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Evaluating evaluation
Abstract
La ¿evaluación¿, término escogido por los editores de este volumen para englobar los conceptos de opinión y actitud del hablante, es un campo de estudio actualmente fructífero donde se solapan la semántica, la pragmática y el discurso. En este artículo- reseña se analizan los nueve capítulos que comprende el volumen, descubriendo una variedad de enfoques, tanto léxicos y gramaticales como discursivos, que abordan la expresión en inglés de la opiníon y de la actitud del escritor o hablante. Se incluyen estudios basados en corpus de palabras y expresiones que encierran una carga evaluativa, la evaluación en la narrativa y de la narrativa, actitudes... What the editors term ¿evaluation¿ is an up-and-coming field of study in an area in which semantics, pragmatics, grammar and discourse overlap. The present article examines the nine contributions to the volume under review and finds a considerable range of lexical, grammatical and textual approaches to the expression of opinion and stance in English. These include corpus-based studies of lexical and grammatical items carrying an evaluative load, evaluation in and of narrative, covert stance in persuasive rhetoric, a systemic-functional modelling of Appraisal, and a layered discourse model to persuasive texts.
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This paper argues that Concession in conversation is in a very fundamental sense dyadic, involving a three-part sequence in which a first speaker makes some point (X) and a second speaker acknowledges, or concedes, the validity of this point (X’) but goes on to make a potentially contrasting point (Y). This basic pattern, the Cardinal Concessive, has several variations which involve, for instance, a different ordering of the parts or an implied Y. Two mechanisms for projecting Yare examined, semantic partitioning and implicative prosody. In addition, several functional and social implications of the Cardinal Concessive and its variations are considered. Perhaps the most interesting of these is that Concession may be used for expressing alignment as well as disaligmnent by conversationalists. © 2000 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 0-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved.
The papers in this volume, a multidisciplinary collaboration of anthropologists, linguists, and psychologists, explore the ways in which cultural knowledge is organized and used in everyday language and understanding. Employing a variety of methods, which rely heavily on linguistic data, the authors offer analyses of domains of knowledge ranging across the physical, social, and psychological worlds, and reveal the importance of tacit, presupposed knowledge in the conduct of everyday life. The authors argue that cultural knowledge is organized in 'cultural models' - storylike chains of prototypical events that unfold in simplified worlds - and explore the nature and role of these models. They demonstrate that cultural knowledge may take either proposition-schematic or image-schematic form, each enabling the performance of different kinds of cognitive tasks. Metaphor and metonymy are shown to have special roles in the construction of cultural models. The authors also demonstrates that some widely applicable cultural models recur nested within other, more special-purpose models. Finally, it is shown that shared models play a critical role in thinking, allowing humans to master, remember, and use the vast amount of knowledge required in everyday life. This innovative collection will appeal to anthropologists, linguists, psychologists, philosophers, students of artificial intelligence, and other readers interested in the processes of everyday human understanding.
This paper describes the outcome of a project to code the complementation patterns of all the verbs in Collins COBUILD English
Dictionary (1995) COBUILD stands for ‘Collins and Birmingham University International Language Database’ The coding is based
on the Bank of English corpus at COBUILD and uses a simple notation based on words and word-classes rather than traditional
functional categories The result of this exercise is a list of verb patterns, with a complete list of all the verbs in a corpus
of 250 million words that have each pattern It is found that the verbs that share a pattern fall into groups based on meaning
This grammar is the first pedagogic grammar to integrate syntax and lexis using corpus data The grammar is used to explore
traditional grammatical categones such as Object, Complement, etc These are found to be inadequate to account for the actual
behaviour of verbs Finally, the paper explores the possibility of using a pattern grammar to analyse naturally-occurring discourse
The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics. © 2000 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 0-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved.
In this article two types of concession relations are described, one is called direct-rejection concessivity, and the other indirect-rejection concessivity. The first one is said to be pragmatically constructed as the opposite of a causal relation, that is, if P→Q expresses that a causal relation of any kind (including cause/effect, reason/conclusion, and iff-condition relations) exists between P and Q on the ground of some topos (a common knowledge or wisdom), then denying one of its portions, i.e., [P→ ∼ Q] or ∼ P→ Q (but not the two of them), while maintaining the topos yields a direct-rejection concessivity. This concessivity can be used as an argument/conclusion relation but only in a weaker sense of the term 'argument', called persuader. A direct-rejection concessivity can be expressed in a paratactic as well as in a hypotactic way. An indirect-rejection concessivity can only be expressed in a paratactic way (usually, with the connective but), and its two portions express two different arguments leading to two opposite conclusions, which are not explicitly stated and must be inferred. The second portion of this paratactic concessivity always infers the stronger and final conclusion. The two adversative arguments, based on two different topoi, must be arguments in the stronger sense, i.e., reason-type arguments, termed supportive.
A broad view of evidentiality is adopted, based on Chafe (1986) and Haviland (1987) which goes beyond the grammatical marking of the speaker’s or writer’s perceived sources of knowledge and reliability of these sources to encode, not only what the speaker knows and how s/he knows it, but also what can be taken to be an addressee’s state of knowledge. According to this view, evidentials are contemplated as interactive devices or resources for redefining common ground between interlocutors. They go beyond referential content to signal such meanings as confrontation and contradictory assumptions. They are necessarily situated in social contexts and have an indexical function. They may also overlap with epistemic stances and with affect, ranging in the case of
surely
from surprise, disbelief, doubt and disapproval to persuasion and an invitation to share beliefs or to agree on future courses of action. Using data from the British National Corpus, I analyse a sample of concordances of
surely
with subject personal pronouns, with the aim of providing a preliminary characterisation of the range of interpersonal attitudes expressed by
surely
and the determining factors which trigger these apparently contradictory stances.
Introduction Since its publication in 1985, the outstanding 1,800-page Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik, has been the definitive description of the grammar of English and an in-. dispensable reference for any research in the analysis or generation of English that attempts serious coverage of the syntactic phenomena of the language. The new Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, by Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, is an important complement to the earlier work, extending and sometimes revising the descriptions of Quirk et al., by means of an extensive corpus analysis by the five authors and their research assistants. Now, the bookshelf of any researcher in English linguistics is incomplete without both volumes. Like Quirk et al. (hereafter CGEL), Biber and his colleagues attempt a detailed description of all the syntactic phenomena of English. But
The Pragmatics of Affect. Special Issue of Text Evaluation in childbirth narratives told by women and men. Discourse Studies Fictional worlds Corpus, Concordance, Collocation Towards a Contextual Grammar of English: The Clause and its Place in the Definition of Sentence
- Ruth E Page
Journal of Narrative and Life History 7 (1-4): 299-308. Ochs, Elinor (ed.) (1989). The Pragmatics of Affect. Special Issue of Text, 9, 3. Page, Ruth E. (2002). Evaluation in childbirth narratives told by women and men. Discourse Studies, Volume 4, (1):99-116. Sinclair, John (1986). Fictional worlds. In Coulthard, ed., 1986: 43-60. Sinclair, John (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Winter, Eugene G. (1982). Towards a Contextual Grammar of English: The Clause and its Place in the Definition of Sentence. London: Allen & Unwin. Angela DowningEvaluating evaluation Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense Vol. 10 (2002) 283-300 300
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Volume XX in the series Advances in Discourse Processes
- Chafe
- Joanna Wallace
- Nichols
Chafe, Wallace and Joanna Nichols (eds.) (1986). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Volume XX in the series Advances in Discourse Processes. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex
Special issue on 'Evidentiality'
Dendale, Patrick and Liliane Tasmowski (eds.). Special issue on 'Evidentiality'.
Journal of Pragmatics, 33 (2001): 339-464.
Pragmatic Markers and Propositional Attitude
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Attitude, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Talking about Text: Studies Presented to David Brazil on his Retirement. Discourse Analysis Monographs No. 13
- Malcolm Coulthard
Coulthard, Malcolm (ed.) (1986). Talking about Text: Studies Presented to David
Brazil on his Retirement. Discourse Analysis Monographs No. 13. University of
Birmingham: English Language Research.
The Pragmatics of Affect
- Elinor Ochs
Ochs, Elinor (ed.) (1989). The Pragmatics of Affect. Special Issue of Text, 9, 3.
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Volume XX in the series Advances in Discourse Processes
- N J Norwood
Chafe, Wallace and Joanna Nichols (eds.) (1986). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding
of Epistemology. Volume XX in the series Advances in Discourse Processes.
Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
Evaluation in childbirth narratives told by women and men
Ochs, Elinor (ed.) (1989). The Pragmatics of Affect. Special Issue of Text, 9, 3.
Page, Ruth E. (2002). Evaluation in childbirth narratives told by women and men.
Discourse Studies, Volume 4, (1):99-116.