extending the shelf life of chicken fillets by up to seven days. This study concludes that both the test's essential oils can be considered natural preservatives for enhancing the safety and quality of meat. Citation: Moirangthem, S.; Patra, G.; Biswas, S.; Das, A.; Nath, S.; Verma, A.K.; Pal, S.; Chatterjee, N.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Nanda, P.K.; et al. Effect of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oils on Oxidative and Microbial Stability of Chicken Fillets During Refrigerated Storage. Foods 2024, 13, 4139.
... With regard to TTEO, numerous studies have reported its antioxidant activity, with varying results. In our study, the ABTS scavenging activity of the oil was lower than in the findings of Yang et al. [48], whose data demonstrated that TTEO showed an RC 50 value of 1.6 ± 0.02% against ABTS radicals. Similarly, Zhao et al. [49] demonstrated the IC 50 for ABTS + scavenging activity of tea tree oil to be 3.5 × 10 −2 mL/mL. ...
The current study investigated the impact of nutmeg essential oil (NEO) and tea tree essential oil (TTEO) on the preservation of raw chicken fillets during nine days of refrigerated storage study. The primary aim was to explore the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these essential oils (EOs) and assess their ability to extend the shelf life of poultry meat. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to identify the chemical compositions of NEO and TTEO, revealing the presence of compounds like myristicin and terpenoids, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, where both oils exhibited potent free radical scavenging abilities, with NEO showing higher efficacy than TTEO. The EOs showed their antimicrobial potential, exhibiting significant antibacterial activities against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Raw chicken fillets treated with either NEO or TTEO at 1% were analyzed for physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes. Results demonstrated that both NEO- and TTEO-treated samples maintained better microbiological qualities, with lower total viable counts and enhanced sensory attributes, such as color and odor, compared to the control samples. Furthermore, NEO and TTEO effectively delayed spoilage, extending the shelf life of chicken fillets by up to seven days. This study concludes that both the test’s essential oils can be considered natural preservatives for enhancing the safety and quality of meat.
... Antioxidant compounds contained in plants can protect living cells from oxygen-related damage. If antioxidants do not eliminate free radicals and their derivatives, oxidative stress can cause many diseases, including cancer [1][2][3]. Plants used/consumed by humans as food and medicine throughout history are the focus of many studies on anticancer, antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, etc. [4][5][6][7]. Acanthaceae is a large plant family with 250 genera and 2700 species distributed from Africa to Southeast Asia. ...
A. dioscoridis is a member of the Acanthaceae family and is represented by approximately 30 species. In Türkiye, 8 species, 6 of which are endemic, are distributed in Eastern and Central Anatolia. In the presented study, the antimicrobial, antiradical, and anticancer properties of flower extracts of endemic A. dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis were investigated for the first time. The antiradical activity and phytochemical contents of this plant were also investigated. According to our study results, endemic A. dioscoridis flowers extract show anticancer activity against MCF-7, HCT-116 and LNCaP cancer cell lines, high antiradical activity against ABTS radicals, and effective antimicrobial activity against some microorganism-caused infection in humans. In conclusion, this study can be the first report about the anticancer, antiradical, and antimicrobial properties of endemic A. dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis flower extracts.
... In contrast to plant essential oils (Table 2), the organic acid salts antioxidant activity was lower (Table 3). It seemed that this decrease in antioxidant activity was due to the higher amount of phenolic compounds in the chemical structure of essential oils rather than organic acid salts (Yang et al., 2010). Among the three methods of studying antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and NO), four groups of organic acid salts including acetate, lactate, citrate, and propionate signi cantly inhibited free radicals (Table 3). ...
The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an encapsulated powder containing savory essential oil and calcium propionate salt on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of antioxidant genes ( SOD , APX , CAT ) in pear seedlings (cv. Spadona) inoculated with E. amylovora (ATCC 49946). To this goal, firstly, the antioxidant activity of 7 types of herbal essential oils ( T. daenensis, T. vulgaris , S. hortensis, Z. multiflora, M. spicata, O. majorana, and T. ammi ), with 10 types of different organic acid salts ) calcium acetate, calcium lactate, calcium citrate, calcium propionate, potassium acetate, potassium lactate, potassium citrate, magnesium acetate, magnesium lactate, and magnesium citrate) were separately evaluated in the laboratory. Next, the most effective candidates (calcium propionate salt + S. hortensis essential oil) were capsulated in maltodextrin and modified starch by spray drying technique. To evaluate the efficiency of the encapsulated powder, the greenhouse experiment was designed using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments. The findings demonstrated that increasing the concentration of the encapsulated powder treatment led to a relative increase in the expression of the antioxidant genes ( SOD , APX , CAT ) compared to the reference gene ( GAPDH ). The highest effect on SOD , APX , and CAT gene expression was seen in the third treatment (T 3 ), while the first treatment (T 1 ) had the lowest effect. Additionally, T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 treatments decreased the amount of Malondialdehyde (MDA), but these treatments led to a relative increase in total phenolic content (TPC) in the pear leaves compared to the control treatment.
... In addition, in this study, it was stated that essential oils can be an alternative preservative instead of BHT, a synthetic antioxidant. In another study by Yang et al. (2010), the activity of six plant essential oils (lavender, peppermint, rosemary, lemon, grapefruit and frankincense) against DPPH radical was investigated and it was reported that essential oils dose-dependently reduced DPPH radical. Analyzing PV is another method used for the detection of oxidation. ...
The main goal of this study was to assess the qualitative composition of essential oil (P), a natural extract produced from wasted orange peels in the citrus processing sector. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the alterations in fish feeds when this essential oil is incorporated and stored. The essential oil was extracted from the orange peels provided for the study using the hydrodistillation method and the Clevenger apparatus. The study determined the volatile components of the oil with 100% accuracy. The primary constituent was identified as D-limonene, comprising 59.27% of the total composition. Subsequently, experimental feed groups were established by including the essential oil in the feed rations at ratios of ‰0 (P0), ‰0.5 (P5), ‰1 (P10), and ‰3 (P30). Under storage conditions, the feeds were stored in feed sacks for 60 days. Periodic samples were collected during storage and subjected to nutritional, microbiological, structural, and oxidation tests. The results of the study show that P had no protective effect in fish diets against the growth of yeasts, molds, and other mesophilic aerobic bacteria (p > 0.05). It was shown that the nutritional values varied over time during storage. However, this variation was not substantially correlated with the amount of P in the diets (p > 0.05). There was no discernible impact of the addition of P on the structural characteristics of the feed grains. Nevertheless, the inclusion of P substantially impeded the process of lipid oxidation in the diet (p<0.05). After the two-month storage period, it was shown that adding at least 1 ‰ of P to the fish meals prevented the peroxide generated from oxidation in the feed from exceeding acceptable levels.
... DPPH scavenging activity was calculated based on the average absorbance from duplicate wells of the same sample concentration as follows (Yang et al., 2010): ...
This thesis used biochemometrics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation to quantify, group, and identify active chemical constituents in hop (Humulus lupulus L. Cannabaceae) extracts, a phytochemically unique plant of cultural and economic significance around the world. Hops produce infructescence (cones) from the female plant that contain < 30% (dry weight) secondary metabolites such as the polyketides humulones (α-acids), lupulones (ß-acids), and prenylated chalcones (e.g., xanthohumol), that were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Hops have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and sedative properties, though most are destined for the brewing industry. However, the traditional uses, unique metabolites, and reported bioactivity of hops have led to increasing interest in hops as a natural health product.
Hop breeders select hops for their unique chemical properties (aroma or bittering) that differ between varieties. Previously, it was found that the alpha acids were positively correlated to xanthohumol, though the relationship between alpha acids and beta acids remained unclear. Alpha acids (co- and ad-humulone) correlated with one another, beta acids (lupulone, colupulone, and adlupulone) correlated with one another, and the individual alpha acids correlated more strongly with xanthohumol than the individual beta acids did with xanthohumol. Indigenous North American hops usually have greater alpha acid content than European hops. Bittering hops and North American hop samples contained significantly more alpha acids (humulone, cohumulone, and adhumulone). They had a higher alpha-to-beta ratio than the aroma and European hop samples.
The biochemometric approach uses a chemically diverse set of plants and modelled bioactivity to chemistry from these HPLC data, along with testing isolated constituents of hops, metabolomic analysis on the hop extracts using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with high resonance mass spectroscopy, and bioassay-guided fractionation to identify other compounds or confirm the identity of targeted compounds.
Free radicals are sometimes a natural byproduct of cellular respiration; enzymes typically scavenge these free radicals. However, oxidative stress occurs when free-radical production outpaces free-radical scavenging activity (RSA). Continued oxidative stress leads to an inflammatory response and activation of oxidase enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The endocannabinoid system consists of receptors, ligands, and enzymes that metabolize endocannabinoids (e.g., FAAH and MAGL). FAAH and MAGL inhibition increases endocannabinoids levels, reducing the quantity of arachidonic acid used by some inflammatory pathways (e.g., COX-2 and LOX).
Hop extract chemistry modelled RSA and FAAH inhibitory activity based on marker compounds. In contrast, extract chemistry did not model COX-2 and MAGL inhibitions as there was a narrow activity range among extracts. Isolated n-adlupulone demonstrated the strongest RSA, comparable to ascorbic acid. Xanthohumol potently inhibited COX-2, FAAH, and MAGL. Colupulone potently inhibited COX-2 and MAGL. Mass features were tentatively identified from the metabolomics dataset and modelled bioactivity, while bioassay-guided fractionation confirmed xanthohumol as a strong FAAH and MAGL inhibitor. This is the first study to use biochemometrics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation to identify bioactive components in hops and that assessed isolated compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. These results will further support the development of hop-based natural health products.
... Antioxidants in the form of plant extracts not only have the function of protecting the cosmetic preparation from oxidative processes, but also have an excellent effect on skin physiology. Studies by many authors show that plant extracts, e.g., oils and ethanolic extracts of lavender, have a free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of 90-93%, while synthetic BHA (hydroxybenzoic acid) has a free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of 95-98% [26][27][28][29]. However, it is important to note that antioxidant activity varies from one natural resource to another. ...
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Method of producing bioferment from fruit waste for use in the food industry, cosmetics industry and dietary supplements, by fermentation with environmental strains.
Abstract
Kamchatka berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are known for their high content of phenolic compounds or vitamins, which is reflected in their antibacterial, detoxifying and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in the production of jams, juices, wines and as natural dye. A bioferment was prepared from the pomace of the Kamchatka berry varieties Aurora and Indigo Gem and the strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, which was used to prepare a cosmetic preparation with a concentration of 5% in accordance with the guidelines of the COSMOS certification body. We conducted physico-chemical and organoleptic analyses and bioactive profile characterisation (UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the presence of caffeic acid (4.47 ± 0.07 mg/100 g) was detected after fermentation of Kamchatka berry pomace. In addition, vitamin C content increased by 141% after fermentation. The results of stability tests showed that in the process of physico-chemical analysis of the cosmetic preparation with bioferment of Kamchatka berry pomace, the pH should oscillate in the range of 4.38–4.76 ± 0.01. Stability tests showed that the cosmetic should be protected from high temperatures and UV radiation and proved that the product is stable under changing conditions, resulting in lower transport and storage costs.
... Studies by many authors show that plant extracts, e.g. oils and ethanolic extracts of lavender, have a free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of 90-93%, while synthetic BHA (hydroxybenzoic acid) has a free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of 95-98% [26][27][28][29]. ...
Kamchatka berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are known for their high content of phenolic compounds or vitamins, which is reflected in their antibacterial, detoxifying and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in the production of jams, juices, wines and as natural dye. A bioferment was prepared from the pomace of the Kamchatka berry varieties Aurora and Indigo Gem and the strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, which was used to prepare a cosmetic preparation with a concentration of 5% in accordance with the guidelines of the COSMOS certification body. Conducted physico-chemical and organoleptic analyses and bioactive profile characterisation (UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the presence of caffeic acid 4.47 ± 0.07 mg/100g was detected after fermentation of Kamchatka berry pomace. Vitamin C content increased by 141% after fermentation of Kamchatka berry pomace. The results of stability tests showed that in the process of physicochemical analysis of cosmetic preparation with bioferment of Kamchatka berry pomace the pH should oscillate in the range of 4.38-4.76 ± 0.01. Stability tests showed that the cosmetic should be protected from high temperatures and UV radiation and proved that the product is stable under changing conditions, resulting in lower transport and storage costs.
... Based on DPPH test, Lin et al. [62] reported that OCP obtained by cold compression, presented antioxidant activity of 6.3% at a concentration of 5.0 mg·mL −1 . Yang et al. [63] reported in their study that the OCP showed low antioxidant potential (18.3%, DPPH assay) at a concentration of 5.0 mg·mL −1 . Essential oils rich in monoterpenes (limonene and α-pinene), such as OCP, have significant antioxidant activity due to the fact that these secondary metabolites are oxygenated monoterpenes, which have strongly active methylene groups in their molecule [54,61]. ...
The demand for sustainable cosmetics leads to the search for natural and biotechnology ingredients. The present study reports the development of multifunctional lip moisturizer containing levan (LEV) from Bacillus subtilis natto, sophorolipids (SOP) from Starmerella bombicola and Citrus paradisi (OCP) essential oil , using simplex-centroid experimental design. The formulations were evaluated physicochemically, pharmacotechnically and by DPPH assay. The optimized formulation was selected through Response Surface Method and the evaluation of its efficiency in lip hydration was carried out using bioimpedance method and sensory analysis. The formulations showed pH compatible with the lip region and remained stable after centrifuge test and thermal stress in preliminary stability. Spreadability varied between 415.3 and 1217.1 mm2, moisture retention was above 95%, and antioxidant capacity was around 50% for all formulations. The optimized formulation, containing 0.4% LEV and 0.8% SOF, helped to maintain the lip hydration already shown by the participants; 85% of them reported improvement in this aspect. The incorporation of these actives is innovative and helps in the development of future works, through the use of a new non-invasive and low-cost technique, not previously described in other studies, in association with relevant sensory analyzes in the field of cosmetology.
... Based on a DPPH test, Lin et al. [76] reported that OCP obtained by cold compression presented antioxidant activity of 6.3% at a concentration of 5.0 mg·mL −1 . Yang et al. [77] reported in their study that the OCP showed low antioxidant potential (18.3%, DPPH assay) at a concentration of 5.0 mg·mL −1 . Essential oils rich in monoterpenes (limonene and α-pinene), such as OCP, have significant antioxidant activity due to the fact that these secondary metabolites are oxygenated monoterpenes, which have strongly active methylene groups in their molecule [54,75]. ...
The demand for sustainable cosmetics leads to the search for natural and biotechnological ingredients. The present study reports the development of a multifunctional lip moisturizer containing levan (LEV) from Bacillus subtilis natto, sophorolipids (SOPs) from Starmerella bombicola and Citrus paradisi (OCP) essential oil, using a simplex-centroid experimental design. The formulations were evaluated physicochemically, pharmacotechnically and by DPPH assay. The optimized formulation was selected through the Response Surface Method, and the evaluation of its efficiency in lip hydration was carried out using the bioimpedance method and sensory analysis. The formulations showed pH compatibility with lips and remained stable after a centrifuge test and thermal stress. Spreadability varied between 415.3 and 1217.1 mm2, moisture retention was above 95% and antioxidant capacity was around 50% for all formulations. The optimized formulation, containing 0.4% LEV and 0.8% SOF, maintained the lip hydration already shown by the participants; 85% of them reported improvement in this aspect. For the first time, LEV and SOP were incorporated in lip moisturizers, which is an environmentally friendly product with marketing potential. Furthermore, the use of the Skin Analyzer Digital equipment, a low-cost and non-invasive technique, to evaluate the effectiveness of lip products is innovative; this methodology may help in the development of future cosmetology studies.
... LEO (93.4 ± 1.55%) and limonene (93.1 ± 1.17%) were found to have a scavenging action. 64 These results make it possible to draw the conclusion that the antiradical activity of EOs has been enhanced by encapsulation in the ME system. ME facilitates the interaction of EOs with DPPH. ...
Plant essential oils (EOs) possess significant bioactivities (antibacterial and antioxidant) and can be substituted for potentially harmful synthetic preservatives in the food industry. However, limited water solubility, bioavailability, volatility, and stability limit their use. Therefore, the goal of this research was nanosizing lavender essential oil (LEO), basil essential oil (BEO), and clove essential oil (CEO) in a microemulsion (ME) to improve their physicochemical attributes and bioefficacy. Tween 80 and Transcutol P were utilized for construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams. It was observed that the concentration of EOs had a great impact on the physicochemical and biological properties of MEs. A spherical droplet of MEs with a diameter of less than 20 nm with a narrower size distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.10–0.27) and a ζ potential of −0.27 to −9.03 was observed. ME formulations were also evaluated for viscosity, conductivity, and the refractive index. Moreover, the impact of delivery systems on the antibacterial property of EOs was assessed by determining the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration against two distinct pathogen classes (S. aureus and E. coli). Crystal violet assay was used to measure the growth and development of biofilms. According to bioefficacy assays, ME demonstrated more efficient antibacterial activity against microorganisms at concentrations lower than pure EOs. CEO ME had superior activity againstS. aureus and E. coli. Similarly, dose-dependent antioxidant capacity was noted for MEs. Consequently, nanosized EO formulations with improved physicochemical properties and enhanced bioactivities can be employed in the food processing sector as a preservation agent.
... Differences in the reported results may be due to the inclusion of weak chicks or the influence of environmental factors such as hygiene, lighting, or equipment. Additionally, studies on rats and humans reported that it was antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties (Yang et al., 2010;Prusinowska & Śmigielski 2014;Carrasco et al., 2016;and Giovannini et al., 2016). It was reported in studies that lavender had immunostimulant, anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, analgesic and anticonvulsant effects, and that it can have positive effects on the mental health of humans (Ghelardini et al., 1999;Sasannejad et al., 2012;Prusinowska & Śmigielski, 2014). ...
This study examined the effects of lavender essential oil on performance, meat quality, microbial load, fatty acid profile and gut microbiota in quails. In the study, 200 quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were divided into 4 groups and 5 subgroups. The groups consisted of a control group (0 mg/kg feed) and three lavender essential oil groups, namely Lav125 (125 mg/kg feed), Lav250 (250 mg/kg feed), and Lav500 (500 mg/kg feed). In terms of body weight change, Lav500 group had the best results after the control group (p>0.05). It was observed that, compared to the control group, pH levels were high (p<0.05) in Lav250 and Lav500 groups on the 9th day of storage. The effect of storage time on malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a parameter of lipid peroxidation in meat, and the Lav250 and Lav500 groups presented lower concentrations as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In this study, the addition of lavender essential oil to the diet enriched the concentrations of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Moreover, the height of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, and consequently absorption, increased significantly in the Lav500 group as compared to the control group. The concentration of MDA, a blood serum antioxidant enzyme, decreased with the addition of lavender oil. Additionally, lavender essential oil added to quail diets was observed to increase the number of Lactobacillus spp. (probiotic bacteria) colonies (p<0.05).
Keywords:
Fatty acid; lavender; meat; microbiota; quail
... Terpenoids are the main constituents of lavender oil, which has long been known for its repairing, healing, antiseptic, and soothing properties. Lavender is widely used in anti-lice products, and its effectiveness has been well-established (Yang et al. 2010). It has also been used with other insecticides to control certain insect pests, such as Myzus persicae. ...
Hadj Moussa AH, Benaliouche F, Sbartai I, Sbartai H. 2023. Biological activities and chemical characterization of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil from Seraïdi, Northeastern Algeria. Biodiversitas 24: 4535-4543. The objectives of this study are to examine the chemical composition of essential oil (EO) extracted by hydrodistillation from the flowering tops of dry lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) harvested in the town of Seraïdi in Northeastern Algeria and evaluate its antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential. The chemical analysis of this essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by dilution method in solid and liquid medium, and the antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH° radical scavenging assay. It revealed the presence of 20 compounds representing the general component of this oil with a yield of 1.71%. This oil is composed mainly of Linalool (31.27%), followed by Camphor (16.21%), Linalool Oxide (11.98%), and Linalyl Acetate (11.93%). Other constituents were identified at relatively medium [2-Furarmethanol (7.49%), 1,8-Cineole/eucalyptol (6.76%), Borneol (5.34%)] and low contents [1-Hexyl butyrate (1.25%)]. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of lavender EO against Fusarium roseum were 3000 µg/mL and 4000 µg/mL, respectively. Lavender OE had moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas savastanoi. The antioxidant activity of lavender EO was lower than that of vitamin C.
... All essential oils including lemon essential oil showed consistently strong antioxidant activity. Yang et al. [73] compared the antioxidant activities of six popular and commercially available herb essential oils, including lavender (Lavendular angustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarius officinalis), lemon (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradise), and frankincense (Boswellia carteri). Citrus limon essential oil showed one of the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity with RC50 values of 2.1 ± 0.04%. ...
Abstract— The growing demand for non synthetic preservatives has increased research interest in natural substances with bioactivity. Among recent natural substances investigated for their bio properties are cranberry juice and lemon essential oil. This review discussed the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of cranberry juice and lemon essential oil.
Keywords— Cranberry juice; Lemon essential oil; Antioxidant property; Antimicrobial property; Preservatives.
... The classification of terpenes is based on the number of the isoprene structure (C 5 H 8 ) in the structure of the molecule: C 10 indicates monoterpenes, C 15 indicates sesquiterpenes, and C 20 indicates diterpenes [76]. Citric fruits are important sources of terpenes, especially limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, and γ-terpinene [66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. The aspects related to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and technological use of these compounds in different foods are described in detail in the following sections. ...
The use of additives with preservative effects is a common practice in the food industry. Although their use is regulated, natural alternatives have gained more attention among researchers and professionals in the food industry in order to supply processed foods with a clean label. Fruits are essential components in a healthy diet and have also been associated with improved health status and a lower risk of developing diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the main bioactive compounds (polyphenols, betalain, and terpenes) naturally found in fruits, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in vitro, and their preservative effect in different foods. Many extracts obtained from the skin (apple, grape, jabuticaba, orange, and pomegranate, for instance), pulp (such as red pitaya), and seeds (guarana, grape, and jabuticaba) of fruits are of great value due to the presence of multiple compounds (punicalagin, catechin, gallic acid, limonene, β-pinene, or γ-terpinene, for instance). In terms of antioxidant activity, some fruits that stand out are date, jabuticaba, grape, and olive, which interact with different radicals and show different mechanisms of action in vitro. Antimicrobial activity is observed for natural extracts and essential oils (especially from citrus fruits) that limit the growth of many microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Penicillium digitatum, and Pseodomonas aeruginosa, for instance). Studies in foods have revealed that the use of extracts or essential oils as free or encapsulated forms or incorporated into films and coatings can inhibit microbial growth, slow oxidative reactions, reduce the accumulation of degradative products, and also preserve sensory attributes, especially with films and coatings. Future studies could focus on the advances of extracts and essential oils to align their use with the development of healthier foods (especially for meat products) and explore the inhibition of spoilage microorganisms in dairy products, for instance.
... The radical scavenging activity against the ABTS radical was the highest in peppermint essential oil (1.6 = 0.09). Lavender oil was most effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation after 10 days [27]. ...
Chitosan as natural biomaterial is used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as a biomaterial alone, as well as in combination with other polymers. The recent research to obtain functionalized chitosan has also focused on the use of environmentally friendly natural resources, introducing different plants, for which new properties and applications in various modern fields have been highlighted. The use of hydro-alcoholic extracts and essential oils from plants to the production of functionalized chitosan-based materials (membranes, films, nanoparticles) shown improved antimicrobial properties and the use of these materials in various fields (medicine, food, industry, cosmetics and environment). The most valuable sources of natural compounds come from plants, being represented by a wide class of phenolic substances that can appear in all parts of plants in fresh or in dried form, extracts or essential oils from seeds, nuts, fruits, vegetables, leaves, roots or even from the stem and bark. The characterisation of membranes and films incorporating chitosan and plants extracts are referring of physical characterisation, structural, morphological structure, mechanical and biological properties based on their antimicrobial potential.
People have been using plants in treating various diseases and obtaining successful results since old ages. Most of these plants have become natural medicines as a result of coincidences or curious practices. Different treatments by using different plants have been carried out and proven to be healing and plants have become significant and popular among people in a short period. Medicinal plants still play an important role in the Kurdish community. Iraq is home to a rich variety of plant species, including many with medicinal properties. However, only a limited number of fragmented ethnobotanical investigations focusing on the Kurdistan region have been documented in scientific publications. Therefore, exploring Kurdish ethnobotanical traditions is essential for gaining insight into local uses of medicinal plants and how these practices relate to those in neighboring regions. Among several plants, Mentha piperita L. (M. piperita, Peppermint) is one of the herbs most widely used in Iraq, with a long history of safe use in medicinal preparations. M. piperita is a medicinal plant that has received more attention from both food and pharmaceutical industries because of its health benefits for human society. M. piperita leaf is used as a remedy for common cold, inflammation of the mouth, pharynx, liver, as well as disorders in the gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, flatulence and dyspepsia. Peppermint oil has the most uses, and use data on the oil are considered relevant to the leaf extract formulations as well. This herbal preparation is used in cosmeceuticals, personal hygiene products, foods, and pharmaceutical products for both its flavoring and fragrance properties. It also has a variety of therapeutic properties and is used in aromatherapy, bath preparations, mouthwashes, toothpastes, and topical preparations. The aim of this review is to show that several studies have demonstrated the presence of many different chemical compounds in M. piperita and their pharmacological effects in Iraq. Furthermore, we may say that M. piperita is a promising plant that may offer low-cost alternative strategy for the use in medicine and in food industry in Iraq. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Mentha piperita, Peppermint, Iraq, Cosmeceuticals, Polyphenols
Essential oils from citrus cultivars are widely used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, and they have been extensively studied in the last decades. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils from 21 citrus cultivars and the active antioxidant constituents of the oils. Essential oils are extracted from the peels of citrus cultivars via hydrodistillation, and their chemical compositions are analyzed by gas-chromatography–mass-spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the citrus cultivars are determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. Based on the results, the major constituent of the oils is d-limonene (50.88–97.19%). The essential oil from Citrus junos shows the highest phenolic content (360.04 ± 24.75 mg GAE/100 g), followed by that from Citrus × latifolia (339.42 ± 31.14 mg GAE/100 g), [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata (327.05 ± 14.29 mg GAE/100 g), and [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata (322.92 ± 21.43 mg GAE/100 g). The essential oil from [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata shows the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 86.17 ± 4.87 and 0.16 ± 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. The essential oil from Citrus reticulata and [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata shows the highest ferric-reducing activities (2302.55 ± 237.26 and 2213.12 ± 35.54 mg/100 g, respectively). These results indicate that the essential oil from [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata has a higher antioxidation effect than that from other cultivars. By comparing the chemical compositions of the essential oils, 12 compounds are selected as the major contributors to the antioxidant activities of the oils, and α-phellandrene and α-terpinene are the most active constituents of the oils.
O óleo essencial do alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) têm despertado o interesse científico devido a sua rica composição química e propriedades farmacológicas. No entanto, fatores como as características intrínsecas da planta e o método de extração utilizado, são frequentemente descritos como interferentes no rendimento e na capacidade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória ou antibacteriana do óleo. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi extrair o óleo essencial de folhas de alecrim por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger para determinação de rendimento e avaliação da atividade antioxidante a partir do método de DPPH e o seu emprego em fluído hidratante. As extrações foram realizadas em um tempo de duas horas, em duplicata, com resultados expressos em percentual, enquanto a determinação da atividade antioxidante foi realizada em duplicata pelo método do DPPH expressas em µgtrolox por grama de amostra. Os resultados mostraram rendimento médio de 0,92% e atividade antioxidante de 68,73 µgtrolox g-1 ± 0,61 com 63,5 % de redução do radical DPPH no óleo essencial de alecrim e para o fluido hidratante com 0,5 % de óleo essencial de alecrim 37,3 µgtrolox g-1 ± 8,21, com 36% redução do radical DPPH.
Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades. In particular, we opted to highlight the effectiveness of essential oils and their active components in developing strategies against various skin diseases and skin cancers and to describe the effects of the identified essential-oil-derived major components from physiological and pathological perspectives. Overall, this review provides a basis for the development of novel therapies for skin diseases and cancers, especially melanoma.
With a widespread distribution throughout the Northern Hemisphere and 11 genera, Pinaceae is the largest family of Gymnosperms in the world. Essential oils are an important chemotaxonomic marker for the species of this family, although the degree of chemical and biological investigation has not been the same for all genera. Essential oils from Abies and Cedrus (from the abietoid clade) or Pinus and Picea (from the pinoid clade) have been more extensively investigated with respect to their chemical composition and biological or pharmacological properties, including their antioxidant effects. Instead, essential oils from the other genera of the family have been less explored in this respect or even have not been investigated at all. This is a narrative review looking into the knowledge acquired up to date, the variability and limitations of the current methods used to estimate antioxidant effects, and multiple comparisons between EOs obtained from different genera, species, and plant parts, as well as potential applications and future directions of research and utilization of essential oils derived from Pinaceae species.
Curcumin, the main active ingredient of Curcuma longa L., has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, neuroprotective, and immune system-modulating properties. Because of these properties, this curcuminoid may be helpful both before and after SARS-CoV-2 infections, enhancing health status in the various complications brought on by the illness (respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological). From this perspective, this chapter aims to report on findings regarding the effect of turmeric on COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation. Thus, a literature review was conducted following the guidelines suggested by Paré and Kitsiou (Handbook of eHealth evaluation: an evidence-based approach [Internet], 2017). Some studies highlight that curcumin is effective in COVID-19 conditions by inhibiting inflammatory and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and the induction of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN) γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, however, its mechanism of action is not yet fully elucidated, which may be directly linked to its low bioavailability. Factors such as low solubility, chemical instability, rapid hepatic metabolism, and elimination of curcumin in humans are issues addressed in several technological researches aiming to improve the bioavailability of this molecule. These facts point to the need for further studies on curcumin bioavailability in order for it to effectively become a compound with clinical relevance in the treatment of COVID-19, as well as in several other pathologies or health conditions.
Few studies have investigated the association between herbal medicine consumption and coronary artery disease severity. This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of medicinal herbs consumption and coronary artery stenosis (CAS), lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and blood pressure level in participants undergoing coronary angiography. This study was conducted on 662 participants aged 35–75 years. Serum cardiometabolic markers were measured using standard kits. The extent and severity of CAS were evaluated using the Gensini score (GS) and syntax score (SS). Higher consumption of Thymus vulgaris and Sumac was associated with decreased odds of artery‐clogging according to the GS. A higher intake of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha was associated with lower levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Monthly intake of Thymus vulgaris, and weekly/daily intake of Mentha, Nigella Sativa, and Cuminum Cyminum were associated with lower low‐density lipoprotein. Weekly/daily intake of Turmeric and Thymus vulgaris were associated with lower high‐density lipoprotein levels and monthly intake of Mentha was related to lower serum FBS levels. Higher consumption of Mentha, Mentha pulegium L, Lavandula angustifolia, and Nigella Sativa was associated with lower levels of systolic blood pressure. According to the results of the present study, herbs consumption might be related to a reduction in CAS risk factors.
J. Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2023, 26, 1319-1337 © 2023 Har Krishan Bhalla & SonsChemical composition and biomedical effects of essential oilfrom Commiphora foliacea Sprague stemMuddaser Shah 1,2, Faizullah Khan1,3, Saeed Ullah 1, Ajmal Khan1, JamalNasser Alsabahi4, Rimsha Zainab 5, Mehnaz Bilal 6, Saleena Khan 2, NaseemRafiq7, Najeeb Ur Rehman1* and Ahmed Al-Harrasi1*AbstractCommiphora foliacea Sprague and related species are renowned for theexpensive perfumes, cosmetics, and aromatherapy due to its pleasant smell ofessential oils used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve memoryloss. The chemical ingredients from the stem of C. foliacea Sprague essential oil(EO) were evaluated for GC-MS analysis, in vitro (antioxidant, antimicrobial,antidiabetic, and carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II)) and in vivo (anti-analgesic andanti-inflammatory) studies. The EO encompasses 56 compounds contributed93.58% of the total with leading compounds of camphene (14.02%) followedby eremophilene (11.46%). Maximum activity was depicted via DPPH andABTS protocols compared to the standards. The EO was found effective againstB. subtilis (gram-positive bacteria), while maximum antifungal inhibition wasobserved against A. parasiticus. The substantial antidiabetic and CA-II potentialwas noted compared with standards. The EO presented considerable potentialagainst breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and normal (MCF-10A) cell lines withan IC50 of 108.4 and 300 μg/mL, correspondingly and it has been assumed thatthe essential oil did not deliver much damage to the normal cell lines. Moreover,among the in vivo, the EO revealed the substantial anti-inflammatory potentialto reduce paw edema with 63.81% inhibition in comparison to the standardDiclofenac. EO also depicted a significant reduction in analgesic potential(62.05%) compared to the standard aspirin. Furthermore, up to the best of ourknowledge, this is the first report on the GC-MS analysis, in vitro, anti-analgesic,and anti-inflammatory potential of the EO isolated from the stem of C. foliacea.KeywordsCommiphora foliacea Sprague, Essential oils, GC-MS analysis, Anti-inflammatory,
(PDF) Chemical composition and biomedical effects of essential oil from Commiphora foliacea Sprague stem. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376060049_Chemical_composition_and_biomedical_effects_of_essential_oil_from_Commiphora_foliacea_Sprague_stem [accessed May 20 2024].
Wound healing is a complex process involving blood cells, extracellular matrix, and parenchymal cells. Research on biomimetics in amphibian skin has identified the CW49 peptide from Odorrana grahami, which has been demonstrated to promote wound regeneration. Additionally, lavender essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Given these considerations, we propose an innovative emulsion that combines the CW49 peptide with lavender oil. This novel formulation could serve as a potent topical treatment, potentially fostering the regeneration of damaged tissues and providing robust antibacterial protection for skin wounds. This study investigates the physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and in vitro regenerative capacity of the active components and the emulsion. The results show that the emulsion possesses appropriate rheological characteristics for topical application. Both the CW49 peptide and lavender oil exhibit high viability in human keratinocytes, indicating their biocompatibility. The emulsion induces hemolysis and platelet aggregation, an expected behavior for such topical treatments. Furthermore, the lavender-oil emulsion demonstrates antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Finally, the regenerative potential of the emulsion and its active components is confirmed in a 2D wound model using human keratinocytes. In conclusion, the formulated emulsion, which combines the CW49 peptide and lavender oil, shows great promise as a topical treatment for wound healing. Further research is needed to validate these findings in more advanced in vitro models and in vivo settings, potentially leading to improved wound-care management and novel therapeutic options for patients with skin injuries.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in edible and biodegradable films due to their sustainability, environmental friendliness, and their functionality. In this work, Aloe vera oil-added agar-gelatin films were prepared and characterized in terms of water content, degree of swelling, water solubility, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. The possibility of using these edible films for Kashar cheese packaging during cold storage was investigated. Physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of the packaged cheese samples were examined for 20 days of cold storage at 4 °C. A. vera oil-added films were found to have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. A. vera oil-added films showed high antioxidant activities, increasing with the increasing A. vera oil percentage in the formulation. The current study showed that at the end of 20 days of storage period, bacterial growth in A. vera oil-incorporated film-covered samples was 2.30 log CFU/g lower than the control samples, and the amount of yeast and mold in A. vera oil-added film-covered samples was 3.37 log CFU/g lower than control samples. This shows the efficiency of A. vera oil-incorporated agar-gelatin films during the refrigerated storage period. Our data evidenced the positive effect of A. vera oil-added agar-gelatin films on Kashar cheese packaging as an innovative and sustainable technique to maintain cheese quality and prevent food loss during storage.
Citrus peels, which make up a significant portion of the entire fruit and are frequently rejected by nature and have a detrimental influence on the environment, are the focus of this study. These barks can be a highly valuable source of plant material. Three different citrus species C. limonum, C. reticulata, and C. Paradisi had their essential oils extracted from their peels(by-products) to create these citrus co-products (essential oil).The findings demonstrate how rich these citrus species are in essential oils. Limonene is the predominant component for the three, accounting for percentages of 56.3%, 76.5%, and 71.7% for C. paradisi, C. reticulata, and C. limonum, respectively, in their chemical composition as determined by GC/MS analysis. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and validated using the FRAP assay. Furthermore, essential oils antimicrobial efficacy against five pathogenic strains: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus feacalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Sacharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrates significant antibacterial potential, particularly against Candida albicans.
Introduction: Meat and their products are highly sensitive to microbial growth and lipid oxidation development, which lead to economic losses and health hazards (Kiarsi et al., 2020). Edible coatings are currently receiving a great deal of attention as novel food packaging to increase the quality and shelf-life of various food products through preventing physical, chemical, and biological deteriorations (Barzegar et al., 2020). Okra (Ablemoschus esculentus) is an annual plant and rich in valuable nutrients such as vitamins and elements such as phosphorus, manganese, potassium and calcium and also contains phytosterols, tannins and carbohydrates. Okra contains large amounts of viscous gum with a thickening property. Edible coatings are able to carry active compounds such as antioxidants and antimicrobials, as well as nutrients and essential oils (Ashrafi Yorganloo and Gheybi, 2018). Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is one of the most widely used medicinal plants due to biological effects of its main components, especially menthol. Its essential oil is used as a flavoring in chewing gum, mint chocolate, medicines and toothpaste (Kazem Alvandi et al., 2010). The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of peppermint essential oil have been investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature regarding the effect of edible coating of Okra gum containing peppermint essential oil on meat quality and shelf life during refrigeration. This study is therefore aimed to develop a novel edible coating based on Okra gum-peppermint essential oil to improve the shelf life of buffalo meat slices.
Materials and methods: Peppermint essential oil and Okra were purchased from Dezful and Ahvaz, respectively. The chemical compounds of the essential oil were identified and quantified by a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. The total phenol content (Noshad et al., 2020), total flavonoid content (Rahmati‐Joneidabad and Alizadeh Behbahani, 2021), ABTS-radical scavenging effect (Hojjati and Alizadeh Behbahani, 2021), antimicrobial effect (Disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentration) of the essential oil were determined. The oil (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) was then added to Okra gum solution to prepare edible coatings for buffalo meat coating purposes. The physiochemical (pH, moisture content, peroxide value, and hardness), microbial (Total viable count, psychrotrophic count, E. coli, S. aureus, and Fungi count), color (L*, b*, and a*), and sensory (odor, color, appearance, texture, and overall acceptance) of buffalo meat slices were evaluated during storage period (10 days, 4 °C).
Results and discussion: The essential oil contained menthol (47.17%) and menthone (23.29%) and its total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and ABTS radical scavenging effect were 77.20 mg GAE/g, 47.50 mg QE/g, and 62.60% respectively. The essential oil was also able to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and B. subtilis. The functional groups of the compounds of peppermint essential oil were observed at 2955, 2923, 2870, 1711, 1455, 1369, 1247, 1044, 993, and 887 cm-1. The edible coating was able to prevent the pH increase in buffalo meat samples during storage. The control and samples coated with Okra gum containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% essential oil had 11.26, 11.40, 6.40, 4.51, and 4.39% water loss during storage. The peroxide value of control and Okra gum+2%essential oil coated samples were increased by 7.33- and 2.28-folds, respectively, as the storage time increased up to 10 days. The lower oxidation development in the coated samples could be probably due to the low oxygen permeability of the coating and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. Although the hardness of samples decreased during storage, the essential oil-rich coated samples had remarkably higher hardness values compared to the control sample, likely due to the inhibitory effect of the essential oil against the activity of endogenous proteolytic enzymes of the buffalo meat. The edible coatings loaded with higher concentration of the oil were more effective in inhibiting microbial growth in buffalo meat samples during cold storage. This could be attributed to the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil and the oxygen-barrier function of the edible coating. The L* and b* of the coated samples were also higher in comparison to the non-coated sample; whilst, they were generally less red, probably due to myoglobin conversion to metmyoglobin under low-oxygen pressure conditions of the edible coating, along with exudate accumulation in the coated buffalo meat samples. The coated samples with higher essential oil concentrations were also generally more acceptable in term of sensory properties. Generally, the sensory attributes were in good agreements with the chemical and microbial results; the lower the microbial growth and oxidation, the higher were the sensory properties.
Conclusion: The Okra gum-peppermint essential oil based edible coating could be introduced as a novel edible coating to inhibit the microbial growth and lipid oxidation of buffalo meat and increase its shelf-life and other food products.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, as well as the antioxidant activity, of the essential oil of Thymus leptobotrys Murb. The results indicate that the tested essential oil is non-toxic, with an estimated LD50 of 2500 mg kg⁻¹ of mice body weight. The anti-inflammatory test revealed that, at a dose of 200 mg kg⁻¹, the essential oil reduced rat paw edemas by 89.59% within 3 h of oral administration, this reduction in edema size was greater than that obtained with indomethacin (75.78%). The antioxidant activity (IC50) of Thymus leptobotrys Murb essential oil was 346.896 µg mL⁻¹ and 861.136 mg Trolox equivalent/g essential oil in the 2.2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays, respectively. The toxicity test reveals an LD50 greater than 2500 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight of mice which classifies it within category 5 of non-toxic substances that can be administered orally. These results suggest that the essential oil of Thymus leptobotrys Murb is not toxic, and it represents a valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolites.
The research is the first study to compare the chemical compositions of 3 different
lavender cultivars, including Raya, Sevtopolis, Yubileina and Hemus, after adaptation in Edirne. The essential oil composition, polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of these cultivars were evaluated. The essential oils of these varieties were basically characterised by β-Linalool (47-35, %), Linalyl acetate (22- 29, %), α-Terpineol (5-0.46, %), Lavandulyl acetate (5-4, %), 1-Terpinen-4-ol (0.09-8.12, %), 3-Octanone (0.78-1.89, %), Limonene (0.35-0.27, %), Lavandulol (0.00-2.49, %), β-Cadinene (0.00-0.24, %) and camphor (0.26-0.72, %). The essential oils from these varieties have also significant differences for total phenolic and antioxidant contents. Hemus and Raya oils possess the highest total phenolic contents (16.98 μg GAE/mg (10μL) and 16.22 μg GAE/mg (10μL), respectively), followed by Yubileina and Sevtopolis (12.77 μg GAE/mg (10μL) and 9.17 μg GAE/mg (10μL), respectively). The antioxidant activities as well as chemical composition of from essential oils of lavanders were compared. The highest antioxidant activity was calculated by the essential oil from Sevtopolis (18.403 mg/mL) while the oil from Hemus, Yubileina and Raya had lower antioxidant activity (14.666 mg/mL, 8.208 mg/mL and 4.639 mg/mL, respectively). This research has importance for agriculture and commercial production of Lavender in Edirne. Because these results belong to the cultivars that the first adaptation in Edirne, which formerly grown in Bulgaria.
Numerous industries, including the medical sector, use metals extensively. However, corrosion has had a negative impact on metals, reducing the functionality of their surfaces. Finding a suitable solution to solve this issue is highly sought after. To alleviate this issue, synthetic inhibitors are utilized, however they are detrimental to the environment. In this work, corrosion inhibition studies of Terminalia catappa (TC) extract in acidic media were done using weight loss, thermometric, and electrochemical techniques. On the identified components from the extract using GC–MS analysis, quantum chemical calculations for reactivity analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were performed. All experimental data are best suited by Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, with free energy showing spontaneity and the adsorption mechanism. The percentage inhibition of the corrosion was found to improve with an increase in the concentration of the extract, with a maximum efficiency of 83.3% using the weight loss method. According to the thermodynamic study, corrosion inhibition is concentration dependent; the higher activation energy of adsorption ranges from 40.84 to 65.86 kJ/mol, as inhibitor concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L, respectively. In the electrochemical study, the Tafel polarization-determined values indicated the presence of a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed that there is no significant relationship among the plant components (p > 0.05). The molecular dynamics simulation predicts binding energies ranging from 1.506 to 14.05 kcal/mol for the selected bioactive compounds in plant extract responsible for plant corrosion inhibition efficiencies. This research work reported the effectiveness of Terminalia catappa (TC) as an inhibitor for medical stainless-steel implants in 1 M HCl. The GC–MS results showed phytochemical constituents that contribute to the effectiveness of the inhibitor. As a result, the overall contribution of bioactive components determines plant extract inhibition efficiency.
Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde 2018-2020 yılları arasında iki yıllık bir deneme olan bu çalışmada farklı Lavandin çeşitleri ve bir Lavandin ekotipinin Çukurova koşullarında verim ve kalite özellikleri incelenmiştir. Saplı çiçek uzunluğu ve çiçek başak uzunluğunda birleştirilmiş yıllarda Akmeşe ekotipi (53.47 cm; 10.67 cm) en yüksek değerlere sahip olmuştur. Yıllar bazında ise ölçülen her iki kompanent için de 2. yılda 1. yıla oranla daha yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Yeşil herba ve kuru herba verimlerinde birleştirilmiş yıllarda ve ÇeşitxYıl interaksiyonunda Abrial çeşidinin en yüksek verime, Akmeşe ekotipinin ise en düşük verime ulaştığı saptanmıştır. Yıllar bazında yeşil herba ver kuru herba verimlerinde 1. yılda 2. yıla oranla daha yüksek verim değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Kuru çiçek verimi, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimi bakımından “Grosso” çeşiti öne çıkmıştır. İki yıllık veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde uçucu yağ bileşenleri 1,8-sineol (%6.51-20.53), linalol (%24.62-34.68), kafur (%6.02-18.87) endo-borneol (%3.42-20,21) ve linalil asetat (%1.33-22.69) olarak belirlenmiştir.
Fenugreek also called as Trigonella foenum graecum, belong to Fabaceae family. It is one of the most common Indian spices that are particularly recognized for its culinary, medicinal, and aromatic properties. Fenugreek is more pronounced for its health-promising properties such as antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Fenugreek is enriched with various chemical constituents that aids in enriching its nutraceutical properties. Its chemical constituents majorly composed of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fibers, vitamin, and fatty acids. Fenugreek is enhancing human health by providing different bioactive compounds, antioxidant compounds, and hepatoprotective capacity. Fenugreek gel formation property aids in preventing antiulcer as studied with respect to some antiulcer drugs available like omeprazole. Fenugreek is one major kitchen ingredient that controls various metabolic diseases by its different nutraceutical properties. Based on the past evidences, the present review chapter aims to elaborate the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek.
A new method involving concurrent headspace solvent microextraction combined with continuous hydrodistillation (HD-HSME) for the extraction and pre-concentration of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. into a microdrop is developed. A microdrop of n-hexadecane containing n-heptadecane (as internal standard) extruded from the needle tip of a gas chromatographic syringe was inserted into the headspace above the plant sample. After extraction for an optimized time, the microdrop was retracted into the syringe and injected directly into a GC injection port. The effects of the type of extracting solvent, sample mass, microdrop volume and extraction time on HD-HSME efficiency were investigated and optimized. Using this method, thirty-six compounds were extracted and identified. Linalool (32.8%), linalyl acetate (17.6%), lavandulyl acetate (15.9%), α-terpineol (6.7%) and geranyl acetate (5.0%) were found to be the major constituents. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the use of continuous headspace solvent microextraction coupled with hydrodistillation for investigation of essential oil components.
The sedative properties of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and of its main constituents--linalool and linalyl acetate--were investigated in mice followed up in a series of experimental procedures. The significant decrease in the motility of female and male laboratory animals under standardized experimental conditions is found to be closely dependent on the exposure time to the drugs. Nevertheless after an injection of caffeine into mice a hyperactivity was observed which was reduced to nearly a normal motility only by inhalation of these fragrance drugs. In particular the correlation of the motility of the animals to linalool in serum is experimentally proven, thus furnishing evidence of the aromatherapeutical use of herbal pillows employed in folk medicine since ancient times in order to facilitate falling asleep or to minimize stressful situations of man.
The compositions of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia santonicum, and Artemisia spicigera by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC-MS, and a total of 204 components were identified. The major components of these essential oils were camphor (34.9-1.4%), 1,8-cineole (9.5-1.5%), chamazulene (17.8-nd%), nuciferol propionate (5.1-nd%), nuciferol butanoate (8.2-nd%), caryophyllene oxide (4.3-1.7%), borneol (5.1-0.6%), alpha-terpineol (4.1-1.6%), spathulenol (3.7-1.3%), cubenol (4.2-0.1%), beta-eudesmol (7.2-0.6%), and terpinen-4-ol (3.5-1.2%). The antifungal activities of these essential oils were tested against 11 plant fungi and were compared with that of a commercial antifungal reagent, benomyl. The results showed that all of the oils have potent inhibitory effects at very broad spectrum against all of the tested fungi. Pure camphor and 1,8-cineole, which are the major components of the oils, were also tested for antifungal activity against the same fungal species. Unlike essential oils, these pure compounds were able to show antifungal activity against only some of the fungal species. In addition, the antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the essential oils, camphor, and 1,8-cineole were determined in vitro. All of the studied essential oils showed antioxidant activity, but camphor and 1,8-cineole did not.
A new method involving concurrent headspace solvent microextraction combined with continuous hydrodistillation (HD-HSME) for the extraction and pre-concentration of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. into a microdrop is developed. A microdrop of n-hexadecane containing n-heptadecane (as internal standard) extruded from the needle tip of a gas chromatographic syringe was inserted into the headspace above the plant sample. After extraction for an optimized time, the microdrop was retracted into the syringe and injected directly into a GC injection port. The effects of the type of extracting solvent, sample mass, microdrop volume and extraction time on HD-HSME efficiency were investigated and optimized. Using this method, thirty-six compounds were extracted and identified. Linalool (32.8%), linalyl acetate (17.6%), lavandulyl acetate (15.9%), alpha-terpineol (6.7%) and geranyl acetate (5.0%) were found to be the major constituents. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on the use of continuous headspace solvent microextraction coupled with hydrodistillation for investigation of essential oil components.
The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. Antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata), lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and laurel (Laurus nobilis), were investigated against P. infestans. Both contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined by using two in vitro methods. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were also determined by GC-MS analysis. Major compounds found in essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, lavender, fennel and laurel were carvacrol (37.9%), carvacrol (79.8), borneol (20.4%), camphor (20.2%), anethole (82.8%) and 1,8-cineole (35.5%), respectively. All essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans in a dose-dependent manner. Volatile phase effect of oregano and thyme oils at 0.3 microg/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of P. infestans. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of fennel, rosemary, lavender and laurel was, however, observed at 0.4-2.0 microg/ml air concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested essential oils, oregano, thyme and fennel oils at 6.4 microg/ml were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans completely. Essential oils of rosemary, lavender and laurel were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (12.8, 25.6, 51.2 microg/ml respectively). Volatile phase effects of essential oils were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase effect. Sporangial production was also inhibited by the essential oil tested. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation on pathogen hyphae, exposed to both volatile and contact phase of oil, revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage.
The essential oils of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi, including Candida albicans and 5 dermatomycetes. The most important antibacterial activity of both essential oils was expressed on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. enteritidis, and Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity, especially of essential oil of rosemary, was also exhibited. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as a free radical scavenging capacity (RSC), together with the effect on lipid peroxidation (LP). RSC was assessed by measuring the scavenging activity of essential oils on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. Effects on LP were evaluated following the activities of essential oils in Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H2O2 systems of induction. Investigated essential oils reduced the DPPH radical formation (IC50 = 3.82 microg/mL for rosemary and 1.78 microg/mL for sage) in a dose-dependent manner. Strong inhibition of LP in both systems of induction was especially observed for the essential oil of rosemary.
As a search for natural antioxidants from plant materials, strong antioxidative activity was observed in leaf waxes extracted from Eucalyptus species. A novel type of antioxidant was isolated from the leaf wax of Eucalyptus globulus and identified as n-tritriacontan-16, 18-dione. Antioxidative activities were determined by different methods; a thiocyanate method, a thiobarbituric acid method, a total carbonyl value method and a weighing test. The antioxidant showed remarkable antioxidative activity in a water/alcohol system and was more effective than α-tocopherol and BHA; however, it has no antioxidative activity in an oil system.
We developed a simple screening method for antioxidant-producing strains using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and screened bacteria from 16 kinds of marine animals that lived in different environments in the sea to find 112 bacterial isolates-producing antioxidants. Guided by decoloration of DPPH sprayed on silica gel TLC, uric acid, indole, 3,4-dimethoxyphenol, and 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one were isolated from the bacterial fermentation broth. Some strains isolated from viscera of fish and shellfish produced uric acid and indole much more under aerobic conditions than less aerobic conditions, strongly suggesting that the bacterial production of the antioxidative compounds is a kind of adaptation to the aerobic conditions.
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to three of its main components (1,8-cineole, α-pinene, β-pinene). GC-MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 19 compounds, representing 97.97% of the oil, the major constituents of the oil were described as 1,8-cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%), camphor (14.26%), camphene (11.52%) and β-pinene (6.71%). The oil and the components were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by means of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and β-carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH test system, free radical-scavenging activity of R. officinalis L. essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-pinene were determined to be 62.45%±3.42%, 42.7%±2.5%, 45.61%±4.23% and 46.21%±2.24% (v/v), respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching test system, we tested series concentration of samples to show the antioxidant activities of the oil and its main components, whereas the concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC50) values of R. officinalis L. essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-pinene were 2.04%±0.42%, 4.05%±0.65%, 2.28%±0.23% and 2.56%±0.16% (v/v), respectively. In general, R. officinalis L. essential oil showed greater activity than its components in both systems, and the antioxidant activities of all the tested samples were mostly related to their concentrations. Antioxidant activities of the synthetic antioxidant, ascorbic acid and BHT, were also determined in parallel experiments as positive control.
Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, P. Miller) is used in aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative, antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation, has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has a spasmolytic activity on guineapig ileum and rat uterus in vitro and it also decreases the tone in the skeletal muscle preparation of the phrenic nerve–diaphragm of rats. As the mechanism of action has not been studied previously, the spasmolytic activity was studied in vitro using a guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle preparation. The mechanism of action was postsynaptic and not atropine-like. The spasmolytic effect of lavender oil was most likely to be mediated through cAMP, and not through cGMP. The mode of action of linalool, one of lavender's major components, reflected that of the whole oil. The mode of action of lavender oil resembled that of geranium and peppermint oils. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propolis is extensively used in Argentine folk medicine. Alcoholic extracts of propolis from different regions of Argentina were prepared. The extracts were analysed for the determination of total flavonoid content (from 13.3 to 42.6 mg/g of propolis) by using the aluminum nitrate method, UV spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography. All of them contained high total flavonoid content. It was also observed that all samples of ethanolic extracts of propolis showed free radical-scavenging activity in terms of scavenging of the radical DPPH but the highest activities were found for samples from Tucumán and Santiago del Estero. In all cases with 20 μg/ml of soluble principles, the percentage of DPPH degradation was different (Banda Oeste: 67.5%; Verónica: 45%; Forres: 35%; Saenz Peña: 20% and Juan José Castelli: 55%). These results may justify their use as a source of natural antioxidants.
The general antifungal activity of essential oils is well documented. The advantage of essential oils is their bioactivity in the vapor phase, a characteristic that makes them attractive as possible fumigants for stored product protection. Essential oils of aerial parts of Mentha piperita and Lavendula angustifolia were obtained with hydrodistillation and oils composition identified with GC-MS. Menthanol (36.24%) and menthone (32.42%) were the major compounds of the M. piperata essential oil. The essential oil of L. angustifolia was rich in linalool (49.2%) , linalyl acetate (12.3%), Lavendul acetate (6.5%), 4-terpineol (5.9%). Fungal toxicity of the essential oils were evaluated against three pathogenic fungi (Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger) in vitro. Plate assayes showed that the different concentrations of essential oils have antifungal activity against these fungi, and the essential oil of L. angustifolia showed stronger fungistatic activity. Lavendula oil exhibited complete growth inhibition of all pathogens at 1000 ppm and minimum EC50 (311.24 ppm) resulted on B. cinerea.
Chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of essential oils from nine different species of Turkish plants, namely Melissa officinalis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Cuminum cyminum L., Piper nigrum L., Lavandula stoechas spp., Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum L., Thymus serpyllum and Liquidamber orientalis Mill., were studied. Essential oils were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction and steam distillation, and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of SCCO2 extraction and steam distillation extracts were tested by means of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Essential oils extracted by SCCO2 and steam distillation showed different compositions in different species. In the DPPH assay, R. officinalis, C. cyminum, P. anisum, T. serpyllum and L. orientalis essential oils obtained by SCCO2 extraction showed higher antioxidant activity than steam distillation extracts, with radical scavenging activities ranging from 87.1 +/- 0.23% to 92.0 +/- 0.34% compared with the butylated hydroxytoluene positive control (91.4 +/- 0.21%).
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon where leukotrienes are suggested to play an important role for keeping inflammation active. Boswellic acids, the biologically active ingredients of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata (Sallai guggal), have been shown to be specific, nonredox and noncompetitive inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, the key enzyme of leukotriene biosynthesis. In patients suffering from ulcerative colitis grade II and III the effect of Boswellia serrata gum resin preparation (350 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks) on stool properties, histolopathology and scan microscopy of rectal biopsies, blood parameters including Hb, serum iron, calcium, phosphorus, proteins, total leukocytes and eosinophils was studied. Patients receiving sulfasalazine (1 g thrice daily) served as controls. All parameters tested improved after treatment with Boswellia serrata gum resin, the results being similar compared to controls: 82% out of treated patients went into remission; in case of sulfasalazine remission rate was 75%.
Cytotoxicities of tocopherols (alpha-T, gamma-T, delta-t), their para (alpha-TQ, gamma-TQ, delta-TQ)- and ortho (Tocored)-quinone oxidation products, the synthetic quinone analog of gamma-TQ containing a methyl group substituted for the phytyl side-chain (TMCQ) and the synthetic quinone analog of Tocored containing a methyl group substituted for the phytyl side-chain (PR) were measured in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines that are drug-sensitive (CEM) and multidrug-resistant (CEM/VLB100). Among tocopherols, only delta-T exhibited cytotoxicity. Among para quinones, alpha-TQ showed no cytotoxicity, while gamma-TQ and delta-TQ were highly cytotoxic in both CEM and CEM/VLB100 cell lines (LD50 < 10 muM). delta-TQ and gamma-TQ were more cytotoxic than the widely studied chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which also showed selective cytotoxicity to CEM cells. The orthoquinone Tocored was less cytotoxic than doxorubicin in drug-sensitive cells but more cytotoxic than doxorubicin in multidrug-resistant cells. Cytotoxicity was not a function of the phytyl side-chain since both TMCQ and PR were cytotoxic in leukemia cells. Cytotoxic para and ortho quinones were electrophiles that formed adducts with nucleophilic thiol groups in glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol. Cytotoxicity was enhanced when the glutathione pool was depleted by preincubation with buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, but cytotoxicity was diminished by the addition of N-acetylcysteine to cultures. alpha-T also diminished the cytotoxicity of para- and orthoquinones. Buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine did not block the inhibitory effect of either N-acetylcysteine or alpha-T, showing that these agents did not act solely by maintaining the glutathione pool as an essential antioxidant system. In conclusion, tocopherylquinones represent a new class of alkylating electrophilic quinones that function as highly cytotoxic agents and escape multidrug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines.
The effects of minor compounds on the oxidative stability of soybean oil were studied by measuring the contents of peroxides, headspace oxygen and volatile compounds. The effects of processing on minor component contents were also studied. Fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols, thermal or oxidized triacylglycerols, oxidized tocopherols and peroxides acted as prooxidant in soybean oil during storage at 55 degrees C. The phospholipids acted as prooxidant or antioxidant depending on the presence or absence of metals in the oil. The tocopherols acted as prooxidant or antioxidant depending on their concentration in the oil. The chlorophyll acted as a sensitizer to generate singlet oxygen in the photooxidation of soybean oils.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
There are more than 300 theories to explain the aging phenomenon. Many of them originate from the study of changes that accumulate with time. Among all the theories, the free radical theory of aging, postulated first by Harman, is the most popular and widely tested, and is based on the chemical nature and ubiquitous presence of free radicals. This review aims to recapitulate various studies on the role of free radicals in DNA damage-both nuclear as well as mitochondrial-the oxidative stress they impose on cells, the role of antioxidants, the presence of autoantibodies, and their overall impact on the aging process.
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, P. Miller) is used in aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative, antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation, has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has a spasmolytic activity on guineapig ileum and rat uterus in vitro and it also decreases the tone in the skeletal muscle preparation of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm of rats. As the mechanism of action has not been studied previously, the spasmolytic activity was studied in vitro using a guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle preparation. The mechanism of action was postsynaptic and not atropine-like. The spasmolytic effect of lavender oil was most likely to be mediated through cAMP, and not through cGMP. The mode of action of linalool, one of lavender's major components, reflected that of the whole oil. The mode of action of lavender oil resembled that of geranium and peppermint oils.
In this work we studied the local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil obtained from Lavandula angustifolia Mill., a medicinal plant traditionally used as an antispasmodic. We compared its activity to the essential oils obtained from two citrus fruits, Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f., which have no medical uses. Biological tests were also performed on the major pure components of L. angustifolia Mill. essential oil: linalol and linalyl acetate as determined by GC and confirmed by GC-MS. Anaesthetic activity was evaluated in vivo in the rabbit conjunctival reflex test, and in vitro in a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. The essential oil of L. angustifolia, linalyl acetate and linanol (0.01-10 micrograms/ml) but not the oils of Citrus reticulata and Citrus limon were able to drastically reduce, in a dose-dependent manner, the electrically evoked contractions of rat phrenic-hemidiaphragm. In the rabbit conjunctival reflex test treatment with a solution of essential oil of L. angustifolia, as well as linalyl acetate and linalol (30-2500 micrograms/ml administered in the conjunctival sac) allow a dose-dependent increase in the number of stimuli necessary to provoke the reflex, thus confirming in vivo the local anaesthetic activity observed in vitro.
Thirty-four kinds of citrus essential oils and their components were investigated for radical-scavenging activities by the HPLC method using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). To examine the oils' relative radical-scavenging activities compared with that of a standard antioxidant, Trolox was employed. All of the essential oils were found to have scavenging effects on DPPH in the range of 17. 7-64.0%. The radical-scavenging activities of 31 kinds of citrus essential oils were comparable with or stronger than that of Trolox (p < 0.05). The oils of Ichang lemon (64.0%, 172.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), Tahiti lime (63.2%, 170.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and Eureka lemon (61.8%, 166.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) were stronger radical scavengers than other citrus oils. Citrus volatile components such as geraniol (87.7%, 235.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), terpinolene (87.4%, 235.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and gamma-terpinene (84.7%, 227.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) showed marked scavenging activities on DPPH (p < 0.05).
Various plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have traditionally been used in the treatment of mental disorders, despite a lack of scientific evidence. In a previous study, we demonstrated that certain EOs possess behavioral effects, a finding that supports our original hypotheses that EOs possess psychoactive actions. The present study was conducted in order to obtain further evidence to support our hypothesis. Peppermint oil, a type of EO, is believed to be effective for treating mental fatigue. When the oil was administered intraperitoneally to ICR mice, the ambulatory activity of mice increased dramatically. We identified alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, (R)-(+)-limonene, 1,8-cineol, isomenthone, menthone, menthol, (R)-(+)-pulegone, menthyl acetate and caryophyllene as constituent elements of peppermint oil by GC-MS analysis. We then examined the effect of each constituent element of peppermint oil on ambulatory activity in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 1,8-cineol, menthone, isomenthone, menthol, (R)-(+)-pulegone, menthyl acetate and caryophyllene significantly increased ambulatory activity in mice, suggesting that these chemicals are the behaviorally active elements of peppermint oil. Intravenous administration of these substances to mice induced a significant increase in ambulatory activity at much lower doses. The present study provides further evidence demonstrating that EOs possess pharmacological actions on behavior. In addition, our finding revealed that the action of peppermint oil comes from its constituent elements.
The essential oils of Lavandula viridis were analysed by GC and GC-MS. Comparisons were made between three types of plant material from the same clone: field-grown plant, in vitro shoot cultures and micropropagated plants of the same clone. The most common components usually found in lavender oils were present in the oil samples analysed and more than 45 constituents were identified, representing more than 80% of the essential oil. The essential oils analysed consisted mainly of monoterpenes (75.4-76.3%), where oxygenated and hydrocarbons identified ranged from 41.8 to 57.3% and 18.1 to 34.2%, respectively. The major components found were 1.8-cineole (18.2-25.1%), camphor (9.1-15.7%), alpha-pinene (8.8-14.1%), borneol (4.1-4.8%), beta-pinene (1.2-5.6%), delta 3-carene (1.0-6.5%) and alpha-terpineol (0.8-4.2%). The monoterpene fraction of the in vitro shoot cultures showed different relative amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygenated components in relation to the parent plant and to micropropagated plants. In the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction of the oil samples analysed (6.1-8.2%), 7-epi-alpha-selinene (1.6-4.8%) was the most important component and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found in small amounts (1.1-1.7%). The essential oils from field-grown plants of L. viridis, when compared with those obtained from in vitro shoot cultures or micropropagated plants of the same clone, demonstrated that the same major components were found without significant compositional variations.
Nine samples of lavender essential oil were analysed by GC-MS using low-polarity and polar capillary columns. Linear retention indices (LRI) were calculated for each component detected. Characterisation of the individual components making up the oils was performed with the use of an mass spectrometry (MS) library developed in-house. The MS library was designed to incorporate the chromatographic data in the form of linear retention indices. The MS search routine used linear retention indices as a post-search filter and identification of the "unknowns" was made more reliable as this approach provided two independent parameters on which the identification was based. Around 70% of the total number of components in each sample were reliably characterised. A total of 85 components were identified. Semi-quantitative analysis of the same nine samples was performed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection (FID). The identified components accounted for more than 95% of each oil. By comparing the GC-MS results with the results from the GCxGC-FID analysis of a lavender essential oil, many more components could be found within the two-dimensional separation space.
Various sampling techniques including solid-phase trapping solvent extraction (SPTE), headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), reduced pressure steam distillation (RPSD) and simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) were compared for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the fragrances from the Lavandula species. Linalyl acetate (35.44%) and linalool (18.70%) were predominant components of Hidcote lavender samples obtained by SPTE whereas those levels were 2.63-4.04 and 36.80-43.47% in the same samples by RPSD and SDE, respectively. The partition coefficients between the headspace gaseous phase and HS-SPME fiber, and the relative concentration factors of the four characteristic components of the lavender were measured for relative evaluation of the fiber efficiency. Five different coatings were evaluated and 100-microm poly(dimethylsiloxane) was the most efficient for the successful extraction of lavender fragrances. A total of 43 compounds were identified by SPTE and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from four Lavandula species. Lavandula angustifolia Hidcote species, which contains a higher level of linalyl acetate and linalool but little camphor, was evaluated as the highest quality among the four different Lavandula species.
Frontal EEG asymmetry shifting from baseline was examined in adults and infants exposed to lavender and rosemary by reanalyzing previously published data, using techniques different from those utilized in the original two studies. Results from Study 1 on 39 adults revealed significant EEG shifting in the lavender group, with greater relative left frontal EEG activation (associated with greater approach behavior and less depressed affect). The participants in the two aroma groups were further grouped by those with greater baseline, relative to left frontal EEG activation, versus those with a greater baseline, relative to right frontal activation. Collapsing across aroma groups, those with greater baseline, relative to right frontal activation, shifted left during the aroma. Those with greater baseline relative to left frontal activation did not change. In the rosemary group, those with greater baseline relative to right frontal EEG activation shifted left during the aroma, while those with greater baselines relative to left frontal EEG activation shifted right. In the lavender group, those with greater baselines relative to right frontal baseline EEG activation shifted left, but those with greater baselines relative to left baseline did not shift. Study 2 on 27 full-term newborns revealed no significant shifts in asymmetry in either aroma group. However, when the aroma groups were collapsed, the right frontal EEG group exhibited significant shifting relative to left frontal EEG activation. This finding was similar to the adult findings, suggesting that either lavender or rosemary may induce left frontal EEG shifting in adults and infants who show greater baselines relative to right frontal EEG activation.
The volatile constituents of cold-pressed peel essential oils of redblush grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen forma Redblush) and pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) from the same locality in Kenya were determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of 67 and 52 compounds, amounting to 97.9 and 98.8% of the two oils, respectively, were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted 93.3 and 97.5% in the oils, respectively, with limonene (91.1 and 94.8%), alpha-terpinene (1.3 and 1.8%), and alpha-pinene (0.5%) as the main compounds. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted 0.4% in each oil. The notable compounds were beta-caryophyllene, alpha-cubebene, and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. Oxygenated compounds constituted 4.2 and 2.0% of the redblush grapefruit and pummelo oils, respectively, out of which carbonyl compounds (2.0 and 1.3%), alcohols (1.4 and 0.3%), and esters (0.7 and 0.4%) were the major groups. Heptyl acetate, octanal, decanal, citronellal, and (Z)-carvone were the main constituents (0.1-0.5%). Perillene, (E)-carveol, and perillyl acetate occurred in the redblush grapefruit but were absent from the pummelo oil. Nootkatone, alpha- and beta-sinensal, methyl-N-methylanthranilate, and (Z,E)-farnesol were prominent in both oils.
GC-MS analysis of essential oils of Iranian Mentha piperita and Myrtus communis extracted by hydrodistillation lead to identification of 26 and 32 compounds, respectively. The oils had good to excellent antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with the oil of M. piperita being more active. The findings suggest feasibility of application of M. piperita oil in treatment of the infections caused by C. albicans and E. coli. D-values on exposure to M. piperita and Myrtus communis oils were (2.14 and 2.8min), (1.4 and 12.8min) and (4.3 and 8.6min) for E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans , respectively. The oils were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by two complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and beta-carotene/linoleic acid systems. M. piperirta oil exerted greater antioxidant activity than that of M. communis. Phytochemical and phytobiological characteristics of these oils may lead to extraction and production of active compounds in single or combined forms with useful applications.
The pharmacological effects of lavender oil were investigated using two conflict tests in ICR mice, and then the active constituents were identified. Lavender oil produced significant anticonflict effects at 800 and 1600 mg/kg in the Geller conflict test and at 800 mg/kg in the Vogel conflict test, suggesting that the oil has an anti-anxiety effect. Analysis using GC/MS revealed that lavender oil contains 26 constituents, among which alpha-pinene (ratio, 0.22%), camphene (0.06%), beta-myrcene (5.33%), p-cymene (0.3%), limonene (1.06%), cineol (0.51%), linalool (26.12%), borneol (1.21%), terpinene-4-ol (4.64%), linalyl acetate (26.32%), geranyl acetate (2.14%) and caryophyllene (7.55%) were identified. We examined the effects of linalool, linalyl acetate, borneol, camphene, cineol, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene using the Geller and Vogel conflict tests in ICR mice. Cineol, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene did not produce any significant anticonflict effects in the Geller test. Linalyl acetate did not produce any significant anticonflict effects in either test. Both borneol and camphene at 800 mg/kg produced significant anticonflict effects in the Geller, but not in the Vogel conflict test. Linalool, a major constituent of lavender oil, produced significant anticonflict effects at 600 and 400 mg/kg in the Geller and Vogel tests, respectively, findings that were similar to those of lavender oil. Thus, we concluded that linalool is the major pharmacologically active constituent involved in the anti-anxiety effect of lavender oil.
Thirteen essential oils were examined for their antioxidant activity using three different assay systems. Jasmine, parsley seed, rose, and ylang-ylang oils inhibited hexanal oxidation by over 95% after 40 days at a level of 500 microg/mL in the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. Scavenging abilities of the oils for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical ranged from 39% for angelica seed oil to 90% for jasmine oil at a level of 200 microg/mL. The greatest inhibitory activity toward malonaldehyde (MA) formation from squalene upon UV-irradiation was obtained from parsley seed oil (inhibitory effect, 67%), followed by rose oil (46%), and celery seed oil (23%) at the level of 500 microg/mL. The main compounds of oils showing high antioxidant activity were limonene (composition, 74.6%) in celery seed, benzyl acetate (22.9%) in jasmine, alpha-pinene (33.7%) in juniper berry, myristicin (44%) in parsley seed, patchouli alcohol (28.8%) in patchouli, citronellol (34.2%) in rose, and germacrene (19.1%) in ylang-ylang.
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry using the divinyl/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB-CAR-PDMS) fibre was applied for the analysis of aroma profiles of Lavandula angustifolia L. flowers and the corresponding essential oils. The optimal sampling time was determined by studying the equilibrium time profile of the major volatile compounds for the lavender flowers (50 min) and the essential oil (20 min). Comparative analysis of L. Angustifolia L. cultivated in Friuli Venezia Giulia (northeastern Italy) highlighted that the contents of linalool and linalyl acetate were the major differences between the composition of flowers and the hydro-distilled products. Lavender essential oil from Middle-Friuli Venezia Giulia was evaluated as the highest quality for its high level of linalyl acetate (31.7 %) and linalool (45.0 %) and low percentage of camphor (0.5 %). The use of headspace SPME was shown to be a convenient and effective analytical tool for the sampling of volatile compounds and it could be used to test the quality of flowers and essential oils from Lavandula species.
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- S.-A Yang
S.-A. Yang et al. Downloaded by [Duke University Libraries] at 21:17 09 July 2012
Evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation
- Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy: Evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation.