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Biocultural Histories in La Florida: A Bioarchaeological Perspective
Abstract
Indigenous populations respond to colonial expansion.This book examines the effects of the Spanish mission system on population structure and genetic variability in indigenous communities living in northern Florida and southern Georgia during the 16th and 17th centuries. Data on tooth size were collected from 26 archaeological samples representing three time periods: Late Precontact (~1200-1500), Early Mission (~1600-1650), and Late Mission (~1650-1700) and were subjected to a series of statistical tests evaluating genetic variability. Predicted changes in phenotypic population variability are related to models of group interaction, population demo-graphy, and genetic admixture as suggested by ethnohistoric and archaeological data. Results suggest considerable differences in diachronic responses to the mission environment for each cultural province. The Apalachee demonstrate a marked increase in variability while the Guale demonstrate a decline in variability. Demographic models of population collapse are therefore inconsistent with predicted changes based on population geneticsl, and the determinants of population structure seem largely local in nature. This book highlights the specificity with which indigenous communities responded to European contact and the resulting transformations in their social worlds. "Stojanowski's work is like man's DNA, the structure of a lifeform, but here it is the structure or glue that holds together the historic puzzle with its Apalachee, Timucua, Guale, and Spanish pieces that other scholars have been trying to put together."-Keith P. Jacobi, author of Last Rites for the Tipu Maya Christopher Stojanowski is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, and a specialist in bioarchaeology.
... Although tooth size is strongly genetically controlled (Kieser, 1990), under circumstances involving environmental stress—from poor diet, disease, and other negative factors—teeth reduce in size (see overview in Larsen, 1997). This variation is reflected in myriad studies of dental heritability and twin and sibling correlations (see review in Kieser, 1990; Stojanowski, 2005c). It is unlikely that smaller teeth led to reduced longevity, however. ...
... That the M1 was completely unaffected by the size bias suggests onset of stress after age three that may have been most intense in the 5–7 year age range. The second unmitigated factor is the uniform increase in tooth size throughout the contact period (Stojanowski, 2001Stojanowski, , 2005c). For Apalachee, individuals from the Patale mission have larger teeth on average than late precontact individuals, and individuals at San Luis have larger teeth than those at mission Patale (Stojanowski, 2001Stojanowski, , 2005c). ...
... The second unmitigated factor is the uniform increase in tooth size throughout the contact period (Stojanowski, 2001Stojanowski, , 2005c). For Apalachee, individuals from the Patale mission have larger teeth on average than late precontact individuals, and individuals at San Luis have larger teeth than those at mission Patale (Stojanowski, 2001Stojanowski, , 2005c). Data from the province of Guale revealed a similar pattern (Stojanowski, 2001Stojanowski, , 2005c), despite the fact that the coastal (Guale) and inland (Apalachee) populations were experiencing the effects of demographic collapse at different times, with Apalachee lagging by as much as two generations (see Stojanowski, 2005c). ...
This study analyzes dental metric variation to examine the biological structure of the native population at Mission San Luis de Apalachee, a late 17th century mission located in the Apalachee Province of Spanish colonial Florida. Three topics are addressed: (1) comparison of tooth sizes among adult and subadults, (2) analysis of the bio-spatial structure of skeletons within the church area, and (3) comparison of phenotypic profiles of individuals interred within coffins in the ritual nucleus of the church: the altar region. Analyses indicate that subadults had smaller average tooth sizes than adults for the posterior dentition that was particularly evident in mandibular nonpolar molars and premolars. This disparity, also documented in two other mission populations, likely represents ontogenetic stress and resulting increased mortality among those most at risk for early death. Analysis of the spatial structure of graves failed to document biological structuring by side of the aisle or by burial row, although some gross differences were evident when front, middle, and rear church burials were compared. Individuals buried in coffins within the same row were phenotypically similar to one another. However, inter-row comparisons indicated lack of phenotypic similarity among all coffin interments. These analyses suggest maintenance of kin-structured burial for elites alone within the San Luis community.
... Thompson et al. 2008;Worth 2009), health and population (e.g. Hutchinson et al. 1998;Larsen et al. 2001;Stojanowski 2005), and colonial encounters (e.g. Thomas 1993;Worth 1995Worth , 2009. ...
... After European contact and the establishment of Spanish missions along the coast, the diet of coastal Native Americans becomes more homogenous and there is a greater reliance on maize (Hutchinson et al. 1998;Larsen et al. 2001;Schoeninger 2009). This shift along with population aggregation in the context of demographic collapse was accompanied by a precipitous decline in the health of coastal populations (Hutchinson et al. 1998;Larsen 2002;Larsen et al. 2001;Stojanowski 2005). ...
Our research along the Georgia coast of the southeastern United States explores the role that small islands played in Native American economies over some 4000 years (ca. 2500 B.C.–A.D. 1700). Most archaeological research in the region has concentrated on large barrier islands that front the Atlantic Ocean. Less understood are the much smaller back-barrier islands, also called marsh islands, located in the inter-tidal environment. Our survey of four of these islands, Little Sapelo Island, Pumpkin Hammock, Mary Hammock, and Patterson Island, indicates that such landforms were important for most of the prehistoric and early historical Native American occupations of the coast. These landforms were key components in subsistence systems that relied heavily on estuarine resources. We discuss the implications of our study regarding method and theory in archaeology, and consider long-standing debates as to the productivity of coastal and maritime resources and the notion of insularity in island archaeology. Specifically, we suggest that, for some regions, small islands facilitate connectivity between areas. Further, the methodological implications of our study suggest that many small islands should be investigated as sites. That is, the nature of activity over the entire landform should be the focus of investigations.
... Bioarcheological analyses regarding European colonization and inequality are becoming increasingly more common (Murphy & Klaus, 2017). Biocultural bioarcheology is an ideal approach to the study of (Larsen, 2001;Stojanowski, 2005aStojanowski, , 2005bStojanowski, , 2009Stojanowski, , 2010Stojanowski & Larsen, 2013). This study extends this base of knowledge to the center of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City, as well as nearby Morelos, in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of Spanish colonization on indigenous population structure. ...
... En conjunto, estos datos permitirían sugerir la contribución del flujo génico desde regiones vecinas en el patrón de variación observado. Sin embargo, es necesario considerar que la presencia de ítems no locales producto del intercambio con otros grupos, no involucra necesariamente el establecimiento de flujo génico -i.e., reproducción de los individuos con consecuencias para el acervo génico de las poblaciones- (Fix, 1999;Stojanowski, 2005;Templeton, 2006). La evaluación de esta hipótesis debería ser complementada a través del análisis de datos moleculares (e.g., ADNmt, microsatélites, SNPs) que permitan establecer la acción de factores evolutivos de manera independiente de la información arqueológica y morfológica craneofacial. ...
... Over the past three decades excellent archival and archaeological studies of La Florida missions have taken place and more anthropological questions have been asked about mission communities and their occupants (e.g., Deagan and Thomas 2013; Hann 1996; McEwan 2001; Milanich 1999; Saunders 2000a; Worth 1998a Worth , 1998b). In addition, bioarchaeological, faunal, and paleoethnobotanical studies have examined issues of diet, health and status (e.g., Larsen et al. 2001; Reitz et al. 2010; Ruhl 2003; Stojanowski 2005 Stojanowski , 2013), and several recent edited volumes have placed the mission system in a broader comparative pan-American perspective (e.g., Johnson and Melville 2013; Panich and Schneider 2014). To understand the intersections of local and global histories and how these colonial encounters played out across time and space requires us to engage in long-term historical studies that span the gulf between prehistory and history (Lightfoot 1995; Scheiber and Mitchell 2010; Silliman 2005; Worth 2006). ...
... Recognizing the limitations of both metric and nonmetric traits, the most effective means of identifying biological relationship is to combine these traits with other genetic indicators such as congenital changes to the skeleton. In both bioarchaeology (Stojanowski 2005 ;Duncan 2012 ) and forensic anthropology (Birkby et al. 2008 ), there has been a push to analyze metric and nonmetric traits from a biocultural perspective that considers these factors along with other markers of identity that can be read from the bones. In addition to this, analytical techniques that extract and analyze DNA from bone and teeth are showing promise in providing biological affi nities (see Chap. 8 ). ...
There are many methods for the analysis of human remains that are regularly used by bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Standard analytical procedures involve the assignment of age at death and sex, the diagnosis of diseases, the reconstruction of height and body robusticity, and the determination of antemortem (premortem) and perimortem trauma. These basic analyses provide the identity of individuals. More importantly however is the use of these empirically based bone attributes to be used in the service of answering questions about human behavior. Social theory can be used to frame interesting questions that can be answered using bone data.
... En conjunto, estos datos permitirían sugerir la contribución del lujo génico desde regiones vecinas en el patrón de variación observado. Sin embargo, es necesario considerar que la presencia de ítems no locales producto del intercambio con otros grupos, no involucra necesariamente el establecimiento de lujo génico -i.e., reproducción de los individuos con consecuencias para el acervo génico de las poblaciones- (Fix, 1999;Stojanowski, 2005;Templeton, 2006). La evaluación de esta hipótesis debería ser complementada a través del análisis de datos moleculares (e.g., ADNmt, microsatélites, SNPs) que permitan establecer la acción de factores evolutivos de manera independiente de la información arqueológica y morfológica craneofacial. ...
RESUMEN La variación morfológica de las poblaciones humanas que habitaron el actual territorio de la provincia del Neuquén durante el Holoceno tardío, constituye un tema de investigación escasamente explorado hasta el presente. El objeto de éste trabajo es cuantificar el patrón de variación y el grado de disparidad en forma y tamaño facial de las poblaciones humanas del Noroeste de Patagonia durante el Holoceno tardío. Con fines comparativos, se analizaron dos muestras procedentes del Nordeste (Río Negro) y Centro-este (Chubut) de Patagonia, áreas para las que se cuenta con información bioarqueológica y arqueológica detallada. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la muestra de Neuquén presenta diferencias significativas en el patrón de variación en tamaño y forma del esqueleto facial con respecto a las otras dos muestras analizadas. Asimismo, la magnitud de la variación en el tamaño y la forma observada para la muestra de Neuquén resultó particularmente elevada, especialmente al comparar el área de estudio con el Nordeste de Patagonia, una región previamente caracterizada por elevados grados de variación morfológica. La evaluación de los procesos y eventos evolutivos y/o ecológicos que dieron origen a los patrones de variación aquí presentados requiere futuros estudios.
ABSTRACT The morphological variation of human populations that inhabited the actual territory of the Neuquén province during the Late Holocene, constitutes an area of research scarcely explored to date. Consequently, the present work aims at quantifying the pattern of variation and the degree of disparity in facial shape and size of the human populations from northwestern Patagonia during the late Holocene. For comparative purposes, we analyzed two samples from northeastern (Río Negro) and Center East (Chubut) Patagonia. These are two areas for which detailed archaeological and bioarchaeological information is available. The results obtained showed that the pattern of craniofacial size and shape variation of the Neuquén sample differed significantly from the other samples here analyzed. Similarly, the magnitude of the variation in size and shape observed for the Neuquén sample was particularly high, especially when comparing with the corresponding results for northeastern Patagonia, a region previously characterized by high degrees of morphological variation. The evaluation of the evolutionary and/or ecologic processes and events which might have originated the patterns presented here, claim for further investigations.
Publicado on-line: 29/07/2012
... This is unfortunate. Stojanowski's (2005Stojanowski's ( , 2013 work with the Spanish mission period site of San Pedro and San Pable de Patale provides one example of the power of combining spatial analysis with biodistance and pathology data at the site level. By identifying likely family groups within the church, Stojanowski demonstrates that some families were more susceptible to specific types of stress conditions than others and that families with higher mortality rates also exhibited higher rates of early childhood stress as reflected in elevated frequencies of linear enamel hypoplasias (Fig. 1). ...
More than 20 years ago, Wood et al. (Curr Anthropol 33:343–370, 1992) published ‘‘The Osteological Paradox: Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples,’’ in which they challenged bioarchaeologists to consider the effects of heterogeneous frailty and selective mortality on health inferences in past populations. Here, we review the paper’s impact on bioarchaeology and paleopathology, focusing on recent advancements in studies of ancient health. We find the paper is often cited but infrequently engaged in a meaningful way.
Despite an initial decade of limited progress, numerous researchers are now addressing components of the Paradox in more informed ways. We identify four areas of fruitful research: (1) intrasite, contextual perspectives, (2) subadults, (3) associating stress markers with demographic phenomena, and (4) skeletal lesion-formation processes. Although often seen as a problematic assumption, understanding the sources of heterogeneous frailty within human populations is a worthy research question in and of itself, and one that clearly links past and present health research within a global framework.
... Broad cross-cultural surveys of mortuary practices repeatedly find spatial segregation within cemeteries associated with kin-based social units (Binford, 1971;Goldstein, 1981;Carr, 1995), although more recent studies indicate that broader social networks including sodalities also contribute to discrete spatial patterning within cemeteries (Carr, 1995). Segregation of kin within past cemeteries is noted from a variety of contexts including the American Southwest (Corruccini, 1972;Howell & Kintigh, 1996), Southeastern United States (Ortner & Corruccini, 1976;Stojanowski, 2005), Japan (Shinoda & Kunisada, 1994;Mizoguchi, 2002), Great Plains (Owsley & Jantz, 1978;Byrd & Jantz, 1994), Caribbean (Corruccini et al., 1982), Egypt (Prowse & Lovell, 1996) and Peru (Corruccini et al., 2002). These studies all utilised human morphological features and/or ancient DNA analysis to confirm kin-based social patterning within cemeteries and support archaeological interpretations that suggest separate burial units reflect descent. ...
This study documents and interprets patterns of identity in relation to tooth ablation patterns at Yoshigo, a Late/ Final Jomon period (3500–2500 yBP) site. Two patterns of tooth ablation are observed among the Yoshigo people: both (2) mandibular canines or four (4) mandibular incisors were extracted during life and formed a basis for identity differentiation. Three hypotheses are tested regarding these groups: (1) tooth ablation groups will be unrelated to postmarital residence; (2) tooth ablation groups will be associated with age-based achievements; (3) tooth ablation groups will be associated with occupational specialisation. Biodistance, demographic and stable isotope analyses were performed on skeletal remains recovered from Yoshigo (3500–2300 BP) to test these hypotheses. Within-group variation expressed by cranial and dental measure-ments was not significantly different between tooth ablation groups. This indicates that tooth ablation practices were not related to migration. Previous biodistance findings do, however, suggest that tooth ablation groups represent closely related individuals, possibly kin-based networks. Demographic analysis of age-at-death and tooth ablation suggests that tooth ablation styles were achieved at different ages. Stable isotope analysis indicates that the tooth ablation groups consumed similar foods. Based on isotopic findings from other sites and archaeological evidence for food sharing among Jomon people, these results suggest that dietary variability between tooth ablation groups was homogenised by cooperative food sharing. The totality of these findings support the hypothesis that the identities associated with tooth ablation were unrelated to migratory patterns, and instead, possibly reflect kin-based social units, where achievement or age acted as a determinant of membership.
The Iron Age is characterized by an extended interweaving of movements by Celts in Europe. Several waves of Celts from Western and Central Europe migrated southeast and west from the core area of the La Téne culture (between Bourgogne and Bohemia). Through the analysis of non-metric dental traits, this work aims to understand the biological relationship among Celtic groups arrived in Italy and the Carpathian Basin, as well as between local populations and Celtic newcomers. A total of 10 non-metric dental traits were analyzed to evaluate biological affinities among Celts (Sopron-Krautacker and Pilismarót-Basaharc) and Scythians-related populations from Hungary (Tápiószele), Celts from continental Europe (Switzerland and Austria), two Iron Age Etruscan-Celtic sites from northern Italy (Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele), 13 Iron Age central-southern Italic necropolises, and the northern Italian Bronze Age necropolis of Scalvinetto. Strontium isotopes were measured on individuals from the necropolis of Monte Bibele to infer their local or non-local origin. Results highlight the existence of statistically significant differences between Celts and autochthonous Italian groups. Celtic groups from Hungary and Italy (i.e., non-local individuals of Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele) share a similar biological background, supporting the historical records mentioning a common origin for Celts migrated to the eastern and southern borders of today’s Europe. The presence of a supposed Steppean ancestry both in Celts from Hungary and Celts from northern Italy corroborates the hypothesis of the existence of a westward migration of individuals and genes from the Steppe towards northern Italy during the Bronze and Iron Age, which contributed to the biological variability of pre-Celtic and later Celtic populations, respectively. Conversely, individuals from central-southern Italy show an autochthonous pre-Iron Age background. Lastly, this work supports the existence of Celtic migratory routes in northern Italy, as shown by biological and cultural admixture between Celts and Italics living together.
This paper examines the role of kinship and postmarital residence in the emergence of organised cemeteries during the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age at Marathon, Attica. Focusing on the cemetery of Tsepi, we performed intra-cemetery biodistance analysis to test whether biological relatedness structured spatial organisation of tombs, and whether postmarital residence was matrilocal or patrilocal. Dental metric, dental morphological and cranial non-metric data were collected from 293 individuals and subjected to multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, Euclidean distance ordination via multidimensional scaling), binomial probability calculations, Ripley's K analysis and determinant ratio analysis. Results indicated phenotypic similarity among some tomb co-interments; however, outliers suggested that within-tomb burial depended on a variety of factors that could include affinal, fictive or practical kinship. There was strong evidence for phenotypic patterning by tomb row, indicating that cemetery structure at Tsepi was organised according to biological lineages. This was especially evident for females. Male phenotypic variation was higher than that of females, though not significantly so. The results of intra-cemetery biodistance analysis at Tsepi reveal a complex mortuary programme that emphasised biological kinship within an exogamous and likely matrilocal system of mate exchange. When considered in light of ethnographic evidence, the practice of male exogamy may correlate with the coastal location of the community and the maritime activities that structured the economy during the emergence of social complexity in the region. This paper illustrates the potential of biodistance analyses for elucidating aspects of social life in the Aegean.
Analysis of individual skeletal remains can reveal much about that individual’s biocultural life history, while the context of the burial can reveal how the living dealt with the dead. When bioarchaeologists have access to larger collections of human remains that represent a group that is part of a culturally distinctive community, then a population-level analysis can be undertaken. Populations offer quantitative data that provides information on how well a group or society is adapting to local and regional conditions, how well they have adapted over time, and frequencies of disease or trauma in one group compared across regions. Examples are provided that illuminate different aspects of adaptation and resilience that can be explored at the population level.
The depopulation of large parts of the northern Southwest by Pueblo people is an iconic event in the intellectual development of southwestern archaeology. The Pecos Classification (Kidder [1924] 1962) codified a complementary relationship between the central "Anasazi" area (the northern San Juan/Mesa Verde and southern San Juan/Chaco regions) and the eastern Pueblo area (the northern Rio Grande region). In the Pecos framework, the Pueblo III period ended with depopulation of the San Juan regions, while the Pueblo IV period began as large villages formed in other areas of the northern Southwest, including the northern Rio Grande. This sequential framework still contributes to archaeological interpretations that couple temporal and cultural continuity between the San Juan regions and the post-AD 1300 northern Rio Grande. Those interpretations usually invoke migrations of people from the former to the latter and imply that historical northern Rio Grande Pueblos are descendant from San Juan populations.
This study examines phenotypic variation and biological distances estimated using morphological traits from three Early Agricultural period (EAP) (2100 BC–AD 50) site-complexes in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The hypothesis tested is that EAP forager-farmers were phenotypically homogenous as suggested by patterns in material culture and works to refine inferences regarding gene flow and biological affinity during subsistence transitions. Seven measurements from 62 EAP male and female crania were collected and used to calculate phenotypic variances, biological distances, and values with RMET 5.0 software. Analyses were applied to both pooled site-complex samples and to males and females separately. Results show differential variation between site-complex population samples, multiple significant biological distances, and significant values for the EAP regional sample that indicate widespread phenotypic heterogeneity rather than homogeneity. Significantly lower than expected variance in the Cienega Creek male sample is inferred to suggest a small closely related population present during the Cienega phase. Greater than expected male variation is attributed to higher frequencies of gene flow in the La Playa and Santa Cruz River site-complex samples. These EAP males are inferred to be more mobile across the Sonoran Desert landscape and representative of multiple biological affinities compared with females. This study provides evidence supporting the canalization of phenotypic variation when associated with human populations becoming increasingly sedentary due to transitioning subsistence practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This article advocates for a comparative approach to archaeological studies of colonialism that considers how Native American societies with divergent political economies may have influenced various kinds of processes and outcomes in their encounters with European colonists. Three dimensions
of indigenous political economies (polity size, polity structure, and landscape management practices) are identified as critical variables in colonial research. The importance of considering these dimensions is exemplified in a case study from California, which shows how small-sized polities,
weak to moderate political hierarchies, and regionally oriented pyrodiversity economies played significant roles in the kinds of colonial relationships that unfolded. The case study illustrates how the colonial experiences of Native Californians differed from those of other tribal groups that
confronted similar kinds of colonial programs involving Franciscan missionaries elsewhere in North America. The article stresses that the archaeology of colonialism is not simply an arcane academic exercise but, rather, has real-life relevancy for people who remain haunted by the legacies
of colonialism, such as those petitioning for federal recognition in California.
Beginning in the late sixteenth century, a series of Spanish missions was built in coastal Georgia and northern Florida. These
missions were designed to convert and “civilize” the indigenous peoples of the region and establish a Spanish presence in
the southeastern United States. The colony was not a success, and the missions were destroyed by the English by 1706. The
native population fared poorly and suffered massive loss of people due to epidemics and colonial period hardships. In this
paper, I discuss microevolutionary analyses of archeological skeletal samples representing the native populations from the
region. Analyses document changing patterns of variation and intergroup biological integration through time. Formal evolutionary
interpretations are offered, but these are reinterpreted with respect to the social and historical context of the time period.
Specifically, patterns of variation suggest a nascent Catholic Indian identity was emergent in Spanish Florida when the missions
were destroyed. While this may indicate an evolutionary and historical “dead end” for the indigenous peoples of Florida, further
interpretation of the data with respect to the later history of the early Seminole people suggests a continuous biological
history can be inferred, linking Spanish period (seventeenth century) and Seminole period (eighteenth century) peoples of
Florida within a unified historical narrative. This complex, ephemeral history has repercussions for interpreting evolutionary
genetic data within a strict cladistic framework. In addition, this research contributes a humanistic component to the evolutionary
sciences with respect to cultural patrimony and oral traditions, in this case, of the Seminole peoples.
IntroductionBackground
MaterialsMethods
Data Collection and AnalysisResultsDiscussionSummary and Conclusions
AcknowledgementsReferences
Spanish colonial archaeology has undergone a fundamental shift since the Columbian Quincentenary due to the adoption of a
bottom-up understanding of colonialism that emphasizes the analysis of local phenomena in a global context and the active
ways in which people negotiated the processes set in motion by the conquest. This review examines five key research foci:
culture change and identity, missionization, bioarchaeology, economics, and investigations of the colonial core. It ends with
a consideration of ongoing challenges posed by the archaeology of colonialism, particularly the relationship of the individual
to broader social processes and the emerging role of comparison.
This comparative synthesis examines archaeological and ethnohistoric data pertaining to Native American coastal adaptations
along the southern coasts of the eastern United States. We consider the totality of experiences of people living along coasts,
examining such issues as technological innovation, environmental variability and change as it relates to site visibility,
the built environment, the use of coastal food resources, the nature of complex coastal Calusa and Guale polities, and European
contact. We link our topical discussions to broader issues in anthropology, arguing that the archaeology of southern coasts
has much to contribute to our understanding of worldwide adaptations to coastal environments and broad-scale shifts in the
trajectories of human societies.
KeywordsArchaeology–Ethnohistory–Coastal–Southeastern U.S.
In recent years the pace of research on the late prehistoric Mississippian societies of eastern North America has accelerated.
New data, methods, and theoretical goals are changing perspectives in Mississippian archaeology. Regional overviews and site
syntheses provide unprecedented insights into the Mississippian phenomenon at local, regional, and continental scales. Traditional
culture history, processualism, historical processualism, iconography, and neo-Darwinian archaeology are active theoretical
orientations. Important research focuses on variability in Mississippian sociopolitical formations over time, organizational
diversity among contemporaneous societies, and sources of political power. The new historicism and iconography place agency,
identity, origins, factionalism, ideology, and meaning at the center of culture change, while many processualists continue
to focus on developmental histories, economy, and control of material resources. Advances in physical and chemical analyses
and the availability of remote sensing techniques are changing how Mississippian archaeology is conducted and expanding the
kinds of data that are recovered. These diverse interests, methods, and goals have created considerable eclecticism in Mississippian
archaeology.
The human skeletal series from the Snow Beach site (8WA52) consists of a relatively small number of individuals representing the only historic, non-Mission native burial population from northwest Florida for which stable isotope data have been analyzed. The stable isotope analysis indicates less than complete reliance upon maize-based agriculture by this cultural group of Mississippian complexity. Rather, those interred in the mound at Snow Beach appear to have incorporated a variety of non-domesticates into their diet, illustrating the importance of localized adaptations in fort Walton and Apalachee populations. Valuable information for dating the skeletal materials was derived from the bead assemblage, as well as from related lines of archaeological evidence.
Enamel and dentin thicknesses were measured in permanent tooth crowns of 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) males. In 47,XXY males, enamel thickness in maxillary central incisors was significantly greater than that in control males or females, and dentin thickness in incisors and canines was significantly greater than that in control females, but smaller than that in normal males. These findings confirm the concept that human dental growth is affected by sex chromosomes. Amelogenesis is promoted by both X and Y chromosome genes, and sexual dimorphism in average tooth size is evidently determined by a promoting effect of the Y chromosome on dentin growth, probably through cell proliferation. This effect can also explain sex predilection for males in the numbers of supernumerary and ordinary teeth.
Genetic variance analysis of 56 tooth size traits was based on a sample of 58 pairs of twins (23 MZ and 35 DZ) from Chandigarh, India. Results of a t-test for equality of means showed no association of zygosity with any of the traits. Heterogeneity of total variance was found in 18 traits, which invalidates conventional genetic variance estimates and reveals considerable hidden environmental determinance. In contrast to other studies, Indian MZ twins had higher variance than did DZ twins, in most instances. There was also evidence of stronger environmental covariance for MZ and DZ twins. The study revealed substantial, complex environmental determination for some dental dimensions, especially of incisors and second molars.
The general model and assumptions required to estimate genetic variance from monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins are reviewed. Using the among and within twin pair mean squares, two independent estimates of genetic variance are obtained: G(WT) = within DZ mean square, within MZ mean square and G(AT) = among MZ mean square, among DZ mean square. This model holds only if the total mean squares of DZ and MZ twins differ only by chance fluctuation. For most cases, G(WT) is presented as an adequate measure of genetic variance, but it may be refined by adjustment by a weighted mean with G(AT). The weighted mean proposed was a minimum variance estimate in which G(AT) and G(WT) were combined according to the reciprocal of their variances. If the total mean squares differ more than could be expected by chance, then environmental factors were postulated as being unequal for MZ and DZ twins and the arithmetic mean of G(WT) and G(AT) must be used as un unbiased estimate of twin genetic variance.
The careful reconstruction of the San Luis chief's house and council house based on historical and archaeological evidence suggests that the Apalachee builders were sophisticated in the use of geometry. This paper proposes as a preliminary hypothesis that copper breastplates from the Mount Royal and Spiro sites relate geometric shapes and whole numbers in a consistent system that may be reflected in the plans and sections of the San Luis structures as well as in other Native American design motifs.
Odontometric features are reported for the medieval (VIth to XIIth century A.D.) skeletal series of Santa María de Hito, Cantabria, Spain. Analysis of mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth crown diameters, crown index, and crown area of 2165 permanent teeth from 164 individuals revealed statistically significant sexual dimorphism for most teeth, with males having larger teeth than females in both dimensions. The canines are the most dimorphic teeth. The Santa María de Hito dental features were compared to those of eleven Iberian and North African skeletal series, ranging chronologically from 7200 B.P. to XXth century A.D. A diachronic trend towards tooth size reduction to the most recent series was observed in the Iberian Peninsula. Cluster analyses of odontometric distances based on the Penrose shape coefficient using mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters basically reflect temporal and historical, but not regional, population affinities at the microevolutionary level.
Among a group of fifty Egyptian families that comprised 200 individuals (99 males and 101 females), the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters for each tooth (except the third molar) were measured. Both dimensions showed evident sex differences in all teeth; however, the canines demonstrated the highest level of sexual dimorphism. Intra-familial correlations were computed in ten pairs. Mid parent offspring correlations showed the highest level of significance. In addition, the like-sexed correlations (particularly among females) were of higher significance than the different-sexed correlations. Our results suggest that autosomal additive genes play an important role in tooth size transmission. It is likely that sex-linked genes as well as non-genetic factors are also among the major determinants of tooth crown size.
The artifact assemblage from French colonial Old Mobile includes pottery thought to have been made by Apalachee Indians who emigrated from the Apalachee Province of Spanish Florida following the destruction of their missions in 1704. The suspected Apalachee ceramics are characterized by complicated stamped designs and folded and pinched rims. Colono ware pitchers and brimmed vessels with foot ring bases also are thought to have been made by Apalachee émigrés. Paste characterization and analyses of design, manufacturing technology, and vessel morphology of this pottery were compared with known local Mobile types and known Apalachee types from Mission San Luis de Talimali in Florida. The results document continuity and change in Apalachee pottery production and may help track the dispersal of the Apalachees and resolve the timing of the disappearance of Apalachee pottery traditions from the archaeological record.
Despite a historical propensity to characterize the Spanish treatment of Native Americans as brutal, archaeological and historic data gathered since 1984 from religious, civic, and domestic contexts at San Luis have revealed otherwise. It appears that both Spanish and Apalachee residents maintained a strong sense of their respective cultural identities and material life, and demonstrated a marked degree of accommodation.
Infectious disease introduction in the Americas has been approached in historical, not biological, terms. We believe that this historical focus has limited scholarly understanding of Native American disease experience, past and present. Our goal is to link disease contact and contemporary Native American biology. We review the historical debates, and argue that advances in evolutionary theory and molecular genetics should be incorporated into models and descriptions of Native American disease history. Our discussion highlights the model of infectious disease evolution and host-pathogen interactions in terms of the classic division between host, parasite and environment. We reference specific infectious diseases throughout and examine the question of New World tuberculosis in detail. We are hopeful that our discussion will result in new directions for investigation of disease history in the Americas.
— Mean values of deciduous and permanent tooth dimensions were compared between 47, XYY males and control subjects to clarify the role of the Y chromosome in dental development. Tooth size was generally larger in the 47, XYY sample, although the increase in size was not uniform throughout the dentition. The Y chromosome appears to have a direct effect on tooth size which may be due to a specific gene (or genes) or may be related to a more non-specific effect of heterochromatin on cellular activity.
The excavation of the Library site in Trondheim uncovered the medieval cemetry of St. Olav's church containing 388 skeletons, of which 248 had skulls with teeth. Sex assessment was based on osteological criteria, and for 145 skeletons sex classification was performed with a high degree of certainty. The remaining 103 were classified as uncertain male, uncertain female and sex undetermined. Mesio-distal and facio-lingual crown widths of permanent teeth in the group of reliably assessed males and females were used in sex-discriminant analyses. A combination of two or more teeth was less effective in discrimination than using one tooth alone. This was due to missing data in the combined variable sets and thereby loss of cases. Missing variables were due to post-mortem tooth loss, attrition or large deposits of calculus. The teeth were ranked according to their power in sex discrimination. The left maxillary first molar (26) represented by its facio-lingual dimension was the best sex discriminator (classified 85 per cent of the cases correctly), followed by the right maxillary first molar (16) also represented by its facio-lingual dimension (classified 77 per cent correctly). With only one variable in the discriminant function, a critical value could be calculated and tabulated for each tooth. This was used in sex assessment of the osteologically undetermined and uncertain groups. Only variables that could sex classify correctly at least 70 per cent of the cases with the Jack-knife procedure were used. Sex assessment could be made for 16 of 24 (66.7 per cent) of the osteologically sex-undetermined adult individuals and for 21 of 44 (47.7 per cent) of the children. Of 35 osteologically uncertainly sex-assessed skulls, only nine (six men and three women) corresponded with dental classification.
Cranial and dental measurements were taken on 100 skulls, consisting of 20 specimens each, representing five different human populations. In addition to traditional cranial and dental measurements, sets of nonstandard basicranial and cervical dental measurements were collected. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to determine what kinds of data best sort human populations. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that traditional and nontraditional cranial measurements separate major human groups better than do dental measurements, with traditional cranial measurements providing the best sorting criteria. The cervical dental measurements proved to be better sorters of human groups than the traditional maximum dental measurements for univariate, but not for multivariate, analyses. Thus, when utilizing univariate techniques, osteologists can increase sample sizes of teeth by collecting cervical data.
Mean values and variances of deciduous and permanent tooth dimensions were compared between 121 45,X (Turner syndrome) females and 171 control subjects to clarify the role of the X chromosome on dental development. Although deciduous molars tended to be smaller than normal in 45,X females, there was no evidence of a reduction in tooth size for deciduous anterior teeth. In the permanent dentition, all mesiodistal dimensions were significantly smaller in 45,X females but only some of the buccolingual dimensions were smaller. The findings for deciduous tooth-size may reflect a sampling effect related to the extremely high frequency of spontaneous abortion in 45,X individuals. Results for permanent teeth are consistent with the concept of a decrease in enamel thickness in 45,X females.
To demonstrate the presence of independent genetic determinants of multiple correlated tooth dimensions from twin data, a multivariate analysis was performed on the covariance matrices of monozygotic and dizygotic within-pair differences for mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 teeth of the secondary dentition. The results provided strong evidences that the correlation among tooth dimensions is primarily genetic in origin, probably attributable to the pleiotropic action of either independent genes or groups of genes. Among the genetic factors that were identified, one appeared to affect the maxillary teeth in general while a second influenced primarily the anterior mandibular teeth. There was a striking tendency for homologous measurements on the right and left sides to be associated with the same genetic factor. In contrast, genetic determination of the maxillary and mandibular dentition seemed to be independent of each other, and a wider range of genetic factors were found to influence the mandibular than the maxillary teeth, suggesting that a differential degree of evolutionary stability may have been achieved in the teeth of the two jaws.
Bilateral tooth measurements in twins were partitioned into three orthogonal contrasts, each associated with one degree of freedom, to estimate three parameters: discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery. The probability levels of the within-pair variance ratios were used to test for significance of these estimates. The results provided strong evidences for the existence of significant genetic determinants of almost all of the individual tooth dimensions, but little or no evidence for a genetic basis of asymmetry. The analysis gave no indication that monozygotic twinning was associated with an increased degree of either fluctuating asymmetry or mirror imagery, when compared to dizygotic twins. The data on monozygotic twins further suggested that for most variables examined, the increment of environmental discordance resulting from the twinning phenomena was greater than the developmental noise that caused asymmetry within individual cotwins.
Correlations between dimensions of the permanent teeth in Australian Aboriginals were studied by factor analysis to disclose the main sources of shared variability. Findings indicated that in both males and females most of the common variability in the tooth dimensions could be accounted for by factors representing mesiodistal size of anterior teeth, buccolingual size of anterior teeth, generalized size of the premolars and generalized size of the molars.
Factor scores derived from the analysis were used to calculate intraclass correlations among brothers and among sisters. These correlations tended to be higher for the factors contributing most to the common variability indicating that the factors might represent fields under direct genetic control. There was no trend for intraclass correlations among siblings derived from multivariate scores to be consistently higher than those based on observed tooth dimensions. The main advantage to the user of factor analysis is the ability to interpret associations between interrelated variables more objectively than is possible by conventional correlation methods.
Spanish exploration and colonization of the New World has long been characterized as a quest for "Gold, Glory, and God." This article examines the last of these motives, the religious aspects of colonization, as revealed through seventeenth-century mortuary remains and documentary evidence from the Spanish territory known as La Florida. Data suggest that these missionized native populations underwent religious transformations that resulted in a unique expression of Christianity incorporating both European and native elements. Related data indicate that while religious conversion may have had a lasting impact, other native social and political institutions remained largely intact during the mission period. [missions, Native Americans, Spanish colonization, southeastern United States]
Abstract No Abstract Available.
Twin methodology for the analysis of continuously distributed traits is presented as a guideline for initial steps in the analysis of twin data. Tests for heterogeneity of twin means and variances are reviewed along with estimates of genetic variance.
Analysis of twin data appears on the surface to be a rather simple task, but investigators may well be confused by the wealth of choices available for hypothesis testing. This paper is designed to help the less experienced investigator, with perhaps a modest amount of data, begin analysis with maximum attention to testing all testable assumptions of the twin model, and using recent examples of applications of the methods.
The rationale for using an approximate t' test of the difference between the means for MZ and DZ twins is presented. This test avoids pooling the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares and has approximate degrees of freedom based upon the relative number of MZ and DZ twin pairs as well as the relative sizes of the among-MZ and among-DZ twin-pair mean squares. Sampling experiments simulating twin studies were used to show that the rate of Type I error for this t' test was appropriate while other tests could give either too many or too few Type I errors depending upon the relative sizes of the mean squares and the relative numbers of MZ and DZ twin pairs.
The heritability of a biometric characteristic is a function of the studied population: however it is important to define a decreasing order of heritability for different anthropological characteristics. The authors present a study of the heritability coefficients of 36 anthropological traits in a sample of 125 Belgian families. The authors utilized in the calculation of the heritability coefficients the method of Fisher (1918), which has the advantage that it takes into account the influence of the existing assortative mating in the studied population. The values of the heritability coefficients calculated for a theoretical panmictic population are compared to the heritability coefficients calculated in the observed conditions and a study of the variation in the order of the heritability coefficient is proposed.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the question of inheritance of tooth size, with particular reference to the role of the sex chromosomes. Data were obtained from the dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, who had participated in a longitudinal growth study extending over 20 years. The compilation and verification of comprehensive genealogical records gathered over a number of years enabled the analysis of family data.
Product-moment correlation coefficients between different full-sibling and half-sibling pairs were calculated for permanent tooth size. Values of individual and average correlations for both mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance. However, no evidence of sex chromosomal involvement was found.
Deciduous teeth of six 47,XYY males have been examined, and the tooth sizes were found to be larger than those of controls. We concluded that a factor or factors which influence excess dental growth in 47,XYY males are probably in effect before the age of a few months. The time needed for the achievement of final tooth growth excess seems to be limited to a 9--18 month period. It also became evident that excess dental growth of 47,XYY individuals is a developmentally stable process, and the Y chromosome apparently regulates quantitative variation of the teeth in normal males [2]. These observations on tooth sizes in 47,XYY males suggest a chromosomal influence on dental determination.
The relationship between tooth size and body size of American Blacks, although often statistically significant, is low. This parallels earlier findings for white populations of western european origin. Thus, inferring body size of fossil hominoids from tooth size alone is unwarranted on the basis of these results.
The traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length-crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for.
Permanent teeth of 12 individuals with a 47,XYY chromosome constitution have been examined. The tooth sizes of 47,XYY males were found to be larger than those of control males and females. In many instances the differences were statistically significant. Using these results, it was possible to conclude that a factor or factors which influence excess growth of 47,XYY males probably are in effect during prenatal life, but without doubt must be in effect very early in postnatal life. The time period needed for the achievement of final excess growth is relatively short, in the case of first permanent molars probably only from 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years. On the basis of the finding that the Y chromosome apparently carries genes affecting tooth sizes in normal males [1], it was suggested that gene products of the extra Y chromosome could cause the observed size difference between normal and 47,XYY males. The nature of the influence of one versus two Y chromosomes on growth was discussed in terms of the possible influence of the Y chromosome on the cell divisions within the developing tooth germ.
A three-dimensional analysis of the maxillary first molars of five 45,XO females and comparison with normal females and males demonstrated a reduction of cusp areas and volumes in the 45,XO females. Mesiodistal and faciolingual dimensions were also reduced. The reductions in basal area and volume were greater in the later developing, distal cusps. In normal females the second X chromosome apparently does not exert an effect on the cusp height but increases the basal area. The results further indicate that the Y chromosome in normal males increases both cusp height and basal area. The steepest cusps were found in 45,XO females while the shallowest were in the control males. Both sex chromosomes thus seem to affect the shape of the cusp but the resulting phenotypes differ.
The purposes of this study were to estimate the heritabilities of several human dental arch dimensions and compare the hereditary differences among kinships and among variables. The sample consisted of 102 Japanese families, each including both parents and one of their offspring, and on average all subjects had relatively well-aligned permanent dentitions. The heritabilities of all variables were estimated from the regression of offspring on parent and on midparent. Results showed that genetics played a role regarding dental arch dimensions, and arch perimeter (sum of tooth width) was a more definite genetic-related factor than other arch dimensions, such as width, length, or size. There were few significant hereditary differences between sons and daughters, and between upper and lower arches for each variable. Sex chromosomal involvement was not confirmed, but maternal effects were found to be more evident in daughters than in sons, for both arches. Comparisons among the heritabilities of overall and of anterior arch dimensions indicated that size of the anterior part of the dental arch might be less resistant to environmental factors, especially in case of the lower arch.
Permanent tooth crown sizes of six Finnish females with a 46, X, i(Xq) chromosome constitution (isochromosome for the long arm of the X chromosome) were measured from dental casts and compared with those of normal women, first-degree female relatives and 45, X females. Crown diameters of the 46, X, i(Xq) females were not only smaller than in the normal women but even smaller than the 45, X females. These findings can be considered indirect evidence that X chromosome gene(s) for tooth crown growth are most probably located on the short arm.
It has previously been suggested that residential practices can be inferred from within- or between-group analysis of male and female skeletal morphology. Arguments have proceeded from intuitively derived hypotheses about the genetic consequences of drift and migration. In this paper, a formal basis is presented for these hypotheses using modified versions of Wright's island model and the migration matrix method. It is shown that the usual measures of standardized genetic variance or genetic kinship can be decomposed into male, female, and male/female components. The male and female components can in turn be used separately to assess the effect of different residential practices on the population genetic structure of the two sexes. Following upon these models, nonmetric cranial trait data from prehistoric sites in west-central Illinois are used to delineate the probable residential practices for this region.
Permanent tooth sizes in 15 Finnish females with a 45,X/46,XX chromosome constitution were measured and compared with those of normal females, first-degree female relatives and 45,X females. Mesiodistal crown diameters of the 45,X/46,XX mosaic females were smaller than those of normal females but similar to those of females with pure 45,X chromosome constitution. Labiolingual crown diameters of the 45,X/46,XX mosaics were near normal, being consistently larger than those of 45,X females. The mesiodistal crown sizes are consistent with a decrease in enamel thickness in 45,X/46,XX mosaic females. The difference in labiolingual dimension between teeth of 45,X/46,XX mosaic females and 45,X females may relate to a gradual normalization of growth when normal 46,XX cells are mixed with defective 45,X cells.
The permanent teeth tended to be larger than normal in a group of 77 males with the syndrome, indicating that the presence of an extra X-chromosome has a growth-promoting effect which operates from early in development.
Evaluation of dental casts of 202 living Lengua Indians from Paraguay finds progressive reduction in overjet with age, but no Class III or indication of altered relationship of mandible to cranial base.
A study of the intergenerational transmissibilities of 34 anthropometric measures from the Alexanderwohl Mennonite congregations of Kansas and Nebraska is presented. Results presented tend to confirm the suggestion made previously by us (Devor et al., 1985) that patterns of transmissibility conform to a concept of "functional multifactorial complexes" operating in the body in a way analogous to the "field" concept of dental morphology.
Wear patterns were examined on dental casts of 202 living Lengua Indians from the Chaco area of Paraguay. Consideration was given to the development of the molar helicoidal plane, age-related changes in occlusal attrition, coalescence of dentine exposures, interproximal attrition, and erupted crown height. This study lends support to Osborn's theory of the helicoidal plane development by showing that attrition enhances rather than modifies posteruption molar occlusal planes. The rate of interproximal attrition was found to slow down with the eruption and functional initiation of the third molars. Sinuous and cavo-convex interproximal contact areas that are generated with age, however, appeared to be less abrasion resistant than straight surfaces, hence leading to an increase in interproximal attrition rates with advanced age. Maximum crown height reduction occurred between the ages of 20 and 40 years in central incisors, canines, and first molars. Kruskal-Wallis tests and log linera models failed to demonstrate significant sexually dimorphic or antimeric differences in wear patterns of Lengua teeth.
Dental stone casts were obtained from 36 adults (32 male, 4 female) from Goroka and 29 adults (25 male, 4 female) from Lufa in the Eastern Highlands District of Papua New Guinea. Odontometric data are presented for all male permanent teeth, along with measurements of arch width, length and palatal vault height. The teeth of the 2 populations are megadont and, in general, similar to those of other aboriginal populations from Papua New Guinea and Australia. These 2 samples and those available from other nearby Oceania populations were compared by Penrose's shape, size and distance statistics. The analysis highlights the markedly smaller dentition of the Nasioi of Bougainville when compared with that of the Goroka, Lufa and Australian Aboriginal populations.
The genetic influence on different human tooth dimensions was examined by using heritability estimates as an indication of genetic effect. A full-sib analysis was used to calculate the heritabilities. A clear range of variation of heritabilities between different teeth and dimensions was obtained, but not without systematic trends. Heritabilities were generally lower in distal members of the tooth group with the exception of lower incisors. In view of the phenotypic variability regarding size, form and existence of the different teeth in modern man, and in relation to the change of the teeth during evolution, it was suggested that the lowering of heritability could mean that the tooth in question is in the process of evolutionary change. The significance of teeth with low and high heritabilities in relation to the function and evolution of the masticatory apparatus was discussed in terms of fitness. The differences of heritabilities between teeth within a tooth group, rather than the position of the tooth in the dental arch, describes the changes in the relative phenotypic variability between different teeth in a given population at any point in time.
Mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of available, measurable permanent teeth were obtained from plaster dental casts of forty-three families who were long-term participants in the Burlington Orthodontic Research Center family study. Tooth size correlations for homologous teeth were calculated by computer for the seven possible groups of parent-child and sibling pairs, randomly selected from the forty-three families. These correlations generally are too low to be useful for accurate prediction of child permanent tooth size in mixed dentition analysis. Ranking of these tooth-specific correlations in decreasing order of magnitude for both parent-child and sibling pairs tends to support the theory of X-linked inheritance of human tooth size.