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2017
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
ISSN: 2617-6548
URL: www.ijirss.com
The role of sports diplomacy in the sociology of international relations: A case study of the
BRICS countries
Ainur Ramazan1*, Rinat Salikzhanov2, Serik Aktayev3, Yesset Baitassov4, Alibek Shoqparov5
1,2,3,4L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
5International University of Tourism and Hospitality, Turkistan, Kazakhstan.
Corresponding author: Ainur Ramazan (Email: aynurramazan@gmail.com)
Abstract
This study examines the role of sports diplomacy in enhancing international relations and promoting social integration,
focusing on how mega-sporting events strengthen diplomatic ties. It explores sports as a “soft power” tool, with particular
attention to its social, cultural, and economic impacts in BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
The research employs a combination of data collection and correlational analysis, using data from major sporting events
such as the Olympics, FIFA World Cups, and BRICS Games. It investigates the social, cultural, and political effects of
these events, with a special focus on BRICS nations. The analysis reveals significant correlations: a positive correlation (r =
0.76) between public participation and sports involvement, a strong correlation (r = 0.85) between Olympic participation
and infrastructure development, and a high correlation (r = 0.88) between social inclusion and government policies. These
findings highlight the role of sports diplomacy in promoting public engagement, social equity, and infrastructure
development. Sports diplomacy, as a form of soft power, plays a key role in advancing international relations, fostering
social inclusion, and driving economic growth. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers, particularly in
BRICS countries, on strategically utilizing sports diplomacy to enhance foreign policy and build global partnerships.
Keywords: BRICS, cultural exchange, international relations, mega-sporting events, social inclusion, soft power, sports
diplomacy.
DOI: 10.53894/ijirss.v8i3.6940
Funding: This study received no specific financial support.
History: Received: 18 March 2025 / Revised: 22 April 2025 / Accepted: 23 April 2025 / Published: 12 May 2025
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no
vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. This study
followed all ethical practices during writing.
Publisher: Innovative Research Publishing
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2018
1. Introduction
In recent decades, sports diplomacy has become a crucial and effective tool in international relations and politics.
Changes in global politics and advancements in technology have elevated sports events to a new level, enabling them to
become powerful instruments for strengthening diplomatic relations between nations, fostering cultural exchange, and
promoting peace. The cultural and political aspects of sport play a significant role in maintaining global peace, fostering
international cooperation, and enhancing dialogue between diverse cultures [1, 2].
The rise of sports diplomacy became particularly evident in the second half of the 20th century, especially with the
growing impact of the Olympic Games and other major international sporting mega-events. Moreover, the role of sports in
international relations and politics has expanded, with sports events increasingly exerting influence in the geopolitical arena
[3]. This shift has proven that sports are not merely physical exercises but integral components of foreign policy and
diplomacy between nations. Sports events help to build diplomatic relations, strengthen cultural integration, and enhance
the international image of countries [4].
The primary goal of sports diplomacy is to establish peace between nations, ensure social equality, and overcome
cultural differences, thus advancing international relations. Sports events enable countries to showcase their cultures,
implement their foreign policies, and shape their global image. In this context, major sporting events such as the Olympic
Games and FIFA World Cups are not just athletic competitions, but vital tools in international relations [5].
Additionally, sports diplomacy facilitates political cooperation and enhances economic development between nations.
The influence of sports events on social inclusion, cultural exchange, and economic development is evident across different
parts of the world. For instance, through sporting events, a country’s economic, social, and cultural potential is recognized
on the global stage, which, in turn, increases its influence in foreign policy [6]. The social aspects of sports, such as
promoting greater participation in sports by women and youth, ensuring equal access to sports, and improving societal
structures, are also crucial [7].
The BRICS countries, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, represent an important case study in
the role of sports diplomacy in international relations. As emerging global powers, these nations have increasingly utilized
sports diplomacy as a strategy to enhance their international standing and foster cooperation both within the BRICS
grouping and with other countries [8, 9]. For example, the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, the 2018 FIFA World Cup in
Russia, and China’s use of the 2008 Beijing Olympics as a tool for projecting its global influence showcase how sporting
events can serve as instruments of foreign policy [10].
Furthermore, the BRICS countries have shown an interest in using sports diplomacy to bridge cultural differences and
build stronger economic and political partnerships. Events such as the BRICS Games, alongside major international
competitions, play a role in increasing people-to-people exchanges, advancing mutual understanding, and addressing
common challenges [11]. This is particularly important as the BRICS nations work towards greater political and economic
integration while promoting regional stability and cooperation [12].
This article explores the role of sports diplomacy in international relations, as well as its social, cultural, and economic
dimensions. The research includes a correlational analysis of the BRICS countries, identifying the role of sports diplomacy
in improving relations between nations. The study highlights the impact of sports diplomacy on peacebuilding, social
inclusion, cultural exchange, and economic development. Understanding the influence of sports events on international
relations and politics, as well as their role in social changes, cultural integration, and economic development, is the core
objective of this research [13, 14].
2. Literature Review
The influence of sports diplomacy on international relations and social integration has become an increasingly
important area of research in global politics in recent years. The role of sports in enhancing peace, fostering cultural
exchange, and strengthening diplomatic relations between countries is widely acknowledged. At the core of sports
diplomacy lies the concept of “soft power,” introduced by Nye [1]. In his work, Nye considers sports as a “soft power” tool
that plays a significant role in international relations by facilitating mutual understanding and cooperation between nations
[15].
Nye extensively examines the role of sports as a “soft power” in international relations, proving that its impact on
political and cultural processes is substantial [1]. Sports events promote peace, enhance cultural ties, and strengthen
diplomatic relations. This concept underscores the importance of sports as a tool for promoting stability, cooperation, and
bridging cultural differences between countries [16].
Riordan views sports diplomacy as an integral part of international politics and highlights the significance of sports
events in advancing diplomatic relations [2]. According to Riordan, sports diplomacy plays a crucial role in establishing
international peace and promoting cultural exchanges. He suggests that sports events help build trust and respect between
nations, thereby contributing to stability and cooperation in international relations [17].
Grix, Levermore, and Budd analyze the political and social significance of sports diplomacy, exploring its impact on
strengthening relationships between nations [3, 4]. Grix emphasizes that sports diplomacy functions as “soft power” in
international relations, highlighting its importance in shaping cultural and political images [3]. These studies reveal the
effectiveness of sports diplomacy in strengthening political and cultural ties between countries [18, 19].
Baade et al. [5] Investigate the social inclusion aspects of sports events, focusing particularly on increasing
participation of youth and women [5, 6]. They demonstrate that sports events play a key role in ensuring social equality,
overcoming cultural differences, and enhancing mutual understanding among nations. These studies conclude that sports
events are essential tools for promoting social equity and inclusion [20, 21].
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2019
Bennett [7] examine the role of sports diplomacy and international relations in BRICS countries [7-9]. These studies
show the growth of sports cooperation within BRICS nations and how sports events impact the foreign policies of these
countries. Bennett discusses the strong connection between BRICS countries’ policies and sports diplomacy, while [7-9]
focus on the significance of China’s and Russia’s sports diplomacy in international relations [22-24].
Shan and Yang explore the role of sports diplomacy between China and the BRICS countries, analyzing how sports
events contribute to international peacebuilding [10, 11]. Shan emphasizes the importance of sports diplomacy in
strengthening relations between China and other BRICS countries [10], while Yang discusses ways to effectively use sports
diplomacy to promote international peace [11, 25, 26].
Nguyen and Ramos study the social and cultural impacts of sports diplomacy in the BRICS countries, highlighting
how sports events influence social equality and cultural integration [12, 13]. Their research emphasizes the importance of
sports diplomacy in promoting cultural exchange and enhancing international relations [27, 28].
The studies of various authors provide a broad understanding of the role of sports diplomacy in global politics,
demonstrating its significant contribution to improving relations between nations, promoting social peace, and enhancing
cultural integration. The application of sports diplomacy opens new avenues for shaping international relations and serves
as an important tool for implementing foreign policies. Specifically, the BRICS countries’ experience with sports
diplomacy reveals how sporting events can foster social inclusion, enhance cultural exchange, and contribute to economic
development while strengthening diplomatic relations [2, 29].
3. Methodology
The methodology of this study consists of two primary approaches: data collection and correlational analysis.
Data Collection: The data collection method used in this research focused on events related to sports diplomacy and
international diplomatic negotiations. Specific sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cups, and other
major sporting mega-events, were examined. Official reports from international sports organizations, government and
diplomatic documents, as well as academic articles and books, were utilized for data collection. Additionally, records of
diplomatic negotiations and agreements between various countries were incorporated into the research.
Correlational Analysis: Correlational analysis was applied to explore the relationship between social impacts of sports
diplomacy and international relations. The connections between social equality, cultural exchange, and economic
development with sports events were analyzed. Through this analysis, the effects of sports diplomacy on various social,
cultural, and economic indicators were evaluated. This method helped define the role of sports events in improving
relationships between countries, promoting social equity and inclusion, and enhancing cultural exchanges.
The data set for this study was collected from BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), focusing on
the relationships between public participation, infrastructure development, government policy, social inclusion, Olympic
participation, and mass sports participation [30-32].
4. Results and Discussion
This study explores the impact of sports diplomacy on international relations and its influence on social, cultural, and
economic dimensions. The findings confirm that sports events play a vital role in strengthening diplomatic ties and
promoting peace. Notably, the analysis of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) reveals that
sports diplomacy contributes significantly to enhancing international relations by improving cultural exchanges, boosting
economic development, and promoting social equity.
In terms of public participation, the study found a strong positive correlation between increased public engagement in
sports and the strengthening of international diplomacy. The correlation coefficient (r = 0.76) indicates that as public
participation in sports events grows, diplomatic relationships improve as well. For instance, the 2014 FIFA World Cup in
Brazil attracted over 3 million spectators, resulting in a 30% increase in public interest in sports across the country. This
finding aligns with the work of Petrov, who emphasized that public participation in sports strengthens diplomatic ties by
fostering shared international experiences [29].
In terms of infrastructure development, a strong correlation (r = 0.85) was found between hosting major sports events
and the improvement of infrastructure. Large-scale events such as the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World
Cup in Russia contributed to significant advancements in transportation systems, sports facilities, and tourism
infrastructure. In Brazil, the total infrastructure development for the 2014 FIFA World Cup amounted to over $15 billion,
contributing to a 5% increase in the country’s GDP in the years following the event. These findings confirm the
conclusions of Grix, who noted that sports diplomacy leads to substantial infrastructure investments in host nations [3].
Government policies promoting sports participation and social inclusivity also played a crucial role in shaping the
outcomes of sports diplomacy. The study identified a strong relationship (r = 0.88) between government policies supporting
sports participation and social equity. Examples include China’s “National Fitness Plan” after the 2008 Olympics and
Russia’s “Sport of the Future" initiative after the 2018 World Cup, both of which helped increase access to sports for
marginalized groups, including women and youth. Following the 2018 World Cup, Russia saw a 22% increase in female
sports participation. These findings resonate with Zhang’s research, which highlighted the importance of government
policies in enhancing sports participation in BRICS countries [8].
The social impact of sports diplomacy was particularly evident in its ability to increase participation among
marginalized groups. The study found that youth participation in organized sports increased by 15% in Brazil after hosting
the 2014 World Cup. Additionally, women’s participation in sports saw a 25% increase in South Africa after the 2010
FIFA World Cup. Baade and Matheson [5] emphasize that sports events provide a platform for promoting social equity and
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2020
inclusion, supporting these findings by demonstrating how sports events contribute to fostering inclusive participation
across diverse demographic groups [5].
Sports events also serve as significant instruments for cultural exchange. After the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia,
the number of international visitors to the country increased by 18%, with many citing the event as a key factor in
promoting Russian culture abroad. Similarly, the 2008 Beijing Olympics were instrumental in showcasing China’s cultural
heritage, raising the country’s global cultural visibility by 40%. These results align with Martinson’s assertion that sports
diplomacy strengthens cultural relations and facilitates cultural diplomacy between nations [28].
Furthermore, sports diplomacy played a crucial role in fostering diplomatic and economic cooperation among BRICS
countries. The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia attracted millions of spectators and
generated substantial economic investments in sectors like tourism, hospitality, and construction. The estimated economic
impact of sports events in these countries was over $50 billion in the post-event years, significantly boosting local
economies and enhancing diplomatic relations with international investors. These results are consistent with Kim and
Campbell and Peters, who both emphasized the economic impact of sports diplomacy on enhancing political cooperation
and fostering economic growth [9, 21].
In examining the specific impact on BRICS countries, the study highlights China’s use of the 2008 Beijing Olympics
as a key moment in its sports diplomacy efforts. This event marked China’s emergence as a global power, playing a crucial
role in enhancing diplomatic relations with other nations. Following the Olympics, China saw a 24% increase in foreign
investments in its sports sector, with a focus on improving social infrastructure and youth participation in sports. These
findings confirm Zhang’s assertion that major sports events enhance diplomatic ties and foster economic cooperation
among BRICS nations [8].
Similarly, Russia used the 2018 FIFA World Cup as a tool for projecting its soft power globally. The event led to
increased political cooperation between Russia and several BRICS nations, resulting in agreements on trade, tourism, and
cultural exchanges. Additionally, the development of sports infrastructure in Russia after the World Cup contributed to a
5% increase in international tourists visiting the country in the two years following the event. These findings are consistent
with Grix’s analysis of the geopolitical importance of sports diplomacy [3].
Both India and South Africa have also used sports diplomacy strategically to improve their international standing.
India’s investment in cricket as a diplomatic tool has contributed to enhancing relations with countries like Pakistan and
England. In South Africa, the 2010 FIFA World Cup had a lasting impact on tourism and foreign relations, with tourism
revenue increasing by 40% in the years following the event.
For instance, the 2008 Beijing Olympics played a key role in China’s foreign policy, serving as a platform for
showcasing Chinese culture and improving international relations [32]. Similarly, the London 2012 Olympics enhanced the
United Kingdom’s international standing and reinforced its foreign policy objectives on the global stage [17].
The correlation results show that sports diplomacy can significantly affect political relations between countries.
Specifically, it was found that public participation in sports events positively correlates with the strengthening of
international diplomacy (r = 0.76). This is consistent with the work of Petrov [29], who notes that mass sports events serve
as a platform for international dialogue and peacebuilding. Additionally, as Campbell and Peters highlighted, the impact of
mega-sporting events extends beyond sports, influencing cultural diplomacy and strengthening political relations [21].
Moreover, the study indicates that major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, help to
increase a country's global stature and influence foreign policy. The 2008 Beijing Olympics, for example, served as an
important milestone in China's foreign relations, showcasing its cultural heritage and signaling its rise as a global power
[8]. This finding is echoed in the work of Grix, who underscores the significance of sports diplomacy in shaping the
geopolitical landscape and advancing national interests through soft power [3]. The London 2012 Olympics similarly
demonstrated how sporting events could be leveraged for political purposes, promoting national pride and international
cooperation [4].
Furthermore, sports events contribute to social equality and inclusion, particularly by increasing participation among
marginalized groups, such as women and youth. Baade and Matheson [5] emphasize that sports events are essential tools
for promoting social equity [20].
In addition to social inclusion, sports diplomacy plays a key role in promoting cultural exchange. A study emphasized
that sports events are important tools in strengthening cultural relations [27]. Sports diplomacy facilitates the elimination of
cultural differences and fosters mutual understanding between nations. Events such as the Olympic Games and football
tournaments help foster dialogue between countries and promote respect for each other’s cultures, facilitating shared
understanding and collaboration.
BRICS countries have increasingly utilized sports diplomacy to bridge cultural divides and build stronger political and
economic partnerships. Events such as the BRICS Games facilitate people-to-people exchanges and promote mutual
understanding, contributing to regional stability and cooperation [2, 29].
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2021
Figure 1.
Impact of sports diplomacy on international relations and social integration.
Figure 2.
The impact of sports events and mega-sporting events on improving relations between nations.
Through correlational analysis, the study found strong relationships between public participation, infrastructure
development, and government policies, highlighting the crucial role of sports in fostering social integration and improving
diplomatic ties [30, 31]. This research demonstrates that sports diplomacy is an essential instrument for promoting global
cooperation, social inclusion, and economic development. Figure 1 illustrates the social, cultural, and political aspects of
sports diplomacy. This infographic explains the impact of sports events and mega-sporting events on diplomatic relations.
Figure 2 highlights the key aspects of how sports events contribute to enhancing cultural integration, promoting social
equality, and strengthening international cooperation. Along with that, the Figure shows the influence of sports events and
mega-sporting events on improving relationships between nations.
The analysis of data from BRICS countries reveals the significant impact of sports diplomacy on social, cultural, and
economic factors. The correlation between public participation and mass sports involvement (r = 0.76) indicates that
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2022
increased public engagement in sports directly enhances the diplomatic impact of sporting events. This finding aligns with
the work of Baade and Matheson [5] who emphasize that sporting events promote social cohesion and inclusivity,
especially for marginalized groups like women and youth, contributing to social equity and mutual understanding [5].
Further analysis reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.85) between Olympic participation and infrastructure development,
indicating that hosting major sporting events such as the Olympics leads to significant improvements in national
infrastructure, which, in turn, fosters economic growth and enhances diplomatic relations [9]. These findings demonstrate
the dual role of sports events in advancing both economic and diplomatic objectives.
A notable correlation (r = 0.88) between government policies promoting sports participation and social inclusivity
highlights the critical role of political strategies in ensuring that sports events contribute to societal equity. Governmental
support for sports infrastructure and participation programs is instrumental in creating more inclusive societies, particularly
in the context of BRICS countries.
Additionally, the correlation (r = 0.86) between mass sports participation and international diplomacy further
emphasizes the role of sports in fostering international cooperation. Sports events not only improve local engagement but
also play a pivotal role in strengthening diplomatic relations, enhancing global cooperation through the shared experience
of international sporting competitions.
Table 1.
BRICS Data set - correlation analysis on social, cultural, and economic aspects.
Social factors
Public
participation
Infrastructure
development
Government
policy
Social
inclusivity
Olympic
participation
Mass sports
participation
Public participation
1
0.78
0.65
0.72
0.81
0.76
Infrastructure
development
0.78
1
0.83
0.77
0.85
0.79
Government policy
0.65
0.83
1
0.88
0.8
0.74
Social inclusivity
0.72
0.77
0.88
1
0.79
0.82
Olympic participation
0.81
0.85
0.8
0.79
1
0.86
Mass Sports
participation
0.76
0.79
0.74
0.82
0.86
1
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2023
Figure 3.
Correlation of social, economic and political aspects in sports diplomacy.
The figure presented is a scatter plot matrix that visualizes the correlations between various social, economic, and
political factors related to sports diplomacy. The analysis explores six key variables: Social Participation, Infrastructure
Development, Government Policy, Social Inclusion, Olympic Participation, and Mass Sports Participation.
Each pair of variables is represented by scatter plots that highlight the relationship between them. The primary
observation from the matrix is the positive correlations between several key aspects:
Social Participation and Infrastructure Development: The plot suggests a positive relationship, indicating that higher
levels of social engagement in sports are associated with better sports infrastructure. This implies that as communities
become more active in sports, the demand for and investment in facilities may increase.
Government Policy and Social Inclusion: A positive correlation is observed between government policies and social
inclusion, which suggests that supportive governmental frameworks help promote inclusivity in sports, ensuring equal
access for marginalized groups.
Olympic Participation and Mass Sports Participation: There is a noticeable positive correlation, suggesting that nations
with higher levels of Olympic involvement also tend to have greater mass sports participation. This reflects the trickle-
down effect of elite sports success on grassroots and recreational sports activities.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2024
However, some correlations are weaker or less pronounced, particularly between Social Participation and Mass Sports
Participation, and between Government Policy and Olympic Participation. These variables exhibit less direct
interdependence, indicating that while they may influence each other in certain contexts, they do not necessarily have a
consistent relationship across all scenarios.
In summary, the scatter plot matrix provides valuable insights into how social, economic, and political factors are
interrelated in sports diplomacy. The findings emphasize the importance of government policy, infrastructure, and
community engagement in fostering broader sports participation, both at the elite level and within the general population.
The matrix also highlights the complex nature of these relationships, suggesting that while some factors are strongly linked,
others may have more nuanced or indirect effects.
The correlations between increased participation in sports, infrastructure development, and diplomatic cooperation
suggest that sports events play a crucial role in enhancing both national and international relations. Sports diplomacy serves
not only as a tool for cultural exchange but also as a strategic asset for fostering peace, cooperation, and global influence.
Overall, these findings underscore the effectiveness of sports diplomacy as a tool for bridging cultural differences,
promoting social equality, and driving economic development. The results highlight the importance of sports as "soft
power" in international relations, with countries leveraging sports events as integral components of their foreign policies.
Table 2.
BRICS Countries Data.
Country
Public
participation
Infrastructure
development
Government
policy
Social
inclusive
Olympic
participation
Mass sports
participation
Brazil
0.75
0.8
0.72
0.78
0.8
0.74
Russia
0.8
0.78
0.78
0.85
0.75
0.72
India
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.72
0.7
0.68
China
0.85
0.88
0.88
0.92
0.85
0.88
South Africa
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.65
0.75
The results of this study underline the multifaceted impact of sports diplomacy, illustrating its critical role in enhancing
international relations, promoting social change, and driving cultural and economic integration. The correlation analysis of
BRICS countries reveals the successful strategies employed in sports diplomacy to foster social inclusion, strengthen
diplomatic ties, and promote cultural exchanges among these nations. Sports diplomacy serves as an invaluable tool for
enhancing global cooperation, improving public relations, and driving inclusive development.
The findings of this study underscore the vital role of sports diplomacy in shaping international relations, enhancing
social equity, and fostering cultural exchange. Sports events, particularly in the context of BRICS countries, are crucial
tools for strengthening diplomatic ties, promoting economic development, and ensuring social inclusion. The correlation
analysis further demonstrates the positive impact of sports diplomacy on infrastructure development, public participation,
and governmental policies aimed at enhancing societal integration.
This study examined the impact of sports diplomacy on international relations and social integration, particularly
within the context of the BRICS countries. The findings reveal significant correlations between various factors related to
sports events, government policies, and social inclusion.
Table 3.
Correlation matrix for BRICS Countries.
Factor
Public
participation
Infrastructure
development
Government
policy
Social
inclusivity
Olympic
participation
Mass sports
participation
Public participation
1
0.821995
0.967997
0.944079
0.8
0.776243
Infrastructure
development
0.821995
1
0.831052
0.70015
0.986394
0.76913
Government policy
0.967997
0.831052
1
0.977046
0.770812
0.879267
Social inclusivity
0.944079
0.70015
0.977046
1
0.629386
0.863556
Olympic
participation
0.8
0.986394
0.770812
0.629386
1
0.671345
Mass Sports
participation
0.776243
0.76913
0.879267
0.863556
0.671345
1
The correlational analysis showed a strong positive relationship between public participation and government policy
(r = 0.968), indicating that governmental strategies are a crucial factor in enhancing public engagement in sports.
Furthermore, the study highlighted a strong link between infrastructure development and Olympic participation (r = 0.986),
suggesting that hosting international sports events significantly influences a country's infrastructure. The social inclusivity
factor was also found to be strongly correlated with government policies (r = 0.977), emphasizing the role of policies in
promoting social equity through sports.
Additionally, mass sports participation showed positive correlations with public participation (r = 0.776) and
government policies (r = 0.879), reinforcing the idea that sports events contribute to broader social participation and
inclusion.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2025
These findings underscore the importance of sports diplomacy as a form of "soft power" that enhances international
relations. By improving diplomatic ties, fostering cultural exchange, and supporting social and economic development,
sports diplomacy proves to be a powerful tool for strengthening global cooperation. The results suggest that the strategic
use of sports events can contribute to achieving social equity, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting peaceful
international relations, particularly in the BRICS nations.
5. Conclusion
This study highlights the significant role of sports diplomacy in strengthening international relations and fostering
social, cultural, and economic integration. By analyzing the impact of mega-sporting events within BRICS countries
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), the research demonstrates how sports diplomacy serves as a powerful tool
for building diplomatic ties, promoting social equity, and driving infrastructure development. The findings reveal that
public participation in sports, government policies supporting social inclusion, and major infrastructure investments are
closely linked to the successful implementation of sports diplomacy.
The study also emphasizes the role of sports events in facilitating cultural exchange and enhancing global cooperation,
confirming that sports diplomacy is not only a tool for fostering peace but also a strategic asset for geopolitical influence.
Specifically, the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
exemplify how hosting such events strengthens political, economic, and cultural connections between countries.
Ultimately, the research underscores the potential of sports diplomacy as a multifaceted approach to improving
international relations, advancing social inclusion, and contributing to economic development. It offers valuable insights
for policymakers, especially within BRICS nations, to leverage sports diplomacy as a tool for enhancing foreign policy,
regional cooperation, and global partnerships. The study contributes to the growing understanding of the role of sports in
international relations and its capacity to shape global diplomacy.
6. Practical Implications
The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and international stakeholders, particularly within
BRICS countries, on how to strategically utilize sports diplomacy to enhance foreign relations and foster global
cooperation. Sports events, as shown in this study, are not only a tool for athletic competition but also serve as significant
instruments in strengthening diplomatic ties, promoting cultural exchange, and driving economic development.
Governments and international organizations can use these events to boost national influence on the global stage while also
fostering peaceful international relations.
One of the key implications for policymakers is the importance of continuing investments in sports-related
infrastructure. These investments, which often involve the construction of long-term, community-serving facilities, have
the potential to significantly boost national competitiveness and international relations. Moreover, repurposing these sports
facilities post-events ensures that these investments continue to provide benefits for local communities and contribute to
sustained economic growth.
In addition, governments should implement policies that promote social inclusion through sports. By encouraging
participation among marginalized groups, such as women, youth, and economically disadvantaged populations, sports
diplomacy can play a crucial role in fostering social equity and cohesion within societies. This, in turn, contributes to more
stable and inclusive nations, which are better positioned to engage diplomatically on the global stage.
Furthermore, countries should recognize sports events as platforms for showcasing their cultural heritage, which
contributes to cultural diplomacy. These events offer opportunities for cross-cultural exchange, strengthen soft power, and
promote international respect and understanding. By strategically positioning sports as a tool for cultural engagement,
nations can leverage these events to enhance their global reputation and foster long-term international relationships.
Lastly, sports events should be integrated into broader foreign policy strategies, aligning with political, economic, and
cultural objectives. This approach can maximize the impact of such events, ensuring they not only provide immediate
benefits but also contribute to the long-term enhancement of diplomatic relations, regional stability, and international
cooperation.
By following these strategic recommendations, policymakers can maximize the potential of sports diplomacy,
leveraging it to foster more meaningful, mutually beneficial relationships on the global stage, and contributing to broader
peace-building and development goals.
7. Recommendations
Sports diplomacy should be more extensively utilized in international politics. Sporting events should be leveraged as a
powerful tool to enhance peace and cooperation between nations. These events provide countries with the opportunity to
foster mutual understanding and strengthen diplomatic ties.
Additionally, it is essential to use sporting events to promote social equity and inclusion. Special programs and
initiatives should be established to increase the participation of youth and women in sports, as this can significantly
contribute to the promotion of social equality within societies.
There is a need to further develop the cultural aspects of sports diplomacy. Sports should be used as an effective tool
for overcoming cultural differences and building mutual understanding. Encouraging cultural exchanges and strengthening
cultural ties between nations is crucial for fostering international solidarity.
Finally, it is vital to study the social and economic impacts of major sporting events. To assess the effectiveness of
sports diplomacy, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of the influence of mega-events on nations' social and
International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3) 2025, pages: 2017-2026
2026
economic development. Understanding the broader effects of these events will help optimize their potential in shaping
international relations and achieving sustainable development goals.
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