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Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in different animal species
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals such as horses, pet animals and productive livestock has raised questions of a probable human origin and in more general of host specificity of S. aureus. Particular clonal lineages are obviously specific for humans (e.g. ST15, ST25, ST45) and other for ruminants (e.g. ST151). MRSA associated with veterinary nosocomial infections (e.g. ST8 and ST254 in horses, ST22 in small animals) very likely have their origin in health care facilities. MRSA ST398 which became first known from widespread colonization in industrially raised pigs seems to have a limited host specificity and is able to colonize and to cause infections in various hosts. Mechanisms of host adaptation and their genomic background are poorly understood so far.
... The use of large amounts of antibiotics in the livestock industry can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, among which methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) represents a major public health concern, as it shows resistance to many clinically important antibiotics [9,10]. Although the emergence of MRSA in a bovine mastitis case is infrequent [11], isolates with MRSA characteristics have been reported [12,13]. Accordingly, the information on the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases is important. ...
... Recent in-depth molecular typing experiments have revealed that most S. aureus strains are host-specific; CC97 and CC705 strains are commonly associated with cows [9,33]. In contrast, ST398 clones have a broad host specificity [9,11]. A serious concern regarding public health is the frequent association of ST398 strains with the methicillin resistance phenotype; MRSA isolates (MRSA ST398) are widely disseminated in pigs worldwide and can colonize multiple host species, including cows, sheep, poultry, horses, and humans [9,36]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens in humans as well as in livestock. Particularly, bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus is a serious issue in dairy farms due to disease recurrence. Here, cases of S. aureus-mediated intramammary infection occurring in the Miyagi Prefecture in Japan were monitored from May 2015 to August 2019; a total of 59 strains (49 from bovine milk and 10 from bulk milk) were obtained from 15 dairy farms and analyzed via sequence-based typing methods and antibiotic susceptibility tests. Two pairs of isolates were determined as recurrence cases from the same cows in distinct farms. The sequence type (ST), spa type, and coa type of each pair were the same: one pair showed ST705, t529, and VIb and the other showed ST352, t267, and VIc. In addition, the possession of toxin genes analyzed of each pair was exactly the same. Furthermore, seven oxacillin-sensitive clonal complex 398 isolates were obtained from a single farm. This is the first confirmed case of a Methicillin-Sensitive SA (MSSA) ST398 strain isolated from mastitis-containing cows in Japan. Our findings suggest that nationwide surveillance of the distribution of ST398 strains in dairy farms is important for managing human and animal health.
... Due to highest milk production yield in India in the world and involved in dairy production results in high prevalence of LA-MRSA. The zoonotic potential of many bacterial strains among humans and animals are increasingly being isolated in Europe with much of the industrialized world [27,28]. Most of the cattle's in India shared same residential premises with humans hence are more prone to transfer MRSA to the humans who are in close contact with them. ...
... Most of the cattle's in India shared same residential premises with humans hence are more prone to transfer MRSA to the humans who are in close contact with them. The detection of MRSA special emphasis to cattle with sub/clinical mastitis is highly concerned from public health sentiments as the cattle looks all right even if they are colonized with reservoirs with MRSA [27,28]. However the situation is something different in India as livestock's are considered as a family members due to their same residential premises sharing. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat worldwide. Inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics are the responsible causes for the development of AMR in the pathogenic microorganisms. In the developing countries like India the data encountered a higher burden of resistance in the rural communities. In such scenario the AMR may lead to difficulty in treatment of various ailments among human as well as companion livestock. In India cows and buffalo are considered as companion livestock. However the definition of companion livestock is slightly different in the developed countries. Most of the rural population in India is dependent on the livestock for their livelihood as the dairy farming in the rural community may contribute in the financial status of the rural population. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the foremost causative agent of skin and soft tissues infections among humans as well as in companion livestock. The situation is further complicated by methicillin resistance in S. aureus. The carriage of MRSA by humans and companion livestock may lead to further AMR spread to the community. In the civic health point of view, it is important to initiate appropriate interventions to tackle the problem at the rural population.
... This type of infection is different in genotype from HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA genomic traits [7]. The infections caused by MRSA imposes an increasing stress on health care budget, along with the increased mortality and morbidity rate [8]. ...
... The synthesis of compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) are outlined in Scheme 1. Compounds 1-11 were obtained from L-cysteine in reaction with different (het)aryl aldehydes in ethanol. These compounds were previously reported in the literature and have proven to be antioxidant [16], antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory agents [17]. ...
2-Substituted 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids (1-11) were synthesized and screened for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) potential. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against four MRSA strains MRSA I, VI, VII and VIII with accession numbers KU662352, KR862285, KR862291 and KU662354 respectively by well diffusion method. In addition, antibacterial evaluations were also performed for gram positive strain Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative strains klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa using same method. Most of the synthesized thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives exhibited better antibacterial activities against studied bacterial strains. Amongst the synthesized compounds, 8-10 were found to possess significant activity (Zone in mm) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the other studied bacterial strains.
... This type of infection is different in genotype from HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA genomic traits [7]. The infections caused by MRSA imposes an increasing stress on health care budget, along with the increased mortality and morbidity rate [8]. ...
... The synthesis of compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) are outlined in Scheme 1. Compounds 1-11 were obtained from L-cysteine in reaction with different (het)aryl aldehydes in ethanol. These compounds were previously reported in the literature and have proven to be antioxidant [16], antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory agents [17]. ...
2-Substituted 1,3-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids (1-11) were synthesized and screened for their anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) potential. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against four MRSA strains MRSA I, VI, VII and VIII with accession numbers KU662352, KR862285, KR862291 and KU662354 respectively by well diffusion method. In addition, antibacterial evaluations were also performed for gram positive strain Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative strains klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa using same method. Most of the synthesized thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives exhibited better antibacterial activities against studied bacterial strains. Amongst the synthesized compounds, 8-10 were found to possess significant activity (Zone in mm) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the other studied bacterial strains.
... Therefore, MRSA is regarded as a worldwide health concern [10]. There have been a number of reports worldwide of MRSA occurring in food animals since about 2004 [9][10][11][12][13][14]. S. aureus is known to commonly colonize pigs [9], and pig herds can be a reservoir for MRSA [10,12,13,15]. ...
... Therefore, MRSA is regarded as a worldwide health concern [10]. There have been a number of reports worldwide of MRSA occurring in food animals since about 2004 [9][10][11][12][13][14]. S. aureus is known to commonly colonize pigs [9], and pig herds can be a reservoir for MRSA [10,12,13,15]. MRSA is well known for being an important medical issue, and swine can be reservoirs for MRSA that can infect both swine workers and consumers through food products containing MRSA [16]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium affecting human health, and a major cause of skin infections, endocarditis, meningitis, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide health concern, occurs in food animals, is consistently found in swine, and improved strategies are needed to ensure the removal of MRSA from food products. A total of 164 S. aureus strains were isolated from swine mandibular lymph node tissue, commercial pork sausage meat, and feces. These strains were tested for methicillin-resistance, and 7 of the strains isolated from the mandibular lymph node tissue and pork sausage meat were resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin, and tested positive for staph specific rRNA and for the mecA gene and are therefore, MRSA strains. An intracellular MRSA contamination of 8.2% within swine lymph node tissue and 5.8% MRSA contamination in pork sausage meat was demonstrated. Lymph node tissue may be utilized in producing pork sausage; therefore, the prevalence of MRSA in final pork products may not only be caused by surface contamination, but by internal tissue infection. The strains were tested for susceptibility to six organic acids (OAs) citric, L-lactic, butyric, acetic, propionic, and formic acid. The pH was determined at each of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) observed for the S. aureus strains. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation was used to calculate the ratio of the undissociated to dissociated OA concentrations, and the molar concentrations of each were calculated from the total OA present and the ratio. Inhibition of S. aureus did not correlate with pH or the undissociated OA concentrations, but it did correlate with the dissociated OA concentrations. A dissociated OA concentration of 21 mM was successful for inhibiting the S. aureus strains tested. Studies must be conducted in vivo to confirm this concentration value. Acetic, butyric, formic, and propionic acid were the most effective OAs tested against S. aureus.
... MRSA appeared firstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12][13][14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjustified utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (GPs). ...
Background:
The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods:
From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.
Results:
The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR = 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070-25.912; p < 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9 and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion:
Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.
... MRSA appeared rstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12,13,14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjusti ed utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (GPs). ...
Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.
Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.
... MRSA appeared rstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12,13,14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjusti ed utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (GPs). ...
Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc , mec A, mec C, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.
Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.
... e emergence and spread of MRSA in the community, independent of the healthcare setting and in the absence of typical risk factors for nosocomial MRSA infections, are matters of further concern [2]. An additional potential risk is born by emergence and spread and transferable antibiotic resistance genes coding, so far, unknown resistance mechanisms and accumulation of MRSA in animals, and transfer to humans, therefore, also has an impact on regulations of antibiotic usage in animals [3]. Dogs, cats, and horses have become an important part of most families; therefore, there are high chances of human colonization or infection with MRSA from these animals [4]. ...
... Because of its capacity to cause a variety of infections in humans, MRSA became a public health issue. Prevention of further dissemination of MRSA with a zoonotic potential needs concerted action of veterinary infection control specialists and clinicians [3,7], but it is necessary to obtain information regarding the prevalence of MRSA infection before implementing strategies for infection control in veterinary medical practice. e data presented in the present study could provide some information regarding the transmission of MRSA/VISA in a veterinary hospital environment. ...
This study aims to detect Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) resistance in the veterinary hospital environment. S. aureus are one of the components of the microbiota, and they may be present in patients in a veterinary hospital environment. Methicillin resistance is determined by a chromosomal gene ( mecA ), which codes for modifications in the beta-lactam antibiotic receptor, where the penicillin-binding protein will have a low affinity for the antibiotic. Samples were collected through swabs of materials and equipment at the hospital. S. aureus was identified in 7.6% (21/276) of the samples collected, and of the 21 strains isolated, 4 (19.0%) carried the mecA gene. MRSA are all strains of S. aureus that express the mecA gene. Four strains harbor the mecA gene; however, only two expressed the phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin and were characterized as MRSA. An isolate (strain 18) present on a patient care table was identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus with intermediate sensitivity to vancomycin (VISA). Our observations suggest the need for containment measures (good antisepsis practices) to avoid the possible transmission of resistant bacterial agents for the veterinary hospital environment.
... MRSA appeared rstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12,13,14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjusti ed utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (GPs). ...
Background : The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of S. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods : From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc , mec A, mec C, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.
Results : The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion : Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.
... MRSA appeared rstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12,13,14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjusti ed utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (GPs). ...
Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of S. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different Livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.
Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV of virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.
... MRSA appeared firstly in a hospital in the early 1960s [5] and since then, it has been established around the world as an endemic hospital pathogen (Hospital Acquired-MRSA: HA-MRSA), and as Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) causing human infections in the community [6]. In addition to humans, MRSA colonization and infection have also been reported in a variety of animal species in many countries [7]. These strains known as Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) strains had a genetic origin which is different to that of human strains previously described, with isolates mainly belonging to clonal complex CC398 [8]. ...
... The emergence of LA-MRSA has also been increasingly associated with alarming rates of MRSA infection and colonization among humans in contact with livestock, suggesting an increased risk of zoonotic transmission [9,10]. These pathogenic strains could be subsequently dispersed to the environment and to other species [7] through food chain [11] and direct contact [12,13,14]. Numerous studies have indicated that the increasing rate of the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus in animals is a result of the misuse and unjustified utilization of antibiotics [11,14,15] in animal husbandry either, for therapeutic, preventive purposes or as growth promoters (AGP). ...
Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of S.aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.
Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different Livestock areas in Tangier. The antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by PCR for all isolates.
Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001).In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No MRSA was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only, from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).
Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV of virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for implementing adequate approaches for prevention.Further larger and multi-center studies are needed to validate and confirm our findings.
... Other studies conducted on the use of The results showed the most effective concentration of 100 g/mL resulted in an interaction between the ethanol extract of Aloe vera and china petai in inhibiting the growth of E. coli (12,17 ...
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that spread throughout the world and still a problem that continues to increase both in hospitals and the community. Infections due to S. aureus usually treated with antibiotics, but in some cases, several strains of S. aureus found to be resistant to antibiotics, such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Based on the previous research, the ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari dates formed an inhibitory zone against the MRSA bacteria growth. This study aims to determine the inhibition of the ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari variety of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on the S. aureus growth. The ethanol extract from Ajwa and Sukkari dates with a concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL resulted in the same inhibition zone with a diameter of ≤ 6 mm which categorized as weak (resistant), whereas the positive control ciprofloxacin had a resistance zone with a diameter of 9 mm. This study results concluded that the ethanol extract of Ajwa and Sukkari dates only has a maximum concentration of 20 mg/mL, which is still classified as a low concentration and has not been able to inhibit MRSA bacteria growth.
... It may colonize diverse sites on both human and animal body surfaces due to its commensal as well as opportunistic characteristics. S. aureus is a common inhabitant of the skin, mucosa, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and, in particular, the anterior nares of the respiratory tract (Cuny et al., 2010). S. aureus has the ability to produce a wide variety of virulence substances such as various types of proteins, enzymes, toxins, and other substances responsible for high pathogenicity. ...
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as commensal as well as opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in hospitals, community and veterinary settings that compromises the public health and livestock production. MRSA basically emerged from MSSA after acquiring SCCmec element through gene transfer containing mecA gene responsible for encoding PBP-2α. This protein renders the MRSA resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics. Due to the continuous increasing prevalence and transmission of MRSA in hospitals, community and veterinary settings posing a major threat to public health. Furthermore, high pathogenicity of MRSA due to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus along with antibiotic resistance help to breach the immunity of host and responsible for causing severe infections in humans and animals. The clinical manifestations of MRSA consist of skin and soft tissues infection to bacteremia, septicemia, toxic shock, and scalded skin syndrome. Moreover, due to the increasing resistance of MRSA to number of antibiotics, there is need to approach alternatives ways to overcome economic as well as human losses. This review is going to discuss various aspects of MRSA starting from emergence, transmission, epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease patterns in hosts, novel treatment, and control strategies.
... S. aureus has been recognized as a major pathogen affecting humans and animals. The prevalence and manifestation rate of this pathogen is increasing worldwide [19,20]. However, there are significant differences between the rate of S. aureus appearance and the rate of MRSA. ...
T HE study was aimed to determine and characterize the nasal carriage rate of S. aureus among apparently healthy farm animals including cattle, sheep, and goats using traditional and molecular characterization. The study was conducted in Duhok province during the period from November 2021 to March 2022. Furthermore, the isolates were screened for the presence of MRSA using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method (oxacillin discs) and genotypically by PCR targeting the mecA gene. Among the 300 tested nasal swabs, 209 (69.7%) samples were positive for S. aureus isolation using traditional methods. The isolation rate was 62.7% (47/75), 66.7% (100/150), and 82.7% (62/75) in cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Amplification of species-specific nuc gene confirmed that 119 of 209 (56.9%) animals carried S. aureus in their nasal cavity. The isolates showed variation toward different antibiotics used in this study and the highest resistance rate was recorded toward penicillin at a ratio of 72.3% (86/119). This study confirms the occurrence of MRSA for the first time in nasal swabs from a healthy animal in Duhok Province. The MRSA isolates were found only in cattle (7/119) and none of the nasal carriages isolates from sheep and goats were carried MRSA isolates. The presence of MRSA and multidrug-resistant MRSA among healthy cattle could be considered as a potential reservoir for transmission of multidrug-resistant MRSA to humans especially farm workers and they could act as a reservoir to spread MRSA in livestock. Further studies are required for a better understanding of pathogenic transmission and for confirming the origin of the strains, whether are of human origin or vice versa.
... In humans, MRSA is a major pathogen responsible for hospital outbreaks (health-care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)) and community-onset disease (community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA)) [9][10][11]. Apart from humans, livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) not only widely exists in livestock and poultry, pets, and wild terrestrial and aquatic animals (livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA)) [12,13], but it can also be transmitted through environment-human, livestock, and poultry products-human, and human-human transmission, increasing the probability ...
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for human hospital and community-onset diseases and severe invasive livestock infections. Rapid detection of MRSA is essential to control the spread of MRSA. Conventional identification methods and antibacterial susceptibility tests of MRSA are time-consuming. The commonly used qPCR assay also has the disadvantages of being complicated and expensive, restricting its application in resource-limited clinical laboratories. Here, a real-time fluorescent recombinase-assisted amplification (RAA) assay targeting the most conserved regions within the mecA gene of MRSA was developed and evaluated to detect MRSA. The detection limit of this assay was determined to be 10 copies/reaction of positive plasmids. The established RAA assay showed high specificity for MRSA detection without cross-reactivities with other clinically relevant bacteria. The diagnostic performance of real-time RAA was evaluated using 67 clinical S. aureus isolates from dairy farms, which were detected in parallel using the TaqMan probe qPCR assay. The results showed that 56 and 54 samples tested positive for MRSA by RAA and qPCR, respectively. The overall agreement between both assays was 97.01% (65/67), with a kappa value of 0.9517 (p < 0.001). Further linear regression analysis demonstrated that the detection results between the two assays were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.9012, p < 0.0001), indicating that this RAA assay possesses similar detection performance to the qPCR assay. In conclusion, our newly established RAA assay is a time-saving and convenient diagnostic tool suitable for MRSA detection and screening.
... Fusidic acids (96.6%), tobramycin and gentamicin (76.6%). These results are similar to thoseobtained by Cuny et al in 2010 in Germany[20] showing resistance to clindamycin (30%). There is also a much higher resistance of 46% to tobramycin and erythromycin asreported byVan loo et al in 2007 in Denmark [13], and to 27.4% (tetracycline) reported by Cheikh et alin Senegal in 2012 ...
Background: Animal farming can be a potential reservoir of microbial resistance. Little data and information are documented on the prevalence and spread of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in remote and rural and semi-urban settings in developing countries. Yet, the increasing spread of antibiotics resistance either in the community or at the hospital has become a major public health problem in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasal methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among pig farmers and breeders in the West Region of Cameroon. Methods: A total of 103 nasal scraping samples were collected in four distant division of Bamboutos, Nkoung-Khi, Menoua and Mifi for microbiological, biochemical and sensitivity testing according to the standard protocol of CASFM 2018. Results: A high presence of Staphylococcus aureus of 29.13% was documented. S. aureus resistant showed 93.3%, to the ß-lactamases family, with MRSA prevalence at 27.18%. Resistance to glycopeptides (vancomycin) was 60%, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramines mainly resistance to erythromycin 90% and clindamycin 30.6%, tetracycline 83.3%, fusidic acid 96.6% and to aminosides (tobramycin and gentamycin 76.6%). All isolated samples were sensitive to fluoroquinolones, notably to ofloxacin (80%) and to ciprofloxacin (86.6%). Conclusion: There is an urgent need to implement a robust and sustainable MRSA and AMR surveillance in curbing the growing threat locally.
... Losses are attributed to the spread of different bacteria salient of which is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This bacterium is commensal and opportunistic that can colonize various animal species and humans [2]. The bacteria cause severe infections in humans and animals. ...
Use of antibiotics without following standard guidelines is routine practice in developing countries which is giving rise to genetic divergence and increased drug resistance. The current study analyzed genetic divergence and drug resistance by S. aureus and therapeutic efficacy of novel antibiotic combinations. The study revealed that 42.30% (minimum 20%-maximum 70%) of milk samples are positive for S. aureus. Study also revealed seven SNPs in the S. aureus nuc gene (c.53A>G, c.61A>G, c.73T>C, c.93C>A, c.217C>T, c.280T>C, and c.331T>A). Local isolates Staph-2 and Staph-3 were closely related to Bos taurus nuc gene (bovine S. aureus), while Staph-1 was closely related to Homo sapiens (human S. aureus) indicating shifting of host. Change of two amino acids and staphylococcal nuclease conserved domain was observed in all local isolates of S. aureus. The isoelectric points predicted by protParam of Staph-1, Staph-2, and Staph-3 proteins were 9.30, 9.20, and 9.20, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. aureus presented highest resistance against penicillin (46.67%) and glycopeptide (43.33%). When a single antibiotic regimen was adopted in a field trial, the highest efficacy was reported in the case of oxytetracycline (80%) while lowest was presented by azithromycin. Among antibiotics’ combined regimen, the highest efficacy (80%) was presented by gentamicin with oxytetracycline: cefotaxime with vancomycin; and ciprofloxacin with vancomycin. The current study concluded rising percentages of S. aureus from dairy milk, proofs of genetic host shifts, and altered responses of in on field therapeutics.
... This clone has previously been detected in the nasal cavity of a cow, pigs and pig farmers in Senegal ( Fall et al., 2012 ;Mama et al., 2019 ). This strain was previously considered humanspecific (ST15) in a previous study in the past 10 years ( Cuny et al., 2010 ). However, the absence of immune evasion cluster biomarker, the scn gene as recently reported by Mama et al (2019) suggests its zoonotic potential, especially among livestock farmers. ...
To provide detailed insight on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) nasal colonization and urinary tract infection (UTI) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Nigeria, a quantitative synthesis and systematic review were executed. A comprehensive bibliometric search was conducted for published articles using the keywords ‘nasal S. aureus carriage’, ‘Urinary S. aureus’, ‘nasal MRSA’, ‘staphylococci-HIV coinfection’, ‘urinary MRSA’ and ‘all states of Nigeria’. Eligible studies and the number of subjects (n) were analysed according to the PRISMA criteria. Out of the 79 examined studies, only 6 (n=1181) and 6 (n= 1350) on nasal and urine samples, respectively, were eligible. The pooled prevalence of nasal carriage and UTI of S. aureus were 29.6% and 6.8%, respectively. However, the pooled nasal MRSA carriage was 13.4%. The pooled prevalence of luk-F/S-PV-carrying S. aureus among nasal samples was 13.0%. Molecular typing from 3 studies showed MRSA-ST8-t064 and MSSA-ST15-t084 as the predominant genetic lineages. The S. aureus isolates from both sample types had the highest (>50%) resistance to penicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Multi-drug resistance was not significantly higher among S. aureus isolates from urine than nasal samples (60% versus 40.0% of eligible studies) (p= 0.5271). A moderate and high pooled prevalence of genetically diverse MRSA and luk-F/S-PV-carrying S. aureus were obtained from PLWHA, respectively.
... e sources of infection are mainly contaminated foods, water and equipment, carrier, and clinically infected human and animals, and environment where the animals are crowded together. Various transmission routes have been described including direct, via the hands, contact with excretions or contact with nonliving objects (fomites), ingestion of contaminated food and water, aerosols, and via vectors [4,5]. ...
Background:
In veterinary medicine, three Staphylococcus species are of particular importance as primary causes of specific diseases; S. aureus (mastitis in ruminants, equine botryomycosis, and bumble foot in poultry), S. hycus (porcine exudative epidermitis), and S. intermedius (canine pyoderma). The disease conditions caused by Staphylococcus in poultry vary with site, route, and predisposing factors include wounds as a result of fighting/cannibalism, immunosuppression based on virus infection or parasite infestation, and bad husbandry conditions (overcrowding). The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp from chicken and chicken litter and personnel at chicken farm and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy chickens, farm personnel, and chicken litter at poultry farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 222 samples consisting of 101 cloacal swabs, 90 tracheal swabs, 17 pooled litter swabs, 7 nasal swabs, and 7 pooled hand and boot swabs were collected from six farms and examined for the presence of Staphylococcus species. Antimicrobial resistance against 10 antimicrobial agents was also conducted following recommended standard procedures.
Results:
Overall proportion of Staphylococcus was 64/222 (28.83%). Of the isolates, 40/64 (62.5%), 11/64 (17.2%), 3/64 (4.7%), and 10/64 (15.6%), were S. aureus, S. hycus, S. intermedius, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), respectively. Only one isolate of S. aureus was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Of the 10 antibiotics tested, the isolates demonstrated highest resistance against Penicillin G (96.9%) followed by Tetracycline (78.1%), and Amoxicillin and Erythromycin at the same level (65.6%). Conversely, the isolates were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (95.3%) followed by Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (85.9%). Out of 64 isolates, 61/64 (95.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials tested. Of the isolates, 38/40 (95%) S. aureus, 10/11 (90.9%) S. hycus, 3/3 (100%) S. intermedius, and 10/10 (100%) CNS showed multidrug resistance.
Conclusion:
This study showed a considerable proportion of Staphylococcus spp in chicken litter and farm workers with a potential source of resistant Staphylococcus species, and more importantly multidrug resistance strains. Further studies on molecular characterization of the isolates will be essential to identify the resistant genes and establish epidemiological links in the transmission dynamics of resistant Staphylococcus species between poultry and humans.
... In the human community, it colonizes the anterior nares of about 25-35% of healthy persons [1,2]. The population structure of S. aureus consists of several clonal complexes, some of which are associated with defined animal species, while others are less host-specific [3]. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is globally prevalent in nosocomial settings as healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), which is mainly due to the spread of epidemic clonal lineages [4]. ...
There are uncertainties with respect to the transmission of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius between dogs and humans. In this study, we investigated concomitant nasal colonization of dogs and humans in three cohorts. Cohort I, households owning dogs: In 42 of 84 households, 66 humans (36.9%) and 10 dogs (8.9%) carried S. aureus. MRSA, attributed to sequence type (ST) 22 and ST130, were detected in two (1.1%) of the humans but in none of the dogs. Typing by means of spa-typing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) indicated eight transmissions of S. aureus between humans and dogs in 8 of 42 (19.0%) households with human S. aureus carriers, whereas in 11 of 38 (29.0%) households with ≥two persons and S. aureus colonization of humans, 15 human-to-human transmissions were observed (p = 0.43). S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 42 dogs (37.5%), but from only one human (0.6%). In this case, WGS-based typing indicated strong relatedness of this isolate with a canine isolate from the same household. Cohort II, dogs and their owners visiting a veterinary practice: Among 17 humans and 17 dogs attending a veterinary practice, MSSA was detected in three humans and two dogs, and S. pseudintermedius in only six dogs. Cohort III, dogs used for animal-assisted interventions in human healthcare facilities and their owners: MSSA was obtained in 1 of 59 dogs (1.7%) and in 17 of 60 (28.3%) of the dog owners, while S. pseudintermedius was isolated from seven (12%) dogs and one (1.7%) human owner. We conclude that the risk of exchanging S. aureus/MRSA between humans and dogs is higher than that for S. pseudintermedius
... Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen important worldwide because of its human health effects [1][2][3][4][5]. Toxic shock syndrome is often caused by toxins produced by S. aureus bacteria [6,7], and S. aureus is a well-known cause of hospital and community acquired diseases involving the bloodstream, endocarditis, lungs, meningitis, sepsis, skin, and soft tissue infections [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Disinfectants are used throughout the food chain for pathogenic bacteria control. We investigated S. aureus bioavailability in swine Mandibular lymph node tissue (MLT) and pork sausage meat (PSM), established susceptibility values for S. aureus to disinfectants, and determined the multilocus sequence type of MRSA strains. Antimicrobial and disinfectant susceptibility profiles were determined for 164 S. aureus strains isolated from swine feces (n = 63), MLT (n = 49) and PSM (n = 52). No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected to daptomycin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, and tigecycline, while high AMR prevalence was determined to erythromycin (50.6%), tylosin tartrate (42.7%), penicillin (72%), and tetracycline (68.9%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, ST398 (n = 6) and ST5 (n = 1), were found in the MLT and PSM, 4 MRSA in MLT and 3 MRSA strains in the PSM. About 17.5% of feces strains and 41.6% of MLT and PSM strains were resistant to chlorhexidine. All strains were susceptible to triclosan and benzalkonium chloride, with no cross-resistance between antimicrobials and disinfectants. Six MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 18 disinfectants. The use of formaldehyde and tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane in DC&R was not effective, which can add chemicals to the environment. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride were equally effective disinfectants. ST398 and ST5 MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 75% of the disinfectants tested. This study establishes susceptibility values for S. aureus strains from swine feces, mandibular lymph node tissue, and commercial pork sausage against 24 disinfectants. Since it was demonstrated that S. aureus and MRSA strains can be found deep within swine lymph node tissue, it may be beneficial for the consumer if raw swine lymph node tissue is not used in uncooked food products and pork sausage.
... The distribution of CC398 has evolved considerably since this CC was first detected in the early 2000s as MRSA strains colonizing asymptomatic breeders and industrially raised pigs [4,5], and later cattle, poultry, horses, rabbits and pets [30][31][32][33]. Rapidly, the human carriage and persistence of CC398 MRSA was correlated, in several countries, with exposure to colonized animals and with intensity of contacts with animals (livestockassociated (LA)-MRSA), especially in pig farmers [5,34]. ...
Among clinically relevant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus, the lineage or clonal complex 398 (CC398) is of particular interest. Strains from this lineage were only described as livestock colonizers until 2007. Progressively, cases of infection were reported in humans in contact with farm animals, and now, CC398 isolates are increasingly identified as the cause of severe infections even in patients without any contact with animals. These observations suggest that CC398 isolates have spread not only in the community but also in the hospital setting. In addition, several recent studies have reported that CC398 strains are evolving towards increased virulence and antibiotic resistance. Identification of the origin and emergence of this clonal complex could probably benefit future large-scale studies that aim to detect sources of contamination and infection. Current evidence indicates that the evolution of CC398 strains towards these phenotypes has been driven by the acquisition of prophages and other mobile genetic elements. In this short review, we summarize the main knowledge of this major lineage of S. aureus that has become predominant in the human clinic worldwide within a single decade.
... The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals such dairy cattle involve a probable human origin adapted to cattle, but also was found distinct bovine types which are clearly different from human isolates (Cuny C. et al, 2010). ...
The aim of this study was to identify vaginal flora in Black and White Romanian cows diagnosed with puerperal endometritis. The cows studied came from two dairy farms, were in the first 4 weeks post-partum and had various puerperal diseases with variable pathological evolution. The dinamics of isolation of different bacterial species from lochia or vaginal discharges was made in four periods of the puerperium. Bacteriological examination was performed in accordance with routine laboratory techniques, including typical colony morphology on usuale culture media, chromogenic agar, Gram stain, type of hemolysis, characteristic growth on Baird-Parker (BP) agar and biochemical tests. In the course of puerperium, approximately 22,2% of microorganisms detected in the 18 cases were represented by the Staphylococcus aureus, what means that may be a significant pathogen of puerperal infection. Isolation in 11,1% of cases of methicillin-resistant stains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important in terms of direct impact on human and animal health.
... There is also a close associate of the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the poultry meat [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. MRSA has different strains each is resistant to a class of antibiotics as the commonly reported antibiotics against which the MRSA has evolved the disease tolerance includes the semi-synthetic penicillins [48,49], Methicillin [50], fluoroquinolones [51], Vancomycin [52,53], Sulphonamides and trimethoprim [54], tetracyclines [55][56][57], aminoglycosides [58][59][60], chloramphenicol [61], and clindamycin [62]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus has vital importance in veterinary medicine. Within the ruminants, it is one of the major causes of mastitis, the problem that was and is, with no definite solution to date. Along with that, it also affects the health of animals, pets, and poultry in several ways as the tissue tropism for this organism in poultry is the bones and the joints. This review is focused on habitat, species differentiation, differential biochemical tests, pathogenesis, clinical infections, economic importance, public health significance, immune response, the regulation of virulence in the staphylococci, and cytokines response against S. aureus.
... There is also a close associate of the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the poultry meat [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. MRSA has different strains each is resistant to a class of antibiotics as the commonly reported antibiotics against which the MRSA has evolved the disease tolerance includes the semi-synthetic penicillins [48,49], Methicillin [50], fluoroquinolones [51], Vancomycin [52,53], Sulphonamides and trimethoprim [54], tetracyclines [55][56][57], aminoglycosides [58][59][60], chloramphenicol [61], and clindamycin [62]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus has vital importance in veterinary medicine. Within the ruminants, it is one of the major causes of mastitis, the problem that was and is, with no definite solution to date. Along with that, it also affects the health of animals, pets, and poultry in several ways as the tissue tropism for this organism in poultry is the bones and the joints. This review is focused on habitat, species differentiation, differential biochemical tests, pathogenesis, clinical infections, economic importance, public health significance, immune response, the regulation of virulence in the staphylococci, and cytokines response against S. aureus.
... The majority of CC97 (62.5%) originated from milk samples. Previous studies indicated that S. aureus isolated from bovine milk belonged to CC97 and were mainly represented by isolates from ruminants [9,10,20,56,57]. CC97 strains are occasionally isolated from humans [58] and rarely found as MRSA [59]. ...
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal resident of the skin and nasal cavities of humans and can cause various infections. Some toxigenic strains can contaminate food matrices and cause foodborne intoxications. The present study aimed to provide relevant information (clonal complex lineages, agr types, virulence and antimicrobial resistance-associated genes) based on DNA microarray analyses as well as the origins and dissemination of several circulating clones of 60 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food matrices (n = 24), clinical samples (n = 20), and nasal carriers (n = 16) in northern Algeria. Staphylococcus aureus were genotyped into 14 different clonal complexes. Out of 60 S. aureus, 13 and 10 isolates belonged to CC1-MSSA and CC97-MSSA, respectively. The CC 80-MRSA-IV was the predominant S. aureus strain in clinical isolates. The accessory gene regulator allele agr group III was mainly found among clinical isolates (70.4%). Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes lukF/lukS-PV were detected in 13.3% of isolates that all belonged to CC80-MRSA. The lukF/S-hlg, hlgA, and hla genes encoding for hemolysins and leucocidin components were detected in all Staphylococcusaureus isolates. Clinical and food isolates harbored more often the antibiotic resistance genes markers. Seventeen (28.3%) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the mecA gene localized on a SCCmec type IV element were identified. The penicillinase operon (blaZ/I/R) was found in 71.7% (43/60) of isolates. Food isolates belonging to CC97-MSSA carried several antibiotic resistance genes (blaZ, ermB, aphA3, sat, tetM, and tetK). The results of this study showed that all clones were found in their typical host, but interestingly, some nasal carriers had isolates assigned to CC705 thought to be absent in humans. The detection of MRSA strains among food isolates should be considered as a potential public health risk. Therefore, controlling the antibiotics prescription for a rational use in human and animal infections is mandatory.
... The sources of infection are mainly contaminated foods, water and equipment, carrier and clinically infected human and animals and environment where the animals are crowded together. Various transmission routes have been described including direct, often via the hands, contact with excretions or contact with non-living objects (fomites), ingestion of contaminated food and water, aerosol and via vectors [4,5]. ...
Background: In veterinary medicine, three Staphylococcus species are of particular importance as a primary cause of specific diseases; S. aureus (mastitis in ruminants, equine botryomycosis and bumble foot in poultry), S. hycus (porcine exudative epidermitis) and S. intermedius (canine pyoderma). The disease conditions caused by Staphylococcus in poultry vary with the site, the route and predisposing factors include wounds as a result of fighting/cannibalism, immunosuppression based on virus infections or parasite infestations, and bad husbandry conditions (overcrowding). Besides their role as colonizer or pathogen in different hosts, Staphylococcus, which colonizes food-producing animals, can contaminate carcasses during slaughter and play a role as contaminant in the subsequent manufacturing process in food of animal origin, such as pork, beef, veal, milk, poultry meat or poultry meat products
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy chicken, farm personnel and litter at chicken farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2015 to May 2015. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp from chicken, litter and personnel at chicken farm; and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. A total of 222 samples consisting of 101 cloacal swabs, 90 tracheal swabs, 17 pooled litter swabs, 7 nasal swabs and 7 pooled hands and boot swabs were collected from six farms and examined for the presence of Staphylococcus species and antimicrobial resistance against 10 antimicrobial agents following recommended standard procedures.
Results: The result showed that the overall proportion of Staphylococcus was 64/222 (28.83%). Of the isolates 40/64 (62.5%), 11/64 (17.2%), 3/64 (4.7%) and 10/64 (15.6%), were S. aureus, S. hycus, S. intermedius and CNS, respectively. Only one isolate of S. aureus was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested Of the 10 antibiotics tested, Penicillin G showed the highest (96.9%) resistance followed by Tetracycline (78.1%), Amoxicillin and Erythromycin at the same level (65.6%). Conversely, Ciprofloxacin showed the highest susceptibility (95.3%) followed by Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (85.9%). Out of 64 isolates, 61/64 (95.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials tested. Of the isolates, 38/40 (95%) S. aureus, 10/11 (90.9%) S. hycus, 3/3 (100%) S. intermedius and 10/10(100%) CNS showed multi drug resistance (to three or more antimicrobials).
Conclusion: This study showed considerable proportion of Staphylococcus spp in chicken, litter and farm workers with a potential source of resistant Staphylococcus species more importantly multi drug resistance strains. Further study on molecular characterization of the isolates will be essential to identify the resistant genes and establish epidemiological link in the transmission dynamics of resistant Staphylococcus species between poultry and humans.
... It has been reported that LA-MRSA CC398 has limited host specificity, however this strain can colonize and cause cases of infection in multiple hosts. To date, the mechanism of host adaptation to LA-MRSA CC398 infection is poorly known [144]. It is of concern that LA-MRSA CC398 infection can cause infection and serious (invasive) outbreaks [145]. ...
... Transmission usually occurs by direct contact, often via the hands, with colonized or infected animals or people or with contaminated equipment and surfaces. The most common transmission pathways include the transfer from an infected mammary gland to an uninfected gland via fomites, such as milking equipment, or via the milker's hands, by uncontrolled animal trafficking between different farms and by handling or eating food contaminated with S. aureus [35]. Strict hygiene at the time of milking, segregation of any livestock with S. aureus infection and intensive culling of those infected might be required to reduce the prevalence and incidence of highly transmissible strains of the bacterium [36]. ...
Due to its large surface area, the skin is susceptible to various injuries, possibly accompanied by the entrance of infective agents into the body. Commensal organisms that constitute the skin microbiota play important roles in the orchestration of cutaneous homeostasis and immune competence. The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is present as part of the normal biota of the skin and mucous membranes in both humans and animals, but can cause disease when it invades the body either due to trauma or because of the impaired immune response of the host. Colonization of livestock skin by S. aureus is a precursor for majority of bacterial skin infections, which range from boils to sepsis, with the best-characterized being bovine mastitis. Antibiotic treatment of these infections can contribute to the promotion of resistant bacterial strains and even to multidrug resistance. The development of antibiotic resistance to currently available antibiotics is a worldwide problem. Considering the increasing ability of bacteria to effectively resist antibacterial agents, it is important to reduce the livestock consumption of antibiotics to preserve antibiotic effectiveness in the future. Plants are recognized as sources of various bioactive substances, including antibacterial activity towards clinically important microorganisms. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the major groups of phytochemicals with antibacterial activity and their modes of action. It also provides a list of currently known and used plant species aimed at treating or preventing bacterial skin infections in livestock.
... MRSA is conferred by the acquisition of the mec A gene in the Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) elements which encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) that has reduced affinity for β-lactam antibiotics (Cikman et al., 2019). There is evidence of increasing the spread of MRSA from nosocomial to a community-associated infection involving productive livestock, pet animals, and horses in the community setup (Cuny et al., 2010). WHO (2019) reported that people who carried MRSA are estimated to be 64.0% ...
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the great public health concerns. The organisms become dangerous pathogen for humans and animals which are often very difficult to treat due to their resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics and sophisticated immune evasion tactics. MRSA having transited from a nosocomial to a community-associated infection and now has been associated with livestock and companion animals. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of MRSA among horses and horse-handlers in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 160 horses and 90 horse handlers were recruited based on the availability and consented participants. Structured questionnaires were administered to 90 horse handlers to assess for risk factors associated with MRSA infection in horses and horse handlers. Nasal swabs were collected from each horse and horse handler and cultured and identified using standard bacteriological procedure according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). MRSA was screened using the disk diffusion method with Cefoxitin (30μg) and Oxacillin (1μg). The overall MRSA prevalence rate of 6.3% and 21.1% were obtained from horses and horse handlers respectively. The highest incidence 11.3% and 35.0% were obtained among traditional horses and their handlers. Therefore, it is important to increase the handlers’ awareness of possible risk factors of MRSA infection to control cross-infection between horse and their handlers.
... The epidemiology of MRSA includes livestock-association MRSA (LA-MRSA), with initial reports from the Netherlands [4] and France [5] in 2005 and a subsequent study indicating high prevalence in many European pig populations [6]. LA-MRSA belonging to the clonal complex (CC) 398 has been the most widely detected LA-MRSA from livestock in Europe, particularly pig populations [7,8]. Later other genotypes (CCs) have been added as potential LA-MRSAs [9]. ...
Background
The Norwegian LA-MRSA surveillance and control strategy in pig farms has been largely successful in preventing the establishment of MRSA in the pig population by identifying positive pig herds and eradicating MRSA from these. It can, however, be challenging to determine whether a particular type of MRSA is livestock-associated, particularly in cases where there is little evidence available to aid in classification.
Case presentation
In two Norwegian pig farms linked by trade of live pigs, MRSA CC7 t091 was found in samples from pigs and their environment. Longitudinal sampling, with a time interval of 25 days, in one farm demonstrated an increase in samples positive for MRSA CC7 t091, supporting a classification of the finding as livestock associated. Measures to eradicate MRSA from both farms were imposed by the National Food Safety Authority. Different measures of MRSA sanitation were applied in the two farms, and MRSA was successfully eradicated from both farms.
Conclusions
A high-cost, labor intensive and a lower-cost, less labor intensive MRSA eradication protocol, both including total depopulation and repopulation were successful in eradicating MRSA CC7 t091 from two case farms.
... Apart from human studies, MRSA has also been known to exist in animals for a long time. MRSA colonies and infections have been reported in domestic livestock, companion animals and wildlife [11]. Prolonged misuse and abuse of antibiotics at farms largely contributed to the wide distribution of MRSA among food animals. ...
Background
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is considered a common zoonotic pathogen, causing severe infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes and molecular epidemiology among MRSA and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from food animals in Sichuan Province, China.
Methods
This study was conducted on 236 S. aureus isolates. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using a standard microbroth dilution method. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to identify genes encoding the β-lactams resistance (blaZ, mecA), macrolides (ermA, ermB, ermC) and aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD). The molecular structures and genomic relatedness of MRSA isolates were determined by staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively.
Results
Among 236 isolates, 24 (10.17 %) were recognized as MRSA. MRSA isolates showed different resistance rates to 11 antimicrobials ranging from 33.33 to 100 %, while for MSSA isolates the rates varied from 8.02 to 91.51 %. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was found in all MRSA isolates. The ermC gene encoding macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B was the most prevalent gene detected in 87.29 % of the S. aureus isolates, followed by ermB (83.05 %), blaZ (63.98 %), aacA-aphD (44.07 %), ermA (11.44 %) and mecA (11.02 %) genes. The prevalence of resistance genes in MRSA isolates was significantly higher than that of MSSA. Regarding the molecular morphology, SCCmec III (12/24, 50 %) was the most common SCCmec type. Furthermore, the PFGE typing showed that 24 MRSA were divided into 15 cluster groups (A to O), the major pulsotype J encompassed 25 % of MRSA isolates.
Conclusions
The S. aureus isolates from food animals in Sichuan province of China have severe antimicrobials resistance with various resistance genes, especially MRSA isolates. Additionally, the genetic pool of MRSA isolates is diverse and complex, and further investigation is necessary.
... Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen with a propensity to rapidly develop antimicrobial resistance. 1 MRSA is recognized as a pathogen of global concern, 2 which can also cause diseases in animals. 3,4 The epidemiological history of MRSA has been reshaped since the first report of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) transmission to humans. 5 Thus, LA-MRSA has gradually gained attention as an important zoonotic pathogen. ...
Objectives
To reconstruct the evolutionary history and genomic epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in China.
Methods
Using WGS analysis, we described the phylogeny of 131 S. aureus ST9 isolates collected between 2002 and 2016 from 11 provinces in China, including six clinical samples from Taiwan. We also investigated the complex structure and distribution of the lsa(E)-carrying multiresistance gene cluster, and genotyped prophages in the genomes of the ST9 isolates.
Results
ST9 was subdivided into one major (n = 122) and one minor (n = 9) clade. Bayesian phylogeny predicted the divergence of ST9 isolates in pig farming in China as early as 1987, which then evolved rapidly in the following three decades. ST9 isolates shared similar multiresistance properties, which were likely acquired before the ST9 emergence in China. The accessory genome is highly conserved, and ST9 harboured similar sets of phages, but lacked certain virulence genes.
Conclusions
Host exchange and regional transmission of ST9 have occurred between pigs and humans. Pig rearing and trading might have favoured gene exchanges between ST9 isolates. Resistance genes, obtained from the environment and other isolates, were stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA. The abundance of resistance genes among ST9 is likely attributed to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. Phages are present in the genomes of ST9 and may play a role in the rapid evolution of this ST. Although human ST9 infections are rare, ST9 isolates may constitute a potential risk to public health as a repository of antimicrobial resistance genes.
... The first livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA was isolated in 1972 from a Belgian cow [4]. The colonization and infection of LA-MRSA have been reported in different animals, from pig farm to pasture husbandry to free-living wild terrestrial species or captive animals [5][6][7][8]. For decades, livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA has emerged in human-associated infectious diseases in patients with or without livestock contact [9]. ...
Previous studies have shown that livestock (LA)-MRSA ST398 evolved from a human-adapted methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) clone. However, detailed information regarding ST9 is still unclear. Here, we characterized a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) ST9-SCCmec XII isolate that has not been previously reported to cause serious disease in China. We obtained whole-genome sequences of one ST9-t899-XII isolate—ZY462471—from a patient with bloodstream infection without livestock contact. The antibiotic susceptibilities of ZY462471 were determined and the clinical information was extracted from medical notes and compared with twenty-seven previously sequenced genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to investigate the probable host evolutionary origins of ZY462471, and the difference in resistome and virulence factors were investigated. Virulence assay was performed to evaluate the high virulence potential of ZY462471 and compare the virulence between the closest ST9 MSSA neighbours. Clinical data suggested that ZY462471 is a CA-MRSA. Phylogenetic analysis showed a much closer relationship of ZY462471 with human-associated MSSA ST9 isolates than other LA-MRSA ST9 isolates, suggesting that ZY462471 probably evolved from ST9 MSSA predecessors by acquiring an SCCmec cassette. Importantly, virulence assays indicated that ZY462471 was highly virulent and compared with the MSSA ST9 predecessors, ZY462471 did not show attenuated virulence. Finally, we found that ZY462471 harboured an immune evasion cluster (IEC)-carrying βC-Φ, which is typically found in human clinical S. aureus rather than LA-MRSA isolates, suggesting that ZY4762471 obtained the IEC-carrying βC-Φs from human clinical S. aureus strains. Considering its high virulence potential, this strain should be monitored to prevent more widespread dissemination.
... The epidemiology of MRSA includes livestock-association MRSA (LA-MRSA), with initial reports from the Netherlands (4) and France (5) in 2005 and a subsequent study indicating high prevalence in many European pig populations (6). LA-MRSA belonging to the clonal complex (CC) 398 has been the most widely detected LA-MRSA from livestock in Europe, particularly pig populations (7,8). Later other genotypes (CCs) have been added as potential LA-MRSAs (9). ...
Background
The Norwegian LA-MRSA surveillance and control strategy in pig farms has been largely successful in preventing the establishment of MRSA in the pig population by identifying MRSA positive pig herds and eradicating MRSA from these. It can, however, be challenging to determine whether a particular type of MRSA is livestock-associated, particularly in cases where there is little evidence available to aid in classification.Case presentationIn two Norwegian pig farms linked by trade of live pigs, MRSA CC7 t091 was found in samples from pigs and their environment. Longitudinal sampling, with a time interval of 25 days, in one farm demonstrated an increase in samples positive for MRSA CC7 t091, supporting a classification of the finding as livestock associated. Measures to eradicate MRSA from both farms were imposed by the National Food Safety Authority. Different measures of MRSA sanitation were applied in the two farms, and MRSA was successfully eradicated from both farms.ConclusionsA high-cost, labor intensive and a lower-cost, less labor intensive MRSA eradication protocol, both including total depopulation and repopulation were successful in eradicating MRSA CC7 t091 from two case farms.
... The sources of infection are mainly contaminated foods, water and equipment, carrier and clinically infected human and animals and environment where the animals are crowded together. Various transmission routes have been described including direct, often via the hands, contact with excretions or contact with non-living objects (fomites), ingestion of contaminated food and water, aerosol and via vectors (Cuny et al., 2010;Ferreira et al., 2011) Among the Staphylococci several studies identi ed the most pathogenic one LA-MRSA isolates from pig, veal calf and dairy farms and those persons with occupational contact to livestock, such as farmers, veterinarians or abattoir workers, and other persons with exposure to livestock (Köck et. al. 2013). ...
Background: In veterinary medicine, three Staphylococcus species are of particular importance as a primary cause of specific diseases; S. aureus (mastitis in ruminants, equine botryomycosis and bumble foot in poultry), S. hycus (porcine exudative epidermitis) and S. intermedius (canine pyoderma). The disease conditions caused by Staphylococcus in poultry vary with the site, the route and predisposing factors include wounds as a result of fighting/cannibalism, immunosuppression based on virus infections or parasite infestations, and bad husbandry conditions (overcrowding). Besides their role as colonizer or pathogen in different hosts, Staphylococcus, which colonizes food-producing animals, can contaminate carcasses during slaughter and play a role as contaminant in the subsequent manufacturing process in food of animal origin, such as pork, beef, veal, milk, poultry meat or poultry meat products
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy chicken, farm personnel and litter at chicken farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2015 to May 2015. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp from chicken, litter and personnel at chicken farm; and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. A total of 222 samples consisting of 101 cloacal swabs, 90 tracheal swabs, 17 pooled litter swabs, 7 nasal swabs and 7 pooled hands and boot swabs were collected from six farms and examined for the presence of Staphylococcus species and antimicrobial resistance against 10 antimicrobial agents following recommended standard procedures.
Results: The result showed that the overall proportion of Staphylococcus was 64/222 (28.83%). Of the isolates 40/64 (62.5%), 11/64 (17.2%), 3/64 (4.7%) and 10/64 (15.6%), were S. aureus, S. hycus, S. intermedius and CNS, respectively. Only one isolate of S. aureus was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested Of the 10 antibiotics tested, Penicillin G showed the highest (96.9%) resistance followed by Tetracycline (78.1%), Amoxicillin and Erythromycin at the same level (65.6%). Conversely, Ciprofloxacin showed the highest susceptibility (95.3%) followed by Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (85.9%). Out of 64 isolates, 61/64 (95.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials tested. Of the isolates, 38/40 (95%) S. aureus, 10/11 (90.9%) S. hycus, 3/3 (100%) S. intermedius and 10/10(100%) CNS showed multi drug resistance (to three or more antimicrobials).
Conclusion: This study showed considerable proportion of Staphylococcus spp in chicken, litter and farm workers with a potential source of resistant Staphylococcus species more importantly multi drug resistance strains. Further study on molecular characterization of the isolates will be essential to identify the resistant genes and establish epidemiological link in the transmission dynamics of resistant Staphylococcus species between poultry and humans.
... Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from 247 chickens in 9 farms spread across Ebonyi State. Several studies have reported Staphylococcus aureus in animals (Cuny et al., 2010;Umaru et al., 2011) especially in their nares (Persoon et al., 2009;Szabó et al., 2012) and in chicken droppings (Olayinka et al., 2010;Nworie et al., 2014). All the farms screened harbored S. aureus. ...
Over the years, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a nosocomial and community pathogen worldwide, causing a plethora of diseases. A distinctive type of MRSA has also emerged in livestock and companion animals. Its isolation in chicken has been reported in some countries and its propensity for zoonotic transmission potentially represents a serious risk-factor for poultry farm workers and the general population. Nasal and cloacae swabs of chickens selected at random from 9 poultry farms and clinical isolates of staphylococci from Ebonyi State, Nigeria, were collected and screened for S. aureus using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the S. aureus to a panel of 14 commonly used and regulated antibiotics in the area were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc agar diffusion (DAD) method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of a total of 325 S. aureus isolated, 76% (247/325) were from poultry, while 24% (78/325) were from the clinics. The prevalence rates of S. aureus in broilers and layers were 49% and 51% respectively. The percentage carriage of MRSA in poultry was 6.1% and 15.3% in the clinics. The percentage of isolates showing multi antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of 0.3 and above was 13.97% displaying 46 antibiotic resistance patterns. All the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were multidrug resistant. This underscores the need for discretion in the application of antibiotics in animal feeds and its empirical use in the hospitals.
... There are many other factors in the transmission of MRSA transmission such as through contaminated surrounding air, saliva splashes, and nasal discharge [99][100][101]. Animals also act as reservoirs for MRSA transmission and can transmit MRSA to humans and other animals [102][103][104][105][106][107]. Several types of MRSA exhibit host specificity and are widely spread over certain geographic areas. ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic strain of bacteria in humans and animals that can cause anything from mild to severe infections. Detection of MRSA in foodstuffs of animal origin has been widely reported and has raised public concerns about the transmission of MRSA from foodstuffs of animal origin to humans. There have been many reports of MRSA infections originating from dairy cow's milk, milk products, and MRSA transmission between farmers working in dairy pens and people working in the dairy industry. Significant differences in the spread of cases of MRSA infection originating from milk and milk products have been reported among various countries in the world. This difference may be caused by different livestock production management systems in different countries in the world. Milk and milk products contaminated with MRSA will be a potential transmission of MRSA transmission when consumed by humans and can be a problem for public health. The milking process carried out by farmers and the processing of milk for milk products can be risk factors for transmission of MRSA to humans. Contamination of milk and milk products by MRSA is a major cause of food poisoning. Several antibiotics of choice can be used in treating patients who experience poisoning with milk and milk products such as fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines, lincosamide, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Adherence to good hygiene practices during milking, processing and handling of dairy cow milk can significantly minimize MRSA contamination of milk and dairy products.
... Particularly the occurrence of severe disease courses of livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA infections in humans could have been crucial. They lead to increased media coverage and numerous research publications on a transmission of resistant bacteria and the resulting risk for human health [50][51][52][53][54]. Countries like Denmark and the Netherlands were reported to take early action to control the risk of antimicrobial resistance emerging and spreading from farms, so a spill-over effect to a certain extent is also conceivable. ...
A surveillance system for sales volumes of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use was established in Germany in 2011. Since then, pharmaceutical companies and wholesalers have been legally obliged to report annual volumes of veterinary antimicrobial products sold to veterinary practices or clinics located in Germany. The evaluation of sales volumes for eight consecutive years resulted in a considerable total decrease by 58% from 1706 tons to 722 tons. During the investigation period, two legally binding measures to control the risk of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the veterinary use of antimicrobials were introduced, a) the German treatment frequencies benchmarking in 2014 and b) the obligation to conduct susceptibility testing for the use of cephalosporins of the 3rd and 4th generation and of fluoroquinolones in 2018. Both had a marked impact on sales volumes. Nonetheless, the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization kept accounting for the highest share on sales volumes in Germany in 2018 with 403 tons, despite an overall reduction by 53%. Sales surveillance is considered essential for data retrieval on a global scale and inter-country comparison. However, the usability of a surveillance system based on sales data for risk management of antimicrobial resistance has limitations. The German system does not include off-label use of antimicrobial products authorized for human medicine and does not allow for identification of areas of high risk according to animal species, farm and production types and indications for treatment. For further reduction and enhanced promotion of a prudent use of antimicrobials, targeted measures would be required that could only be deducted from use data collected at farm or veterinary practice level. A surveillance system based on use data is currently lacking in Germany but will be established according to Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products.
... Especially dangerous are infections caused by methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Defres et al. 2009), nowadays often called multi-drug resistant, which signifies resistance to more than three groups of chemotherapeutics. MRSA strains have been frequently isolated from companion and farm animals (Baptiste et al. 2005, Burstiner et al. 2010, Cuny et al. 2010. Some studies have also indicated animal-to--human transmission of staphylococci (Loeffler et al. 2005, Faires et al. 2009). ...
The study was carried out in Polish goat population to estimate the prevalence of the nasal cavity infection with various staphylococcal species including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), investigate the potential permissive role of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection and determine the level of clonality of S. aureus nasal isolates. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collec-ted from 1300 clinically healthy adult goats from 21 Polish goat herds. Blood samples were serological-ly screened for SRLV. Staphylococci were isolated from nasal swabs and identified using classical microbiological methods, MALDI-TOF, multiplex-PCR, and their clonality was assessed using PFGE. Antimicrobial resistance was determined on the basis of minimum inhibitory concentration and by demonstration of the presence of the mecA gene encoding the multiplex-PCR PBP2a protein and of the five main types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec. The apparent prevalence of staphylococ-cal and S. aureus infection of the nasal cavity was 29.1% (CI 95%: 26.9%, 31.5%) and 7.3% (CI 95%: 6.1%, 8.8%), respectively. No relationship was found between the SRLV-infection and the presence of any staphylococcal species including S. aureus (p=0.143). Only 9.8% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 5.9% to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. All tested isolates proved to be phenotypically and genotypically sensitive to methicillin, which yielded the appar-ent prevalence of MRSA of 0% (CI 95%: 0%, 7.0%). S. aureus isolates show high genetic similarity within goat herds, however vary considerably between herds. Goats do not appear to be an important source of S. aureus for humans in Poland.
... About 25-40% of healthy people have S. aureus on their skin and nasal cavity [10] . S. aureus is a commensal bacteria as well as opportunistic pathogen and capable of colonizing at different sites in a variety of animals species and humans [11] . S. aureus has been screened from various sites of animals including the skin, ear, nasal cavity and anal region [12] . ...
Staphylococcus aureus is an important zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for a variety of infectious diseases in humans and animals. The present study was designed to check the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MSSA from three different animal origins (bovine, caprine and pet). A total of n= 450 samples (150 each source) were collected from bovine, caprine and pets. Collected samples were subjected to S. aurues identification by microbiological examination and confirmed S. aurues isolates were put to oxacillin disk diffusion test to declare them MSSA. The MSSA confirmed isolates were subjected to various antibiotics for susceptibility profiling using Kirby Baur Disk Diffusion test. The present study found higher prevalence of MSSA from caprine origin (goat 83.33%) as compared to pet (cat 69.33%; dog 65.33%) and bovine origin (buffalo 26.66%; cattle 31.66%). The in-vitro findings of current study revealed oxytetracycline and gentamicin presented 100% efficacy against MSSA of all origins while the vancomycin presented >35%, >40% and > 65% resistance against MSSA isolated from bovine, caprine and pet origin respectively. However, ciprofloxacin was equally effective (50%) against MSSA from buffalo and cattle while >80% efficacy was noted against MSSA from cat and dogs. Linezolid and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid were 77.78% and 66.67% sensitive to MSSA isolates from caprine milk. The present study found higher prevalence of MSSA from bovine, caprine and pet isolates with diversified pattern of susceptibility of different antibiotics from all sources.
... Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacteria as well as opportunistic pathogen and capable of colonizing at different sites in a variety of animal species and humans (Cuny et al., 2010). This bacterium leads light to severe infections in humans and animals. ...
... Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacteria as well as opportunistic pathogen and capable of colonizing at different sites in a variety of animal species and humans (Cuny et al., 2010). This bacterium leads light to severe infections in humans and animals. ...
Introduction:
Nasal carriage of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) in healthy dogs could indicate increased risks of colonization for in-contact people or vice versa. This study determined the nasal carriage rate of CoPS among healthy dogs and in-contact people, their genotypic characteristics and phylogenetic relatedness.
Methods:
Nasal samples were collected from 27 households (34 dogs and 41 humans) in Spain. Staphylococci were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and spa-types were tested by PCR/sequencing. The relatedness of CoPS from the same households was assessed by core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses.
Results:
Staphylococcus aureus carriage was found in 34.1% of humans (including one methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA-CC5-t2220-SCCmec type-IV2B) and 5.9% of dogs; Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in 2.4% of humans and 32.4% of dogs; while Staphylococcus coagulans was only detected in dogs (5.4%). Remarkably, one human co-carried S. aureus/S. pseudintermedius, while a dog co-carried the three CoPS species. Household density was significantly associated with S. pseudintermedius carriage in households with > than 1 dog and >than 1 human (OR = 18.10, 95% CI: 1.24-260.93, p = 0.034). Closely related (<15 SNPs) S. aureus or S. pseudintermedius were found in humans or dogs in three households. About 56.3% S. aureus carriers (dog or human) harboured diverse within-host spa-types or AMR genotypes. Ten clonal complexes (CCs) were detected among the S. aureus, of which methicillin-susceptible S. aureus-CC398-IEC-type C (t1451 and t571) was the most frequent, but exclusive to humans. S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates harboured resistance genes or mutations associated to 9 classes of antimicrobials including linezolid (G2261A & T1584A point mutations in 23S rDNA). The S. coagulans isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials. Most of the S. pseudintermedius carried lukS/F-I, siet, and sient genes, and all S. aureus were negative for lukS/F-PV, tst-1, eta and etb genes.
Discussion:
Clonally related human-to-human MSSA and dog-to-human MSSP were found. The detection of the MSSA-CC398 clade highlights the need for its continuous surveillance from One Health perspective.
Background:
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was able to rapidly evolve and adapt under the pressure of antibiotics, host immune and environmental change. After Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Wuhan, China, a large number of disinfectants were used, which might result in rapid evolution of S. aureus.
Methods:
A total of 619 S. aureus isolates were collected from Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University from 2018 to 2021, including group BEFORE (309 strains collected before COVID-19 pandemic) and group AFTER (310 strains collected after COVID-19 pandemic), for comparing the changes of molecular epidemiology. The molecular characteristics of isolates were analyzed by Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), spa, chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, virulence genes were screened by the PCR, antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by the VITEK system.
Results:
Thirty-six sequence types (STs) belonging to 14 clone complexes (CCs) were identified. ST5 was the most prevalent clone in both groups, and ST7, ranking the sixth in group BEFORE, became the second dominant clone in group AFTER (6.5% vs 10.0%), whereas ST239 decreased from the seventh to the fourteenth (5.8% vs 1.9%). ST7 in group AFTER had a higher positive rate of virulence genes, including hlb, fnbB, seb, lukDE, sdrE and the proportion of ST7-t091 MRSA strains increased from 19.1% to 50% compared with group BEFORE. Though no significant difference of MRSA proportion was found between two groups, SCCmec type-III in group AFTER decreased (p<0.01). Though the rate of multidrug-resistance (MDR) decreased, the virulence genes hlb, hlg, fnbB, seb and pvl carrying rates were significantly elevated in MRSA strains of group AFTER.
Conclusion:
After COVID-19 pandemic, ST7 becomes one of the predominant S. aureus clones in Wuhan and the carrying rate of SCCmec and virulence genes is on the rise. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen the surveillance of ST7 S. aureus clone.
Toxin proteins are secreted by most pathogens as an integral part of pathogenic mechanism(s). The toxins act by either damaging the host cell membrane (for example, pore-forming toxins and RTX toxins) or by modulation of important cellular pathways (for example, inhibition of protein translation by ribosome-inactivating proteins). The mechanism of action of these toxins provides the pathogen with strategies for adaptation in the unfavorable host environment. Though, secreted by different pathogenic species, the protein toxins seem to share common features that allow the protein to bind to specific molecules and enter the host cell. Earlier studies have suggested role of several events like horizontal gene transfer and insertion-deletion mutations in evolution of protein toxins. The present study involving 125 bacterial protein toxins secreted by 49 pathogenic bacteria focuses on the role and constraints of the bacterial genome on evolution of codon and amino acid usage in respective bacterial protein toxins. We compare the nucleotide composition, codon and dinucleotide usage trends between different classes of bacterial protein toxins and between individual toxins and the parent bacterial genome expressing the toxin(s).
Klappentext
Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ist weltweit eine wichtige Ursache für Infektionen im Gesundheitswesen (HA) und in Gemeinden (CA). Darüber hinaus können CA-MRSA, MRSA im Zusammenhang mit Nutztieren (LA-MRSA) und HA-MRSA (HA-MRSA) unter günstigen Bedingungen für Wachstum und Produktion von Enterotoxinen auch als lebensmittelbedingte Krankheitserreger auftreten. Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus verfügt über ausgeklügelte Mechanismen zur Bekämpfung von antimikrobiellen Mitteln und Lebensmittelverarbeitungstechnologien. Daher konzentriert sich dieses Buch auf die Frage, wie dieser Superbug als lebensmittelbedingter Krankheitserreger entstanden ist.
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a threat to global health because of limited treatments. MRSA infections are difficult to treat due to increasingly developing resistance in combination with protective biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Nanotechnology-based research revealed that effective MRSA treatments could be achieved through targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that withstand biological films and drug resistance. Thus, the principal aim towards improving MRSA treatment is to advance drug delivery tools, which successfully address the delivery-related problems. These potential delivery tools would also carry drugs to the desired sites of therapeutic action to overcome the adverse effects. This review focused on different types of nano-engineered carriers system for antimicrobial agents with improved therapeutic efficacy of entrapped drugs. The structural characteristics that play an essential role in the effectiveness of delivery systems have also been addressed with a description of recent scientific advances in antimicrobial treatment, emphasizing challenges in MRSA treatments. Consequently, existing gaps in the literature are highlighted, and reported contradictions are identified, allowing for the development of roadmaps for future research.
We conducted a study among a group of 26 regional pig farmers to determine the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence rate and found it was > 760 times greater than the rate of patients admitted to Dutch hospitals. While spa-type t108 is apparently a more widespread clone among pig farmers and their environment, we did find other spa-types.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the current prevalence of the clonal group O25b:H4-B2-ST131 among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBLEC) collected in the Hospital Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona (Spain) with regard to other clonal groups and to characterize their genetic background.
Ninety-four consecutive non-duplicate ESBLEC isolates collected from May to December 2008 were studied. ESBL enzymes, phylogenetic groups, serotypes, virulence genes, sequence types (STs) and PFGE profiles were determined. Results The most prevalent ESBLs were CTX-M-14 (47%), CTX-M-15 (26%) and SHV-12 (19%). Thirty (32%) of the 94 ESBLEC isolates belonged to the clonal group O25b:H4-B2-ST131 of which 19 (63%) carried the bla(CTX-M-15) gene and eight (27%) the bla(SHV-12) gene. Moreover, five additional clonal groups (O15/O25a:H1/HNM-D-ST393, O78:HNM-A-ST369, ONT:H21,42/HNM-B1-ST101, O9:H4-A-ST410 and O8:H19-B1-ST162) were detected among 16 isolates producing CTX-M-14 and SHV-12. The 30 ST131 isolates exhibited a significantly higher virulence score (mean number of virulence genes 9.60 versus 5.84) compared with the 64 non-ST131 isolates. In particular, the SHV-12-producing ST131 isolates showed the highest virulence score (range 8-13, mean score 11.75).
also revealed that the 30 ST131 isolates were distributed in five different groups according to their virulence, XbaI macrorestriction and resistance patterns.
We report for the first time the clonal spread of SHV-12-producing O25b:H4-B2-ST131 isolates characterized by high virulence gene content. Moreover, we describe the distribution of the ST131 isolates within different virulence groups.
Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a worldwide pandemic clone, causing predominantly community-onset antimicrobial-resistant infection.
Its pandemic spread was identified in 2008 by utilizing multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing
E. coli from three continents. Subsequent research has confirmed the worldwide prevalence of ST131 harbouring a broad range of virulence
and resistance genes on a transferable plasmid. A high prevalence of the clone (∼30%–60%) has been identified amongst fluoroquinolone-resistant
E. coli. In addition, it potentially harbours a variety of β-lactamase genes; most often, these include CTX-M family β-lactamases,
and, less frequently, TEM, SHV and CMY β-lactamases. Our knowledge of ST131's geographical distribution is incomplete. A broad
distribution has been demonstrated amongst antimicrobial-resistant E. coli from human infection in Europe (particularly the UK), North America, Canada, Japan and Korea. High rates are suggested from
limited data in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. The clone has also been detected in companion animals, non-companion animals
and foods. The clinical spectrum of disease described is similar to that for other E. coli, with urinary tract infection predominant. This can range from cystitis to life-threatening sepsis. Infection occurs in humans
of all ages. Therapy must be tailored to the antimicrobial resistance phenotype of the infecting isolate and the site of infection.
Phenotypic detection of the ST131 clone is not possible and DNA-based techniques, including MLST and PCR, are described.
to assess the frequency and diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Belgium.
during 2006 and 2008, non-duplicate clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ceftazidime and/or cefotaxime were collected in 100 Belgian hospitals. ESBL production was confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic tests. MICs of 13 antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest. ESBL-encoding genes were identified by PCR sequencing and the bla(CTX-M) environment was characterized by PCR mapping. Selected isolates were genotyped by PFGE, multilocus sequence typing analysis and phylogenetic grouping by PCR.
overall, 733 isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers. Carbapenems and temocillin were active against ≥ 95% of all tested isolates. Co-resistance to co-trimoxazole and to ciprofloxacin was found in almost 70% and 80% of the strains, respectively. Overall, Escherichia coli (49%), Enterobacter aerogenes (32%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9%) represented the most prevalent species. Isolates harboured predominantly TEM-24 (30.7%), CTX-M-15 (24.2%) and TEM-52 (12.1%). Compared with 2006, the proportion of CTX-M-type enzymes increased significantly in 2008 (54% versus 23%; P < 10(-6)), mostly linked to a rising proportion of CTX-M-15-producing E. coli. TEM-24 decreased (19% in 2008 versus 43% in 2006; P < 10(-6)) during the same period, while the prevalence of TEM-52 remained unchanged (10% in 2008 versus 14% in 2006; not significant). Over 80% of the CTX-M-15-producing E. coli isolates clustered into a single PFGE type and phylogroup B2, corresponding to the sequence type (ST) 131 clone. Intra- and inter-species gene dissemination (CTX-M-15, CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-9) and wide epidemic spread of the CTX-M-15-producing E. coli ST131 clone in several Belgian hospitals were observed.
the rapid emergence of multiresistant CTX-M-15-producing E. coli isolates is of major concern and highlights the need for further surveillance in Belgium.
Individual cloacal swabs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and of herring gulls (Larus argentatus), as well as samples of waterbird feces obtained in 2008 and 2009, were cultivated for Escherichia coli. Isolates of E. coli were tested for susceptibilities to 12 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method. Moreover, the samples were subcultivated
on MacConkey agar (MCA) containing cefotaxime (2 mg liter−1) to detect E. coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and subsequently on MCA supplemented with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg liter−1) and MCA with nalidixic acid (20 mg liter−1) to isolate fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. PCR was used to detect specific antibiotic resistance genes. We found 9 E. coli isolates producing ESBL with bla genes: blaCTX-M-1 (6 isolates), blaCTX-M-9 plus blaTEM-1b (1 isolate), blaCTX-M-15 plus blaOXA-1 (1 isolate), and blaSHV-12 (1 isolate). In the isolate with blaCTX-M-15, the gene aac(6)-Ib-cr was also detected. The bla genes were harbored by transferable plasmids of the IncN and IncI1 groups. Nine quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates with qnrS genes were found and characterized. The gene qnrS was associated with a Tn3-like transposon on the IncX1 plasmid together with blaTEM-1 in two isolates. The gene qnrS was also harbored by conjugative plasmids of the IncN and IncX2 groups. Even if populations of wild birds are not directly
influenced by antibiotic practice, we have demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains, including strains with various ESBL and qnrS genes, are found in the feces of wild birds on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland.
Recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have been increasingly isolated from veterinarians and companion animals. With a view to preventing the spread of
MRSA and MRSP, we evaluated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of each in a veterinary college. MRSA and MRSP were
isolated from nasal samples from veterinarians, staff members, and veterinary students affiliated with a veterinary hospital.
Using stepwise logistic regression, we identified two factors associated with MRSA carriage: (i) contact with an identified
animal MRSA case (odds ratio [OR], 6.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.2 to 21.6) and (ii) being an employee (OR, 6.2;
95% CI, 2.0 to 19.4). The majority of MRSA isolates obtained from individuals affiliated with the veterinary hospital and
dog patients harbored spa type t002 and a type II staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), similar to the hospital-acquired MRSA isolates in Japan. MRSA isolates harboring spa type t008 and a type IV SCCmec were obtained from one veterinarian on three different sampling occasions and also from dog patients. MRSA carriers can also
be a source of MRSA infection in animals. The majority of MRSP isolates (85.2%) carried hybrid SCCmec type II-III, and almost all the remaining MRSP isolates (11.1%) carried SCCmec type V. MRSA and MRSP were also isolated from environmental samples collected from the veterinary hospital (5.1% and 6.4%,
respectively). The application of certain disinfection procedures is important for the prevention of nosocomial infection,
and MRSA and MRSP infection control strategies should be adopted in veterinary medical practice.
The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and to examine the clonal distribution in Europe and North America.
A total of 103 MRSP isolates from dogs isolated from several countries in Europe, the USA and Canada were characterized. Isolates were identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth dilution or gradient diffusion, and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected using a microarray. Genetic diversity was assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), PFGE and spa typing. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements were characterized by multiplex PCR.
Thirteen different sequence types (STs), 18 PFGE types and 8 spa types were detected. The hybrid SCCmec element II-III described in a MRSP isolate was present in 75 (72.8%) isolates. The remaining isolates either had SCCmec type III (n=2), IV (n=6), V (n=14) or VII-241 (n=4) or were non-typeable (n=2). The most common genotypes were ST71(MLST)-J(PFGE)-t02(spa)-II-III(SCCmec) (56.3%) and ST68-C-t06-V (12.6%). In addition to mecA-mediated beta-lactam resistance, isolates showed resistance to trimethoprim [dfr(G)] (90.3%), gentamicin/kanamycin [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia] (88.3%), kanamycin [aph(3')-III] (90.3%), streptomycin [ant(6')-Ia] (90.3%), streptothricin (sat4) (90.3%), macrolides and/or lincosamides [erm(B), lnu(A)] (89.3%), fluoroquinolones (87.4%), tetracycline [tet(M) and/or tet(K)] (69.9%), chloramphenicol (cat(pC221)) (57.3%) and rifampicin (1.9%).
Two major clonal MRSP lineages have disseminated in Europe (ST71-J-t02-II-III) and North America (ST68-C-t06-V). Regardless of their geographical or clonal origin, the isolates displayed resistance to the major classes of antibiotics used in veterinary medicine and thus infections caused by MRSP isolates represent a serious therapeutic challenge.
To ascertain whether on animal farms there reside extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic class C beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates potentially pathogenic for humans, phylogenetic analyses, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, serotyping, and virulence genotyping were performed for 86 isolates from poultry (57 isolates) and pig (29 isolates) farms. E. coli isolates from poultry farms carried genes encoding enzymes of the CTX-M-9 group as well as CMY-2, whereas those from pig farms mainly carried genes encoding CTX-M-1 enzymes. Poultry and pig isolates differed significantly in their phylogenetic group assignments, with phylogroup A predominating in pig isolates and phylogroup D predominating in avian isolates. Among the 86 farm isolates, 23 (26.7%) carried two or more virulence genes typical of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Of these, 20 were isolated from poultry farms and only 3 from pig farms. Ten of the 23 isolates belonged to the classic human ExPEC serotypes O2:H6, O2:HNM, O2:H7, O15:H1, and O25:H4. Despite the high diversity of serotypes and pulsotypes detected among the 86 farm isolates, 13 PFGE clusters were identified. Four of these clusters contained isolates with two or more virulence genes, and two clusters exhibited the classic human ExPEC serotypes O2:HNM (ST10) and O2:H6 (ST115). Although O2:HNM and O2:H6 isolates of human and animal origins differed with respect to their virulence genes and PFGE pulsotypes, the O2:HNM isolates from pigs showed the same sequence type (ST10) as those from humans. The single avian O15:H1 isolate was compared with human clinical isolates of this serotype. Although all were found to belong to phylogroup D and shared the same virulence gene profile, they differed in their sequence types (ST362-avian and ST393-human) and PFGE pulsotypes. Noteworthy was the detection, for the first time, in poultry farms of the clonal groups O25b:H4-ST131-B2, producing CTX-M-9, and O25a-ST648-D, producing CTX-M-32. The virulence genes and PFGE profiles of these two groups were very similar to those of clinical human isolates. While further studies are required to determine the true zoonotic potential of these clonal groups, our results emphasize the zoonotic risk posed especially by poultry farms, but also by pig farms, as reservoirs of ESBL- and CMY-2-encoding E. coli.
We describe a case of catheter-related bacteremia due to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a child with dog exposure. The organism was confirmed as S. pseudintermedius based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and positive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the pta gene.
The prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., extended beta-lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-E. coli), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) were determined for healthy dogs (n = 188) and cats (n = 39) from veterinary hospitals in southern Ontario that had not had recent exposure to antimicrobials. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli was as follows: streptomycin (dogs - 17%, cats - 2%), ampicillin (dogs - 13%, cats - 4%), cephalothin (dogs - 13%, cats - < 1%), and tetracycline (dogs - 11%, cats - 2%). Eleven percent of dogs and 15% of cats had isolates that were resistant to at least 2 antimicrobials. Cephamycinase (CMY)-2 producing E. coli was cultured from 2 dogs. No Salmonella spp., ESBL-E. coli, MRSA, or MRSP isolates were recovered. The observed prevalence of resistance in commensal E. coli from this population was lower than that previously reported in companion animals, but a small percentage of dogs may be a reservoir for CMY-2 E. coli.
A variety of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates, with a high rate of cefotaximase-15 resistance, were identified in seagull feces from Porto, Portugal, beaches. Beaches may therefore present a risk to public health because of the potential pathogen-spreading capacity of migratory birds.
Staphylococcus aureus colonization was identified in 67/242 (28%) humans, 19/132 (14%) dogs, and 7/161 (4.3%) cats in households in Ontario, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus present in 8 (3.3%) humans, 2 (1.5%) dogs, and 0 cats. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated from 8 (4.1%) humans, 61 (46%) dogs, and 11 (6.8%) cats, with methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius detected in 1 (0.4%) human, 6 (4.5%) dogs, and 2 (1.2%) cats. Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans was isolated from 1 (0.8%) dog. Regular hand washing was a protective factor for S. pseudintermedius colonization in humans. Indistinguishable S. aureus isolates were present in humans and their dogs in 4/8 households, where S. aureus was isolated concurrently from humans and dogs. Similarly, indistinguishable human and feline strains were isolated in 1 of 2 households with concurrent human/feline colonization. Indistinguishable canine and human S. pseudintermedius isolates were present in 4/9 of households with a human who was colonized.
The impact of globalization on the emergence and spread of pathogens is an important veterinary and public health issue. Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections. In addition, S. aureus is a major cause of animal diseases including skeletal infections of poultry, which are a large economic burden on the global broiler chicken industry. Here, we provide evidence that the majority of S. aureus isolates from broiler chickens are the descendants of a single human-to-poultry host jump that occurred approximately 38 years ago (range, 30 to 63 years ago) by a subtype of the worldwide human ST5 clonal lineage unique to Poland. In contrast to human subtypes of the ST5 radiation, which demonstrate strong geographic clustering, the poultry ST5 clade was distributed in different continents, consistent with wide dissemination via the global poultry industry distribution network. The poultry ST5 clade has undergone genetic diversification from its human progenitor strain by acquisition of novel mobile genetic elements from an avian-specific accessory gene pool, and by the inactivation of several proteins important for human disease pathogenesis. These genetic events have resulted in enhanced resistance to killing by chicken heterophils, reflecting avian host-adaptive evolution. Taken together, we have determined the evolutionary history of a major new animal pathogen that has undergone rapid avian host adaptation and intercontinental dissemination. These data provide a new paradigm for the impact of human activities on the emergence of animal pathogens.
Studies in several European countries and in North America revealed a frequent nasal colonization of livestock with MRSA CC398 and also in humans with direct professional exposure to colonized animals. The study presented here addresses the question of further transmission to non exposed humans.
After selecting 47 farms with colonized pigs in different regions of Germany we sampled the nares of 113 humans working daily with pigs and of their 116 non exposed family members. The same was performed in 18 veterinarians attending pig farms and in 44 of their non exposed family members. For investigating transmission beyond families we samples the nares of 462 pupils attending a secondary school in a high density pig farming area. MRSA were detected by direct culture on selective agar. The isolates were typed by means of spa-sequence typing and classification of SCCmec elements. For attribution of spa sequence types to clonal lineages as defined by multi locus sequence typing we used the BURP algorithm. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by microbroth dilution assay.
At the farms investigated 86% of humans exposed and only 4.3% of their family members were found to carry MRSA exhibiting spa-types corresponding to clonal complex CC398. Nasal colonization was also found in 45% of veterinarians caring for pig farms and in 9% of their non exposed family members. Multivariate analysis revealed that antibiotic usage prior to sampling beard no risk with respect to colonization. From 462 pupils only 3 were found colonized, all 3 were living on pig farms.
These results indicate that so far the dissemination of MRSA CC398 to non exposed humans is infrequent and probably does not reach beyond familial communities.
The first book to offer practical guidelines on the prudent and rational use of antimicrobials in animals. Drawing on multidisciplinary expertise to offer independent scientific advice on a controversial area that is crucial to both human health and animal welfare. The earlier general chapters cover issues such as human health risks and the problems of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. The later specific chapters are dedicated to particular groups of animals. Has an emphasis on preserving the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs that are clinically important in human medicine. Covers both companion animals and food animals, including aquaculture. Suitable for veterinary practitioners working in small and large animal medicine, aquaculture and animal production, as well as veterinary students, academics and researchers. It will also be of interest to those more generally involved in veterinary public health and antimicrobial resistance.
Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) antimicrobials are the drugs of choice for treatment of salmonellosis in children. Salmonella isolated in the USA are assayed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for resistance to antimicrobials including first-, second- and third-generation cephalosporins. From 1999 to 2003, 34,411 Salmonella were isolated from animals in the USA, of which 10.9% were found to be resistant to ceftiofur, a 3GC used in animals, whilst only 0.3% were resistant to ceftriaxone, a 3GC used in human medicine. Ceftiofur resistance rose from 4.0% in 1999 to 18.8% in 2003. Isolates from diagnostic laboratories had higher levels of resistance (18.5%), whereas levels in isolates from on-farm (3.4%) and slaughter (7.1%) sources were lower. Animals with a higher than average proportion of resistant Salmonella included cattle (17.6%), horses (19.2%) and dogs (20.8%). Levels in turkeys (6.8%), chickens (7.1%), eggs (3.6%) and swine (4.6%) were lower. Resistance varied between Salmonella serotypes. A few serotypes had significantly high levels, e.g. S. Newport was 70.4% ceftiofur resistant. Resistance was predominantly associated with bla(CMY-2)-encoding plasmids. These data suggest that the acquisition of resistance plasmids and the spread of specific serotypes harbouring these plasmids are driving the observed resistance to ceftiofur in Salmonella animal isolates.
A highly stable strain of Staphylococcus aureus with a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type of USA300 and multilocus sequence type 8 has been isolated from patients residing in diverse geographic regions of the United States. This strain, designated USA300-0114, is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections among persons in community settings, including day care centers and correctional facilities, and among sports teams, Native Americans, men who have sex with men, and military recruits. The organism is typically resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, and erythromycin (the latter mediated by msrA) and carries SCCmec type IVa. This strain is variably resistant to tetracycline [mediated by tet(K)]; several recent isolates have decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. S. aureus USA300-0114 harbors the genes encoding the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin. DNA sequence analysis of the direct repeat units within the mec determinant of 30 USA300-0114 isolates revealed differences in only a single isolate. Plasmid analysis identified a common 30-kb plasmid that hybridized with blaZ and msrA probes and a 3.1-kb cryptic plasmid. A 4.3-kb plasmid encoding tet(K) and a 2.6-kb plasmid encoding ermC were observed in a few isolates. DNA microarray analysis was used to determine the genetic loci for a series of virulence factors and genes associated with antimicrobial resistance. Comparative genomics between USA300-0114 and three other S. aureus lineages (USA100, USA400, and USA500) defined a set of USA300-0114-specific genes, which may facilitate the strain's pathogenesis within diverse environments. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
During the 3-years period from 1989 to 1991, 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were isolated from 13 mares with metritis in Hidaka District, Hokkaido, Japan. All these isolates proved to possess mec A gene and showed MICs of 25-100 μg/ml for methidllin. The isolates were found to be multidrug resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline and aminoglycoside antibiotics as well, to exhibit the same antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and to have common characteristics of being phage type III, coagulase type IV and enterotoxin type A. The organisms therefore were strongly suggested to have originated from the same source. Then, bacteriological examinations were performed at a stud farm suspected to be the source of MRSA infection. As the result, MRSA was not detected from reproductive organs of stallions, their environment or farm employees but was done consistently from cutaneous lesion of pastern in the hind leg of a stallion in that farm over a period longer than two months. The MRSA isolates obtained from the skin lesion of the stallion were found to be identical in the characteristics with the isolates from metritis in the mares. It was thus inferred that the organism was persistently infecting the cutaneous lesion in the stallion eventually contaminated the stud farm environment, resulting in infections in the mare received for mating.
Devriese, L.A. 1984. A simplified system for biotyping Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different animal species. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 215–220.
A biotyping system for Staphylococcus aureus strains is proposed which is a simplified version of biotyping procedures described in the literature. It differentiates Staph. aureus strains from man and animals into host-specific ecovars and biotypes which are not host-specific. With the help of tests for βhaemolysin, staphylokinase, coagulation of bovine plasma and the crystal-violet reaction, the or