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Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
ISSN: 0974-1496 | e-ISSN: 0976-
0083 | CODEN: RJCABP
http://www.rasayanjournal.com
http://www.rasayanjournal.co.in
Rasayan J. Chem., 18(2), 932-940(2025)
http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2025.1829207
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CC BY 4.0 license.
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, In-vitro ANTIOXIDANT
AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF THREE
CLONES OF Tectona grandis: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan, Anju Rani George, Kavimani
Thangasamy and Natesan Geetha
Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641046, (Tamil Nadu) India
Corresponding author: ngeethaptc@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Tectona grandis L. f., belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is a widely used traditional medicinal plant that can treat
malaria, inflammation, diabetes, liver disease, tumors, and skin diseases. It also has various pharmacological activities
like antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic, and hypoglycemic. The study aims to
gather information on variations in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory properties of three teak
clones (Nilambur Project Trial- NPT), i.e., NPT16, NPT42, and NPT116, using aqueous extracts of young and mature
leaves. This investigation concluded that the mature leaves of the teak clone NPT42, with a concentration of
100µg/mL, showed considerable levels of secondary metabolites and antioxidants and promising anti-inflammatory
activity.
Keywords: Tectona grandis, Clones, Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential.
RASĀYAN J. Chem., Vol. 18, No.2, 2025
INTRODUCTION
Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) is a large deciduous tree distributed in Southeast Asia and is native to
India and Myanmar. It is commonly known as teak and is a large deciduous tree that grows up to 35 meters.
Several pieces of literature are available on using teak leaves to treat various ailments. Frontal or young
leaves of T. grandis leaf extract, when applied topically (5% and 10% gel formulation) or administered
orally (250 mg and 500 mg/Kg body weight), showed wound healing activity.1 Different leaves, bark, and
wood extracts showed antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant potentials.2 Diuretic activity was
demonstrated by leaf aqueous extract3, and in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging4, and wound
healing5 activities of leaves were reported. Various phytocompounds such as gallic acid, rutin, quercetin,
ellagic acid, and sitosterol were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of T. grandis. Among
them, rutin had shown significant anti-microbial activity, and quercetin revealed good antioxidant activity.
The methanolic extracts of the young and mature leaves of T. grandis were comparatively evaluated for
their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, and young leaves showed better activity compared to
mature leaves.6 The methanolic extract of teak leaves is a rich source of many phenolic compounds,
accounting for the leaves’ antioxidant potential. Meanwhile, by comparing the young and mature leaves,
the young leaves showed more potential than the mature leaves7. Teak leaf extract has a natural pigment
called anthocyanin, which is the source of the brown colour.8 To the best of our knowledge, there is no
report on comparative analyses of variations in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory
properties of teak clones. In this work, young and mature leaves of 10-year-old, three teak clones, i.e.,
NPT16, NPT42, and NPT116, were collected and used to get information on these features. This will help
for further usage of leaves of a suitable clone with a higher level of these characteristics to prepare the drug
for anti-inflammation.
EXPERIMENTAL
Plant Material and Chemicals
The fresh leaves, including three clones of NPT (Nilambur Project Trial)-NPT16, NPT42, and NPT116 of
T. grandis, were harvested from Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education -Institute of Forest and
Tree Breeding Centre (ICFRE-IFGTB), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, where the mother-bred of these
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
clones is maintained. The identification was done by Dr. M. U. Sharief at the Botanical Survey of India,
Coimbatore, with the authentication number: BSI/SRC/5/23/2024-25/Tech./513. All the reagents and the
chemicals used in this study were purchased from Himedia, India.
Preparation of Extract
After washing and cleaning, each fresh material (1g) was ground separately with distilled water and
centrifuged at 10,000 rpm at room temperature. The resulting supernatant was collected and made into 10
mL with distilled water to get a concentration of 1mg/1 mL (w/v).
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening
Each extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis to identify the presence of phenols,
flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins by following the standard protocols. The Folin-
Ciocalteau Reagent (FCR) technique was used to calculate TPC.9 To put it briefly, various extract strengths
were combined with distilled water to create 1 mL. Then, 0.5 mL of 1N FCR was added to them. After that,
2.5 mL of 5% sodium carbonate was added to the mixture. For 40 minutes, the resulting mixtures were left
at room temperature in the dark. After incubation, 200µL of every individual mixture was placed into a 96-
well plate and their absorbance was measured at 725 nm using a spectrophotometer. TPC of leaf extracts is
expressed as Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g FW). To quantify flavonoids, various quantities of aqueous
leaf extracts were combined with distilled water to make 1 mL. 0.15 mL of 5% sodium nitrate solution was
added to each extract, vortexed, and left undisturbed for six minutes. A 10% aluminium chloride solution
(0.3 mL) was added. Following the vortexing process, 5 mL of distilled water was combined with 2 mL of
4% sodium hydroxide, vortexed, and left for 15 minutes. At 510 nm, the absorbance of the resulting mixture
was measured, and the TFC was reported as Rutin equivalents, or mg Ru/g FW.10 Tannin content in each
sample was quantified using insoluble Polyvinyl Polypyrrolidone (PVPP) as given by Makkar.9 In 1 mL
distilled water, 100 mg of PVPP was dissolved, and various extract concentrations were combined. After
vortexing, they were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4°C at 3000 rpm, and the supernatant was collected,
which contained only non-tannin phenolics. It was quantified in a way similar to the total phenolic content.
Total tannins were calculated by deducting non-tannin phenols from total phenolic concentration. The
method provided by Ghorai et al.,11 was used to measure the terpenoid content. Different concentrations of
aqueous extracts were taken, and 3 mL of chloroform was added. It was left for 3 minutes, and then 0.2 mL
of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the combinations. They were allowed to sit for 2 hours in the
dark at room temperature and were centrifuged. Three mL of 95% methanol was added and vortexed after
the supernatant was collected. At 538 nm, the mixture's absorbance was measured. Using the conventional
calibration curve, the total terpenoid was computed as linalool equivalents. Anthocyanin content of teak
leaves was ascertained using a pH differential approach.12 A UV-visible spectrophotometer was used for
the quantification of total anthocyanin content. Using 0.025M potassium chloride (pH 1.0) and 0.4M
sodium acetate (pH 4.5), two buffers were made independently. Varying concentrations of samples were
mixed with 2 mL of each buffer separately and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature and
centrifuged at 4°C at 7000 rpm. The supernatants were collected separately for each sample, and absorbance
was measured at 520 and 700 nm. The total anthocyanin content of the sample was calculated using the
following formula:
Total Anthocyanin content = A × V
M
Where A = (A520 nm -A700 nm) pH 1.0- (A520 nm- A700 nm) pH 4.5 ; V = volume of extract (mL) and
M = fresh mass of the sample (g).
In-vitro Antioxidant Assays
The extracts' ability to scavenge free radicals was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay.13
Various extract quantities were combined with 100 µL of 0.1 mM DPPH in methanol, vortexed well, and
allowed to sit at room temperature in the dark for 20 minutes. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the
mixture's absorbance at 517 nm, and the standard was ascorbic acid. The following formula was used to
calculate the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity:
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
% 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (𝐴− 𝐴)
𝐴
× 100
Where A0 is the absorbance of the control and A1 is the absorbance of the extract/standard. The percent
inhibition was plotted against concentration, and from the graph, IC50 was calculated. The experiment was
done three times for each concentration. ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid)
reagent was prepared 12-16 hours before the start of the experiment and kept in the dark. This reagent was
diluted with ethanol in a ratio of 1:89. Different concentrations of plant extracts were taken and mixed with
1 mL of diluted ABTS and left undisturbed for 30 minutes. The absorbance was then measured at 734 nm
using spectrophotometry. Rutin and ABTS reagents are employed as positive and negative controls,
respectively. The extracts' inhibitory concentration needed to reduce the starting ABTS concentration by
50%(IC50) was calculated.14 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was prepared. Equal volumes of buffer and
hydrogen peroxide solution were mixed to generate H2O2 free radicals, and the reaction mixture was kept
at room temperature for 10 minutes. Using phosphate buffer as a blank, the absorbance at 230 nm was
measured after different concentrations of plant extract were added to 0.6 mL of the reaction mixture. Rutin
served as a reference drug. Calculating the extracts' inhibitory concentration (IC50) needed to reduce the
starting concentration of H2O2 free radicals by 50% was performed.15 The reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V)
by the extract and the subsequent formation of the green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acidic pH served as
the basis for calculating the total antioxidant activity. 1 mL of a reagent mixture containing 0.6M sulfuric
acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate, and 4 mM ammonium molybdate was applied to samples of varying
concentrations. For 90 minutes, the sample mixture was maintained at 95°C in a water bath. After allowing
the sample combination to cool to room temperature, the absorbance at 765 nm was measured. The standard
graph was drawn, and the total antioxidant activity value was expressed using Ascorbic acid equivalents
from the calibration curve.16 FRAP reagent was made by mixing 20 mM TPTZ and 20 mM FeCl3 in 25 mL
of 0.2M acetate buffer (pH 3.6). Different concentrations of plant extracts were taken and made up to 1 mL
volume with distilled water in clean test tubes. 0.9 mL of FRAP reagent was added and vortexed. The
mixtures were incubated for 30 minutes, and at 593 nm, the optical density was measured. The FRAP value
is expressed as mmol Fe(II) equivalents. Higher reducing power is seen by the reaction mixture’s enhanced
absorbance.17
In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Assays
The reaction mixture, consisting of 2% bovine serum albumin, was added to different concentrations of
plant extracts and incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C. This mixture is then heated at 57oC for 10 minutes,
and added with 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) is added when cooled. The optical density is measured
spectrophotometrically at 660 nm by using aspirin as a standard. The inhibition percentage of protein
denaturation was calculated using the following formula:
% 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐴− 𝐴)
𝐴
× 100
Where A0 is the absorbance of the control and A1 is the absorbance of the extract/standard. For calculating
proteinase inhibition, 2 mL of reaction mixture consisting of 20 mM Tris HCl buffer, methanol, and trypsin
was added to different concentrations of plant extracts and incubated for 5 minutes at 37 °C. Then 1 mL of
0.8 % casein was added to the mixture and left undisturbed for 20 minutes. After 2 mL of 70% perchloric
acid was added, which produced a milky/cloudy formation. The sample mixtures were centrifuged, and the
supernatants were collected. At 210 nm, the absorbance of the supernatant was measured, and aspirin was
used as a reference medicament. Plant extracts were added with 0.1 mL of hyaluronidase enzyme and 100
mM of sodium buffer. To this mixture, 50 mM of NaCl and 0.01% BSA were added and incubated at 37oC
for 10 minutes, followed by the addition of 0.1 mL of (0.03%) hyaluronic acid and incubated at 37 °C for
45 minutes. 1 mL of acid albumin solution was added to the mixture and incubated for 10 minutes at room
temperature. The hyaluronidase enzyme's inhibition percentage was computed by measuring the absorbance
at 600 nm.
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
Analysis of Statistical Data
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to perform statistical analysis, and the difference
between means was determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05) using a statistical package
program (SPSS 22.0). Pearson’s Correlation test was also employed using the same program to determine
the correlation between secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. The strengths of correlation were
graded as per Evans18, very weak (R2 0.00–0.19), weak (R2 = 0.20–0.39), moderate (R2 = 0.40–0.59), strong
(R2 = 0.60–0.79), and very strong (R2 = 0.80–1.0).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening
Qualitative phytochemical screening is a well-known method for identifying unknown phytocompounds in
plant extracts. This information is important before conducting further quantification of a particular
phytocompound and for exploring the specific activity of the compound.19 The phytochemicals present in
the aqueous extracts of all the samples were qualitatively screened, and it was found that the extracts of
mature leaves of all three teak clones showed higher colour intensity for the presence of alkaloids,
flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and terpenoids than the young leaves. Among three clones, the
mature leaves of clone NPT42 showed a high colour strength (+++) of these metabolites compared to young
leaves. Both mature leaves of the other two clones, i.e., NPT16 and NPT116, showed a moderate level of
intensity (++) for these phytocompounds, whereas young leaves of these two clones showed a low degree
of colour formation (+) (Table-1).
Table-1: Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous Extracts of T. grandis
Phytochemical
assays
NPT16y NPT16m NPT42y NPT42m NPT116y NPT116m
Alkaloids
+
++
+
+++
+
++
Flavonoids
+
++
+
+++
+
++
Phenols
+
++
+
+++
+
++
Tannins
+
++
+
+++
+
++
Terpenoids + ++ + +++ + ++
Anthocyanins
+
++
+
+++
+
++
(+++) = Present in high levels; (++) = Present in moderate levels; (+) = Present in low levels; (-) = Absent
Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites
Plant secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids are produced in
plants in response to their defensive mechanisms. However, most of them have been used as therapeutic
agents because of their medicinal properties. Therefore, quantifying these phytocompounds is important to
invent effective plant-based drugs and scientifically prove the existing conventional natural medicinal
practices.20 Of various concentrations of the extracts, 100 µL/mL showed a higher level of secondary
metabolites, and among the three clones of T. grandis, NPT42 showed higher content of these secondary
metabolites. The higher content of total phenols (255.11±4.43 mg GAE/g FW), total flavonoids (56.55±2.03
mg Ru/g FW), tannins (186.84±4.31 mg TAN/g FW), and terpenoids (35.17±0.55 mg LIN/g FW) was
found in mature leaves of clone NPT42. The younger leaves of clone NPT42 had a higher level of phenol,
i.e., 106.66±3.05 mg GAE/g FW, whereas contents of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids were found
maximum in clone NPT116, i.e., 22.63±1.79; 81.06±0.73; 17.44±0.25 respectively [Fig.-1(a-d)]. Phenols
are an important class of metabolites with a wide range of structures from simple phenols/phenolic acids to
complex tannins, and they are synthesized via the shikimic/phenylpropanoid pathway. They have shown
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various plant extracts21. Flavonoids are one of the major
groups of phenolic compounds with wide biological properties, including antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory. The presence of considerable levels of flavonoids in mature leaves of clone NPT42 may
contribute significantly to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which is a result of Ayele et al.,
who found a higher content of flavonoids in aqueous methanolic root extract of Croton macrostachys,
which is attributed to the significant antioxidant activity.22 The result of Marbaniang et al., suggested that
the total flavonoid content contributed significantly to the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf aqueous
extract of Apium graveolens23. Tannins are polyphenols, and many research works have been carried out to
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
find out the antioxidant properties of tannins present in the plant extract. In a study by Tuyen et al., the
methanolic extract of the inner skin of the kernel of Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut) showed
significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the results indicate that tannin has a promising
antioxidant property24. Various studies found that plant tannins have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting
histamine25 and reducing the myeloperoxidase enzyme.26 Terpenoids are the most important secondary
metabolites found in many plant species and are involved in many functions of plants and humans. In plants,
they are the major constituent of essential oils and act as allelopathic and herbivory agents and insect
attractants. In humans, they play a role in the enhancement of colour vision through activation of the
carotenoid pathway and improving health health-promoting properties of fruits and vegetables due to their
antioxidant capacity. Terpenoids have received attention from researchers because of their potential
biological features, including anti-inflammation.27
Fig.-1: (a-d) Quantitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites of T. grandis, (a) Total Phenolics, (b) Total
Flavonoids, (c) Total Tannins, and (d) Total Terpenoids. Gallic Acid Equivalent, Rutin Equivalent, Tannic Acid
Equivalent and Linalool Equivalent. The Result Values are Provided in Triplicate and Analysed (n=3) ±SD and
Statistically Significant at p≤0.05 as Compared to the Standard Group According to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Quantification of Anthocyanin Content
Fig.-2: Quantitative Analysis of Anthocyanin Pigment of T. grandis. The values are provided in triplicate, and the
Error Bars Present in the Graphical Representation Indicate the Standard Error of Mean (SEM). Statistically
Significant at p≤0.05 as Compared to the Fresh Weight of the Sample According to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Anthocyanin is found in plant cell vacuoles and is highly reactive and easily oxidizable. It is susceptible to
various factors such as temperature, pH, light, organic acids, and metal ions. In the present study, the pH
differential method12 was used with KCl buffer (pH 1.0) and CH3COONa3.3H2O buffer (pH 4.5) because
anthocyanins are stable only in an acidic medium. The highest anthocyanin content was recorded in mature
leaves of the clone NPT42, i.e., (64.13±0.61 A/g FW), followed by the NPT116 clone, i.e., (34.93±0.83
A/g FW) (Fig.-2). Teak leaves have been used as raw material for developing natural pigments in cosmetic
industries.
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
In-vitro Antioxidant Analysis
Oxidative stress results in the generation of various reactive free radicals.28 Antioxidants play an important
role in reducing oxidative stress by maintaining a balance between free radical production and oxidative
stress. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine is a highly reactive free radical, and when it reacts with reducing
agents like plant extracts, it receives an electron or hydrogen atom. As a result, the reduced form of the
DPPH radical, i.e., hydrazine, is formed, which induces the colour change of the reaction mixture from
violet colour to pale yellow colour. The principle behind the ABTS assay is the interaction between plant
extract containing antioxidants and pre-formed ABTS+ radical cation. Accumulation of H2O2 in biological
systems induces the formation of hydroxyl free radicals, which in turn are toxic to the cell because they
cause damage to the cell membrane. Removal of H2O2 is very important for living systems, as
supplementing the diet with plant-based antioxidants. The total antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts is
evaluated by phosphomolybdenum assay, in which Mo(VI) is reduced to Mo(V), resulting in a green-
coloured compound. The higher absorbance value indicates a higher antioxidant ability of the plant extracts.
In the FRAP assay, Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ ions based on the capacity of an antioxidant present in the extract.
The absorbance increase is proportional to the reductant, i.e., the antioxidant. In the present study, low IC50
values for DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 indicate aqueous extracts of all three teak clones have potential
antioxidant activity. The mature leaves showed better antioxidant activity compared to the young leaves.
Of various concentrations of the extracts, 100 µL/mL showed higher free radical scavenging and reduction
efficiency. Mature leaves of NPT42 clone showed low IC50 values for antioxidants such as DPPH
(30.82±0.07 µg/mL), ABTS (17.75±1.28 µg/mL) and H2O2 (19.59±0.63 µg/mL) (Table-2), and exhibited
increasing absorbance for total antioxidant activity i.e., (142.73±0.24 mg AAE/ gFW) and FRAP activity
i.e., (160.62±1.83 mmol Fe(II)E/ gFW) as represented in Fig.-3 (a and b). These results are in contrast with
the results of Murukan and Murugan7, who found that the methanolic extract of young leaves of teak has
more antioxidant activity than mature leaves. However, there is no information about the clone and age of
the plant except for the habitat area.
Fig.-3: (a and b) In vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Different Clones of T. grandis, (a)Phosphomolybdenum and
(b)FRAP Ascorbic Acid Equivalents; FeSO4 Equivalents. The Result Values are provided in Triplicate Analyzed
(n=3) ±SD. Statistically Significant at p≤0.05 Compared to the Standard Group according to Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test
In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Disintegration of tissue protein is one of the well-known effects of inflammation. Previous studies showed
the efficiency of different plant extracts on protein denaturation.29 During in vitro anti-inflammatory assays,
all the aqueous extracts of both young and mature leaves of three teak clones showed inhibition to some
extent. However, mature leaves of the NPT42 clone showed higher inhibitory activity compared to the other
two clones, i.e., 67.32±1.05% for protein denaturation, 52.05±0.95% for proteinase, and 88.57±0.24% for
hyaluronidase (Fig.-4 a-c). Proteinase plays an important role in the formation of tissue impairment during
inflammation, and a considerable level of production is required, which is often provided by either synthetic
or plant-based proteinase inhibitors. In general, connective tissue of living cells is degraded by the enzyme
hyaluronidase during oxidative stress. Therefore, finding out the enzyme activity is very crucial under
inflammatory conditions.
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
Fig.-4: (a-c) In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Clones of T. grandis, (a)Inhibition of Protein
Denaturation, (b)Proteinase Inhibition Assay, and (c) Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Assay. The Result Values are
Provided in Triplicate, and the Error Bar Present in the Graphical Representation Indicates the Standard Error of the
Mean (SEM). Statistically Significant at p≤0.05 Compared to the Standard Group According to Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
The p-value obtained from the correlation analysis between secondary metabolites and in vitro antioxidant
activity is presented in Table-3. All the secondary metabolites showed strong correlation with antioxidant
activities such as DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, Phosphomolybdenum, and FRAP. However, the correlations
between Phenols vs Phosphomolybdenum (R2 = 0.989); Flavonoids vs H2O2 (R2 = 0.983); Tannins vs H2O2
(R2 = 0.986) and Terpenoids vs DPPH (R2 = 0.994) were found more stronger with p ≤ 0.01. The stronger
correlation between secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities may be due to the synergistic
interaction between them. This result is similar to the observation of Zhang et al.30
Table-3: Pearson’ Correlation Coefficient
Secondary
metabolites vs
in vitro
Antioxidants
DPPH
ABTS
FRAP
Phosphomolybdenum
H
2
O
2
R2 R2 R2 R2 R2
Phenols
0.984
**
0.985
**
0.955
**
0.989
**
0.977
**
Flavonoids
0.982
**
0.965
**
0.958
*
0.958
*
0.983
**
Tannins
0.966
*
0.984
**
0.944
*
0.937
**
0.986
**
Terpenoids
0.994
**
0.992
**
0.934
*
0.931
**
0.943
**
Correlation coefficient (R2), level of significance, *- p≤0.05 and **- p≤0.01
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results obtained from this investigation indicate that the mature leaves of the clone NPT42
have anti-inflammatory properties. This feature is well evidenced by the presence of various secondary
metabolites and antioxidants as analyzed in the study. This study will help in further selection of leaves
from suitable teak clones to treat inflammation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am obliged to acknowledge DST-FIST and the Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore,
for giving me the facilities to carry out the research work, and to acknowledge the Director of ICFRE-
IFGTB and Dr. A. Vijayaraghavan, Head of Division - Forest Genetic Resource Management Division, for
providing leaf material of the teak clones.
Vol. 18 | No. 2 |932-940| April - June | 2025
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Three Clones of Tectona grandis: A Comparative Study Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors contributed significantly to this manuscript, participated in reviewing/editing and approved
the final draft for publication. The research profile of the authors can be verified from their ORCID ids,
given below:
Madhu Priya Govindhan Anbazhagan https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6047-6117
Anju Rani George https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2678-7192
Kavimani Thangasamy https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2948-5301
Natesan Geetha https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7324-7052
Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s)
and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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[RJC-9207/2024]
