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Variability patterns in Ugandan pigeonpea landraces
Abstract
In-situ evaluation of pigeonpea cropping system andmanagement in Uganda and agro-morphologicalcharacterization of 29 pigeonpea landraces were studiedin 2001 and 2004/05, respectively. Results showed thatpigeonpea in Uganda is predominantly intercropped withfinger millet and to some extent with maize and sorghum.Farmers largely used saved grain as seed and appreciatedthe damage by insect pests, but only farmers in Apachand Lira districts practiced any form of pest control.Observations across the collection districts indicated lowlevels of Fusarium wilt disease. Agronomic evaluation ofthe 29 accessions revealed differential adaptation at thetwo test locations in Kenya with accessions expressing adelayed phenology at the cooler Kabete relative to thewarmer Kampi ya Mawe. Lower 100-seed weight wasreported at Kabete relative to Kampi ya Mawe possiblydue to excessive vegetative growth at Kabete. Clusteranalysis delineated the germplasm into four clusters allseparated from the adapted medium- and long-durationchecks. Although overall two distinct diversity groupswere observed separating the short, medium-maturingtypes from the tall late- and very late-maturing types, theseparation was relatively marginal suggesting a closergenetic relation between the Ugandan pigeonpeagermplasm. Relatively low diversity in qualitative traitswas observed in the accessions. The predominance ofaccessions with pubescent pods, a trait associated withresistance to pod damaging insects may provide anopportunity to identify materials for insect pest resistancefor use in breeding.
... Pigeonpea production systems and farmers' varietal preferences have been well documented in several countries including India, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana [4, [16][17][18][19]. These studies suggest that pigeonpea cropping systems and farmers' preferences vary across growing areas. ...
... As a result, pigeonpea is associated with a wide range of crops in the production systems in this area. The association of pigeonpea with maize and cassava was reported in other pigeonpeagrowing countries for instance in Nigeria [5], Uganda [16] and Kenya [18]. Few pigeonpea growers planted the crop in pure stand. ...
... Few pigeonpea growers planted the crop in pure stand. Similar result was observed in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya [16,19,33]. The primary reason given by farmers was that pigeonpea has a long growth cycle and its cultivation in sole crop occupies land that should be used for other crops. ...
Abstract Background The success of crop varieties introduction is tightly linked to the uses, biophysical conditions, the cropping systems in which the crop is integrated and farmers’ and consumers’ preferences. In Benin, however, pigeonpea production systems including the cropping systems, marketing, utilizations and preferences have received little attention. This study aimed at analyzing farmers’ practices and constraints related to pigeonpea production as well as identifying farmers’ preferred traits in pigeonpea. Methods The study was conducted in three pigeonpea-growing agroecological zones in Benin. Participatory rural appraisal tools including individual interview (n = 302) and group discussion were used to collect information on production system, constraints and preferred traits. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the relationship between crop associated with pigeonpea and the growing areas. Based on preferred traits, villages were clustered using UPGMA. Results Pigeonpea is predominantly grown by men. Approximately 98% of the pigeonpea growers associated pigeonpea with other crops, while 2% of them grew the crop in pure stand. Pigeonpea grown in association with maize (48.7%) was the most encountered cropping system. The type of crops associated with pigeonpea depended on the growing area (P
... Pigeonpea is adaptable to different climates with a delayed phenology at cooler environment (Manyasa et al., 2009), but each specific group has its specific area of adaptation. The crop is purely grown under rain fed conditions with varying temperature, latitude and altitude. ...
... Day length (latitude) and temperature (altitude) affect plant phenology by influencing floral development and maturity period (Silim et al., 2007). Similar results were also reported by (Manyasa et al., 2009) who recorded early maturity in warm areas and late in cool places. This is basically because genotypes in cool environment tend to have large number of vegetative growth hence take more time in grain filling and maturity compared to warm environment. ...
... The high vegatative growth contributed by high moisture and soil fertility levels in Koibatek relative to the other two sites may explain these results (Manyasa et al, 2009). Plant height is also influenced by photoperiod and maturity duration. ...
Pigeonpea is an important crop in Semi- Arid tropical and sub- tropical areas. Although it is reported to have
wide adaptability to different climates and soils, 98.7% of its production in Kenya is concentrated mainly in three
counties (Machakos, Kitui and Makueni) but remains neglected and underutilized in North Rift Valley. Therefore,
sixteen elite genotypes from ICRISAT were evaluated for yield performance and adaptability. Also, the study
looked at association between grain yield and its yield components. Field experiment was carried out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times in three varied agro-ecological zones during
long rain season of April-October 2014. Data was collected on grain yield, number of pods/plant, secondary
branches, height at maturity, days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, number of seeds/pod and
100 seed weight. The results revealed seven genotypes (ICEAPs 01147, 1147-1, 01159, 00911, 0979-1, 00850C and
1154-2) recording higher yields. Site variation was significant (P≤0.05) with Koibatek recording the highest
average yield of 2.5 t/ha, Marigat (0.4 t/ha) and Fluorspar (0.2 t/ha). ICEAP 1147-1 was adaptable to all sites due
to its vegetative growth of high branching and podding. This variety may therefore be selected for adaptability
preference. Significant (P≤0.05) positive correlation was revealed between grain yield and number of pods/plant,
secondary branches, height at maturity and 100 seed weight but negatively with 50% days to flowering. The
results suggested pigeonpea yield potential in the studied sites hence, can be promoted to mitigate hunger and
malnutrition.
... Determination of genetic diversity among genotypes, populations, and gene pools is essential to identify unique individuals as sources of genes for improving quantitative or qualitative traits. Several studies have been conducted that assessed the genetic diversity in pigeonpea using morphological descriptors [24,39,40], biochemical markers [12,22,41], and DNAbased molecular markers [8]. This study used SNP markers to elucidate genetic diversity and grouping using expected heterozygosity and the polymorphic information content (PIC). ...
... Other studies have found higher genetic variation among populations that could facilitate inter-cluster crossing during breeding population development. For instance, Obua et al. [40] found that genetic variation among soybean populations accounted for 54% of the total genetic variation. Similarly, 51% of the genetic variation was attributed to the difference among populations of a panel of common bean that consisted mostly of landraces [38]. ...
Knowledge of genetic interrelationships and grouping among pigeonpea germplasm collections is fundamental to selecting breeding parents with unique genetic constitutions. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic diversity and genetic grouping present among 81 pigeonpea genotypes collected from Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya using 4122 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and complementary morphological traits. The SNP markers and phenotypic traits revealed significant genetic variation among the assessed genotypes. The test genotypes were resolved into three distinct clusters based on both marker systems. The mean gene diversity and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.14 and 0.11, suggesting moderate genetic differentiation among the genotypes. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that differences among populations accounted for only 2.7% of the variation, while within the population (among individuals) accounted for 97.3% of the variation. The results based on the DArT SNP genotyping complemented the phenotypic data and led to the selection of unique pigeonpea genotypes for effective breeding programs in Malawi and related agroecologies. This suggested that unique breeding populations could be created by identifying and selecting divergent individuals as parental lines. There is a need to create a new genetic variation or introgress genes from genetically unrelated parents to increase the genetic base of the current pigeonpea breeding populations.
... The current observation is in line with the report of Getachew et al. [11] who found intermediate (61.22%) and open (38.72%) growth habit, stiff (51.10%) and flexible (48.9%) stem habit, and drooping (38.78%), horizontal spreading (36.73%) and semi erect (24.48%) angle of insertion among 49 Lemu coffee accessions. This is further in harmony with Manyasa et al. [19] who observed 70% of indeterminate and 26% of determinate growth habit in Ugandan pigeon pea landraces. Muluken et al. [22] also noted that almost all okra genotypes had densely branched base growth habits. ...
... This low diversity value implies that majority of the population tends to fall within the same state, signifying the possibility of close association between coffee genotypes for these two traits. Further, Manyasa et al. [19] also found the diversity within flower streak pattern (H`=0.472), growth habit (H`=0.459), ...
Identification and characterization of coffee accessions in the base population is important for a successful conservation and utilization of genetic resources. The study was conducted at Metu Agricultural Research Sub Center to characterize extent of genetic variability of coffee accessions. Sixty four Coffee collections were used for this study. The experiment was superimposed during 2018 cropping seasons on six years old coffee trees, which were laid down in 8x8 simple lattice designs. The orchard was managed as per the coffee agronomic production practices. Data on 12 qualitative traits were recorded from four representative trees per row for each accession. Estimates of frequency distribution and Shannon and Weaver diversity index using qualitative traits revealed the presence of genetic variability between coffee geremplasm. The maximum diversity index (H') (highly polymorphic) was found for fruit color (1.22) followed by young leaf tip color (1.08), stipule shape (1.06), leaf shape (1.04), angle of insertion on primary branches (0.97), fruit shape (0.91), growth habit (0.90) and branching habit (0.73), whereas low diversity (lowest polymorphic) was observed in fruit ribs (H`=0.50) and stem habit (H`=0.35). Cluster analysis Grouped 64 coffee accessions in to five clusters. Maximum numbers of accessions were included in cluster-II (29) followed by cluster-I (27), cluster-III (6) and cluster-IV (1). Thus, there is a chance to develop hybrid vigor through crossing diverged parents found in different cluster. Therefore, current study substantiated the existence of sufficient genetic variability in Yayu coffee germplasm for various morphological traits, which can be employed for successful conservation and utilization of genetic resources, as well to identify possible duplicates.
... This result is in congruence with the finding of [17] who also reported the highest variability in primary seed colour. However, [25] in their study reported the highest variation in flowering pattern and seed eye colour; but th nonetheless a moderate level of variation in seed colour. In general, the heterogeneity observed for qualitative traits in pigeon pea germplasm depends often on its natural out [17] which ranges from 3% to 26% and varies according to locations, genotype, and the intensity of the insect population and time of flowering [26;27]. ...
... result is in congruence with the finding of [17] who also reported the highest variability in primary seed colour. However, [25] in their study reported the highest variation in flowering pattern and seed eye colour; but they observed nonetheless a moderate level of variation in seed colour. In general, the heterogeneity observed for qualitative traits in pigeon pea germplasm depends often on its natural out-crossing rate [17] which ranges from 3% to 26% and varies to locations, genotype, and the intensity of the insect population and time of ...
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan [L] Millsp.) is a multipurpose legume crop that provides food fodder and wood for small scale farmers. However, it remains one of the underutilised crops with limited research done so far for the crop diversification and improvement. In this study, the phenotypic diversity of 22 accessions of pigeon pea was evaluated. The Seeds were collected from ICRISAT Niamey, Niger. The study was carried out at the biological garden and at the central research laboratory of the University of Lagos. Viability test was done on the collected seeds before planting in a polythene pot. The phenotypic traits measured include both the quantitative and qualitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among accessions for all quantitative traits, except the seed length, seed breadth, seed thickness and the number of germinated seeds per pot. For qualitative traits, seed colour pattern and primary seed colour were diverse, other qualitative traits measured in this study showed moderate level of variation. The results for cluster analysis for both qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the accessions into two major clusters. In all the dendrograms, accessions ISC 147, ISC 24, ISC 157 and ISC 185 were varied and showed good performance for morphological traits analysed as well. The result of the phenotypic diversity observed in this study can help in parental selection for subsequent plant breeding.
... The main reason is that seed coat colour is unique to each landrace while other traits may be commonly shared [14]. However, our findings were contrary to Manyasa et al. [45] who reported pigeonpea seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by the famers in Ugandan. Although, similar observations were reported by Esan and Ojemola [46] in Nigeria, Ayenan et al. [9] and Zavinon et al. [11] in Southern and Central Benin and suggests that selection based on the morphological aspect of seeds will have a definite role in the framework of on-farm conservation of this legume in Benin. ...
... It is extremely important to have good quality seeds available to farmers, in order to increase pigeonpea productivity [60,10]. At on-farm level, the intercropping system of pigeonpea with other crops has been found in other countries such as Uganda [45] and Kenya [61]. Accordingly, after each harvest, majority of farmers stored seeds until scarcity at market before selling them. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume crop that contributes to food security in the Republic of Benin. For the establishment of conservation and breeding programs, previous ethnobotanical surveys on pigeonpea were done in Benin but restricted to south and central regions. In previous years, pigeonpea landraces were introduced in northern Benin for soil fertility management; it is therefore important to evaluate the diversity in this legume in this region. Exhaustive documentation of pigeonpea diversity grown in the Republic of Benin will be necessary for effective breeding and conservation programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to document genetic diversity of pigeonpea, across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin for its promotion and valorization.
Methods: A total of 500 pigeonpea farmers representing thirteen sociolinguistic groups were selected from 50 villages. The data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using the Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea use categories production systems, production constraints, famers’ preference criteria and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done.
Result: Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat colour and size. Seven pigeonpea use categories were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that the pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded including seven new landraces. The Sudano-Guinean zone contained the highest number (11) of landraces. The average number of landraces per village was 2.7. A high rate of landraces facing threat of disappearance was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known to affect pigeonpea production in Benin, with pests and diseases as the most critical in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Varieties to be produced must be selected based on 11 criteria which included precocity and resistance to pests and diseases in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing cultivars.
Conclusions: Our results revealed that implementation of a pigeonpea genetic conservation program in Benin must take into account the diversity, production constraints and varietal preference, which varied according to agro-ecological zones. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve pigeonpea landraces. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified cultivars are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs.
... The main reason is that seed coat color is unique to each landrace while other traits may be commonly shared [14]. GZ Guinean zone, SGZ Sudano-Guinean zone, SZ Sudanian zone, TNV total number of villages in which the criterion is cited, MCR number of villages where the criterion is the major one or ranked first, PCr number of villages in which the criterion was classified among the principal criterion, i.e., among the first five, Imp importance However, our findings were contrary to Manyasa et al. [45] who reported pigeonpea seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by the famers in Ugandan. Although, similar observations were reported by Esan and Ojemola [46] in Nigeria, Ayenan et al. [9] and Zavinon et al. [11] in Southern and Central Benin and suggests that selection based on the morphological aspect of seeds will have a definite role in the framework of on-farm conservation of this legume in Benin. ...
... It is extremely important to have good quality seeds available to farmers, in order to increase pigeonpea productivity [10,60]. At on-farm level, the intercropping system of pigeonpea with other crops has been found in other countries such as Uganda [45] and Kenya [61]. Accordingly, after each harvest, majority of farmers stored seeds until scarcity at market before selling them. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume that contributes to food security in Benin. However, its production declined and some landraces are being threatened to disappear. For establishment of conservation and breeding programs previous ethnobotanical surveys on pigeonpea were done in Benin but restricted to south and central regions. Knowing that in past years, pigeonpea landraces were introduced in northern Benin for soil fertility management, it is therefore important to evaluate the diversity of this legume in this region. Exhaustive documentation of pigeonpea diversity grown in the Republic of Benin is necessary for effective breeding and conservation programs. Therefore, this study aimed to document genetic diversity of pigeonpea, across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin for its promotion and valorization.
Methods: 500 producers of pigeonpea belonging to thirteen sociolinguistic groups were selected through 50 villages. Data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using the Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea uses categories, production systems, pigeonpea production constraints, famers’ preference criteria and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done.
Result: Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat colour and size. Seven pigeonpea use categories were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that the pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded with seven new landraces. The Sudano-Guinean zone contained the highest number (11) of landraces. The average number of landraces per village was 2.7. A high rate of landraces threatened to disappear was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known affecting pigeonpea production in Benin with pests and diseases as the most important in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Varieties to be produced must be selected on the basis of 11 criteria among them precocity and resistance to pests and diseases, in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone were the most important. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing cultivars.
Conclusions: Our results show that to implement a pigeonpea genetic conservation program in Benin, it would be necessary to take into account the diversity, production constraints and criteria of varietal preference, which varied according to agro-ecological zones. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve pigeonpea landraces. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified cultivars are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs.
... The main reason is that seed coat colour is unique to each landrace while other traits may be commonly shared [14]. However, our ndings were contrary to Manyasa et al. [45] who reported pigeonpea seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by the famers in Ugandan. Although, similar observations were reported by Esan and Ojemola [46] in Nigeria, Ayenan et al. [9] and Zavinon et al. [11] in Southern and Central Benin and suggests that selection based on the morphological aspect of seeds will have a de nite role in the framework of onfarm conservation of this legume in Benin. ...
... It is extremely important to have good quality seeds available to farmers, in order to increase pigeonpea productivity [60, 10]. At on-farm level, the intercropping system of pigeonpea with other crops has been found in other countries such as Uganda [45] and Kenya [61]. Accordingly, after each harvest, majority of farmers stored seeds until scarcity at market before selling them. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume that contributes to food security in Benin. However, its production declined and some landraces are being threatened to disappear. For establishment of conservation and breeding programs previous ethnobotanical surveys on pigeonpea were done in Benin but restricted to south and central regions. Knowing that in past years, pigeonpea landraces were introduced in northern Benin for soil fertility management, it is therefore important to evaluate the diversity of this legume in this region. Exhaustive documentation of pigeonpea diversity grown in the Republic of Benin is necessary for effective breeding and conservation programs. Therefore, this study aimed to document genetic diversity of pigeonpea, across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin for its promotion and valorization.
Methods: 500 producers of pigeonpea belonging to thirteen sociolinguistic groups were selected through 50 villages. Data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using the Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea uses categories, production systems, pigeonpea production constraints, famers’ preference criteria and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done.
Result: Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat colour and size. Seven pigeonpea use categories were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that the pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded with seven new landraces. The Sudano-Guinean zone contained the highest number (11) of landraces. The average number of landraces per village was 2.7. A high rate of landraces threatened to disappear was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known affecting pigeonpea production in Benin with pests and diseases as the most important in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Varieties to be produced must be selected on the basis of 11 criteria among them precocity and resistance to pests and diseases, in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone were the most important. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing cultivars.
Conclusions: Our results showed that to implement a pigeonpea genetic conservation program in Benin, it would be necessary to take into account the diversity, production constraints and criteria of varietal preference, which varied according to agro-ecological zones. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve pigeonpea landraces. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified cultivars are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs.
... The main reason is that seed coat colour is unique to each landrace while other traits may be commonly shared [14]. However, our ndings were contrary to Manyasa et al. [45] who reported pigeonpea seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by the famers in Ugandan. Although, similar observations were reported by Esan and Ojemola [46] in Nigeria, Ayenan et al. [9] and Zavinon et al. [11] in Southern and Central Benin and suggests that selection based on the morphological aspect of seeds will have a de nite role in the framework of onfarm conservation of this legume in Benin. ...
... It is extremely important to have good quality seeds available to farmers, in order to increase pigeonpea productivity [60, 10]. At on-farm level, the intercropping system of pigeonpea with other crops has been found in other countries such as Uganda [45] and Kenya [61]. Accordingly, after each harvest, majority of farmers stored seeds until scarcity at market before selling them. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume that contributes to food security in Benin. However, its production declined and some landraces are being threatened with disappearance. For establishment of conservation and breeding programs previous ethnobotanical surveys on pigeonpea were done in Benin but restricted to south and central regions. Knowing that pigeonpea is also grown in northern Benin, and that the varieties cultivated in this region can show agronomic performances, it is therefore important to evaluate the diversity of this legume in this region. However, an exhaustive documentation of pigeonpea diversity grown in Benin Republic are necessary for effective breeding and conservation programs. Therefore, this study aimed to document genetic diversity of pigeonpea, across the agro-ecological zones of Benin Republic for its promotion and valorization. Methods: 500 producers of pigeonpea belonging to thirteen sociolinguistic groups were selected through 50 villages. Data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea uses categories, production systems, pigeonpea production constraints, famers’ preference criteria and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done. Result: Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat colour and size. Seven pigeonpea use category were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded with seven new landraces. The Sudano-Guinean zone contained the highest number (11) of landraces. The average number of landraces per village was 2.7. A high rate of landraces threatened with disappearance was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known affecting pigeonpea production in Benin with pests and diseases as the most important in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Varieties to be produced must be selected on the basis of 11 criteria among them precocity and resistance to pests and diseases, in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone were the most important. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing cultivars. Conclusions: Our results show that to implement a pigeonpea genetic conservation program in Benin, it would be necessary to take into account the diversity, production constraints and criteria of varietal preference, which varied according to agro-ecological zones. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve pigeonpea landraces. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified cultivars are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs.
... The main reason is that seed coat colour is unique to each landrace while other traits may be commonly shared [15]. Our finding is contrary to those of Manyasa et al. [43] who reported pigeonpea seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by famers in Ugandan. However, similar observations were reported by Esan and Ojemola [44] in Nigeria, Ayenan et al. wéwé tété (Mahi sociolinguistic group), the light red seeded landrace called Otili kpoukpa (Nago sociolinguistic group), the purple and mottled seeded landrace called Wotiri wonka (Bariba sociolinguistic group) and the red and mottled seeded landrace called Wotiri souan (Bariba sociolinguistic group). ...
... It is so important to make available to farmers good quality seeds in order to increase productivity of pigeonpea [58,10]. The association of pigeonpea with other crops has been reported in others countries such as Uganda [43] and Kenya [59]. After each harvest, the great majority of farmers stored seeds until scarcity at market before selling them. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is a multipurpose food legume that contributes to food security in Benin. However, its production declined and some landraces are being threatened of disappearance. Previous investigations on pigeonpea in Benin have been restricted to South and Central Benin. Therefore, pigeonpea diversity in northern is still unknown. This study aimed to have a better knowledge of pigeonpea genetic diversity, for its promotion and valorization.
Methods: 500 producers of pigeonpea belonging to thirteen sociolinguistic groups were selected through 50 villages. Data were collected using methods and tools of participatory research appraisal. Folk nomenclatures, taxonomy of pigeonpea and seed system were investigated. The distribution and extent of pigeonpea landraces were evaluated using Four Square Analysis method. A comparative analysis of pigeonpea uses categories, production systems, pigeonpea production constraints, famers’ preference criteria and participative evaluation for existing landraces across agro-ecological zones was done.
Result: Folk nomenclature and taxonomy were mainly based on seed coat colour and size colour. Seven pigeonpea uses category were recorded including sacrifice, grain processing and fertilization. The results showed that pigeonpea seed system is informal. Based on seed characteristics, fifteen landraces were recorded with seven new landraces. A high rate of landraces threatened of disappearance was observed across the ecological zones. Ten constraints are known affecting pigeonpea production in Benin with pests and diseases as the most important in all agro-ecological zones. This study revealed that pigeonpea cultivation is increasing in the Sudanian zone. Landraces to be produced must be selected on the basis of 11 criteria among them precocity and resistance to pests and diseases, in the three ecological zones and adaptability to any type of soil in the Sudanian zone were the most important. The participatory evaluation revealed the existence of a few performing landraces.
Conclusions: The development of performing varieties is important to enhance pigeonpea production in Benin. Morphological and molecular characterizations of identified landrace are highly recommended to help select suitable varieties for breeding programs. In situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important to preserve landraces threatened of disappearance.
... The variability on the first PC (38.77%) was accounted for by high positive loadings for plant height, days to harvest, days to 50% flowering and number of seeds per pod whereas total grain yield, shelling percentage and number of seeds per pod contributed more to the second PC with high positive loadings. Manyasa et al., [11] reported a cumulative variance of 76.9% of total variation among 12 characters as explained by the first five axes in a genetic diversity analysis conducted among 29 Uganda Pigeonpea germplasm. Scatter plot for Pigeonpea germplasm A scatter plot drawn between PC1 and PC2 depicted a clear pattern of grouping genotypes in the factor plane (Fig 2). ...
... According to this criterion, the first three components account for more than 77 % of total variation giving a clear idea of the structure underlying the variables analysed. Similar results were obtained by Manyasa et al., [11] and Hemavathy et al., [14] . The phenotypic value of the each trait measures the importance and contribution of each component to total variance, whereas each coefficient of proper vectors indicates the degree of contribution of every original variable with which each principal component is associated. ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.) is one of major food legume crops with its centre of origin in eastern India. Assessment of genetic diversity for yield and yield characters and its application for Pigeonpea breeding results in enhanced and sustainable nutritional security. Fourteen land races with three checks were characterized for various characters viz., total grain yield, plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to harvest, total biological yield, number of seeds per pod, shelling percentage and 100 seed weight. Cluster analysis indicated significant genetic variability among tested genotypes which provides an opportunity for crop improvement through hybridization of selected genotypes present in distant clusters. The data was further subjected to PCA (principal component analysis) and genotype by trait biplot analysis. The first three principal components accounted for 77% of total variation indicating wide genetic variability among the genotypes. All the genotypes clustered into two major clusters with nine and eight genotypes each. Promising genotypes viz., IC-611232, IC-611230 and IC-611256 can be successfully incorporated in the Pigeonpea breeding programme.
... The variability on the first PC (38.77%) was accounted for by high positive loadings for plant height, days to harvest, days to 50% flowering and number of seeds per pod whereas total grain yield, shelling percentage and number of seeds per pod contributed more to the second PC with high positive loadings. Manyasa et al., [11] reported a cumulative variance of 76.9% of total variation among 12 characters as explained by the first five axes in a genetic diversity analysis conducted among 29 Uganda Pigeonpea germplasm. Scatter plot for Pigeonpea germplasm A scatter plot drawn between PC1 and PC2 depicted a clear pattern of grouping genotypes in the factor plane (Fig 2). ...
... According to this criterion, the first three components account for more than 77 % of total variation giving a clear idea of the structure underlying the variables analysed. Similar results were obtained by Manyasa et al., [11] and Hemavathy et al., [14] . The phenotypic value of the each trait measures the importance and contribution of each component to total variance, whereas each coefficient of proper vectors indicates the degree of contribution of every original variable with which each principal component is associated. ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.) is one of major food legume crops with its centre of origin in eastern India. Assessment of genetic diversity for yield and yield characters and its application for Pigeonpea breeding results in enhanced and sustainable nutritional security. Fourteen land races with three checks were characterized for various characters viz., total grain yield, plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to harvest, total biological yield, number of seeds per pod, shelling percentage and 100 seed weight. Cluster analysis indicated significant genetic variability among tested genotypes which provides an opportunity for crop improvement through hybridization of selected genotypes present in distant clusters. The data was further subjected to PCA (principal component analysis) and genotype by trait biplot analysis. The first three principal components accounted for 77% of total variation indicating wide genetic variability among the genotypes. All the genotypes clustered into two major clusters with nine and eight genotypes each. Promising genotypes viz., IC-611232, IC-611230 and IC-611256 can be successfully incorporated in the Pigeonpea breeding programme
... The important place of pigeonpea in home consumption is due to the fact that it is used to make up for the shortage of cowpea, maize and other staple foods during lean season (May-June). The use of immature seeds as vegetable was not reported in Benin conversely to what is observed in Eastern African countries and other parts of the world [37][38][39]. Besides home consumption, commercialization was the second major purpose for growing pigeonpea in all the surveyed villages. ...
... Seed color, maturing groups and plant height were the predominant criteria used by farmers in the surveyed regions to classify and identify pigeonpea varieties. Manyasa et al. [39] reported seed size and maturity as the most important criteria used by Ugandan pigeonpea producers to discriminate their varieties while in this study seed color and maturity were the predominant criteria. In fact, farmers use various phenotypic characters to distinguish their varieties and these criteria vary across communities [3]. ...
Abstract Background: Understanding factors driving farmers’ uses of crop genetic resources is a key component not only to design appropriate conservation strategies but also to promote sustainable production. However, in Benin, limited information is available on farmers’ knowledge related to pigeonpea uses and conservation. This study aimed at i) identifying and investigating the different uses of pigeonpea in relation with socio-cultural factors, namely age, gender, ethnic group and respondents’ residence, ii) assessing pigeonpea varieties richness at household level and iii) evaluating the extent and distribution of pigeonpea varieties.
Methods: Three hundred and two farmers were surveyed using structured questionnaire. Direct observation, field visit and focus group discussion were carried out. Association between number of varieties maintained at household level and socio-cultural variables was tested. Mann-Whitney test was used to assess whether the number of varieties held by households headed by men and women were different. Distribution and extent of diversity was assessed through four cells analysis.
Results: Farmers in Benin mainly grow pigeonpea for its grains for home consumption. Pigeonpea’s stem and leaves are used for medicinal purposes to treat malaria, dizziness, measles, and eye infection. The ethnic group and the locality of residence of farmers influenced on the use of pigeonpea for medicinal purposes (P < 0.01). There was no significant association (P > 0.05) between the number of varieties held by household and the age of the respondent, number of years of experience in pigeonpea cultivation, the size of household, number of family members engaged in agricultural activities and gender. Farmers used criteria including seed colors, seed size, plant height, maturity groups and cooking time to classify their varieties. Varieties with white seed coat color were the most grown while varieties with black, red or mottled seed coat color are being abandoned and deserve to be conserved.
Conclusion: Knowledge on medicinal uses of pigeonpea is vertically transmitted within community and pigeonpea varieties maintenance at household level does not depend on socio-cultural factors. This study will contribute to raise awareness on the various utilization of pigeonpea. In addition, it provides the basis for designing conservation strategies of pigeonpea genetic resources.
Keywords: Cajanus cajan, Folk taxonomy, Four Cells Analysis, Medicinal uses; Symbology
... In Uganda, pigeon pea is an important crop which is widely consumed in the diet among smallholders and resource-constrained households, particularly in the Northern and North-Eastern parts of the country, two semi-arid regions that experience only one rainy season annually and show some of the highest rates for food insecurity (Obuo et al., 2004;Manyasa et al., 2009;Namuyiga et al., 2022). Here, pigeon pea seeds are locally known as "lapena" and are eaten when they are fresh or dry and mature, in the form of whole seed sauce or split pea sauce locally called "dek ngor" or "agira". ...
Food and nutrition insecurity are pressing global issues, pertinent to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2 (zero hunger). About 1 in 10 people globally are food insecure, with both the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia crisis exacerbating the problem, partly due to unprecedented shortages in major food commodities, such as wheat, rice, and sunflower oil. Food and nutrition security have been negatively impacted in sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria and Uganda where, prior to both crises, 25% of the population were already food insecure and children under five and women of reproductive age faced severe undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and their associated health challenges. The recent crises have highlighted the need for a paradigm shift from relying on a few crops to a diversified, sustainable food system that harnesses the potential of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) for food and nutrition insecurity solution, especially in low and middle-income countries. Despite their abundance (>100 edible species) and high nutritional value, various political, socio-cultural, and infrastructural factors have deterred commercialization and utilization of NUS in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there are limited sophisticated studies on many of NUS local to the region. This review aimed to discuss selected NUS, peculiar to Nigeria, namely, African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorium), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), and Uganda, namely, sesame (Sesamus indicum L.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), and their potential to sustainably contribute towards improved food and nutrition security. The crops are briefly described, and their indigenous uses, nutritional value and medicinal properties highlighted. Issues relating to their production, processing, consumption, and exportation are reviewed considering their contribution towards sustainable food systems.
... Also, the character days to maturity ranged from 90 days in ICP 14927 to 134 days in ICP 6973. Following the standards prescribed by Manyasa et al. (2009), the genotypes were categorized into three maturity durations: extra-early, early, and medium maturing (Table 3). Each category comprised seven genotypes. ...
ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted to examine the twenty-one genotypes' morphological
variability for yield and earliness. The genotypes comprised nineteen from ICRISAT, Hyderabad, and two
from Biswanath Chariali College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University. A randomized block
design (RBD) was used with three replications, conducted at ICR Farm, Assam Agricultural University,
during the 2018–19 Kharif season. Fourteen quantitative attributes or characteristics were monitored and
recorded. Significant heterogeneity was seen in each attribute within the evaluation. High PCV values of
the studied traits suggest the role of the environment. The hundred seed weight was found to have the
highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV), followed by pods per plant,
clusters per plant, harvest index, branches per plant, and seed yield per plant. Days to 50% flowering
exhibited strong heritability with moderate genetic advance, indicating preponderance of additive gene
effects. Whilst seeds per pod and branches per plant recorded the lowest heritability coupled with a low
genetic advance which suggests the presence of non-additive gene effects. ICP 15011, ICP 14927, ICP
15312, ICP 11610, ICP 11599, ICP 10920, and ICP 11639 are a few early maturing genotypes that
demonstrated good performance for most of the significant quantitative attributes, as per the mean
genotype performance for yield-related attributing traits. In Assam, most of the varieties are long duration
and, therefore winter crops cannot be cultivated as late sowing as it results in poor yield. There is a need to
breed for lines with reduced vegetative growth and higher per-day productivity. Hence in the present
study, an effort has been made to study morphological variability for earliness and yield in twenty-one
pigeon pea genotypes to identify diverse parents for a future breeding program suitable for the agro-climatic conditions of Assam.
Keywords: Cajanus cajan L., Variability, Early maturity, Heritability, Genetic advance, coefficients of variation,
Quantitative traits.
... Therefore, the beneficial crosses can involve cluster III and II: cluster III and IV for development of promising genotypes with high yield and reduced days to maturity. The results were on par with the research findings of Manyasa et al. (2009), Satapathy and Panigrahi (2014). Contribution of each quantitative trait to the total divergence was estimated by ranking of the individual character. ...
Background: Pigeonpea is an important legume crop in India. The super early genotypes which matures within 100 days have been developed at ICRISAT. They are photo-insensitive, aids in crop intensification and escapes abiotic and biotic stresses. The super early genotypes were exploited for genetic diversity for further improvement of the genotypes. Methods: The study was conducted at International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana during kharif, 2017. The thirty-super early pigeonpea genotypes developed at ICRISAT were subjected for the study of genetic diversity (Mahalanobis D 2 method) based on twelve quantitative characters. Result: The 30 super early genotypes were grouped into five clusters. The largest number of genotypes were confined to cluster III (19 genotypes) followed by cluster IV (6 genotypes), cluster I and II (2 genotypes). Cluster V is a solitary cluster with the check MN1.The inter cluster distance was high between the clusters III and IV followed by cluster I and III. The intra cluster distance was highest for the cluster III indicating the presence of variation among the genotypes within the cluster. The highest mean for single plant yield was observed for the cluster III followed by cluster V. The clusters with more inter cluster distance can be used to select parents to be involved in hybridization programmes.
... One of them is the agro-morphological traits approach, given the accessibility of their easily measurable characteristics is the most used approach to establish relationships between genotypes and provide information for varieties improvement programs [15,16]. Hence, agro-morphological traits have been utilized in pigeonpea germplasm's characterization of both world reference collections [17] and national collections [18][19][20][21][22][23]. In Benin, agro-morphological traits have already been used in the evaluation of pigeonpea genetic diversity [24][25][26]. ...
Genetic diversity studies provide important details on target trait availability and its variability, for the success of breeding programs. In this study, GBS approach was used to reveal a new structuration of genetic diversity and population structure of pigeonpea in Benin. We used a total of 688 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphism markers for a total of 44 pigeonpea genotypes. The distribution of SNP markers on the 11 chromosomes ranged from 14 on chromosome 5 to 133 on chromosome 2. The Polymorphism Information Content and gene diversity values were 0.30 and 0.34 respectively. The analysis of population structure revealed four clear subpopulations. The Weighted Neighbor Joining tree agreed with structure analyses by grouping the 44 genotypes into four clusters. The PCoA revealed that genotypes from subpopulations 1, 2 and 3 intermixed among themselves. The Analysis of Molecular Variance showed 7% of the total variation among genotypes while the rest of variation (93%) was within genotypes from subpopulations indicating a high gene exchange (Nm = 7.13) and low genetic differentiation (PhiPT = 0.07) between subpopulations. Subpopulation 2 presented the highest mean values of number of different alleles (Na = 1.57), number of loci with private alleles (Pa = 0.11) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (P = 57.12%). We discuss our findings and demonstrate how the genetic diversity and the population structure of this specie can be used through the Genome Wide Association Studies and Marker-Assisted Selection to enhance genetic gain in pigeonpea breeding programs in Benin.
... This is consistent with the findings of other studies, which reported that the distribution of seed, especially legume crops (e.g. groundnut, pigeonpea, cowpea and Bambara groundnut), is dominated by informal markets (Abady et al. 2019;Ayenan et al. 2017;Kimaro et al. 2017;Manyasa et al. 2009;Mula 2012). It is currently difficult to establish a viable seed market for these crops, as they are predominantly self-pollinating. ...
Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. is the most important legume cash crop grown in Malawi. However, productivity is low due to biotic and abiotic stresses and socioeconomic constraints. The objectives of this study were to determine farmers’ perceived constraints to pigeonpea production and to identify the varieties and traits preferred by farmers in Malawi. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in four major pigeonpea growing districts (viz. Chiradzulu, Mulanje, Thyolo and Zomba) in Malawi. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and transect walks. ‘Mthawajuni’ was the most preferred variety grown by 45% of the respondents, due to its palatability and resistance to pod borers. The farmers identified insects, diseases, late-maturing varieties and small land holdings as the most important constraints to pigeonpea production in Malawi. Short cooking time, palatability, high yield, early maturity, long shelf-life, pest and disease resistance, large seeds and cream colour were the most preferred traits of the pigeonpea. The constraints experienced by farmers and their preferences for the identified traits should be considered as selection criteria during the breeding of new pigeonpea varieties in Malawi.
... The first principal component was positively correlated with all the characters studied except a hundred seed weight. (Manyasa et al., 2009 andHemavathy et al., 2017). Rekha et al. (2013) also observed the largest participation of the number of pods and plant height. ...
A study was designed with a total of 20 pigeonpea extra-early introgression lines along with the checks in RCBD for genetic variability and other genetic parameters for 10 agronomic traits. Data was recorded on days to flower, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, the number of primary branches, the number of secondary branches, the number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, hundred seed weight and grain yield per plant. Considerable variation was observed for all the traits studied. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for days to flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, the number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, and grain yield per plant, signifying that these traits governed by additive gene action. Simple selection may be useful for these traits. Further, using PCA analysis, it was found that these traits are ideal for pigeonpea improvement through the selection. Promising lines viz., ICPP
... Our data revealed different yield traits among the accessions tested. This finding is in accordance with that obtained by Hosamani [26], Rodríguez et al. [27], Manyasa et al. [28] and Sharma et al. [22], who, by conducting a morphological and agronomical characterization of vegetables belonging to the Capsicum genera, found high coefficients of variation for fruit mass (22.2%) and number of fruits per plant (36.3%). This suggested a greater scale of unpredictability among genotypes for the aforesaid traits. ...
The species belonging to the genus Capsicum have been widely used as decorative vegetables, however only a few genotypes are available for this purpose. The goal of the present work was the agro-morphological characterization of several chili pepper accessions cultivated into different pot sizes (10, 14, 18 or 20 cm diameters). The agro-morphological characterization of 19 accessions was performed following IPGR (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) descriptors: plant height (PH), plant canopy width (PCW), PH/PCW ratio, plant growth habit, plant visual quality, first flower emission, fruiting start, end of harvest, fruit number, fruit length, fruit width, fruit color at mature stage and fruit shape. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for all observed traits showed statistical significant differences among the genotypes tested. Results of the heat map complementarily secured the frequency of multiplicity highlighted from the ANOVA analysis. Furthermore, the present study pointed out that A33, A27, G1 and A1 chili pepper accessions achieved optimal performances in terms of plant visual quality, which is a crucial trait for ornamental purposes.
... Farmers often intercrop pigeonpea with cereal crops such as maize and sorghum, and legumes such as groundnuts. Hence, pigeonpea genotypes with a spreading growth habit may not be suitable for mixed cropping systems [17]. The diversity in pigeonpea seed color helps to identify genotypes that are preferred by local farmers. ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L,] Millspaugh) is an important source of grain protein for low-income countries such as Malawi. Knowledge of the genetic diversity in pigeonpea is essential for an effective breeding program. The study objective was to assess the genetic diversity among diverse pigeonpea accessions to select complementary and unique genotypes for breeding. Eighty-one pigeonpea accessions were evaluated in six environments in Malawi using a 9 × 9 alpha-lattice design with two replications. The cross-tabulation analysis revealed a significant genotype variation on plant growth, flower, and seed traits. The combined analysis of variance identified genotypes MWPLR 14, ICEAP 01170, ICEAP 871091, and ICEAP 01285 as early maturing varieties, while Kachangu, MWPLR 16, TZA 5582, No. 40, and MWPLR 14 were identified as high-yielding genotypes. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between grain yield and a hundred seed weight (HSWT) (r = 0.50, p < 0.01), suggesting the usefulness of this trait for selection. The nonlinear principal component analysis identified grain yield (GDY), days to 50% flowering (DTF), days to 75% maturity (DTM), number of pods per plant (NPP), number of racemes per plant (NRP), 100 seed weight (HSWT), leaf hairiness (LH), and number of seeds per pod (NSP) as the most discriminated traits among the test genotypes. The cluster analysis using morphological traits delineated the accessions into three clusters. The selected high-yielding and early-maturing genotypes may be recommended as parental lines for breeding and grain yield improvement in Malawi or similar agro-ecologies.
... In the similar way, the lack of available land in Adja region justifies the fact that pigeon pea was often cultivated in association with other crops. Even though pigeon pea is generally worldwide cultivated in association with cereal or other leguminous (Manyasa et al., 2009;Silim et al., 2005;Ayenan et al., 2017b) due to its slow growth during the 2 to 3 months after sowing (Van der Maesen, 2006), in Adja ethnic group the lack of available land was the main reason of this practice. Ayenan et al. (2017b) justify the highest crops combination observed in Adja sociolinguistic group by the degraded soil and a high pressure on agricultural land of the region. ...
Pigeon pea is a minor crop that plays a key role in the daily subsistence of smallholders in Benin. In order to promote its cultivation, this study has been conducted to document the indigenous knowledge related to its production system as well its ethnobotanical importance and cultivation constraints which limit its production in southern Benin. In total, 338 farmers belonging to 5 sociolinguistic groups were surveyed in 23 villages covering the major production areas in the country. In general, pigeon pea is often cultivated in association with other crops. Our results revealed that 94.97% of the farmers surveyed grew pigeon pea in association with other crops while only 5.03% of them cultivate pigeon pea in monocultural system. Regarding the use of agricultural inputs, the majority of the farmers did not use any inputs in pigeon pea production. Nonetheless, in some villages especially in Zou and Collines departments, some farmers used insecticide/pesticide for controlling pest and diseases. According to farmers, the most important factor which limits pigeon pea production in the study areas was the lack of improved varieties. Besides this, pigeon pea production in southern and central Benin suffer from other constraints that are waterlogging, pest and diseases, drought, animal transhumance and lack of land. Several use categories were identified through the study area among which home consumption (as food) was the most widely cited. It is also used as firewood, medicinal, fertilizer, herbicide and fodder. The important ethnobotanical data recorded are useful for pigeon pea breeding program in Benin and in defining appropriate strategies for its valorisation.
... Selection of genotypes between these clusters will exhibit more vigorous heterotic recombinants with wider variations in the segregating populations. Similarly Manyasa (2009) and Gupta et al., (2008) suggested that the genotypes belonging to these clusters may further be used as parents for hybridization programme to develop desirable types because crosses between genetically divergent parents will generate transgressive segregants. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic divergence among twenty five
pigeonpea germplasm using Mahalonobis D2 statistics for seven different traits during
kharif 2015. Analysis of variance depicted the significant differences among the traits
which indicated the presence of variability in the germplasm. D2 clustering grouped the
genotypes into ten clusters. Based on the intercluster distance (1844.86) cluster VIII and X
were the most diversified clusters and genotypes from these clusters can be used in the
hybridization programme for further improvement. The selection and choice of genotypes
as parents mainly depends upon contribution of characters towards divergence. The
maximum contribution to genetic divergence was contributed by days to fifty percent
flowering and single plant yield followed by number of seeds per pod, plant height and
hundred seed weight. Hence selection for these traits would be rewarding in selection of
genotypes for hybridization programme
... Selection of genotypes between these clusters will exhibit more vigorous heterotic recombinants with wider variations in the segregating populations. Similarly Manyasa (2009) and Gupta et al., (2008) suggested that the genotypes belonging to these clusters may further be used as parents for hybridization programme to develop desirable types because crosses between genetically divergent parents will generate transgressive segregants. ...
Thirty-eight accessions of cowpea were evaluated for nine quantitative characters to
estimate the genetic diversity existing among them by using Mahalanobis D2 statistics
during kharif2013 (E1) and Kharif 2014(E2). The genotypes were grouped into ten clusters
in E1 and into five clusters in E2 environment. In E1 environment, the cluster strength
varied from single genotype (Cluster III, IV, V VI, VIII, IX and X) to 16 genotypes
(Cluster II), while in E2 environment, it varied from single genotype (Cluster III, IV and V)
to 19 genotypes (cluster I). Clusters VII and X had highest inter-cluster distance in E1 and
cluster II and III had highest inter-cluster distance in E2 environment. The maximum mean
value for seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and number of clusters per plant
was showed by genotypes of clusters VII in E1 environment and by genotypes of cluster IV
for the traits number of seeds per pod, pod length and plant height in E2 environment. On
the basis of inter-cluster distances, cluster VII and X in E1 environment and cluster II and
III in E2 environment were found to be most divergent. Cluster VII had the genotype with
the highest mean value for number of seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and
number of clusters per plant in E1 environment, while cluster I had the genotypes which
showed maximum mean value for seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, peduncle
length, and number of clusters per plant in E2 environment. Therefore, it was concluded
that these clusters and their genotypes could be intercrossed in order to achieve more
variability.
... crop including pigeon pea (Manyasa et al., 2009). Pigeon pea experiences both biotic and abiotic stresses which result in low yield in many areas of the world. ...
The yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) has remained low on the farmers' fields in Southern Tanzania. In 2013 – 2014 season, eighteen improved medium duration pigeon pea genotypes from ICRISAT were evaluated for grain yield and other agronomic characteristics with an objective of improving pigeon pea productivity. A randomized complete block design experiment with three replications was conducted in three different on-station sites. Cross site yield analysis was done on 18 pigeon pea genotypes. The overall mean yields of the pigeon pea genotypes ranged between 1410kg/ha in ICEAP 001179 and 2073kg/ha in ICEAP 00979. The best ten genotypes; ICEAP 00979/1, ICEAP 00540, ICEAP 00554, ICEAP 00673/1, ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 00850, ICEAP 01147/1, ICEAP 01147, ICEAP 01152/2 and ICEAP01154 were passed to the next advanced stage of breeding. The remained genotypes out of eighteen were maintained in germplasm bank for breeding purposes of other attributes apart from yield.
... We observed earliness in the flowering of pigeon pea cultivars in this research. The earliness in flowering of medium maturity pigeon pea cultivars at Kambi ya Mawe has been reported by Manyasa et al. (2009) , when evaluating some pigeon pea germplasm from Uganda. In this study, we observed significant interactions between locations and cultivars of pigeon pea. ...
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important crop in dry land and semiarid regions and is a supplementary source of dietary protein for the economic resource-constrained farmers. The aim of this research was to evaluate growth parameters of 12 vegetable pigeon pea cultivars at two locations in eastern Kenya. The number of days from planting to flowering, plant height, primary and secondary branches, and pod length and width were quantified in experimental plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences (P< 0.01) in days to 50% and 70% flowering (DTF) and plant maturity (DTM), respectively, were recorded among cultivars at both locations. The average plant height was significantly (P< 0.05) greater at Kiboko than at Kambi ya Mawe. The number of DTF and DTM were also greater at Kiboko than at Kambi ya Mawe site, because of supplemental irrigation. Similarly, mean pod length and width at Kiboko location exceeded that at Kambi ya Mawe by 6% and 8%, respectively. Positive and significant (P< 0.05) correlation coefficients between grain yield and pods per plant were observed, indicating that pod number is a useful indicator of yield potential of vegetable pigeon pea. The cultivars ICEAP 00068, ICEAP 00540, ICEAP 00554, ICEAP 00902, KAT 60/8, and MZ 2/9 were identified for high-yield potential under rain-fed conditions, whereas ICEAP 00902, ICEAP 00068, ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 00554, KAT 60.8, and MTHAWAJUNI showed the greatest potential when supplemental water applications were made. The cultivars KAT 60/8, ICEAP 00068, ICEAP 00554, and ICEAP 00902 were suitable for production under both rain-fed conditions and additional water applications. Yield potential of pigeon pea in the dry regions can be greatly enhanced by using cultivars with good plant growth characteristics and shoot density. © 2016, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... The traditional African pigeonpea genotypes are long-duration, cream-and large-seeded (Remanandan 1990). In Uganda, medium-duration, cream to mottle small-medium seeded type (Manyasa et al. 2009) have been part of the traditional cropping system (Silim et al. 1991, Kimani 2001. Uganda was the first country in ESA to implement a pigeonpea breeding programme in 1968 at Makerere University (Saxena 2008). ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millspaugh) is an important multipurpose grain legume crop primarily grown in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In Africa, the crop is grown for several purposes including food security, income generation, livestock feed and in agroforestry. Production in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) is however faced with many challenges including limited use of high-yielding cultivars, diseases and pests, drought, under-investment in research and lack of scientific expertise. The aim of this review is to highlight the challenges facing pigeonpea breeding research in ESA and the existing opportunities for improving the overall pigeonpea subsector in the region. We discuss the potential of the recently available pigeonpea genomic resources for accelerated molecular breeding, the prospects for conventional breeding and commercial hybrid pigeonpea, and the relevant seed policies, among others, which are viewed as opportunities to enhance pigeonpea productivity.
... Cluster V had highest intra cluster distance (35.890) followed by cluster VII (32.788), cluster VI (32.077) and cluster I (25.589). The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster V and VIII (58.028) followed by cluster IV and VIII (56.772) and cluster VI and VIII (52.504), suggesting that the genotypes belonging to these cluster may further be used as parents for hybridization programme to develop desirable types because crosses between genetically divergent parents will generate transgressive segregants (Manyasa, 2009) and (Gupta, et al., 2008). ...
Genetic diversity using Mahalanobis D-square (D ) techniques was studied for yield and yield contributing traits for 26 genotypes of pigeonpea. These genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Cluster VI had maximum divergence with eight genotypes followed by cluster V having five genotypes. The inter cluster distance were greater than the intra cluster distance revealing that considerable amount of genetic diversity existed among the accession. The maximum and minimum divergence was revealed between cluster V with VIII (58.028) and cluster II with III (13.150) respectively. Cluster VIII exhibited high mean values for number of primary branches/plant, pod weight, 100 seed weight, harvest index and yield/plant. Cluster IV recorded high mean values for plant height, root length and days to maturity. The genotypes of cluster VIII with IV, VIII with VII and VIII with VI are having most divergent with high mean for many characters including yield/plant and can be successfully utilized in hybridization programmes to get desirable transgressive segregants. It is assumed that maximum amount of heterosis will be manifested in cross combinations involving the parents belonging to most divergent clusters.
... Variations in growth, quality and yield traits have been reported among pepper genotypes elsewhere (Denton et al. 2000; Manju and Sreelathakumary 2002; Adetula and Olakojo 2006; Thul et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2010 ). In particular, high coefficients of variation were obtained for fruit weight (22.2%) and number of fruit per plant (36.3%) implying higher magnitude of variability among genotypes for these traits (Nandadevi and Hosaman 2003; Rodríguez et al. 2008; Manyasa et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2010). Results of PCA further supported occurrence of diversity recorded from ANOVA. ...
Thirty-seven local and introduced genotypes of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) were characterized for 20 quantitative and 28 qualitative morphological characters under screen-house conditions. There were highly significant differences among genotypes for most quantitative characters (P<0.001) except primary branch numbers (P>0.05). Exotic genotypes were superior in most traits compared to local genotypes. Local genotypes were characterized by small fruits, late maturity, taller plants with wider canopies compared to introduced genotypes. Local genotypes #31 and #26 were outstanding with respect to numbers of fruits per plant (mean 62) and earliness (60 days), respectively. The first and second principal components (PCs) for quantitative traits accounted for 41.6% and 13.8% of the total variability, respectively. Fruit length, fruit weight and fruit wall thickness largely contributed to PC1. Days to flowering, fruiting, fruit maturity; stem diameter and height; plant height and width largely contributed to PC2. Moderate diversity based on qualitative traits (Mean diversity index = 0.53) was detected among genotypes. Higher diversity indices were observed for stem pubescence type (1.16), leaf pubescence type and density (1.02), anther colour (0.94), calyx margin and fruit surface (1.06), and immature fruit colour intensity (1.03). Cluster analyses using 20 quantitative and 28 qualitative traits showed diversity among the genotypes at phenotypic level but with some level of genotypic relatedness and closeness. Based on Euclidean distance in cluster analysis dendrograms, exotic genotypes grouped more with local genotypes in qualitative compared with quantitative traits. The diversity among the germplasm in both qualitative and quantitative traits revealed by this study can be used for trait improvement through selection and gene introgression.
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) remains an under-researched ‘orphan crop’ yet is important for food and nutrition security of smallholders. Furthermore, smallholders are heterogeneous, with varying perceptions and resource capacities. Against this backdrop, we clustered smallholders and assessed their preferences for pigeon pea. Data were gathered through a cross-sectional survey of 257 smallholders from northern Uganda, corroborated with key informant interviews. Using multivariate analysis, we generated six clusters that explained 63% of the total variance. Three farm types (LEX—low-resourced and experienced, LUN—low-resourced and inexperienced, and LED—low-resourced and educated) represented 15, 10, and 17% of the farms, respectively, and were resource-constrained with low farm size, low livestock units, low education level and low pigeon pea sales. Three other types (MEX—medium-resourced and experienced, HEX—high-resourced and experienced, HED—high-resourced and educated) represented 7, 6, and 7% of the samples and were highly-resourced given their above-average level of endowment. Pigeon pea was mainly produced for household consumption, especially by the low-resourced farm types. Across farm types, smallholders preferred pigeon pea because it fixed nitrogen (94%), is relatively easy to harvest (90%) and it provided more biomass (89%) compared to other crops. The developed typology allows for tailored pro-poor agricultural policies to address particular necessities of specific farm types. Understanding varied preferences can facilitate investments into improving pigeon pea traits, which are particularly desirable and appropriate for smallholders.
A., et al. Abstract A collection of 32 redgram genotypes were evaluated for nine morphological and phenological characters by principal component analysis for determining pattern of genetic diversity and relationship among individuals. The largest variation was observed for seed yield per plant with coefficient of variation of 74.01% followed by number of pods per plant (69.63), plant height (53.47) and number of branches (42.16). The least variation was observed in pod length with coefficient of variation of 10.60%. Principal component analysis was used to assess the variation and relative contribution of various traits towards total variability. In this study, principal component 1 had the contribution from the traits such as days to maturity, days to 50% flowering, plant height and 100 seed weight, number of branches, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant which accounted to 34.54% of the total variability. The principal component 2 explained 26.82% of total variability from days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Number of branches and plant height had contributed 16.03% of total variability in principal component 3. The principal component 4 explained 11.40% of total variability from the number of branches, number of seeds per pod, pod length, 100 seed weight and plant height. The cumulative variance of 88.80% of total variation among ten characters was explained by first four axes. Thus, the results of principal component analysis used in the study had revealed the high level of genetic variation and the traits controlling for the variation were identified. Hence, these entries can be utilized for trait improvement in breeding programs for the traits contributing for major variation. Correlation analysis revealed that number of pods per plant and plant height had significant and positive association with seed yield per plant and also exhibited significant positive inter correlation among them. Cluster analysis depicted two clusters and identified the groups of cultivars those were more closely related.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) is a neglected and under-utilized crop consumed in several regions of word. In order to assess performance of pigeonpea landraces grown in Benin for useful breeding programs, 50 accessions were collected from 39 villages. These accessions were characterized by using 12 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits. Based on the seeds morphological characteristics, the 50 accessions were grouped in 12 morphotypes. However, 8 morphological classes were obtained with cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average method using qualitative traits, whereas in principal component analysis only 5 clusters have been obtained using quantitative traits. The association/correlation among quantitative characters showed that grain yield was negatively correlated with pod width, days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity while it was positively correlated with pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant and number of seeds per pod. Based on four quantitative traits (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, and early maturity), the 23 accessions from cluster 3 of whom kk5 (Ekloui), kk8 (Nontchiovi kloui), kk15 (Otili founfoun), kk18 (Klouékoun wéwé), kk22 (Otili), kk23 (CA monlikoun) and kk28 (Hounkoun wéwé) have been recommended as good sources of germplasm for improving the pigeonpea productivity. Further characterization using molecular techniques as well as conservation attention should be conducted to confirm the present result and maintain the germplasm for future breeding programs.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) is a neglected and under-utilized crop consumed in several regions of word. In order to assess performance of pigeonpea landraces grown in Benin for useful breeding programs, 50 accessions were collected from 39 villages. These accessions were characterized by using 12 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits. Based on the seeds morphological characteristics, the 50 accessions were grouped in 12 morphotypes. However, 8 morphological classes were obtained with cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average method using qualitative traits, whereas in principal component analysis only 5 clusters have been obtained using quantitative traits. The association/correlation among quantitative characters showed that grain yield was negatively correlated with pod width, days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity while it was positively correlated with pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant and number of seeds per pod. Based on four quantitative traits (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, and early maturity), the 23 accessions from cluster 3 of whom kk5 (Ekloui), kk8 (Nontchiovi kloui), kk15 (Otili founfoun), kk18 (Klouékoun wéwé), kk22 (Otili), kk23 (CA monlikoun) and kk28 (Hounkoun wéwé) have been recommended as good sources of germplasm for improving the pigeonpea productivity. Further characterization using molecular techniques as well as conservation attention should be conducted to confirm the present result and maintain the germplasm for future breeding programs.
Pigeon pea is an important but unfortunately neglected grain legume crop in Benin. In this study, the phenotypic diversity in 84 landraces from Benin and four advanced varieties were evaluated at two locations during two consecutive rainy seasons. Twelve quantitative and ten qualitative variables were recorded. A wide range of variation was observed in qualitative traits as well as in quantitative variables. The overall Shannon–Weaver diversity index ranged from 0.41 (pod hairiness) to 1.51 (seed colour). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all quantitative traits, except the number of seeds per pod, the days to maturity and the seed yield per plant. In all quantitative traits, phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating a substantial environmental effect on their variability. However, some traits (days to flowering, pod width, number of secondary branches and 100 seed weight) showed great value of heritability. Hierarchical clustering on principal components subdivided the collection from Benin into two groups that were clearly separated from the group of advanced varieties. The results gathered from this study have important implications for pigeon pea germplasm characterization and conservation while the inferred phenotypic groups could be used for parental selection and heterotic crossings in pigeon pea breeding in Benin.
Three field experiments were conducted during kharif 2013-14 to study the genetic variability analysis for plant selection on various yield and yield related components. Findings of analysis of variance revealed significant mean squares due to genotypes for all the traits in all three environments under the study indicated the existence of sufficient genetic variability for the traits. The highest GCV and PCV estimates were observed for seed yield per plant in environment I, number of pod clusters per plant in environment II and number of pods per plant in environment III. The high genetic advance in environment I, II and III were observed for number of pods per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was found for number of pods per plant in all the three environments. The indicated the role of additive genetic variance in their expression. Hence, selection of genotypes for these characters may be beneficial for possible improvement in the crop under respective environments. In this study total seed yield per plant, number of pod per plant and number of pod clusters per plant have been identified as selection criteria for obtaining good parental lines for a pigeonpea breeding program.
Findings of analysis of variance revealed significant mean squares due to genotypes for all the traits under the study indicated the existence of sufficient genetic variability for the traits. The highest GCV and PCV estimates were observed for pod clusters per plant. The highest Genetic advance was observed for number of pods per plant followed by number of pod clusters per plant. High heri-tability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was found for number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, and 100 seed weight, indicated the role of additive genetic variance in their expression. Rest of the traits exhibited medium to low genetic advance coupled with high to low heritability indicated the role of non additive genetic variance in their expression.
Field studies were conducted with pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in Kenya to determine the influence of photoperiod and temperature on flowering. Variation in temperature was achieved by planting six genotypes at four locations varying in altitude where temperature decreased with increase in altitude and variation in photoperiod was achieved through artificial lighting (about 12.6 h – natural day length, 14.5 h and 16.0 h). The genotypes used in the study were carefully selected to represent different duration types (extra-short-, short-, medium-and long-duration) and major pigeonpea production regions. Equations that describe the rates of development (1/f) were used to determine rates of progress of each genotype towards flowering as influenced by temperature and photoperiod. For photoperiods below 13 h, rates of progress towards flowering were influenced by temperature in five genotypes (ICPL 90011, ICPL 87091, ICP 7035, ICP 6927 and ICEAP 00040). The optimum temperatures for rapid flowering were 24.7 o C for the extra-short-duration genotype, 23.1 o C for the short-duration genotype, 23.8 o C and 22.2 o C for medium-duration genotypes and 18.3 o C for the long-duration genotypes, which indicated that the origin of the genotype had a strong influence on adaptation. The effects of photoperiod on rates of progress towards flowering were investigated only under sub-optimal temperatures. The extra-short-duration genotype (ICPL 90011) was the least responsive to variation in photoperiod, while the two long-duration genotypes (ICEAP 00040 and T-7) were most sensitive to photoperiod variation with flowering rate reduced by 0.001 d -1 per hour increase in day length.
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