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Ganoderma lucidum: A Potent Pharmacological Macrofungus
Abstract and Figures
Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi) is a basidiomycete white rot macrofungus which has been used extensively as "the mushroom of immortality" in China, Japan, Korea and other Asian countries for 2000 years. A great deal of work has been carried out on therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum. The basidiocarp, mycelia and spores of Ganoderma lucidum contain approximately 400 different bioactive compounds, which mainly include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleotides, sterols, steroids, fatty acids, proteins/peptides and trace elements which has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects including immunomodulation, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chemo-preventive, antitumor, chemo and radio protective, sleep promoting, antibacterial, antiviral (including anti-HIV), hypolipidemic, anti-fibrotic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-androgenic, anti-angiogenic, anti-herpetic, antioxidative and radical-scavenging, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, estrogenic activity and anti-ulcer properties. Ganoderma lucidum has now become recognized as an alternative adjuvant in the treatment of leukemia, carcinoma, hepatitis and diabetes. The macrofungus is very rare in nature rather not sufficient for commercial exploitation for vital therapeutic emergencies, therefore, the cultivation on solid substrates, stationary liquid medium or by submerged cultivation has become an essential aspect to meet the driving force towards the increasing demands in the international market. Present review focuses on the pharmacological aspects, cultivation methods and bioactive metabolites playing a significant role in various therapeutic applications.
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... białaczki, raka zapalenia wątroby oraz cukrzycy [72]. Dotychczas najdokładniej przebadane zostały dwie aktywne frakcje pozyskane z Ganoderma lucidum: polisacharydowa i triterpenowa [71]. ...
... Działanie immunomodelujące polega na wzmocnieniu funkcji przeciwnowotworowej cytotoksycznych limfocytów T (CTL, ang. Cytotoxic lymphocyte) oraz promowanie produkcji cytokin przeciwnowotworowych i nasilanie ich aktywności [72,74,75]. ...
... Rysunek 5. Przykładowe struktury triterpenów wyizolowanych z G. lucidum [72,86,87]. ...
Fungi are an extremely important element of ecosystems, playing a key role in the decomposition of organic matter and forming symbioses with plants and animals. The diversity of fungi is enormous, with an estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million species on Earth. Some of these, known as medicinal mushrooms, have been used in medicine for centuries for their therapeutic properties, as described by Hippocrates in ancient times. Modern science is increasingly recognizing the potential of mushrooms not only in medicine but also in the food and biopharmaceutical industries. Current research focuses on the use of mushrooms as a source of valuable bioactive compounds with potential anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antibiotic properties.
... Ganoderma lucidum has been used medicinally for a long time in Korea, China, and Japan [11]. Previous studies have reported various biological activities of these mushrooms, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antioxidant activities, and they are attracting attention as medicinal substances [12,13]. Thus, G. lucidum can be utilized as a food additive and an active pharmaceutical ingredient and has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient. ...
... Ganoderma lucidum has been used medicinally for a long time in Korea, China, and Japan [11]. Previous studies have reported various biological activities of these mushrooms, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antioxidant activities, and they are a racting a ention as medicinal substances [12,13]. Thus, G. lucidum can be utilized as a food additive and an active pharmaceutical ingredient and has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient. ...
Ganoderma lucidum, a member of the Basidiomycetes family, is attracting attention for its medicinal potential due to its biological activity and the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. Although it is known that extracts of this mushroom inhibit melanin production, there are few reports on a single substance associated with this effect. In this study, we identified ganodermanontriol (GT), a novel compound from G. lucidum, that effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 cells. GT inhibits melanin production by suppressing the expression of cellular tyrosinase proteins and microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, GT affects the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules, which are involved in melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Finally, the biosynthesis of GT and other substances by G. lucidum was evaluated using HPLC analysis. Thus, this study revealed the mechanism by which GT in G. lucidum inhibits melanin production in B16F10 cells, and these findings will contribute to promoting the potential use of this mushroom in the future.
... G. lucidum's compounds have been examined for their possible immunomodulating activity, blood glucose regulation, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, antiviral effects which is established in both in vitro and in animal settings (Ahmad, 2018). Since in ancient times, G. Lucidum is a medicinal macrofungi which has been praised in the orient (Sanodiya et al., 2009). Fruiting bodies of G. Lucidum as well as mycelia, and spores are reported to be bioacticvely treated to chronic hepatitis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. ...
Proximate analysis, mineral and germanium of Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi powder by spray dry affecting in different strains and their maltodextrin. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 19(1):301-310. Abstract Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi powder has been used for food and beverage ingredients for nutrition and health promoting. The G. lucidum in difference strains of MG2 and G2 were investigated to be good quality powder. The dried lingzhi was ground and stored in an air tight black polythene bag at room temperature until used. Commercial water extraction (100C in 76 min) and spray drying (inlet temperature 140C and outlet temperature 80C) were operated to produce lingzhi powder from. G. lucidum MG2 and G2 extracts, and then spray drying with and without maltodextrin to make lingzhi powder. It was found that strains of lingzhi and maltodextrin affected to proximate constituent mineral and germanium of lingzhi powder. From the analysis of G. lucidum MG2 and G2 powder through spray drying found that the nutritional value as a good source of energy carbohydrate, protein and minerals. Results showed that germanium from G. lucidum powder from starin MG2 higher than strain G2.
... lucidum) have listed the highly important health-enhancing effects. G. lucidum has been reported to generate miraculous health benefits and encompasses over 400 bioactive compounds, comprising triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleotides, sterols, steroids, fatty acids and proteins/peptides [7], which have a variety of medicinal effects such as antitumor, antimicrobial, ant atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antioxidative and radical scavenging [8,9,10]. ...
In the ancient practice of Asian medicine, Ganoderma lucidum popularly known as Reishi or Lingzhi, has assumed enormous respect for its potential health benefits. In the past years, however, more studies have focused on its anticancer effects specifically due to its bioactive components including triterpenes, polysaccharides, and proteins. This article reviews the properties and mechanisms of various active compounds in G. lucidum against cancer. Strong anticancer effects typical of triterpenes are gained by promoting cell apoptosis and suppressing tumor metastasis by ganoderic acids. Most polysaccharides enhance immune response and possess anti-tumor activity while proteins such as Ling Zhi-8 have immuno-modulatory effects. Out of the nature of research and some clinical data, most researches to date include small samples and short durations. Efforts geared towards the assessment show the need to carry out more precise thorough clinical studies in order to establish the various benefits and risks of G. lucidum as a cancer treatment method. At this time, it is likely that G. lucidum will be used to augment such treatment however there should be more fundamental evidence to support this claim towards improvement or even substitution of such therapy without compromising efficacy and safety measures of G. lucidum.
... One of the famous Chinese herbs is Ganoderma lucidum (GL), known as 'Lingzhi' in China or 'Reishi' in Japan. It contains plenty of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides and triterpenes (Sanodiya et al., 2009), and is composed of a fruiting body and spores. GL spores have a higher bioactivity than other parts of the plant, with broken spores (GLBS) having more active substances than the unbroken ones (Soonthornchareonnon, 2008). ...
Ganoderma lucidum, known as the “mushroom of immortality,” is a white rot fungus renowned for its medicinal properties, attributed to its bioactive compounds. Although species with similar morphological traits to G. lucidum are found across the globe, precise identification is made possible through DNA barcoding and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Global cultivation and wild harvesting of G. lucidum are both done in response to the growing market needs. Artificial cultivation is typically performed on sawdust, but other woody substrates and the wood log method are also employed. This cultivation leverages the fungus’s ecological role in converting industrial and agricultural solid wastes into biomass, thereby producing functional food and potential pharmaceutical sources. The review consolidates research on various aspects of, including cultivation methods (sawdust, agricultural waste, wood logs, and submerged fermentation), and the current global market conditions.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant global public health issue, being a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality across all age groups. The pathophysiology of TBI encompasses primary injury mechanisms occurring at the moment of impact and secondary injury cascades that develop over minutes to days following the initial damage. Primary injury mechanisms include contusions, lacerations, and diffuse axonal injury, while secondary injury processes involve neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, TBI patients often experience a spectrum of neurological deficits, including cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional disturbances, significantly reducing their quality of life and independence.
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a mushroom species belonging to the Ganodermataceae family, is renowned for its medicinal properties, particularly in Asian countries, where it is known for its vitality-enhancing and cardiotonic effects. Various bioactivities have been identified, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, and immune-stimulatory effects.
This study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum on hippocampal damage resulting from traumatic brain injury. Ganoderma lucidum (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used in the study. Experimental animals were anesthetized with 90 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride and 8 mg/kg xylazine. Three groups were formed: the control group, in which a 3 cm incision was made after shaving and cleaning, the skin was sutured, and the animals were observed for 14 days; the TBI group, in which a traumatic brain injury was induced using an 18 mm diameter 50 g brass weight, and saline was administered for 14 days; and the TBI + Ganoderma lucidum group, in which Ganoderma lucidum was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 days.
The results showed that in the TBI group, trauma-induced cell degeneration, vascular dilation, apoptosis, and inflammation in the pyramidal layer were observed. Degeneration was present in the synaptic nerve extensions in the plexiform layer. In the TBI + Ganoderma lucidum group, vascular dilation was reduced, axonal extensions appeared normal, and hyperplasia was observed in pyramidal neurons.
In conclusion, while the TBI group exhibited trauma-induced cell degeneration, vascular dilation, and inflammation in the pyramidal layer, the TBI + Ganoderma lucidum group showed reduced vascular dilation, normal axonal extensions, and hyperplasia in pyramidal neurons. These findings suggest that Ganoderma lucidum treatment alleviates cerebral tissue pathology following TBI.
Fungal genomics is a scientific discipline that concerns the genome, encompassing the entire hereditary information of fungi. Fungal genomics can, for example, be used to study fungal evolution or outbreaks of fungal infections. The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology progressed rapidly, leading to the sequencing of large numbers of fungal genomes. The evolution of biological diversity raises several questions, such as how much variation can be expected among closely related genomes. This can be answered by comparing closely related genomes. So, we carried out a global search of fungal genomes in the different databases and studied the evolutionary relationships of their genome sizes, as discussed in this chapter.
A Slovenian Ganoderma lucidum strain MZKI G97 was isolated and cultivated in a 10 L stirred tank reactor, on potato dextrose substrate. Biomass up to 15.2 g L-1 and fungal polysaccharides were produced. The extracellular polysaccharide fraction was obtained by the precipitation method with ethanol. Four intracellular polysaccharide fractions were obtained by the hot-water extraction and precipitation with ethanol, by ammonium oxalate extraction, and by extraction with sodium hydroxide, followed by precipitation with acetic acid and precipitation with ethanol. Immunostimulatory effects of isolates were tested on induction of cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ) synthesis in primary cultures of human mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from a buffy coat. Results have shown the potential of isolates to induce moderate amounts of TNF-α (max. 630 pg mL-1 of a culture supernatant), and IFN-γ in trace amounts (max. 11.5 pg mL-1), respectively. The TNF-α inducing activity is comparable to romurtide, which has been used as a supporting therapy in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
Solid-state cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass based on originally isolated Slovenian strain and production of its polysaccharides in horizontal stirred tank reactor (HSTR) were developed. For solid state G. lucidum biomass cultivation and polysaccharide production, moisture fraction of solid substrate 70 % was found as a critical value. Moisture fractions higher than 70 % promote the growth and polysaccharide production, while below 70 % the growth of mycelium is slower and polysaccharide production is reduced. As the moisture of the substrate drops to 55 %, growth of mycelium stops, therefore, after 7 days of cultivation continuous moisturing of the substrate is necessary for high biomass and polysaccharide production.
To investigate the mechanism of immunomodulation of Ganoderma polysaccharides, laser scanning confocal microscope was performed to indicate the effect of GLB7 on oxygen free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages. The results shown that GLB7 could scavenge oxygen free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages. It decreased the production of oxygen free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages, the average percentage of decrease in the production of oxygen free radicals was about (36 ± 6)% (n = 6, P < 0. 05), and GLB7 (20 mg.L-1) antagonized the respiratory burst induced by PMA (5 nmol.L-1) in murine peritoneal macrophages (n = 6, P < 0.05). These observations suggest that GLB7-decreased production of oxygen free radicals in murine peritoneal macrophages play an important role in the anti-aging effect of Ganoderma polysaccharides.
Mushrooms have been touted for their immunological potential but few objective data exist. Amongst mushrooms, Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) have been shown to elicit immunological responses in mice. We examined the effects of these two mushrooms on the cytokine gene expression and on the mitogenic response by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. The optimal cytokine mRNA stimulation induced by the mushrooms differed between the individual type of mushroom and cytokine examined. Generally, the response to G. lucidum was greater than that to G. frondosa, and the induction of interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA was greater than that of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-2. When either of the mushrooms was applied together with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) the relative difference in lymphocyte response to the combination compared to PHA alone was again highly variable among individuals, but was of similar magnitude for both mushrooms. When PBMC were incubated with mushrooms and tritiated thymidine, G. frondosa, but not G. lucidum, induced a dose-dependent increase in proliferation. This research shows that mushrooms are biologically active and can potentiate an immunological response in human lymphocytes in vitro. If such a response also occurs in vivo after consumption of either whole mushrooms or mushroom extracts, it is likely that the physiological state of the consumer will determine whether the response is potentially beneficial or harmful.
