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Extra Calories Cause Weight Gain But How Much

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Abstract

How much weight would an individual gain by eating an extra chocolate chip cookie every day for life? One approach to answering this question, frequently used in textbooks1 and scientific articles, is based on the assumption that a pound (454 g) of fat tissue has about 3500 kilocalories (kcal). Thus, a daily 60-kcal cookie would be expected to produce 0.2 kg (0.5 lb) weight gain in a month, 2.7 kg (6 lb) in a year, 27 kg (60 lb) in a decade, and many hundreds of pounds in a lifetime. This of course does not happen. In this article, the physiology of weight gain and loss is reviewed, and the amount of reduction of caloric intake necessary to avoid becoming overweight or obese is estimated.

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... Using a variety of data sources and statistical modeling there have been a number of papers suggesting that increased food intake is largely, if not completely, responsible for the obesity epidemic [3][4][5]. ...
... Thus since energy expenditure has largely been removed from the work place the relative importance of leisure-time physical activity has increased and should be a major focus of public health interventions and research. Based on estimated caloric consumption from food production and food disappearance (food waste) estimates, previous reports have concluded that increased caloric consumption could account for most, if not all, of the weight gained at a population level in the U.S. [3][4][5]. Nonetheless, a recently validated differential equation model was used to identify a conservative lower bound for the amount of food waste in the U.S. [21]. This analysis determined that prior estimates of national food waste were grossly underestimated; indicating that the national average caloric intake was lower than previously estimated. ...
... Critics may point out that individuals being obese and overweight may not be from gluttony as these conditions have several reasons, including genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental causes, however, the recent rapid increases in the prevalence suggests that this is indeed due to behavioral and environmental influences, rather than biological changes [88] . It is certainly true that studies have shown losing fat mass can have adverse effects on appetite control and even reduce energy expenditures, increasing the challenge of losing more weight [89] thus weight change can become self-limiting [90] . Without overeating, however, the initial energy ration of input over output could not have caused the weight gain. ...
Article
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Various cultures throughout history may have established social norms around the concept of sins for pragmatic community health reasons. The concept of sin, however, has largely disappeared with the rise of modern cancel culture. Now secular society routinely normalizes all sins including the historical 'seven deadly sins', which provides a natural experiment to determine the consequences of normalizing the concept of sin. In this study, gluttony, which is defined here as the overindulgence in food, is analyzed. First, substantial evidence is provided that gluttony was first ignored and then normalized in modern U.S. society with the body positive and fat acceptance movements becoming mainstream. Then, the health and economic impacts of the expanded gluttony are quantified for the society of those practicing gluttony. The results show ignoring the concept of gluttony as a sin has correlated with a steady increase in the rate of obesity in America. Now 73.6% of the American public is overweight and obese. The U.S. now has more obese people than normal weight or overweight people. This has severe negative impacts on the health of individuals that are overweight as well as the community as a whole. Altogether the overweight and obese are expected to lose an aggregate of > 100 million life years while suffering from a wide range of concomitant diseases. In addition, the obese increase medical costs for Americans by $173 billion and the expected impacts of childhood obesity will add up to another $49 billion by midcentury. It can be safely concluded that normalizing the concept of the sin of gluttony in the U.S. has an aggregate negative impact on U.S. society.
... Consuming extra calories can lead to initial weight gain as the body uses them to build new tissue; however, this process does not continue indefinitely. Over time, the body's energy expenditure increases to accommodate the new tissue, resulting in weight gain stabilizing at approximately 2.7 kg (6 lbs.) [24] after prolonged excess calorie intake. Deficits: Calorie intake plays a crucial role in weight management, as creating a calorie deficitconsuming fewer calories than the body expends-is essential for weight loss. ...
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Body Mass Index (BMI) is a basic tool for assessing body mass based on height and weight, classifying individuals in BMI categories as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. However, it has limitations as it overlooks muscle mass and fat distribution. Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) plays a crucial role in measuring the current maintenance calories, surplus calories for weight gain, and deficit calories for weight loss associated with Bansal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Physical Activity Level (PAL). TDEE is related to 3 phases incline, stable, and decline according to age groups. Keeping these parameters, the current review focused on BMI, TDEE, BMR and calories. Calories are essential for understanding the energy the body stores and uses, making them a key factor for weight management. Macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provide different amounts of energy, which can impact insulin levels and trigger cravings. Tools like BMI and BMR are useful, but focusing solely on counting calories is not enough for effective weight management. A sustainable approach includes understanding how the body processes different foods, choosing nutrient-rich options, regulating blood sugar, and staying physically active are discussed. This work reveals the long-term well-being for weight management via focused on BMI, TDEE, BMR and calories.
... However, weight change is actually a dynamic process that diminishes over time (Lin et al., 2011;Ruff and Zhen, 2015) and so the static model can overestimate weight loss or gain significantly (Katan and Ludwig, 2010;Lin et al., 2011;Ruff and Zhen, 2015). These authors give several reasons for this. ...
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Undernourishment is still widespread in Tanzania, while obesity is becoming an issue of magnitude similar to undernutrition in the country. In this paper we examined the impact of an increase in maize prices on the nutritional status of Tanzania's adult population. We found that undernutrition increases as a result of increased prices, while the overweight and obese decrease their energy intake. The study presents evidences of the so called early stage of the nutritional transition that characterize developing countries. All in all, these findings are suggestive of the fact that food price shocks should be taken into consideration when designing policy and programmes aiming at addressing malnutrition in low income countries.
... Notes: Shown are pre-tax and post-tax distributions of weekly price differences between Coca-Cola and Diet Coke at the treated supermarket (see panels on the left) and treated pharmacies (see panels on the right) 0.18-0.09% of a 2,000 calorie diet. If these nominal reductions in calorie intake from SSB products is not offset by increased calorie intake from other products, then longrun body weight is likely to decline by no more than 0.5%, suggesting that the SSB tax alone will not have a significant impact on obesity (Redman et al., 2009;Katan & Ludwig, 2010;Bollinger et al., 2011). These modest reductions in consumption of soda calories may have ancillary health benefits, e.g., in reducing risk of diabetes, which we do not attempt to calculate (Brownell & Frieden, 2009). ...
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This paper evaluates the price and consumption effects of the first municipal soda tax imposed in the United States. Using high-resolution scanner data and data-driven approaches to select comparison units for counterfactual analysis, we estimate the tax has no effect on prices or consumption at drugstores, but increases supermarket prices of some soda products, constituting a minority of soda consumption. We estimate UPC-level pass through rates and find that there is significant heterogeneity across UPCs, much of which is explained by brand and size; average UPC-level pass through estimates in the supermarket range between 19% and 23%. We find limited evidence of reduced supermarket purchases of soda in the taxed jurisdiction. Half of these reduced purchases are substituted to just outside the taxed jurisdiction. Retailers’ limited price responses are attributed to the localness of the tax; other research studying the Philadelphia soda tax has demonstrated more substantial pass-through in this much larger jurisdiction.
... Patients with a BMI of ≤ 20 kg/m2 and/or patients who reported an unintentional weight loss of 5% or more of their body weight in the previous 3-6 months received diet menus with an extra 500 kcal added to their daily caloric requirements to gain 0.5 kg/week [21,22]. Overweight and obese patients (BMI ≥ 25 kg/ m 2 ) received diet menus with a daily caloric restriction of 22% of their daily caloric requirement [23]. ...
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Abstract Background Faulty dietary habits and overnutrition are prevalent among Egyptian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who do not receive nutrition care as part of treatment. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the effect of nutrition counseling on the nutritional status of patients with MS. This endeavor might provide evidence for the value of counseling in such a setting and advance the integration of nutrition counseling into the routine management of patients with MS. Methods A single-blinded, parallel-randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Kasr Alainy MS Unit on 120 eligible patients with MS from September 2019 to February 2020. Patients were randomly allocated to either the nutrition counseling intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). Allocation concealment was performed by using sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. All patients were assessed initially and complied with the Kasr Alainy MS Unit standard management protocol for the study period. Only patients in the IG underwent initial nutrition counseling sessions followed by a monthly evaluation. All patients were assessed at the end of the 3-month follow-up period. Sociodemographic data were gathered through a structured interview. Nutritional status was assessed anthropometrically and via 24-h recall. The 2 groups were compared initially and at the end of the follow-up. Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were conducted. Results At baseline assessment, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.7% and 32.5%, respectively, and the mean body mass index was 27.7 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Mean waist circumference was 93.5 ± 11.9 and 99.2 ± 13.1 cm for males and females, respectively. Approximately 27.3% of males and 83.9% of females showed abdominal obesity. After 3 months of counseling, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, nutrient intake and adequacy significantly improved in the IG (p
... Patients with acceptable BMI (20 to 25 kg/m2) [20,21] who did not report an unintentional weight loss of 5% or more of their body weight in the previous 3-6 months were given diet menus that met their daily caloric requirements to stay on track. Patients with medium or high risk of undernutrition according to MUST [20,21] with BMI of ≤ 20 kg/m2 and/or patients who reported unintentional weight loss of 5% or more of their body weight in the previous 3-6 months received diet menus with 500 kcal extra to their daily caloric requirements to gain 0.5 kg/week [21,22]. Overweight and obese patients (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) received diet menus with a daily caloric restriction of 22% of their daily caloric requirement [23]. ...
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Background: Faulty dietary habits and overnutrition are prevalent among Egyptian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who do not receive nutrition care as part of treatment. This study was conducted to explore the impact of nutrition counselling on the nutritional status of MS patients. Methods: A single-blinded, parallel randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) was conducted at Kasr Alainy MS Unit (KASMU) on 120 Eligible MS patients from September 2019 to February 2020. Patients were randomly allocated to either Nutrition counseling intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). Allocation concealment was done by sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. All patients were assessed initially then followed the KASMU standard management protocol for the study period. Only patients in the IG underwent initial teaching sessions followed by monthly evaluation (nutrition counseling). All patients were assessed at the end of end of 3 month follow up period. Sociodemographic data was gathered through a structured interview. Nutritional status was assessed anthropometrically, by 24-hour recall and by Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). The 2 groups were compared initially and at the end of follow-up. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the difference between the two arms in quantitative outcomes. Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in quantitative outcomes. The alpha value (α) was set at 5%. Both Intention To Treat (INT) and Perprotocol (PP) analyses were performed. Results: At baseline assessment, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.7% and 32.5% respectively, mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.7 ± 5.7 kg/m². The mean waist circumference was 93.5±11.9 and 99.2±13.1 cm for males and females, respectively. About 27.3% of males and 83.9% of females showed abdominal obesity. After 3 months of counseling, weight, BMI, waist circumference, food consumption and nutrient intake and adequacy significantly improved in the IG (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutrition counselling significantly improved anthropometric measurements, food consumption, nutrient intake and adequacy. The study was registered on ClinicalTrial.gov and was given a code (NCT04217564).
... Most important is the observation that the substantial increase in reported total energy intake was directly related to the risk of SCD was weakly related to body weight or obesity. This finding is unusual since body weight or body size is the primary determinant of energy intake and expenditure [20][21][22][23][24][25]. It would have expected that the individuals with higher energy intake would have had higher body weight, obesity. ...
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The increasing longevity of the population has resulted in dementia becoming a leading cause of both death and disability. Dementia is not a single disease. Studies of rare Mendelian disorders have documented that Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is associated with a long incubation period from amyloid deposition to neurodegeneration to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. There are three broad hypotheses related to the causes of Alzheimer's dementia: (1) an aging process; (2) brain vascular disease; and (3) metabolic abnormalities associated with either increased production of amyloid-β or decreased clearance from the brain. Therefore, research on the early stages of the dementia process are of high priority. This paper reports that higher energy intake in both the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study is associated with very early symptoms that lead to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The results are very interesting but hard to interpret because they also show that higher energy intake is not related to body mass index, a very unusual observation. A likely hypothesis is that there is an association between reporting of dietary intake and subjective symptoms, i.e. reporting bias, accounting for their results.
... Çizelge 1, bki değerlerini ve bu değerlerin karşılığını göstermektedir [7]. Kişilerin vücut kitle indeks oranlarına göre alması gereken kalori miktarlarını bulan, harcanan kalori miktarı ile kıyaslama yapan ve bu kıyasa göre daha az veya daha çok kalorili bir beslenme şeklini öneren uygulamalar bulunmaktadır [11]. Ancak diyetisyen ve danışan olmak üzere iki taraflı olan ve diyetisyenler tarafından danışanların takip edildiği, danışanların kilo değişimlerine göre yeni beslenme listelerinin oluşturulduğu uygulama projesi henüz yoktur. ...
Conference Paper
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From obesity to diabetes, from high cholesterol to digestive system diseases, many diseases are now facing all of us, regardless of age. The source of these diseases is mostly unhealthy and irregular nutrition. In order to prevent this problem, this application has been written. Today, people need dietitians to gain the habit of healthy eating. But, the high cost of dietitian examinations, sometimes patients can not find instant answers to the problems encountered and another problem long-term dietary break are the biggest obstacle to gain this healthy eating habit. In this study, we have developed a dietitian application to eliminate these barriers. Our application has two sides, including the dietitian and the client. The body mass index is determined by looking at the weight and height ratio of the client and a nutritional list is formed accordingly. It is followed up which meals do not comply with the list and the client is contacted. In addition, the client can contact to the dietician at any time and ask questions to the dietician via messages. As a result, nutritional lists were created according to the body mass index results based on the weight and height ratios of the clients. By checking how well it fits the lists on a daily basis, patients who did not comply with the lists were encouraged to diet. Clients could contact their dietician at any time and find answers to their questions.
... Wang, Cai, Wang, Zhang, & Zhang, 2014). Other factors included in age (Chen et al., 2011;da Silva, Weiderpass, Licaj, Lissner, & Rylander, 2018;Nyrop et al., 2017), advance stage (Caan et al., 2008;, and decreasing of physical activity (da Silva et al., 2018;Ferioli et al., 2018;Harvie, Howell, Thatcher, Baildam, & Campbell, 2005;Sander, Wilson, Izzo, Mountford, & Hayes, 2012), increasing of energy intake Katan & Ludwig, 2010). Physical activity and eating habits are long-term behaviors that cannot be changed in a short time. ...
Article
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Aim: To identify risk factors for weight gain after two years of a breast cancer diagnosis.Background: Obesity in survivors of early-stage breast cancer has been associated with high disease recurrence rates and lower overall survival rates. Continuous weight gain is an indisputable phenomenon. Identifying factors at the early diagnosis and treatment phase that are associated with weight gain at 2 years later may help to develop further intervention for prevention obesity in breast cancer survivors.Method: A retrospective study was designed to review medical records of 1901 early-stage breast cancer survivors. Extracted data included demographics, past medical history, cancer treatment, tumor characteristics, BMI at diagnosis, and 24-month weights.Results: The sample had a mean age 50.3 (+10.7). Most of them were premenopausal, stage II and BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24 kg/m2 at diagnosis. A majority of them received mastectomy (65.9%), chemotherapy (68.8%), radiotherapy (64.6%) and hormone therapy (63%). At 24 months after surgery, the breast cancer patients gained a mean of 0.4kg; but 21.6% of them gained 5% or more. The breast cancer survivors those who were premenopausal at diagnosis, less-than-high-school education, receiving adriamycin agent, cyclophosphamide agent, and gaining 5% or more weight after surgery had significant higher risk to gain 5% or more at 2 years after diagnosis.Conclusion: Findings from our study suggested that the premenopausal women or those who receive less formal education have higher risk to gain weight after breast cancer treatment. Engagement to healthy weight management for these high risk groups are warranted
... Evidences from preclinical investigations as well as observational and interventional trials indicated that Western-type diet (WD) is a key driver of chronic, low-grade metabolic inflammation [37,38]. The consumption of calorie-rich foods: highly processed, ultra-processed (formulations of many ingredients), in addition to sugar sweetened beverages, fructose-containing sugars, trans fats and saturated fats, salt, and other food additives have been proven to influence inflammation and lead to chronic diseases [39][40][41][42][43]. In addition, WD and other popular diets have been shown to alter intestinal microbiome, which in turn helps shape integrated immune responses. ...
Article
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Aberrant metabolism is the root cause of several serious health issues, creating a huge burden to health and leading to diminished life expectancy. A dysregulated metabolism induces the secretion of several molecules which in turn trigger the inflammatory pathway. Inflammation is the natural reaction of the immune system to a variety of stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, and harmful substances. Metabolically triggered inflammation, also called metaflammation or low-grade chronic inflammation, is the consequence of a synergic interaction between the host and the exposome—a combination of environmental drivers, including diet, lifestyle, pollutants and other factors throughout the life span of an individual. Various levels of chronic inflammation are associated with several lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cancers, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), autoimmune diseases, and chronic lung diseases. Chronic diseases are a growing concern worldwide, placing a heavy burden on individuals, families, governments, and health-care systems. New strategies are needed to empower communities worldwide to prevent and treat these diseases. Precision medicine provides a model for the next generation of lifestyle modification. This will capitalize on the dynamic interaction between an individual’s biology, lifestyle, behavior, and environment. The aim of precision medicine is to design and improve diagnosis, therapeutics and prognostication through the use of large complex datasets that incorporate individual gene, function, and environmental variations. The implementation of high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI) can predict risks with greater accuracy based on available multidimensional clinical and biological datasets. AI-powered precision medicine provides clinicians with an opportunity to specifically tailor early interventions to each individual. In this article, we discuss the strengths and limitations of existing and evolving recent, data-driven technologies, such as AI, in preventing, treating and reversing lifestyle-related diseases.
... Weight loss is challenging, but may be more difficult for people with mobility impairments who have lower resting metabolic rate (RMR), 45,46 fewer PA options, 47−49 and face functional and environmental limitations that impact their dietary and PA options. 50 The sample's ability to achieve weight loss is positive, particularly because American adults gain about 0.5 kg per year 51 and continue gaining weight over 20 52 to 25 53 years. Managing weight may be important for people with impaired mobility, as suggested for other groups such as African American women. ...
Article
Introduction This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of an intensive lifestyle intervention adapted for people with impaired mobility. Study design This was a randomized, wait-list controlled trial. The experimental group immediately received the 12-month weight loss program; the wait-list control group received it after a 6-month delay. Between-group comparisons were conducted for the 6-month RCT study design. Repeated measures were conducted for both groups combined after receiving the 12-month intervention. Data were collected August 2015–February 2017 and analyzed in 2017. Setting/participants A community-based sample received 23, group-based sessions via a mix of telephone and in-person sessions in a hospital-based setting. Participants with impaired mobility (n=66) were middle-aged (49.80 [SD=11.37] years), mostly White (66.7%), female (66.7%), and most commonly had spinal cord injury (47.0%). Intervention The 12-month intervention delivered 23 group-based sessions that promoted weight loss through reducing caloric intake and increasing physical activity. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were effectiveness measured as change in weight and time spent in moderate physical activity. Feasibility was assessed in 12-month combined group analyses, measured as retention, attendance, and dietary self-monitoring. Results The 6-month RCT results showed that the immediate and delayed groups differed significantly (p<0.05) in weight (−1.66 [SD=4.42] kg loss vs 0.05 [SD=4.15] kg gain) and moderate physical activity (52.93 [SD=90.74] minutes/week increase vs −14.22 [SD=96.02] minutes/week decrease), accounting for baseline weight, time with disability, and age of onset. The 12-month results with groups combined demonstrated 74.2% retention and 77.7% core session attendance. Self-monitoring was higher in the delayed group (77.3%), who used a smartphone app, than the immediate group (47.3%), who mostly used paper trackers. Participants achieved significant 12-month weight loss of 3.31 (SD=10.13) kg (d=0.33) in mixed modeling analyses with groups combined yet did not significantly increase moderate physical activity. Conclusions Group Lifestyle Balance Adapted for Individuals with Impaired Mobility is a feasible, effective approach to teach healthy lifestyle skills to individuals with mobility impairment, yielding modest weight loss and enhanced self-efficacy. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03307187.
... It is established that diet containing high-fat and carbohydrate provides high amount of energy, and energy consumption is directly linked with the body weight gained (Katan & Ludwig, 2010;Rahman et al., 2017). There is a significant difference between H. ...
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Abstract Heliotropium indicum Linn is a leafy vegetable that has been used in Bangladeshi ethnomedicinal practices. The attenuation effect of H. indicum supplementation was evaluated in high carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet-induced obesity and associated disorders in 8-weeks-old female Wister rats. H. indicum significantly (p < .05) prevented weight gain and improved glucose intolerance in obese rats. It also significantly (p < .05) ameliorated lipid parameters in HCHF diet fed rats preventing hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, resulting in improved the artherogenic index (AI). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were brought to normal by H. indicum. It significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as increased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in liver. The intense liver fat deposition was seen in HCHF fed rats which were relatively low in H. indicum fed rats. Therefore, H. indicum has the ability to prevent obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Practical applications Obesity and associated metabolic disorders are the most common threats to public health. Modern lifestyle and food habits are the main causes behind this malice, and the introduction of functional foods in daily diet is proved to be highly beneficial. Results of this study demonstrated that H. indicum can effectively attenuate obesity and its associated metabolic complications. Therefore, the current study has the merits to promote scientific knowledge of the dietary application of H. indicum as a functional food among the community. KEYWORDS dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, Heliotropium indicum Linn, hepatic damage, obesity, oxidative stress
... T he prevalence of overweight and obesity among US adult has increased from 56% to 71% in <2 decades. 1 Poor diet is one major contributor, with Americans consuming far lower than recommended levels of healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, healthy oils, and fish; and far higher levels of less healthful items such as sugary drinks, foods rich in refined starches and added sugars, and processed meats. 2 Excess caloric intake is linked to weight gain, obesity, and related cardiometabolic diseases, mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). 3,4 These diet and obesity-related conditions substantially shorten life expectancy, adversely affect quality of life and can result in premature death. 5,6 The corresponding economic burdens are substantial, with estimated direct and indirect costs of obesity-related conditions exceeding $1.42 trillion/y, or about 8% of US gross domestic product. ...
Article
Background Excess caloric intake is linked to weight gain, obesity, and related diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity incidence is rising, with nearly 3 in 4 US adults being overweight or obese. In 2018, the US federal government finalized the implementation of mandatory labeling of calorie content on all menu items across major chain restaurants nationally as a strategy to support informed consumer choice, reduce caloric intake, and potentially encourage restaurant reformulations. Yet, the potential health and economic impacts of this policy remain unclear. Methods and Results We used a validated microsimulation model (CVD-PREDICT) to estimate reductions in CVD events, diabetes mellitus cases, gains in quality-adjusted life years, costs, and cost-effectiveness of the menu calorie labeling intervention, based on consumer responses alone, and further accounting for potential industry reformulation. The model incorporated nationally representative demographic and dietary data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009 to 2016; policy effects on consumer diets and body mass index-disease effects from published meta-analyses; and policy effects on industry reformulation, policy costs (policy administration, industry compliance, and reformulation), and health-related costs (formal and informal healthcare costs, productivity costs) from established sources or reasonable assumptions. We modeled change in calories to change in weight using an established dynamic weight-change model, assuming 50% of expected calorie reductions would translate to long-term reductions. Findings were evaluated over 5 years and a lifetime from healthcare and societal perspectives, with uncertainty incorporated in both 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Between 2018 and 2023, implementation of the restaurant menu calorie labeling law was estimated, based on consumer response alone, to prevent 14 698 new CVD cases (including 1575 CVD deaths) and 21 522 new type 2 diabetes mellitus cases, gaining 8749 quality-adjusted life years. Over a lifetime, corresponding values were 135 781 new CVD cases (including 27 646 CVD deaths), 99 736 type 2 diabetes mellitus cases, and 367 450 quality-adjusted life years. Assuming modest restaurant item reformulation, both health and economic benefits were estimated to be about 2-fold larger than based on consumer response alone. The consumer response alone was estimated to be cost-saving by 2023, with net lifetime savings of $10.42B from a healthcare perspective and $12.71B from a societal perspective. Findings were robust in a range of sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Our national model suggests that the full implementation of the US calorie menu labeling law will generate significant health gains and healthcare and societal cost-savings. Industry responses to modestly reformulate menu items would provide even larger additional benefits.
... Although they feel confident, that educational model that they have developed for behavioral counseling is doing a good job, they feel that it may not work very well with adolescents and young adults, who are already hooked on the Wester lifestyle. Global Burden of Disease Group and other international collaborative groups have published a series of articles on obesity related problems [37][38][39][40][41]. ...
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Citation: Gundu HR Rao. "Diet, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health". Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 2.12 (2018): 26-33. In a view point published in JAMA titled, "The challenge of reforming nutritional epidemiological research", Loannids writes, "Some scientists and much of the public, often consider epidemi-ologic associations of nutritional factors represent causal effects, that can inform public health policy and guidelines [1]. However, the emerging picture of nutritional epidemiology, is difficult to reconcile with good scientific policies. The field needs radical reform." To explain the complexity, he further states, that in recent updated meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies, almost all foods revealed statistically significant associations with mortality risk [2]. In a short review like this, it is rather difficult to cover all aspects of diet, nutrition, as they relate to cardiometabolic health,-another Abstract Keywords: Diet; Risk Factor; Nutrition; Cardiometabolic Nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, which contribute significantly to the development of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Day to day diet, influences a broad spectrum of cardiometabolic risk factors, including hypertension, excess weight, obesity, metabolic syndrome (a cluster of known metabolic risk factors), dyslipid-emia, impaired glucose metabolism, type-2 diabetes and vascular diseases. According a report by Houston and associates, 80% of the coronary vascular disease [CVD] can be prevented with optimal Nutrition, coupled with of course, exercise, weight management, mild alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation. Among all of these factors, optimal nutrition provides, the basic foundation for prevention and treatment of CVD. Bergeron and associates have put together a comprehensive monograph, on Nutrition and Car-diometabolic Health. Cover page of the book states, "international experts present state-of-the art reviews of dietary and lifestyle effects on metabolic systems associates with cardiovascular health and disease. It covers broad range of topics, including biological and behavioral process regulating food intake: lifestyle and various approaches to weight loss; nutritional considerations for optimal cardiometabolic health across life span; the relationship of macronutrients, whole foods, and dietary patterns to diabetes and cardio-vascular disease; and diet as modulator of gene expression, epigenetics and the gut microbiome and the relationship of these traits to disorders of metabolism". In a short overview like this, we will not be able to discuss all of these very important topics. We will discuss few examples to illustrate the importance of diet, nutrition, and lifestyle for better cardiometabolic health.
... Weight loss is challenging, but may be more difficult for people with mobility impairments who have lower resting metabolic rate (RMR), 45,46 fewer PA options, 47−49 and face functional and environmental limitations that impact their dietary and PA options. 50 The sample's ability to achieve weight loss is positive, particularly because American adults gain about 0.5 kg per year 51 and continue gaining weight over 20 52 to 25 53 years. Managing weight may be important for people with impaired mobility, as suggested for other groups such as African American women. ...
... 2,3 The primary cause of children being overweight or obese is an imbalance between the food intake and caloric expenditure in daily life. 4 The cause of this imbalance is complex and multifactorial. 5,6 A widely accepted model of a child's weight status is the ecological model. ...
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Background Childhood overweight/obesity has been associated with environmental context, such as green space, gardens, crime and deprivation. This paper assesses the longitudinal association between environment and body mass index (BMI) for children across the ages of 3–11 years. It also investigates the relationship between environment and child overweight/obesity Methods 6001 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study living in England were analysed. We estimated fixed effects linear and logistic regression models of the association between environment (levels of green space, gardens, crime and deprivation) and BMI/overweight of children at four time points between the ages of 3 and 11. Models were adjusted for age-related changes in weight, child sex and education level of the main carer. Results Statistically significant associations were found between environmental measures of both more gardens and lower levels of crime and lower BMI (effect size (95% CI) respectively: −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00), −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.02)). Areas with less crime were associated with a slightly lower odds of overweight among children with a higher educated parent (OR 0.93 (0.87–0.99)) Conclusions By exploiting longitudinal measures of environment and BMI this study is able to establish a more causal association between environment and BMI. Environments with more gardens and lower crime tend to result in slightly lower BMI. However, the effect sizes are small and non-significant odds of changing weight status do not support environmental factors as a key determinant of cohort changes in childhood overweight/obesity.
... Evidence that dietary intake is associated with body weight. Nutrition (specifically, calorie intake and macronutrient consumption) is closely tied to body weight, and consuming excess calories is a well-known cause of weight gain (Katan & Ludwig, 2010). ...
Article
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Men appear to gain weight during the transition to parenthood, and fathers are heavier than non-fathers. Paternal perinatal weight gain may set weight trajectories in midlife and have long-term health implications. Since men do not undergo the physical demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding, the specific mechanisms underlying weight gain in new fathers warrant investigation. This review aims to stimulate research on paternal perinatal weight gain by suggesting testable potential mechanisms that 1) show change across the transition to parenthood; and 2) play a role in weight and body composition. We identify seven mechanisms, within three categories: behavioral mechanisms (sleep, physical activity, and diet), hormonal mechanisms (testosterone and cortisol), and psychological mechanisms (depression and stress). We also discuss direct effects of partner pregnancy influences (e.g., “couvade syndrome”) on men’s body weight. In presenting each mechanism, we discuss how it may be affected by the transition to parenthood, and then review its role in body composition and weight. Next, we describe bidirectional and interactive effects, discuss timing, and present three broad research questions to propel theoretical development.
... This is not surprising, however, given that children have a preference for larger portions of unhealthy foods and smaller portions of healthy foods [77]. Coupled with the fact that children spend more time in sedentary activities and engage in lower levels of physical activity on weekends [22,78,79], this can further exacerbate the energy imbalance, leading to weight gain [80][81][82]. However, it is unclear how large these portions are, in an absolute sense, as mothers only reported in relative terms (i.e., they compared their own child's portion sizes, not to any standard or other children). ...
Article
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Childhood obesity is a serious issue in the U.S. While obesity is the result of a multitude of factors, a great deal of research has focused on children's dietary intake. While children's eating patterns vary throughout the week, not much else is known about weekday-weekend differences. Therefore, the current study examined differences in the frequency and portion size of school-age children's consumption of common foods and beverages, as well as mothers' perceptions of those items and their child feeding goals, on weekdays and weekends. A total of 192 mothers of children aged 7 to 11 were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Results showed a consistent pattern of more frequent consumption and larger portions of unhealthy foods and beverages on weekends. This aligned with mothers' perceptions of those foods and beverages as weekend items, as well as their feeding goals of health and price being less important on weekends. It is quite possible that weekends are viewed as having less structure and facilitate schedules that allow children to consume more meals away from home. These findings shed light on additional risk factors in children's eating patterns and highlight the serious implications that day of the week can have on childhood obesity.
... 25 Peningkatan asupan energi akan menyebabkan pembentukan jaringan baru, sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan berat badan. 26 Konsumsi protein bermanfaat dalam penyediaan asam amino dalam jumlah yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan pemeliharaan jaringan tubuh. ...
Article
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Susu tinggi protein merupakan makanan kompleks yang mengandung beberapa senyawa bioaktif potensial, kemungkinan memiliki efek terhadap berat badan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian pemberian susu tinggi protein terhadap tingkat konsumsi susu tinggi protein, status gizi dan menganalisis hubungan antara tingkat konsumsi zat gizi makro dengan status gizi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksprimental dengan desain Randomized Control Trial (RCT). Subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu 24 subjek pada kelompok perlakuan dan 23 subjek pada kelompok kontrol. Kelompok perlakuan diberikan susu tinggi protein dan pendidikan gizi selama 90 hari. Kelompok kontrol diberikan pendidikan gizi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan asupan energi antara kedua kelompok (p<0,05; 422,08±333,9 kkal pada kelompok perlakuan). Intervensi susu tinggi protein dapat meningkatkan asupan protein secara signifikan (p<0,05;26,8±13,95 gram).Terdapat peningkatan signifikan berat badan pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05;2,37±1,3 kg). IMT meningkat signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan (p<0,05; 0,92±0,53 kg/m2). Terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan antara konsumsi energi dan protein dengan IMT dan berat badan (p<0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa intervensi susu tinggi protein dapat meningkatkan status gizi melalui peningkatan berat badan dan dapat meningkatkan asupan energi dan protein.
... 62, 63 Many studies have suggested that energy or food intake, and especially sugar intake, is largely, if not completely, responsible for the obesity epidemic, blaming much of the obesity epidemic in the westernized world on poor dietary choices, fast foods, and excessive carbohydrate intake and sugar, especially sugary beverages. [64][65][66][67][68] One of the arguments to support this theory is that time spent in leisuretime physical activity has remained essentially unchanged in recent decades, supporting the conclusion that obesity is solely due to excessive energy or caloric intake. 62 However, this leisure-time physical activity represents a relatively small portion of total time per week, which is much more impacted by occupational-related activity or household management energy expenditure. ...
... The energy level for weight stabilization was estimated based on recent rate of weight loss for each participant (energy intake during weight loss [kcal/day] + (rate of weight loss [kg/ day] × 7700 kcal/kg). Although the conversion factor of 7700 kcal/kg is not appropriate for calculations of long-term energy balance [31,32], this calculation is useful for estimating energy needs over the short term. During the test phase, we monitored body weight and adjusted energy intake to achieve weight stability, defined as weight change not exceeding ± 2 kg. ...
Article
Background: While many people with overweight or obesity can lose weight temporarily, most have difficulty maintaining weight loss over the long term. Studies of dietary composition typically focus on weight loss, rather than weight-loss maintenance, and rely on nutrition education and dietary counseling, rather than controlled feeding protocols. Variation in initial weight loss and insufficient differentiation among treatments confound interpretation of results and compromise conclusions regarding the weight-independent effects of dietary composition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate three test diets differing in carbohydrate-to-fat ratio during weight-loss maintenance. Design and dietary interventions: Following weight loss corresponding to 12±2% of baseline body weight on a standard run-in diet, 164 participants aged 18 to 65years were randomly assigned to one of three test diets for weight-loss maintenance through 20weeks (test phase). We fed them high-carbohydrate (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% fat), moderate-carbohydrate (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat), and low-carbohydrate (20% carbohydrate, 60% fat) diets, controlled for protein content (20% of energy). During a 2-week ad libitum feeding phase following the test phase, we assessed the effect of the test diets on body weight. Outcomes: The primary outcome was total energy expenditure, assessed by doubly-labeled water methodology. Secondary outcomes included resting energy expenditure and physical activity, chronic disease risk factors, and variables to inform an understanding of physiological mechanisms by which dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio might influence metabolism. Weight change during the ad libitum feeding phase was conceptualized as a proxy measure of hunger.
... It should be noted these calculations are based on the assumption that ~3500 kcal is equal to ~0.45 kg fat [36]. In reality, this calculation does not account for a number of uncontrolled variables that could influence energy consumption and expenditure [37]. For example, this could occur if a participant had changed their lifestyle (increased exercise). ...
Article
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Background: The existence of functioning brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has brought into question the possibility of utilising the BAT mechanism as an obesity tackling strategy. This pilot study examined the effects of a short-term (6wk) cold water immersion (CWI) programme on the body composition of (n=10) healthy male adults. It was hypothesized that the thermal stresses would produce reductions in fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BFp) as a result of thermogenic activation of the BAT mechanism. Methods: Using a single arm prospective trial design, participants were subjected to singular acute (18min) cold water exposures (15±1°C) weekly for the duration of the intervention (6wk). Results: Non-significant decreases were observed in FM (-1.55±2.24kg; p = 0.057) and BFp (-1.62±2.46%; p = 0.067), and significant increases in fat free mass (FFM; 1.46±1.68kg; p = 0.023). Conclusions: The results indicate that the intervention could be adopted as a plausible method to exert positive changes to body composition. These findings should stimulate follow up studies to examine the interventions efficacy in a larger more representative sample and examine its feasibility of implementation as a genuine obesity tackling strategy.
... The study found for every hour spent sedentary, SSB intake increased by 0.67 servings. Although this association is small, this is equivalent to consuming 14 extra calories each day which in turn can increase weight by 0.6 kg within 1 year (39). The lack of association between total sedentary time and the other dietary elements is in contrast to the literature examining television viewing, where time spent watching TV has consistently been shown to be related to unhealthy dietary elements, such as a higher intake of energy-dense snacks, fast food, and total energy intake in youth (21). ...
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Objective: Examine the mediating role of diet in the relationship between volume and duration of sedentary time with cardiometabolic health in adolescents. Methods: Adolescents (12-19 years) participating in the 2003/04 and 2005/06 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined. Cardiometabolic health indicators were body mass index z-scores (zBMI) (n = 1,797) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (n = 812). An ActiGraph hip-worn accelerometer was used to derive total sedentary time and usual sedentary bout duration. Dietary intake was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine five dietary mediators [total energy intake, discretionary foods, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), fruits and vegetables, and dietary quality] of the relationship between total sedentary time and usual sedentary bout duration with zBMI and MetS. Results: Total sedentary time was inversely associated with zBMI (β = -1.33; 95% CI -2.53 to -0.13) but attenuated after adjusting for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. No significant associations were observed between usual sedentary bout duration with zBMI or either sedentary measure with MetS. None of the five dietary variables mediated any of the relationships examined. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to explore associations of specific time periods (e.g., after school) and bout durations with both cardiometabolic health indicators and dietary behaviors.
... There is a growing consensus that the evolution of industrially produced and highly processed energy dense foods has lead to a significant increase in caloric intake since at least the 1970s and is one of the main drivers of the current epidemic. 165,166,167 According to the US Department of Agriculture, the daily calorie intake per person increased from 2,039 in 1970 to 2,544 in 2010, and refined grains and added fats and oils, products of the industrial food system, contributed 79% of the increase in calories over this time period. 168 United States agricultural policy plays a pivotal role through its subsidies of crops like corn and soybeans which, when transformed into corn syrup and oils, are key ingredients in processed, refined, and calorie dense foods and beverages. ...
... In their sample of adult men, a one-time diet change explains only 3-4% of the weight gain over a 15-year period. Katan and Ludwig (2010) suggest that a single change in diet, even if permanent, may trigger compensatory mechanisms that limit long-term effects on body weight. Similarly, Anderson and Matsa (2011) find that those who overeat tend to reduce their calorie consumption at other times. ...
Article
The westernization of Asian countries has led to the rapid expansion of Western-style fast-food restaurants, which are believed to be fueling an unprecedented rise in body mass in these countries. This study tests this belief using longitudinal data from China. Exploiting the opening of a Western-style fast-food restaurant in a particular community, we conduct a transition analysis to make a more convincing causal interpretation than the standard cross-sectional or fixed-effects approach. Considering several measures of fatness, we find no robust evidence of Western fast food having a substantial effect overall, but there is some indication of effect heterogeneity.
... With respect to calorie intake, weight change is a buff ered and self-limiting process. 11 Increased voluntary physical activity leads to compensatory decreases in other components of energy expenditure, 12 resulting in little net benefi t. In this respect, human beings are no diff erent to other primates, and genetically informed www.thelancet.com ...
... A programme of vigorous intensity exercise may stop the yo-yo effect of the weight gain/weight loss cycle. [30] Non-oxidative type IIb muscle fibres (which minimally burn fat) are increased in obese women, [31,32] and are directly related to body mass index (BMI). The larger the BMI, the more type IIb muscle fibres a woman possesses. ...
Article
In 2002, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists published exercise guidelines for pregnancy, which suggested that in the absence of medical or obstetric complications, 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise a day on most, if not all, days of the week is recommended for pregnant women. However, these guidelines did not define 'moderate intensity' or the specific amount of weekly caloric expenditure from physical activity required. Recent research has determined that increasing physical activity energy expenditure to a minimum of 16 metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours per week, or preferably 28 MET hours per week, and increasing exercise intensity to >= 60% of heart rate reserve during pregnancy, reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and perhaps hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (i.e. gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) compared with less vigorous exercise. To achieve the target expenditure of 28 MET hours per week, one could walk at 3.2 km per hour for 11.2 hours per week (2.5 METs, light intensity), or preferably exercise on a stationary bicycle for 4.7 hours per week (similar to 6-7 METs, vigorous intensity). The more vigorous the exercise, the less total time of exercise is required per week, resulting in >= 60% reduction in total exercise time compared with light intensity exercise. Light muscle strengthening performed over the second and third trimester of pregnancy has minimal effects on a newborn infant's body size and overall health. On the basis of this and other information, updated recommendations for exercise in pregnancy are suggested.
... For example, obesity is often caused by excessive calorific intake relative to energy expenditure [2][3][4]. One way to tackle the obesity problem is therefore adapting a lifestyle in which people consume less calories and/or exercise more [4]. ...
... 3 There certainly have been several studies suggesting that energy or food intake is largely, if not completely, responsible for the obesity epidemic, essentially blaming the obesity epidemic on poor dietary choices and, particularly, on high sugar intake. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Although a detailed discussion of this debate is beyond the goal of this review, one of the arguments to support this theory is that time spent in leisure time physical activity (PA; LTPA) has remained unchanged in recent decades, thus leading to the conclusion that obesity is solely due to excess caloric intake. 3,16 However LTPA represents only a small portion of the total PA, which is more impacted by occupational PA or household management energy expenditure. ...
Article
The prevalence and severity of obesity has increased in the United States and most of the Westernized World over recent decades, reaching worldwide epidemics. Since obesity worsens most of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, not surprisingly, most CVD, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation, are all increased in the setting of obesity. However, many studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated an obesity paradox with regards to prognosis in CVD patients, with often the overweight and mildly obese having a better prognosis than do their leaner counterparts with the same CVD. The implication for fitness to markedly alter the relationship between adiposity and prognosis and the potential impact of weight loss, in light of the obesity paradox, are all reviewed.
Chapter
This handbook is the first to comprehensively study the interdependent fields of environmental and conservation psychology. In doing so, it seeks to map the rapidly growing field of conservation psychology and its relationship to environmental psychology. The Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology includes basic research on environmental perceptions, attitudes, and values; research on specific environments, such as therapeutic settings, schools, and prisons; environmental impacts on human well-being; and ways to promote a more sustainable relationship between people and the natural environment. This handbook presents an extensive review of current research and is a thorough guide to the state of knowledge about a wide range of topics at the intersection of psychology and the physical environment. Beyond this, it provides a better understanding of the relationship between environmental and conservation psychology, and some sense of the directions in which these interdependent areas of study are heading.
Conference Paper
We built an AI Fitness Application in hopes of addressing the problem of obesity. Obesity and lack of fitness awareness are major problems in the United States that lead to unhealthy lifestyles and health risks. To solve this problem, we developed an app that bundles together essential components to help a person keep up with their fitness. Our app includes a calorie logging system where you can log your food and exercise, a fitness tip section, and a collection of exercise videos. Our technology uses Flutter Dart as the main programming language for the User Interface. We also use Python from our AI system and Firebase for our database [11]. In our research, we tested out our AI Food Classification Model and Calorie Tracking system. After extensive testing, we realize the need to fine tune our calorie tracking system for exercises and also to expand our AI model’s dataset to recognize more common foods. Some challenges we faced were: 1. Integrating our AI Food Classification Model to the frontend 2. Create a Calorie Calculation Function and connect that with the frontend. Overall, our system provides a simple and friendly interface that anyone can pick up instantly. Our solution is not a large-scale solution to obesity, but rather it’s an option that the everyday person can use quickly.
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Weight discrimination has adverse effects on health that include increasing the risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes. Preliminary evidence suggests a positive association between weight discrimination and diagnosed diabetes; however, it is unknown whether psychosocial resources may buffer this association. In logistic regressions stratified by gender, we examined links between weight discrimination and diabetes among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project; N = 2,794 adults age 50 and older in 2015-16). We also tested the extent to which trait-resilience and social support from a spouse/partner, family, and friends buffered any observed association. We adjusted for known predictors of diabetes (age, race/ethnicity, Body Mass Index) and conducted sensitivity analyses restricted to men and women with obesity. Net of covariates, in the overall sample, weight discrimination was associated with significantly greater odds of having ever had diabetes among women (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.15, 3.47]), but not men. Among women with obesity, weight discrimination was only significantly associated with greater odds of diabetes for those with low resilience (OR = 1.84, 95% CI [1.01, 3.35]). Among men overall, weight discrimination was associated with lower odds of diabetes for those with high family support (OR = 0.03, 95% CI [0.003, 0.25]) as well as those with high friend support (OR = 0.34, 95% CI [0.13, 0.91]); similar effects were observed in men with obesity. These novel findings evince a role for psychosocial resources in buffering associations between weight discrimination and diabetes.
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‘Dietary variety’ has been identified as a factor associated with food intake. Whilst this relationship may have longer-term benefits for body weight management when eating low-energy, nutrient-dense foods, it may increase the risk of overconsumption (and body adiposity) when foods are high energy density. This study sought to further explore pathways underpinning the relationship between dietary variety and body weight, by considering energy density as a moderating factor and portion size as a mediating factor in this relationship. Using prospective data from the UK Biobank, dietary variety scores, cumulative portion size, and energy density were derived from 24-hr dietary recall questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. Body mass index (BMI), whole-body fat percentage, and fat-free mass, were included as outcomes. Contrary to predictions, linear multiple regression models found some evidence of a negative, direct association between dietary variety scores and body weight outcomes at baseline ( b = -.13). Though dietary variety was significantly associated with larger portions across timepoints ( b = 41.86 – 82.64), a moderated mediation effect was not supported at baseline or follow-up (Index ≤ .035). Taken together, these findings provide population-level evidence to support a positive association between variety and food intake, which in turn has potential implications for body weight management, both in terms of moderating food intake and benefitting diet quality.
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Objective Approximately 50% of Dutch community-dwelling older adults does not meet protein recommendations. This study assesses the effect of replacing low protein foods with protein-rich alternatives on protein intake of Dutch community-dwelling older adults. Design The Dutch National Food Consumption Survey – Older Adults 2010-2012 was used for scenario modelling. Dietary intake was estimated for 727 adults aged 70+ based on two 24-h recalls. Commonly consumed products were replaced by comparable products rich in protein (scenario 1), foods enriched in protein (scenario 2), and a combination of both (scenario 3). Replacement scenarios were confined to participants whose dietary protein intake was <1.0g/kg BW/day (n=391). Habitual protein intake of all older adults was estimated, adjusting for effects of within-person variation in the 2-days intake data. Results Mean protein intake of the total population increased from 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg BW/day (scenarios 1 and 2) and to 1.3 g/kg BW/day (scenario 3). The percentage of participants with intakes of ≥1.0 g/kg BW/day increased from 47.1% to 91.4%, 90.2%, and 94.6% respectively in scenarios 1, 2 and 3. The largest increases in protein intake were due to replacements in food groups Yoghurt, cream desserts and pudding , Potatoes, vegetables and legumes and Non-alcoholic beverages and milk in scenario 1 and Bread ; Yoghurt, cream desserts and pudding and Soups in scenario 2. Conclusions This simulation model shows that replacing low protein foods with comparable alternatives rich in protein can increase the protein intake of Dutch community-dwelling older adults considerably. Results can be used as a basis for nutritional counseling.
Thesis
Background This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition risk across different healthcare settings in European older adults, using 22 malnutrition screening tools recently validated for use in older adults. Methods Systematic searches were performed in six electronic databases (2006 through 2017). Included were studies which reported malnutrition risk in adults aged ≥65y in Europe. Frequency of high and moderate malnutrition risk for each malnutrition screening tool was collated. Meta-analyses of malnutrition risk using a random-effects model were performed where data from at least 10 study samples were available. Results Of 21,465 studies, 196 studies were available for data extraction, representing 223 study samples from 24 European countries and 583,972 older adults. Pooled prevalence rates of high malnutrition risk across all countries and malnutrition screening tools were 28.0% (n=127 study samples), 17.5% (n=30), and 8.5% (n=32), for the hospital, residential care and community settings respectively. Using meta-regression, prevalence rates were higher in adults aged >80y (p<0.0001), in women (p=0.03) and in patients with one or multiple comorbidities (p<0.0001). Prevalence rates differed by country, from 15.2% in Spain to 37.7% in Switzerland, and by screening tool, from 14.9% using MNA-SF to 40.6% using NRS2002. Conclusion In conclusion, the prevalence of high malnutrition risk in European older adults varies widely between countries and across healthcare settings. Malnutrition risk is associated with older age, gender and presence of disease. As prevalence rates differ depending on the screening tool used, the use of one preferred malnutrition screening tool per setting is strongly recommended
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The epidemic of obesity contributes to the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States and worldwide. Importantly, obesity is not only preventable but can be treated, particularly with lifestyle modifications to forestall T2DM in those with excess adiposity. The mechanisms linking obesity to T2DM are numerous and involve adipose tissue remodeling as a result of unhealthy behaviors, including unhealthy diet, reduced physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET), and increased sedentary behaviors. Taken together, these factors markedly reduce cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), one of the strongest predictors for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the general population, but also in those with T2DM. In this review we describe the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue remodeling resulting in obesity, as well as the mechanisms linking excess adiposity to insulin resistance and, in turn, T2DM. We then present the therapeutic strategies that can be implemented in obesity to prevent T2DM, with a brief discussion on weight loss, and greater emphasis on PA and ET. We finally present the evidence to support the beneficial effects of such strategies in patients with established T2DM and discuss the importance of achieving improvements in CRF in this population to potentially improve clinical outcomes.
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Introduction: Boxing is a physically and mentally demanding contact sport. Boxers are required to possess a combination of endurance, strength, stamina, agility, coordination, and speed. During punching, it seems that boxers have different execution Depending on the type of target. So far analyze of kinematics and kinetics variable of punch against punching bag is done. However the study that show difference in kinematics of elbow articulation during punch against punching bag and shadow boxing wasn't found. So purpose of this study was comparison between range of motion of elbow articulation in Elite Boxers during punch while deal with the punching bag and shadow boxing.
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Pregnancy is associated with significant physical and psychological changes for expectant mothers, which have many effects on their fitness and physical performance. However, the benefits of regular training outweigh the risks and reduce the likelihood of suffering from pregnancy-induced diseases. Physical activity during pregnancy causes many positive effects. Reduced risk of premature birth, caesarean section and also a positive influence on the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain are among those positive effects. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends in its guidelines a regular physical activity of about thirty minutes on most days of the week. An energy consumption of 28 MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) per week should be aimed for Especially sports such as jogging, cycling and swimming are suitable. Moreover, strength training with free weights and weight machines can be recommended. Sports with a high risk of injury and body contact are not suitable and should be avoid. With the beginning of their second trimester, it is recommended that even unathletic women start light physical activity. The intensity should be controlled via the heart rate reserve or with a simple scale such as the Borg scale. Physical activity can be continued throughout the pregnancy and reintensified four weeks after delivery. On this occasion, an increased attention should be paid to the training of the pelvic floor and the abdominal muscles.
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Background & aims: There is little evidence that adiposity associates with diverticulitis-especially among women. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of obesity, weight change, and incidence of diverticulitis in a large cohort of women. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 46,079 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study, 61-89 years old and free of diverticulitis, diverticular bleeding, cancers, or inflammatory bowel disease at baseline (in 2008). We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the associations between risk of incident diverticulitis and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and weight change from age 18 years to the present. The primary endpoint was first incident diverticulitis requiring antibiotic therapy or hospitalization. Results: We documented 1084 incident cases of diverticulitis over 6 years of follow up, encompassing 248,001 person-years. After adjustment for other risk factors, women with a BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2 had a hazard ratio (HR) for diverticulitis of 1.42 (95% CI, 1.08-1.85) compared to women with a BMI < 22.5 kg/m2. Compared to women in the lowest quintile, the multivariable HRs among women in the highest quintile were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.02-1.78) for waist circumference and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.07-1.84) for waist to hip ratio; these associations were attenuated with further adjustment for BMI. Compared to women maintaining weight from age 18 years to the present, those who gained 20 kg or more had a 73% increased risk of diverticulitis (95% CI, 27%-136%). Conclusions: Over a 6-year follow-up period, we observed an association between obesity and risk of diverticulitis among women. Weight gain during adulthood was also associated with increased risk.
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Introduction: Clinical trials have demonstrated significant impact in reducing weight and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the intensity of these trials limits their scalability to real world settings. The purpose of this study was to embed a lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese mothers within the routine practice of a parent education, home visiting organization. Design: Pragmatic trial that used a stratified random design. Setting/participants: Overweight or obese mothers of preschool children located across St. Louis, Missouri, enrolled in Parents As Teachers, a home visiting organization reaching women and children nationwide. Intervention: A lifestyle intervention derived from the Diabetes Prevention Program was embedded within Parents As Teachers entitled Healthy Eating and Active Living Taught at Home (HEALTH). Main outcome measures: Outcomes included the proportion of women that achieved 5% weight loss at 24 months and improvements in clinical and behavioral outcomes at 12 and 24 months. Participants were enrolled from 2012 to 2014 and data analysis began in 2016. Results: Women in the usual care versus intervention group were significantly less likely to achieve 5% weight loss at 24 months (11% vs 26%, p=0.01). At 12 months, there was a 2.8-kg difference in weight between groups (p=0.0006), and by 24 months a 4.7-kg difference in weight (3.2 [SD=7.6] kg vs -1.5 [SD=8.3] kg, p=0.002); group differences in waist circumference were also evident by 12 months (2.1 [SD=8.4] cm vs -0.7 [SD=9.8] cm, p=0.04) and 24 months (3.8 [SD=10.6] cm vs -2.5 [SD=9.1] cm, p=0.005), as were improvements in behavioral outcomes. There was no difference in blood pressure between groups. Conclusions: HEALTH achieved modest but clinically significant weight loss outcomes, and reduced weight gain in mothers of young children. The scalability of this embedded intervention offers the potential to reach mothers in Parents As Teachers programs nationally. Trial registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01567033.
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This article studies the impact of shopping at the warehouse club format on households' purchases of packaged food for the home. In addition to low prices, this format has several unique characteristics that can influence packaged food purchases. The empirical analysis uses a combination of households' longitudinal grocery purchase information, rich survey data, and detailed item-level nutrition information. After accounting for selection on observables and unobservables, the authors find a substantial increase in the total quantity (servings per capita) of packaged food purchases attributable to shopping at this format. Because there is no effect on the nutritional quality of purchases, this translates into a substantial increase in calories, sugar, and saturated fat per capita. The increase comes primarily from storable and impulse foods, and it is drawn equally from foods that have positive and negative health halos. The results have important implications for how marketers can create win-win opportunities for themselves and for consumers.
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INTRODUCTION The purpose of this research was to analyze the effects of an 8-week morning training program on physical fitness factors of urban and rural students. METHOD In the 92-93 school year, samples were chosen from elementary female students of the city of Astara (fourth, fifth and six grade) out of 2 urban schools and 2 rural schools. Before starting the training program, in the same condition physical fitness tests were taken from both groups. Then, students participated in a special training program; at the end, physical fitness tests were repeated.RESULTS The results of the correlated t-test showed that effectiveness of morning programs on a number of physical fitness factors (cardio-respiratory endurance, muscles of the shoulder girdle endurance, agility, speed, explosive power, flexibility) were significant (p>0.05), but the influence of other factors (abdominal muscle endurance, B.M.I) were not significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Morning training for 8 weeks is effective on some of students’ physical fitness factors.
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Paulis WD. Kinderen met obesitas. Huisarts Wet 2017;60(3):125-7. Recent onderzoek laat zien dat kinderen met overgewicht en obesitas niet voor andere klachten bij de huisarts komen dan kinderen zonder overgewicht. Kinderen komen vrijwel nooit met een klacht over hun gewicht. Het handelen van huisartsen is nog niet in lijn met de NHG-Standaard Obesitas: ze meten de body mass index vaak niet en verwijzen kinderen zelden door naar multidisciplinaire behandelprogramma’s, die wel het effectiefst zijn. Huisartsen ervaren diverse barrières, waaronder het gevoel dat ouders en kinderen niet verwezen willen worden en het ontbreken van goede verwijsmogelijkheden. Daarnaast geven huisartsen aan behoefte te hebben aan scholing. Het lijkt aan te bevelen de verwijsmogelijkheden voor huisartsen goed in kaart te brengen. Of een scholing voor huisartsen zal leiden tot het vaker signaleren van obesitas bij kinderen moet nog blijken. Ouders geven wel aan dat de huisarts overtollig gewicht van hun kind ter sprake mag brengen.
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