Studies on the antidiabetic effects of Mangifera indica stem-barks and leaves on nondiabetic, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model rats

Abstract

Mangifera indica Linn, locally known as mango tree has been claimed to possess antidiabetic properties by many investigators. The present study was undertaken to screen the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of both ethanol and water extracts of leaves and stem-barks of M. indica in nondiabetic and diabetic model rats in different prandial state. The results showed that all of the extracts had significant antihyperglycemic effect in type 2 diabetic model rats when fed simultaneously with glucose load (p<0.05-0.01; p<0.005-0.001). Moreover, the ethanol extract of stem-barks showed significant antihyperglycemic effect when the extract was fed 30 min prior to the glucose load (p<0.01). Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of M. indica on glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. The ethanol extracts of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption gradually during the whole perfusion period in type 2 diabetic rats.

Full text

Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is ranked seventh among the leading
causes of death and third when it’s fatal complications
are taken into account (Trivedi et al., 2004). Traditional
preparations of plant sources are widely used almost
everywhere in the world to treat this disease.
Therefore, plant materials are considered to be the
alternative sources for finding out new leads for hypo-
/antihyperglycemic agents.
Following a standardized procedure (Ali et al., 1993)
antidiabetic plant materials are being screened in
BIRDEM for their hypoglycemic properties.
Experiment on normal, type 1 and type 2 diabetic
model rats at different prandial states have been
combined in this experimental approach, which
screens materials for hypo-/antihyperglycemic
activity as well as provide an approximate idea on the
possible target tissue(s) involved. Mangifera indica has
been reported to have hypoglycemic effect in both
laboratory animals (Ojewole et al., 2005;
Muruganandan et al., 2005; Perpetuo et al., 2003;
Aderibigbe et al., 2001; Sharma et al., 1997) and human
diabetic subjects (Mahabir et al., 1997). The purpose of
this work was to evaluate the hypo- and
antihyperglycemic effects of M. indica in normal and
both type of diabetic model rats and to find out their
possible mode(s) of antidiabetic action.
Material and Methods
Plant materials and preparation of test samples: M. indica
Linn. leaves and stem-barks were collected from the
garden of the Pritilata Hall, Jahangirnagar University,
Savar, Dhaka in the month of February 2007. Newly
grown, fresh, green leaves (931 g) and skin of the stem-
barks (893 g) of M. indica were pasted by homogeni-
zing with mortar and were suspended with water for
preparing the water extract and finally 800 mL of stem
A Journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114
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ISSN: 1991-007X (Print); 1991-0088 (Online); DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v4i2.2488
Studies on the antidiabetic effects of
Mangifera indica
stem-barks
and leaves on nondiabetic, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model rats
Amrita Bhowmik1, Liakot Ali Khan1, Masfida Akhter2 and Begum Rokeya2
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka; 2Department of
Pharmacology, BIRDEM, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
Article Info
Received: 16 May 2009
Accepted: 16 May 2009
Available Online: 20 May 2009
Keywords:
Antidiabetic
Mangifera indica
Glucose
Prandial
Number of Figures: 2
Number of Tables: 3
Number of Refs: 14
Correspondence: BR
e-mail: b_rokeya@yahoo.com
Abstract
Mangifera indica Linn, locally known as mango tree has been claimed to
possess antidiabetic properties by many investigators. The present study was
undertaken to screen the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of both
ethanol and water extracts of leaves and stem-barks of M. indica in nondiabetic
and diabetic model rats in different prandial state. The results showed that all
of the extracts had significant antihyperglycemic effect in type 2 diabetic
model rats when fed simultaneously with glucose load (p<0.05-0.01; p<0.005-
0.001). Moreover, the ethanol extract of stem-barks showed significant
antihyperglycemic effect when the extract was fed 30 min prior to the glucose
load (p<0.01). Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of M. indica
on glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. The ethanol
extracts of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption gradually during the whole
perfusion period in type 2 diabetic rats.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to copy, distribute and perform the work. You must attribute
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-barks and leaves water extract were collected. A
portion of stem-barks and leaves paste were dissolved
in absolute ethanol (96% ethanol) and filtered.
Suspensions were dried by using a rotary vacuum
evaporator (BUCHI Rota vapor R-114). These
semisolid extracts were again dried with Water Bath at
80ºC. The amount of total ethanol extract of stem-barks
and leaves were found to be 30.09 g and 35.29 g. These
dried extracts were kept in the Frazer and utilized for
biological screening at BIRDEM.
Animals: The experiments were carried out on Long-
Evans rats (180-220 g) of both sexes, bred at BIRDEM
animal house and maintained at a constant room
temperature of 22 ± 5ºC with humidity of 50-70% and
the natural 12 hours day-night cycle. Animals were fed
on a standard laboratory pellet diet and water ad
labium.
Induction of diabetes in rats: Type 1 diabetes was
induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of
streptozotocin (STZ, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo,
MI USA) at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight to adult
rats (3-4 months). Confirmatory fasting blood glucose
test for type 1 model rats was performed after 7 days
of STZ injection. Induction of type 2 diabetes was
performed using a single i.p. injection of STZ (90 mg/
kg body weight) to the 48 hours old pups as described
by Bonner-Weir et al., (1981). Experiments were
carried out 3 months later after performing an oral
glucose tolerance test.
Biological Testing: Experiments were carried out on
normal, type 1 and type 2 rats according to the
following scheme-
Long- Evans rats
Normal rats Type 1 rats Type 2 rats
The water extracts (leaf and stem-bark) were used at a
dose of 1 mL/9 mL water/kg body weight and 96%
ethanol extracts (leaf and stem-bark) were used at a
dose of 1.25 g/kg body weight/10 mL. Extracts of M.
indica were fed to the rats by smooth metallic tube
under mild-ether anesthesia (Mamun et al., 2001). The
control rats were given equal volume of distilled
water; positive controls were given glibenclamide (5
mg /kg) and insulin (Actrapid HM-40 IU/mL) for type
2 and type 1 model rats respectively. Blood samples
from rats were drawn by amputation of the tail tip.
Blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120 min for
fasting conditions, at 0, 30, 75 min for simultaneous
feeding of extract with glucose and at 0, 60 and 105
min when the extract was fed 30 min before glucose
load (2.5 g/kg body weight).
Effects of M. indica on intestinal glucose absorption: An
intestinal perfusion technique (Swintosky and
Pogonowska-Wala, 1982) was used to study the effects of
M. indica extracts on intestinal absorption of glucose in
nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic rats fasted for 36 hours
and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/
kg). The plant extracts were added to a kreb’s solution
(g/L 1.02 CaCl2, 7.37 NaCl, 0.20 KCl, 0.065
NaH2PO4.6H2O, 0.6 NaHCO3, pH 7.4), supplemented
with glucose (54.0 g/L) and perfused at a perfusion
rate of 0.5 mL/min for 30 min through the duodenum.
The perfusate was collected from a catheter set at 40
cm. M. indica extracts were added to Kreb’s solution to
a final conc. of 25 mg/mL so that the amount of extract
in the perfused intestine is equivalent to the dose of
1.25 g/kg. The control group was perfused only with
Kreb’s buffer supplemented with glucose. The results
were expressed as percentage of absorbed glucose,
calculated from the amount of glucose in solution
before and after the perfusion.
Biochemical procedures: Serum glucose levels were
estimated on the same day by glucose oxidase (GOD-
POD) method using a commercial kit (Boehringer-
Mannheim GmbH).
Statistical analysis: Data from the experiments were
presented as mean ± Standard deviation. Statistical
analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS) software for windows version 12
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Analysis of
variance (ANOVA, Bonferroni Post Test) was done to
see any difference between the groups. The level of
significance was set at p≤0.05.
Results
Streptozotocin injection to adult rats (for simulation of
type 1 diabetes) resulted in severe diabetes, which was
characterized by hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose
ranging 19.82— 23.22 mmol/L) on the 7th day. In type
2 diabetic model rats fasting glucose level was slightly
higher (6.85— 8.68 mmol/L) indicating the presence of
functioning β-cells. The water extracts and ethanol
extracts of M. indica leaves and stem-barks showed no
effect in nondiabetic, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model
rats in the fasting state (Table I). It is seen from the
Table 1 that glibenclamide and insulin reduced serum
Extracts were
fed simulta-
neously
with glucose
load
Extracts
were fed
30 min
prior to
glucose
As in normal
postprandial
Fasting
serum
glucose
Post-
prandial
serum
glucose
Fasting
serum
glucose
Post-
prandial
serum
glucose
Fasting
serum
glucose
Post-
prandial
serum
glucose
As in normal
postprandial
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114 111

glucose level in the fasting condition of normal and
type 1 rats respectively. Glibenclamide and insulin
showed significant hypoglycemic effects both at 60
min (p<0.02 and p<0.001) and at 120 min (p<0.001) in
normal and type1 diabetic model rats respectively.
Table II reveals that none of the extracts of M. indica
had any significant antihyperglycemic effect in
nondiabetic and type 1 model rats when fed
simultaneously with glucose load. On the contrary, all
of the extracts of M. indica showed significant
antihyperglycemic effect at 30 min (p<0.002-0.001) as
well as at 75 min (p<0.05-0.001) when fed
simultaneously with oral glucose load in type 2 model
rats (Table II). Glibenclamide showed a significant fall
in serum glucose level at 75 min (p<0.001) in normal
rats. In type 1 diabetic model rats, insulin showed
significant antihyperglycemic effect at both time points
at 30 min and at 75 min (p< 0.001).
As it is seen from Table III that none of the extracts of
M. indica showed any significant hypoglycemic effect
in nondiabetic and type 1 model rats in postprandial
condition when the extracts were fed 30 min prior to
glucose load. In type 2 model rats, it was evident that
water and ethanol extract of leaves had no significant
effect but ethanol extract of stem barks of M. indica had
significant antihyperglycemic effect at 105 min
(p<0.01) when fed prior to oral glucose load (Table III).
Glibenclamide showed significant antihyperglycemic
effect in normal rats at both time points that is at 60
min (p<0.001) and 105 min (p<0.01); at 105 min
(p<0.01) for type 2 model rats respectively. On the
other hand, insulin in type 1 diabetic model
significantly lowered serum glucose levels at both time
points i.e. at 60 min and at 105 min (p<0.01).
Figures 1 and 2 show the effect of ethanol extracts of
stem barks and leaves of M. indica on upper intestinal
glucose absorption in normal and type 2 diabetic rats
respectively. The percent of glucose absorbed across
the intestine was higher during the whole period of
perfusion in normal and type 2 rats. The
supplementation of the perfusion medium either with
ethanol extracts of barks or leaves of M. indica in
Table І: Effect of M. indica of fasting blood glucose levels (mean
±SD) of normal rats, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model rats
Group min 0
(mmol/L)
min 60
(mmol/L)
min 120
(mmol/L)
Nondiabetic rats
Water control (n = 6) 6.51 ± 0.74 6.30 ± 0.43 6.46 ± 0.68
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 6.71 ± 0.78 4.72 ± 0.62* 4.31 ± 2.21*
M_Indica_w_l (n = 8) 6.29 ± 0.79 6.30 ± 1.01 6.22 ± 1.09
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 7) 6.78 ± 0.83 7.00 ± 0.82 6.80 ± 0.69
M_Indica_w_b (n = 8) 6.91 ± 0.42 6.88 ± 0.88 6.96 ± 0.92
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 8) 7.03 ± 0.48 6.64 ± 0.78 6.96 ± 1.04
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6) 20.57 ± 3.02 21.16 ± 2.42 19.43 ± 3.87
Insulin (n = 6) 22.24 ± 2.23 5.41 ± 4.52* 4.48 ± 3.88*
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7) 19.82 ± 4.06 19.39 ± 4.08 18.64 ± 4.17
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 6) 21.11 ± 3.71 20.66 ± 2.57 19.78 ± 2.23
M_Indica_w_b (n = 8) 20.02 ± 3.84 21.76 ± 3.62 20.06 ± 3.49
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 9) 23.22 ± 5.33 20.97 ± 4.34 18.86 ± 3.65
Type 2 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6) 8.68 ± 1.47 9.14 ± 2.55 9.04 ± 2.95
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 8.11 ± 1.31 7.34 ± 0.72 6.57 ± 0.93
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7) 8.41 ± 1.56 8.57 ± 2.01 7.57 ± 1.59
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 7) 7.55 ± 1.52 8.81 ± 3.06 9.09 ± 3.57
M_Indica_w_b (n = 7) 6.85 ± 1.16 6.44 ± 0.55 6.34 ± 0.53
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 7) 7.97 ± 1.82 9.30 ± 3.40 9.24 ± 2.92
ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the test of significance. *p<0.01; n= num-
ber of rats
Table II: Effect of M. indica on blood glucose levels (mean ± SD) of
normal, type 1 and type 2 diabetic model rats when the extracts
were fed simultaneous with glucose load
Group min 0
(mmol/L)
min 30
(mmol/L)
min 75
(mmol/L)
Nondiabetic rats
Water control (n = 6) 6.37 ± 0.90 7.78 ± 1.07 7.35 ± 0.91
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 6.35 ± 1.01 7.69 ± 0.84 5.23 ± 0.70**
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7) 6.09 ± 0.96 7.40 ± 0.59 6.80 ± 0.76
M_Indica_eth_l(n = 7) 6.19 ± 1.06 8.29 ± 1.41 7.55 ± 0.74
M_Indica_w_b (n = 7) 6.46 ± 0.95 8.36 ± 0.33 7.72 ± 0.74
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 7) 6.18 ± 0.97 8.00 ± 0.82 7.53 ± 0.43
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6) 24.91 ± 2.25 30.86 ± 3.28 29.22 ± 3.26
Insulin (n = 6) 23.76 ± 3.29 18.55±4.15** 8.75 ± 3.47**
M_Indica_w_l (n = 6) 22.77 ± 3.51 28.74 ± 4.40 27.18 ± 2.73
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 6) 23.77 ± 3.55 28.33 ± 3.46 26.68 ± 2.90
M_Indica_w_b (n = 6) 23.82 ± 1.92 28.89 ± 1.83 25.44 ± 3.79
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 6) 22.50 ± 2.62 29.08 ± 3.76 26.60 ± 1.61
Water control (n = 6) 8.60 ± 0.90 15.35 ± 2.05 15.55 ± 1.75
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 7.47 ± 1.42 13.78 ± 2.48 11.66 ± 1.95
M_Indica_w_l (n = 6) 6.65 ± 1.24 9.63 ± 2.63** 9.81 ± 2.66**
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 6) 7.82 ± 1.55 10.66±1.58** 10.88 ± 2.54*
M_Indica_w_b (n = 6) 8.26 ± 1.66 10.64 ±1.63** 10.46 ± 1.18**
M_Indica_eth_b(n = 6) 8.02 ± 1.58 10.31 ± 1.51* 11.58 ± 2.52*
ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the test of significance. *p < 0.05-0.01, ** p <
0.001; n= number of rat
Type 2 diabetic model rats
112 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114

normal rats did not affect the amount of absorbed
glucose throughout the whole period of experiment in
normal rats (Figure 1). However, in type 2 diabetic
models, supplementation of the medium with ethanol
extracts of stem-barks reduced glucose absorption
during the whole perfusion period (13-15% reduction
after 25-30 min) (Figure 2).
Discussion
The present study was undertaken to investigate the
hypo-/antihyperglycemic activity of M. indica leaf and
bark extracts in nondiabetic, type 2 and type 1 diabetic
model rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard
drug for type 2 model rats and insulin for type 1 model
rats. It is well established that glibenclamide, a long-
acting sulfonylurea, acts mainly by augmenting insulin
secretion. On the other hand, insulin activate glucose
uptake in various cells including muscles and
adipocytes, stimulates hexose uptake, lipogenesis and
inhibit lipolysis and stimulate protein synthesis.
Administration of glibenclamide to type 2 rats and
insulin to type 1 rats almost normalizes serum glucose
levels.
Our results demonstrate that all the extracts of M.
indica leaves and stem barks showed significant
antihyperglycemic effect in type 2 diabetic model rats
when the extracts were fed simultaneously with
glucose. Single oral administration of a dose of 250
mg/ kg body weight produces a potent and strong
hypoglycemic effect in type 2 rats. The obtained results
are supported by the finding of other investigators
(Sharma et al., 1997; Aderibigbe et al., 2001).
Hypoglycemic activity that is found when given with a
simultaneous glucose load in diabetic rats indicates
that the extracts may interfere with the intestinal
glucose absorption in the gut by various mechanisms
(Nahar et al.. 2000; Vinik and Wing, 1990; Lempcke,
1987). It may be postulated that the extracts of M. indica
might stimulate glycogenesis in the liver, which is
enhanced by feeding (Creutzfeld et al., 1979). This
effect was confirmed by Perpetus et. al where they
showed that blood glucose level of diabetic rats
consuming mango flour for 90 days decreased 66% in
Table III: Effect of M. indica on blood glucose levels (M±SD) of
normal, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic model rats when the extracts
were fed 30 minutes before to glucose load
Group min 0
(mmol/L)
min 60
(mmol/L)
min 105
(mmol/L)
Nondiabetic rats
Water control (n = 6) 5.75 ± 1.09 7.66 ± 0.63 7.39 ± 1.61
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 5.31 ± 1.01 5.38±0.50** 5.04 ± 0.95*
M_Indica_w_l (n = 7) 6.64 ± 0.83 7.77 ± 0.89 7.59 ± 0.81
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 7) 6.84 ± 0.72 8.20 ± 0.65 8.19 ± 0.5
M_Indica_w_b (n = 7) 6.38 ± 0.99 7.99 ± 0.50 7.73 ± 0.74
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 7) 6.50 ± 0.94 7.45 ± 0.79 6.96 ± 1.53
Type 1 diabetic model rats
Water control (n = 6) 24.78 ± 5.33 30.09 ± 4.55 27.09 ± 4.91
Insulin (n = 6) 22.19 ± 1.92 7.00 ± 2.37* 5.34 ± 1.20*
M_Indica_w_l (n = 6) 22.12 ± 4.39 28.94 ± 3.41 25.86 ± 2.89
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 6) 22.04 ± 3.30 23.72 ± 2.17 23.30 ± 2.77
M_Indica_w_b (n = 6) 24.95 ± 2.84 30.21 ± 2.76 25.69 ± 3.73
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 6) 21.23 ± 2.56 24.62 ± 4.52 23.90 ± 5.19
Water control (n = 6) 8.41 ± 1.16 15.46 ± 3.76 16.66 ± 2.28
Glibenclamide (n = 6) 7.49 ± 1.62 11.80 ± 1.20 10.13 ± 1.41*
M_Indica_w_l(n = 7) 6.55 ± 0.49 12.93 ± 2.67 12.73 ± 2.53
M_Indica_eth_l (n = 7) 7.09 ± 1.16 11.14 ± 2.78 14.98 ± 3.17
M_Indica_w_b (n = 7) 6.73 ± 1.39 12.79 ± 3.19 15.73 ± 2.23
M_Indica_eth_b (n = 7) 7.16 ± 1.72 13.40 ± 2.75 11.32 ± 3.12*
ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was done as the test of significance. *p <0.01, **p <0.001; n=
number of rats
Type 2 diabetic model rats
Figure 1: Effect of the M. indica on upper intestinal glucose absorption on
normal rats
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n=6). Rats were fasted for 36 hours and intestine
was perfused with glucose solution (54 g/L) with or without ethanol extracts of M.
indica (25 mg/mL). k_g= Krebs buffer supplemented with glucose; K_g_e1 = Ethanol
extract of leaves; K_g_e2 = Ethanol extract of stem barks
Figure 2: Effect of the M. indica on upper intestinal glucose absorption
on type 2 diabetic rats
Results are presented as mean ± SD (n=6). Rats were fasted for 36 hours and
intestine was perfused with glucose solution (54 g/L) with or without ethanol
extracts of M. indica (25 mg/mL). k_g= Krebs buffer supplemented with glucose;
K_g_e1 = Ethanol extract of leaves; K_g_e2 = Ethanol extract of stem barks
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of glucose absorption
Time (min)
k_g
K_g_e1
K_g_e2
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
% of glucose absorption
Time (min)
k_g
K_g_e1
K_g_e2
Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2009; 4: 110-114 113

comparison to control rats. It was also observed that
hepatic glycogen level of those diabetic rats was 64%
greater then control. The author claimed that this
increase in glycogen level might have contributed to
the reduction of blood glucose level in these animals.
Ethanol extract of stem bark of M. indica was also
effective in type 2 diabetic model rats when fed 30 min
might be due to a systemic action, i.e. as a result of the
stimulation of pancreatic β-cells and improving the
insulin secretory capacity or enhancement of insulin
action by the extract. This effect could not be
confirmed by our study since serum insulin level after
a single feeding was not determined. It has been
claimed that the chronic intraperitoneal administration
of mangiferin (a xanthone glucoside, isolated from the
leaves of M. indica) at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg once
daily for 28 days exhibited antidiabetic activity by
lowering fasting plasma glucose level significantly at
different time intervals in STZ diabetic rats and
improved glucose tolerance. The accumulating eviden-
ces suggest that both pancreatic and extra pancreatic
mechanisms might be involved in its antidiabetic or
antihyperglycemic action (Muruganandan et al., 2005).
One of the objectives of the present study was to
investigate whether the hypoglycemic effect is related
to the inhibition of glucose absorption in the gut. This
was investigated in gut perfusion experiment where
the ethanol extracts of stem barks showed gradual
decrease in glucose absorption. Aderibigbe et al.
claimed that hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous
extract of leaves of M. indica was compatible with
chlorpropamide (an oral hypoglycemic agents) and the
action may be parts due to an intestinal reduction of
the absorption of glucose. Therefore, the activity of the
extracts of M. indica does not seem to be mediated by
increasing insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity since
it is not active in type 1 model rats.
Thus it may be concluded from the present study that
the antidiabetic activity of M. indica is probably at
least, partly due to inhibition of glucose absorption in
the gut.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial and logistic supports
provided by the International Program in the Chemical
Sciences (IPICS), Uppsala University Sweden and Diabetic
Association of Bangladesh.
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