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Pulmonary hypertension in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect - Is it related to echocardiographic complexity?

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Abstract

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Patients may reach adulthood before being diagnosed and sometimes develop pulmonary hypertension (PH). According to the latest Euro Heart Survey on Congenital Heart Disease, 24.77% of ASD patients develop PH. The reasons for this evolution in only some patients are still unknown. To assess the prevalence of PH in patients with ostium secundum ASD (osASD) in our district and to determine whether the echocardiographic morphology of the defect can be an indicator of evolution to PH. The study included 181 consecutive patients, mean age 43.1+/-18.4 years, 65.2% women, with a diagnosis of osASD, referred for transthoracic and transesophageal evaluation in our center from January 2000 to September 2008. We assessed right atrial (RA) and ventricular (RV) dimensions, measured the rims and size of the ASD and determined pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (RV/RA gradient plus a value corresponding to the degree of inferior vena cava collapse). The type of shunt at the atrial level was assessed with intravenous injection of agitated saline. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0. Seventy-seven patients (42.5%) had moderate to severe enlargement of the right heart chambers and 48 (26.5%) had pulmonary hypertension, defined as PASP of over 40 mmHg (equivalent to mean pulmonary artery pressure of 25-30 mmHg). Patients with PH were older (52.8+/-16.9 vs. 39.0+/-17.6 years; p<0.001) and had larger defects (19.7+/-9.6 mm vs. 13.1+/-7.1 mm; p<0.001). The proportion of women was similar in both groups (64.6% in patients with PH vs. 68.75% in those without; p=NS). Most patients with PH had ASDs with more complex shapes on echocardiography. However, some patients with simpler and smaller defects, such as central ASD with a diameter of <5 mm, also developed PH. The prevalence of PH in patients with closed ASDs was much lower: 20.3% vs. 43.75%; p<0.002. Conclusions: According to these data, development of PH in patients with ASD is frequent and seems to be related to the diameter of the defect. However, patients with smaller and simpler defects may also develop PH. This seems to occur at older ages and not to be gender-dependent. Early ASD closure appears to prevent this.
Recebido para publicação: Setembro 2008 • Aceite para publicação: Junho de 2009
Received for publication: September 2008 • Accepted for publication: June de 2009
1087
ARTIGO ORIGINAL CONCISO
RESUMO
Introdução: A comunicação interauricular
(CIA) é uma das cardiopatias congénitas
mais frequentes. O diagnóstico é, por vezes,
feito já na idade adulta, podendo em alguns
casos os doentes já terem desenvolvido
hipertensão pulmonar (HP). De acordo com
o último Euro Heart Survey in Congenital
Heart Disease, 24,77% das CIAs desen-
volvem HP. A razão para esta evolução em
apenas alguns dos doentes é desconhecida.
Objectivos: Avaliar a prevalência de HP em
doentes com CIA ostium secundum (CIAos)
na nossa região e determinar se o padrão
morfológico ecocardiográfico do defeito
pode ser um indicador desta evolução.
População e Métodos: Foram incluídos 181
doentes consecutivos, com média de idades
43,1±18,4 anos, 65,2 % de mulheres, com o
diagnóstico de CIAos de Janeiro de 2000 a
Setembro de 2008, referenciados para
avaliação por ecocardiograma transtorácico
e transesofágico no nosso Centro. Foram
avaliadas as dimensões das cavidades
direitas e medidos os cotos e diâmetro da
CIA, assim como determinada a pressão
sistólica da artéria pulmonar - PSAP
(gradiente VD/AP mais um valor correspon-
dente ao grau de colapso da veia cava infe-
rior). O tipo de shunt a nível auricular foi
avaliado com injecção de soro salino agita-
ABSTRACT
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with
ostium secundum atrial septal defect - is
it related to echocardiographic com-
plexity?
Introduction: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one
of the most common congenital heart defects.
Patients may reach adulthood before being
diagnosed and sometimes develop pulmonary
hypertension (PH). According to the latest
Euro Heart Survey on Congenital Heart
Disease, 24.77% of ASD patients develop PH.
The reasons for this evolution in only some
patients are still unknown.
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of PH in
patients with ostium secundum ASD (osASD)
in our district and to determine whether the
echocardiographic morphology of the defect
can be an indicator of evolution to PH.
Methods: The study included 181 consecutive
patients, mean age 43.1±18.4 years, 65.2%
women, with a diagnosis of osASD, referred
for transthoracic and transesophageal evalua-
tion in our center from January 2000 to
September 2008. We assessed right atrial
(RA) and ventricular (RV) dimensions, meas-
ured the rims and size of the ASD and deter-
mined pulmonary artery systolic pressure
(PASP) (RV/RA gradient plus a value corre-
sponding to the degree of inferior vena cava
collapse). The type of shunt at the atrial level
Hipertensão pulmonar em doentes
com comunicação interauricular
ostium secundum - haverá relação com a
complexidade ecocardiográfica [87]
RUI PROVIDÊNCIA, ANA BOTELHO, NUNO QUINTAL, MARCO COSTA, ANA QUARESMA, PAULA LOPES, ISABEL QUINTAL, MARIA JOSÉ SANTOS,
ANA PAULA SANTOS, ANTÓNIO LEITÃO-MARQUES
Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospital de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28 (10): 1087-1096
1088
Rev Port Cardiol
Vol. 28 Outubro 10 / October 10
do. Foi realizada análise estatística com o
SPSS 15.0.
Resultados: 77 doentes (42,5%) apresen-
taram dilatação moderada a severa das cavi-
dades direitas e em 48 (26,5%) foi diagnos-
ticada hipertensão pulmonar, definida como
PSAP superior a 40mmHg (equivalente a um
valor de pressão média na artéria pulmonar
de 25-30mmHg). Os doentes com HP eram
mais idosos (52,8±16,9 versus 39,0±17,6
anos; p<0,001) e apresentavam defeitos de
maiores dimensões (19,7±9,6mm versus
13,1±7,1mm; p<0,001). A prevalência de
mulheres foi semelhante em ambos os grupos
(64,6% dos doentes com HP versus 68,75%
dos doentes sem HP; ns). A maioria dos
doentes com HP tinha CIA com padrões mor-
fológicos ecocardiográficos mais complexos.
Apesar disso, alguns doentes com defeitos
mais simples e de menores dimensões, como
CIA central com diâmetro < 5mm também
desenvolveram HP. A prevalência de HP em
doentes com CIA encerrada foi muito menor:
20,3% versus 43,75%; p 0,002).
Conclusões: De acordo com estes dados, a
evolução para HP em doentes com CIAos é
frequente e parece estar relacionada com o
diâmetro e tipo do defeito. Apesar disso,
defeitos mais simples e de menores dimen-
sões também podem evoluir para HP. Tal
parece ocorrer em idades mais avançadas e
não depende do género. O encerramento pre-
coce das CIA parece prevenir esta evolução.
Palavra-Chave
Ecocardiografia; Comunicação Interauricular;
Hipertensão pulmonar.
was assessed with intravenous injection of
agitated saline. Statistical analysis was
performed using SPSS 15.0.
Results: Seventy-seven patients (42.5%) had
moderate to severe enlargement of the right
heart chambers and 48 (26.5%) had pul-
monary hypertension, defined as PASP of over
40 mmHg (equivalent to mean pulmonary
artery pressure of 25-30 mmHg). Patients with
PH were older (52.8±16.9 vs. 39.0±17.6
years; p<0.001) and had larger defects
(19.7±9.6 mm vs. 13.1±7.1 mm; p<0.001).
The proportion of women was similar in both
groups (64.6% in patients with PH vs.
68.75% in those without; p=NS). Most
patients with PH had ASDs with more com-
plex shapes on echocardiography. However,
some patients with simpler and smaller
defects, such as central ASD with a diameter
of <5 mm, also developed PH. The prevalence
of PH in patients with closed ASDs was much
lower: 20.3% vs. 43.75%; p<0.002.
Conclusions: According to these data,
development of PH in patients with ASD is
frequent and seems to be related to the
diameter of the defect. However, patients with
smaller and simpler defects may also develop
PH. This seems to occur at older ages and not
to be gender-dependent. Early ASD closure
appears to prevent this.
Key words
Echocardiography; Atrial septal defect; Pulmonary
hypertension.
INTRODUÇÃO
Acomunicação interauricular (CIA) é uma
das cardiopatias congénitas mais fre-
quentes, correspondendo a 30-40% das car-
diopatias congénitas do adulto(1). A sua
prevalência varia de 2,8 a 8,8 por cada 1000
INTRODUCTION
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the
most common congenital heart defects,
accounting for 30-40% of congenital heart
disease in the adult(1), with a prevalence of 2.8
to 8.8 per 1000 live births (2), and is more fre-
nados vivos(2). São mais frequentes no sexo
feminino (numa proporção de 2 :1 ), poden-
do ser classificadas de acordo com o taman-
ho (pequenas se 20mm ou grandes, quando
de dimensões superiores(3)) e localização:
ostium secundum, quando localizadas na
porção média do septo interauricular, na
fossa ovalis, ostium primum, na porção
mais anteroinferior do septo e sinus veno-
sus, na rego posterior, junto à desembo-
cadura das veias cavas. Os ostium secun-
dum representam 75% do total das CIAs,
enquanto que os ostium primum e sinus
venosus, correspondem a 15% e 10%,
respectivamente.
Embora se assista a um diagnóstico cada
vez mais precoce das cardiopatias congéni-
tas, em muitos casos estas são apenas detec-
tadas já tarde na idade adulta. Frequen-
temente estes doentes apresentam graus
consideráveis de dilatação das cavidades
direitas e doença vascular pulmonar, pelo
que se encontram bastante sintomáticos.
O desenvolvimento de hiperteno pul-
monar (HP) na CIA é raro nas primeiras
décadas de vida, mas torna-se frequente a
partir da quinta década, ou por vezes, ainda
mais tarde. Quando ocorre na infância,
quem considere que se trata de uma forma
de HP idiopática coexistente com o
defeito(2).
No último Euro Heart Survey in
Congenital Heart Disease 35% dos doentes
com comunicão interauricular ostium
secundum (CIAos) o encerradas apresen-
tavam HP, contra apenas 12% dos doentes
com defeito encerrado. A evolução para
Síndrome de Eisenmenger (SE) ocorreu em
menos de 2%(4). Numa série dos anos 60,
que incluía também defeitos do tipo sinus
venosus e ostium primum, esta cifra ascen-
dia aos 4 a 6%(5) .
A localizão da CIA parece ter impacto
no desenvolvimento de HP: num estudo por
Vogel et al(6) foi descrito que a evolução
para HP ocorria três vezes mais frequente-
mente nos defeitos sinus venosus quando
comparado com ostium secundum: 26% ver-
sus 9%.
quent in women by a ratio of 2:1. ASDs can be
classified according to size (small: 20 mm, lar-
ge: >20mm (3)) and location: ostium secundum,
located in the mid portion of the atrial septum in
the fossa ovalis; ostium primum, in the anteroin-
ferior portion of the septum; and sinus venosus,
in the posterior region, at the junction with the
venae cavae. Ostium secundum ASD (osASD)
accounts for 75% of all ASDs, while ostium pri-
mum and sinus venosus account for 15% and
10% respectively.
Although congenital heart disease is being
diagnosed at increasingly earlier ages, many cases
are still not detected until late in adulthood. Such
patients frequently have a significant degree of
right chamber dilatation and pulmonary vascular
disease, and are thus highly symptomatic. The
development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in
ASD patients is rare in the first decades of life, but
is common from the fifth decade, or even later in
some cases. Some believe that its occurrence in
childhood is in fact a form of idiopathic PH coex-
isting with the defect(2).
In the latest Euro Heart Survey on Adult
Congenital Heart Disease, 35% of patients with an
open ASD had PH, as opposed to only 12% of
those with a closed defect. Progression to
Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) occurred in less than
2% (4). In a series from the 1960s that also inclu-
ded sinus venosus and ostium primum defects,
this figure rose to 4-6%(5).
The location of the ASD appears to affect
development of PH; Vogel et al(6). reported that
PH was three times more common in sinus veno-
sus than ostium secundum defects (26% vs. 9%).
In a previous study (7), we described 14 dif-
ferent morphologic patterns of osASD based
on the classification proposed by Prokselj et
al.(8). There have been no studies to date
assessing the relationship between PH deve-
lopment and osASD morphology.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the prevalence of PH in patients
with osASD in our district and to determine
whether the echocardiographic morphology of
the defect can be an indicator of evolution to PH. 1089
Rui Providência et al.
Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28: 1087-1096
Num estudo prévio(7), descrevemos 14
padrões morfológicos diferentes com base na
classificação proposta por Prokselj K et al(8)
para a CIAos. Não existem até à data estudos
que abordem uma eventual relação entre a
evolução para HP e o padrão morfológico da
CIAos.
OBJECTIVOS
Avaliar a prevalência de HP em doentes
com CIAos na nossa região e determinar se o
padrão morfológico ecocardiográfico poderá
ser um indicador desta evolução.
POPULAÇÃO E MÉTODOS
Foram estudados 181 doentes consecutivos
com o diagnóstico de CIAos no nosso Centro
entre Janeiro de 2000 e Setembro de 2008. A
idade média pré-encerramento dos defeitos foi
43,1±18,4 anos e 65,2% (118/181) eram do
sexo feminino.
Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por
ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) e trans-
esofágico (ETE) 2D, com Doppler contínuo e
cor. Nos doentes submetidos a encerramento
da CIAos, são utilizados os dados do ETT e
ETE realizados antes da correcção do defeito.
Os ecocardiógrafos utilizados foram os mode-
los Vingmed CFM800, VIVID 3 da GE
Healthcare e Acuson CV70 da Siemens. Foram
utilizadas as respectivas sondas multiplanares
para ecocardiograma transesofágico.
No ETT foram pesquisados sinais indica-
tivos de shunt auricular, como a presença de
movimentos anormais ou paradoxais do septo
interventricular, dilatação das cavidades di-
reitas (dimensões iguais ou superiores a 2/3
das esquerdas), aumento da pressão sistólica
da artéria pulmonar e imagens suspeitas de
shunt a nível do septo interauricular por
Doppler cor e pulsado/contínuo. Foram
avaliadas qualitativamente as dimensões das
cavidades direitas em apical 4 câmaras: I
dimensões normais; II - dilatação ligeira
(mantendo área menor que a das cavidades
METHODS
The study included 181 consecutive
patients with a diagnosis of osASD referred
to our center between January 2000 and
September 2008. Mean age prior to defect
closure was 43.1±18.4 years and 65.2%
(118/181) were women.
All patients were assessed by two-dimen-
sional transthoracic (TTE) and trans-
esophageal echocardiography (TEE), with
continuous and color Doppler. For patients
who underwent defect closure, the TTE and
TEE data prior to repair were included in
the analysis. The ultrasound systems used
were Vingmed CFM 800 and VIVID 3 from
GE Healthcare and Acuson CV70 from
Siemens, with multiplane probes for TEE
exams.
TTE was used to investigate signs of atri-
al shunt, abnormal or paradoxical motion of
the ventricular septum, right chamber
dilatation (defined as dimensions equal to or
more than two-thirds of left chambers), and
increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure
(PASP), as well as images suggestive of
shunt at the level of the atrial septum by
color and pulsed/continuous Doppler. Right
chamber dimensions were classified qualita-
tively in 4-chamber apical view: I normal;
II mild dilatation (but still smaller than
left chambers); III moderate dilatation
(same as left chambers); IV severe dilata-
tion (larger than left chambers). PASP was
calculated as the peak gradient at the tricus-
pid valve plus right atrial pressure (5
mmHg: total collapse of the inferior vena
cava, 20 mmHg: no collapse, 14 mmHg:
approximately 50% collapse). TTE was also
used to determine the Qp/Qs ratio in all
patients.
The diameter of the osASD was measured
by TEE in two views, as well as the most
important rims for therapeutic decision-
making (mitral rim at 0º, aortic and right
superior pulmonary vein rims at 45º, and
superior and inferior vena cava rims at
110º). The rims were considered short if they
measured <5 mm for the aortic rim and <7
1090
Rev Port Cardiol
Vol. 28 Outubro 10 / October 10
mm for the others. The mobility and thick-
ness of the rims was assessed to determine
whether they were firm or floppy. In the case
of multifenestrated osASD, the number of
orifices and the maximum distance between
them was assessed. The presence or
absence of atrial septal aneurysm (excur-
sion of 15 mm or more) was determined.
Agitated saline mixed with air and blood
was injected to determine the direction of
the shunt - negative contrast in cases of left-
to-right shunt or passage of contrast in
right-to-left shunt:
Catheterization and hemodynamic study
were performed to determine Qp/Qs ratio,
pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capil-
lary wedge pressure and pulmonary arteriolar
resistance as part of pre-closure (percuta-
neous or surgical) assessment in most
patients, whenever there was doubt as to the
indication for closure, to investigate suspect-
ed associated anomalies or to evaluate PH.
In patients with severe PH, other possible
concomitant causes of PH were investigated in
accordance with international guidelines (9).
The patients were classified according to
the presence or absence of PH and defect
morphology (Table II): single or multiple ori-
fices (multifenestrated), central or with short
rims (one, two or three or more short rims),
and location.
Defects with a morphology similar to
patent foramen ovale (PFO) and ASD physiol-
ogy (shunt present during the entire cardiac
cycle irrespective of Valsalva maneuver) were
classified as PFO-like (7).
The criteria used in therapeutic deci-
sion-making were as described in previous
studies(7).
The statistical analysis was carried out
using SPSS for Windows, version 15.0,
based on descriptive statistics of variables.
Nominal variables (combination of frequen-
cies) were compared using the chi-square
test. The Student’s t test was used to com-
pare continuous variables with a normal
distribution between two groups, expressed
as means ± standard deviation. Levene’s test
was used to assess equal variances, with cor- 1091
Rui Providência et al.
Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28: 1087-1096
esquerdas); III - dilatação moderada (área
igual à das cavidades esquerdas); IV -
dilatação severa (área superior à das cavi-
dades esquerdas). Determinou-se a pressão
sistólica da artéria pulmonar: gradiente máxi-
mo a nível da válvula tricúspide acrescido da
pressão da aurícula direita (5mmHg se colap-
so total da veia cava inferior, 20mmHg na
ausência de colapso, ou cerca de 14mmHg se
o colapso rondar os 50%). Ainda por ETT foi
determinada a relação Qp/Qsem todos os
doentes.
No ETE foi medido o diâmetro da CIAos em
duas incidências, assim como dos cotos mais
importantes para a decisão terapêutica (aos 0º
foi medido o coto mitral, aos 45º o coto aórtico
e o da veia pulmonar superior direita e aos
110º os cotos da veia cava superior e inferior).
Os cotos foram considerados curtos, quando de
dimensões inferiores a 5mm para o coto aórti-
co ou 7mm para os restantes. Foi determinado
se pela sua mobilidade e espessura os cotos
apresentavam uma consistência firme ou tinham
um aspecto delgado (floppy). Nas CIAos multi-
fenestradas, foram determinados o número e
maior distância entre os orifícios. Foi determi-
nada a presença, ou não, de aneurisma do
septo interauricular (excursão maior ou igual a
15mm). Foi usada a injecção de soro fisiológi-
co com ar agitado e sangue para determinar a
direcção do shunt: contraste negativo nos
shunts E-D ou passagem de contraste D-E
aquando da sua inversão.
Foi realizado cateterismo e estudo hemo-
dinâmico com determinação da relação Qp/Qs,
pressão da artéria pulmonar (PAP), pressão
capilar pulmonar (PCP) e resistências arterio-
lares pulmonares como parte da avaliação pré-
-encerramento (percutâneo ou cirúrgico) na
maior parte dos doentes, sempre que houvesse
dúvidas da indicação do encerramento, ou por
suspeita de anomalias associadas ou ainda
para estudo de HP.
Nos doentes com HP severa foi realizado
estudo de outras causas concomitantes de HP
de acordo com as normas internacionais (9).
Os doentes foram classificados de acordo
com a presença ou não de HP, atendendo
ao padrão morfológico do seu defeito (Ver
Quadro II): um orifício ou múltiplos orifícios
(multifenestrados), central ou com cotos cur-
tos (um, dois ou mais cotos curtos), com sua
respectiva localização.
Foram considerados foplike os defeitos com
morfologia semelhante a foramen ovale
patente e fisiologia de CIA: shunt presente
durante todo o ciclo cardíaco, independente-
mente da realização ou não da manobra de
Valsalva(7).
Os critérios utilizados na orientação tera-
pêutica são descritos em trabalhos prévios(7).
Foi realizada análise estatística com o
SPSS para o Windows, versão 15,0, com
estatística descritiva das variáveis. Feita com-
paração de variáveis nominais (combinação de
frequências) com o teste x2. Para variáveis
contínuas expressas como média ± desvio
padrão, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para
comparar variáveis com distribuição normal
entre dois grupos. Recorreu-se ao teste de
Levene para avaliar a igualdade das variân-
cias, e foi utilizada correcção dos graus de
liberdade quando o pressuposto das variân-
cias iguais não foi cumprido.
RESULTADOS
Foi encontrada dilatação moderada a se-
vera das cavidades direitas em 77 doentes
(42,5%). Em 48 doentes (26,5%) foi detectada
HP, definida como um valor de PSAP acima
dos 40mmHg (equivalente a uma pressão
média da artéria pulmonar de 25-30mmHg).
Foi diagnosticada Síndrome de Eisenmenger
(SE) em seis doentes (3,3%).
rection for degrees of freedom when the
assumption of equal variances was not met.
RESULTS
Seventy-seven patients (42.5%) had moderate
to severe enlargement of the right heart chambers,
and 48 (26.5%) had PH, defined as PASP of >40
mmHg (equivalent to mean pulmonary artery
pressure of 25-30 mmHg). Eisenmenger syn-
drome was diagnosed in six (3.3%). (Table I).
Patients with PH were older (52.8±16.9 vs.
39.0±17.6 years; p<0.001) and had larger
defects (19.7±9.6 mm vs. 13.1±7.1 mm;
p<0.001). The proportion of women was similar
in both groups (64.6% vs. 68.75%; NS). The
group without PH included a higher percentage
of closed defects (82.7% vs. 40.9%; p 0.004)
Table II.
1092
Rev Port Cardiol
Vol. 28 Outubro 10 / October 10
Without PH With PH
n 133 48
Age 39.0±17.6 52.8±16.9 p <0,001
Female 64.6% 68.75% n.s.
(n=86) (n=33)
PASP (mmHg) 31.7±3.7 54.8±12.5 p <0,001
Diameter of defect
(mm) 13.1±7.1 19.7±9.6 p <0,001
% of closed
defects 79.7% 56.3% p 0,002
n=106 n=27 p 0,002
Table I. Demographic data, ASD dimensions, PASP and percentage of
closed defects, according to presence or absence of PH.
PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PH: pulmonary
hypertension
Morphologic Without PH With PH ES
pattern
Central 41 9 3
PFO-like 19 1 0
Multifenestrated 24 4 0
One short rim
Ao 28 9 0
RSPV 1 2 0
IVC 0 1 1
SVC 1 0 0
Two short rims
Ao and RSPV 1 1 0
Ao and SVC 7 2 0
Ao and IVC 2 1 0
Ao and Mi 4 1 0
IVC and Mi 1 2 0
IVC and RSFV 2 1 0
Three or more short rims
2 8 2
Table II. Echocardiographic ASD morphology according to the presence
or absence of pulmonary hypertension and/or Eisenmenger syndrome.
Ao: aortic; ES: Eisenmenger syndrome (right-to-left shunt); IVC: inferior vena
cava; Mi: mitral; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PFO: patent fora-
men ovale; PH: pulmonary hypertension (PASP >40 mmHg); RSPV: right
superior pulmonary vein; SVC: superior vena cava
SemHP HP
n 133 48
Idade 39,0±17,6 52,8±16,9 p <0,001
64,6% 68,75% n.s.
(n=86) (n=33)
PSAP (mmHg) 31,7±3,7 54,8±12,5 p <0,001
Diâmetro do Orifício
(mm) 13,1±7,1 19,7±9,6 p <0,001
% de defeitos
encerrados 79,7% 56,3% p 0,002
n=106 n=27
Quadro I – Dados demográficos, dimensões da CIA, e valores de PSAP
e percentagem de defeitos encerrados, de acordo com a presença ou
ausência de HP.
Legenda: n - número de doentes; - percentagem de doentes do sexo fem-
inino; PSAP – Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; HP – Hipertensão
Pulmonar.
Comparando os doentes com e sem HP,
verificou-se que aqueles com HP eram mais
idosos (52,8±16,9 versus 39,0±17,6 anos;
p<0,001) e os seus defeitos tinham maior
diâmetro (19,7±9,6mm versus 13,1±7,1mm;
p<0,001). A prevalência de mulheres foi
semelhante em ambos os grupos (64,6% versus
68,75%; ns). Verificou-se uma maior percen-
tagem de defeitos encerrados no grupo sem
HP (82,7% vs. 40,9%; p 0,004).
A maioria dos doentes com HP apresen-
tou CIAos com pades morfogicos eco-
cardiogficos mais complexos e maior
mero de cotos curtos. Os doentes com
padrão foplike e multifenestrado evolram
menos frequentemente para HP: 1/20 e
4/28, respectivamente. Dos 43 doentes
com um coto curto, 13 desenvolveram HP.
Este número subiu para oito em 25 em
doentes com dois cotos deficientes e 10
em doze em casos com três ou mais cotos
curtos.
Apesar disso, alguns pacientes com
defeitos mais pequenos e simples, como
CIAos centrais com diâmetro <5mm e fo-
plike também desenvolveram HP.
Dos 181 doentes, 133 foram submetidos
a encerramento (100 por via percunea e
33 por cirurgia). A prevancia de HP em
Most patients with PH had more complex
echocardiographic defect morphology with a
greater number of short rims. Patients with
PFO-like or multifenestrated osASDs less often
developed PH: 1/20 and 4/28 respectively. Of
the 43 patients with a single short rim, 13
developed PH. This rose to 8 out of 25 in those
with two deficient rims and 10 out of 12 in
cases with three or more short rims.
However, some patients with smaller and
simpler defects, such as central osASD with a
diameter of <5 mm or PFO-like, also deve-
loped PH.
Of the 181 patients, 133 had undergone clo-
sure (100 percutaneously and 33 surgically).
PH prevalence in patients with closed ASDs
was lower: 20.3% vs. 43.8% (27/133 vs. 21/48;
p<0.002).
ES tended to occur at older ages (64.0±7.9
vs. 51.3±17.3 years, p=0.085), but did not
appear to be influenced by gender. There were
no significant differences in defect size or
echocardiographic pattern in terms of progres-
sion to this syndrome.
DISCUSSION
Echocardiography is essential for charac-
terizing osASD as it provides important data 1093
Rui Providência et al.
Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28: 1087-1096
PH ES
n 42 6
Age 51.3±17.3 64.0±7.9 p 0,085
Female 67.9% 83.3% n.s.
(n=28) (n=5)
PASP
(mmHg) 49.2±8.7 71.3±9.9 p <0,001
Diâmetro do
Orifício (mm) 15.2±11.7 20.0±10.9 n.s.
Table III. Demographic data, ASD dimensions, and PASP, according
to presence of PH or ES.
ES: Eisenmenger syndrome; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure;
PH: pulmonary hypertension
Table IV. Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: demographic data and
ASD morphology.
Gender Age Diameter Morphlogy
(mm)
JFG M 73 8 Central
JSD F 71 18 Central
MCR F 60 20 3 short
rims
MEFF F 55 35 Short IVC
rim
MJRM F 74 30 3 short
rims
MOGC F 56 9 Central
Padrão Sem HP HP SE
Morfológico
Central 41 9 3
Foplike 19 1 0
Multifenestrada 24 4 0
Um coto Curto
Ao 28 9 0
VPSD 1 2 0
VCI 0 1 1
VCS 1 0 0
Dois Cotos Curtos
Ao e VPSD 1 1 0
Ao e VCS 7 2 0
Ao e VCI 2 1 0
Ao e Mi 4 1 0
VCI e Mi 1 2 0
VCI e VPSD 2 1 0
Três ou mais Cotos Curtos
2 8 2
Quadro II – Padrões morfológicos ecocardiográficos das CIAos de acor-
do com a presença ou não de Hipertensão Pulmonar e/ou Síndrome de
Eisenmenger.
Legenda: HP -Hipertensão Pulmonar (PSAP > 40mmHg); SE
Síndrome de Eisenmenger (shunt D-E); Ao Aórtico; VPSD veia
pulmonar superior direita; VCI veia cava inferior; VCS –veia cava
superior.
doentes com CIA encerrada foi menor: 20,3%
versus 43,8% (27/133 versus. 21/48; p<0,002).
O desenvolvimento de SE tende a ocorrer
em idades mais avançadas (64,0+/-7,9 versus
51,3+/-17,3 anos: p 0,085), não parecendo ter
preferência por algum género. Não houve
diferenças nas dimensões dos defeitos nem no
padrão ecocardiográfico da CIAos para a
evolução para este grau de doença vascular
pulmonar.
DISCUSSÃO
A ecocardiografia é um método essencial
na caracterização das CIAos, fornecendo
importantes dados relativamente ao tipo de
tratamento mais adequado. Estes dados
podem também ser usados para prever a
evolução da doença vascular pulmonar.
Parece-nos pelo anteriormente exposto,
que perante certo tipo de padrões morfológi-
cos (mais complexos e de maiores diâmetros)
poderemos esperar com maior probabilidade o
desenvolvimento de HP. Tal poderá ser expli-
cado por uma maior propensão para sobrecar-
ga de volume em defeitos de maiores dimen-
for deciding the most appropriate form of
treatment, and also for predicting develop-
ment of pulmonary vascular disease.
The results presented appear to indicate
that patients with more complex and larger
defects have a higher probability of develop-
ing PH. This may be explained by the greater
propensity for volume overload with larger
defects and particular locations. Nevertheless,
some questions remained unanswered:
- why do only half of individuals with vol-
ume overload develop PH?
- why do some patients with large defects
and several deficient rims not develop PH?
- why do others with smaller and simpler
defects develop PH?
We believe that one explanation may be
genetic, with mutations in genes such as
BMPR2 and ALK, or innate differences in
pulmonary vascular compliance. One study
has identified BMPR2 mutations in 20% of
patients with PH caused by congenital heart
disease (10). Mutations in this gene have also
been found in around 20% of patients with
idiopathic PH, and appear to be linked to
smooth muscle cell proliferation in the pul-
monary arterial circulation. The fact that these
mutations are also found in congenital heart
disease evolving to PH suggests that genetic
background may be a predisposing factor; it
may soon be possible to take this into consid-
eration when deciding whether to close small-
er defects that do not meet the conventional
criteria for closure (Qp/Qs >1.5, right cham-
ber dilatation or previous paradoxical
embolism), after exclusion of severe PH.
It is also possible that these patients have
had varying degrees of exposure to environ-
mental agents.
Early closure of osASD also seems to be a
way of preventing or delaying development of
PH. Although the prevalence of PH was lower
in the group with closed defects, it should be
borne in mind that some may at some stage
have had mild PH due to volume overload, but
without irreversible pulmonary vascular dis-
ease, that regressed following closure of the
shunt.
Although all the patients underwent inves-
1094
Rev Port Cardiol
Vol. 28 Outubro 10 / October 10
Quadro IV – Doentes com Síndrome de Eisenmenger: Dados demográ-
ficos e morfologia da CIAos.
Sexo Idade Diâmetro Padrão
(mm) Morfológico)
JFG 73 8 Central
JSD 71 18 Central
MCR 60 20 3 cotos
curtos
MEFF 55 35 Coto VCI
curto
MJRM 74 30 3 cotos
curtos
MOGC 56 9 Central
HP SE
n 42 6
Idade 51,3±17,3 64,0±7,9 p 0,085
67,9% 83.3% n.s.
(n=28) (n=5)
PASP
(mmHg) 49,2±8,7 71,3±9,9 p <0,001
Diâmetro do
Orifício (mm) 15,2±11,7 20,0±10,9 n.s.
Quadro III – Dados demográficos, dimensões da CIA, e valores de
PSAP, de acordo com a presença HP ou SE.
Legenda: n - número de doentes; - percentagem de doentes do sexo
feminino; PSAP – Pressão Sistólica da Artéria Pulmonar; HP
Hipertensão Pulmonar; SE – Síndrome de Eisenmenger.
sões e determinadas localizações do septo
interauricular. Porém, não conseguimos
explicar algumas questões:
- porque razão apenas metade dos indivídu-
os com sobrecarga de volume desenvolve HP?
- qual a explicação para alguns indivíduos
com defeitos de grande diâmetro e vários cotos
deficientes não desenvolverem tal condição?
- porque evoluem para HP alguns
pacientes com CIA mais pequenas e morfo-
logicamente mais simples?
Pensamos que uma razão para tal seja a
variabilidade genética da população, com pre-
sença de mutações a nível de genes como o
BMPR-2 e ALK, ou existência inata de dife-
rentes níveis de complacência vascular pul-
monar. Um estudo recente identificou
mutações no BMPR-II em 20% dos doentes
com HP devida a cardiopatia congénita(10).
Mutações neste gene foram encontradas em
cerca de 20% dos doentes com HP idiopática
e parecem estar ligadas à proliferação de célu-
las de músculo liso na circulação arterial pul-
monar. A observação que estas mutações tam-
bém ocorrem na cardiopatia congénita
evoluindo para HP, sugere que o background
genético poderá ser um factor predisponente
para esta evolução, que poderá passar a ser
tido em conta num futuro próximo no momen-
to da tomada de decisão relativamente ao
encerramento de defeitos de menores dimen-
sões que não preencham os critérios clássicos
para encerramento (Qp/Qs> 1,5, dilatação das
cavidades direitas ou presença de fenómenos
prévios de embolismo paradoxal), após
exclusão de HP grave.
Há que considerar ainda a hipótese destes
doentes terem diferentes graus de exposição a
diferentes agentes ambientais.
O encerramento atempado da CIAos parece
ser também uma forma de prevenir ou causar
algum grau de regressão na evolução para HP.
Embora a prevalência de HP seja inferior no
grupo de indivíduos com defeito encerrado, há
que ter em conta que alguns deles poderão ter
tido em tempos graus ligeiros de HP devida a
sobrecarga de volume, ainda sem doença vas-
cular pulmonar irreversível, que reverteu após
o encerramento do shunt.
tigation of PH etiology and no other causes
were detected, we cannot exclude the possi-
bility that some may have idiopathic PH with-
out the ASD being involved. In such cases, an
open osASD could actually be beneficial.
A similar study using three-dimensional
TEE could provide more precise information
on the location and size of defects and thus
enable firmer conclusions to be drawn.
CONCLUSION
The development of PH in adults with ASD
is common and appears to be related to the
diameter of the defect, as well as to certain
morphologic patterns. Nevertheless, patients
with smaller and less complex defects can also
develop PH. This seems to occur at older ages
and not to be gender-dependent. We believe
individual genotype may play a role, and early
ASD closure appears to prevent this develop-
ment.
It may therefore be of value in the future
for patients with osASD to undergo genetic
study, as long as its predictive value for deve-
lopment of PH is confirmed. The data thus
obtained could then be taken into account
when deciding whether to close smaller
defects that do not meet the conventional cri-
teria for closure.
1095
Rui Providência et al.
Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28: 1087-1096
Foi realizado o estudo de HP nestes
doentes, não tendo sido detectadas outras
causas responsáveis. Não podemos porém
excluir a possibilidade de que alguns destes
doentes poderão padecer de HP idiopática,
sendo a CIA apenas um mero espectador do
processo. Nestes casos em que a CIAos não será
a responsável pelo desenvolvimento da HP, a sua
patência é até benéfica para o paciente.
Num futuro próximo, este tipo de estudo
utilizando o ETE 3D poderá fornecer de forma
mais precisa a localização e dimensões do
defeito, de forma a que as conclusões possam
ser mais precisas.
CONCLUSÃO
A evolução para HP em adultos com CIA
parece ser frequente e estar relacionada com o
diâmetro, sendo mais comum em alguns tipos
morfológicos. Apesar disso, defeitos mais
pequenos e com morfologias menos complexas
também podem evoluir para HP. Isto parece
ocorrer em idades mais avançadas e não ser
dependente do sexo. Julgamos que o genótipo
do indivíduo poderá desempenhar um papel
nesta evolução, que parece ser prevenida pelo
encerramento precoce das CIAos.
Assim, poderá ser interessante num futuro
próximo, e desde que se confirme o seu valor
preditivo para o desenvolvimento de HP, a
caracterização genética dos doentes com
CIAos. Os dados obtidos através dessa genoti-
pagem poderão passar a ser um factor a ter em
conta no momento da tomada de decisão rela-
tivamente ao encerramento de defeitos de
menores dimensões que não preenchem os
critérios clássicos para encerramento.
Pedido de separatas para:
Address for reprints:
RUI PROVIDÊNCIA
Serviço de Cardiologia
Hospital Geral do Centro Hospitalar de
Coimbra
Quinta dos Vales
3041-801 S. Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra,
Portugal
E-mail: rui_providencia@yahoo.com
1096
Rev Port Cardiol
Vol. 28 Outubro 10 / October 10
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The aim of the study was to analyze echocardiographic characteristics of isolated secundum-type atrial septal defects (ASD II) in adult patients and their implications for percutanous closure using Amplatzer septal occluders. The study population consisted of 64 consecutive adult patients with isolated ASD II (mean age 43.6 +/- 15.9 years). Patients were evaluated using both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Defects in 29 of 64 patients (45.3%) fulfilled the echocardiographic criteria for percutaneous closure. The mean defect diameter in the study was 22.2 +/- 9.5 mm. In all, 13 morphologic variations of ASD II were detected. A statistically significant correlation between defect size and the number of deficient defect rims was found. Less than 50% of ASD II in adult patients fulfilled the echocardiographic criteria for percutaneous closure using Amplatzer septal occluders. Because others have demonstrated growth of ASD II over time, we presume that in some patients, defect growth is associated with attenuation or even disappearance of defect rims causing changing defect morphology with increasing defect size.
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