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IMPROVEMENT OF THE NOTIFICATION AND EVACUATION SYSTEM FOR CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Abstract
The study is aimed at improving the system of warning and evacuation management for children with hearing impairments in fire conditions. This is important for ensuring the safety of inclusive education in educational institutions. The research analyzed the technology used in warning and evacuation management systems for children with special educational needs. Technologies for warning and evacuation management systems for children with special educational needs are based on the use of different types of stimulation. Traditional sound signals are effective for people with normal hearing, but do not provide the proper level of safety for children with hearing impairments. In such cases, tactile technologies play an important role, in particular vibrating beds and devices that create a sense of alarm through touch. Visual aids, such as light indicators, flashing lights and "running" light tracks, contribute to orientation in conditions of smoke and darkness. The most effective approach is the integration of various technologies, which allows creating a multi-channel alert and evacuation system adapted to the needs of children with special educational needs, ensuring their safety in educational institutions. The main requirements for the alert and evacuation management system for children with hearing impairments are the use of inclusive alert methods, such as vibrating devices and light alarm signals to ensure their safety. Be automated with intelligent functions for rapid adaptation of the evacuation route depending on the circumstances. It is important to train staff and children, as well as provide technical control and maintenance of the system to guarantee its reliability. The system should be flexible and adaptable to different educational institutions, taking into account the specific needs of children. The main elements of the proposed alert and evacuation management system for children with hearing impairments are light indicators, flashing paths, vibrating devices, which allow for rapid transmission of danger signals. Additionally, automation of the operation of these devices is provided by synchronizing them with the fire alarm system and a centralized control panel.
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With the progress of building construction technology, indoor space of building is becoming increasingly complex and dynamic, which leads to the deficiency for interior personnel to understand the indoor layout for evacuation purposes. While sensor-based methods of indoor environment perception and road network updating have been proposed, the role of evacuees in emergency evacuation environment as information sources to perceive and share relevant information has been ignored. Therefore, this paper first explores the feasibility of a BIM and multi-agent-based information sharing framework to update the geometric network model for evacuation navigation according to the dynamic environment, building a system that can update the indoor network model extracted from BIM and realize dynamic emergency evacuation navigation through information sharing among evacuees. Then, emergency evacuation simulation is carried out based on the information sharing mechanism to explore the influence of relevant factors of information sharing on indoor emergency evacuation. The simulation results show that even incomplete information sharing of evacuees can still improve evacuation navigation, and the overall evacuation performance of evacuees is improved even if not all the evacuee shared information.
У статті розглянуто актуальну проблему інклюзивності будівель та споруд в контексті забезпечення безпеки евакуації осіб з обмеженими можливостями в будівлях різного функціонального призначення у разі виникнення пожежі. Згідно із статистичними даними до маломобільних груп належать від 30 до 50% всього населення (МГН). Своєчасна евакуація людей, зокрема МГН із будівель та приміщень в умовах пожежі є основним завданням, вирішити яке потрібно ще під час проектування та в процесі реконструкції будівлі. В свою чергу ефективність евакуації визначається планувальними рішеннями, зокрема кількістю евакуаційних виходів, їх розташуванням (розосереджене), параметрами виходів та шляхів евакуації, а також їх конструктивним виконанням (напрям відкривання дверей, наявність перепадів висот на шляхах евакуації, наявність горючого оздоблення та ін.). На основі проведеного аналізу показано, що при проектуванні об'єктів, доступних для МГН, повинні бути забезпечені: доступність місць цільового відвідування і безперешкодність переміщення всередині будинків і споруд; безпека евакуаційних шляхів, а також місць проживання, обслуговування і праці; своєчасне отримання МГН повноцінної і якісної інформації, яка допоможе орієнтуватися в просторі, використовувати обладнання, отримувати послуги, брати участь у трудовому і навчальному процесах; зручність і комфорт середовища життєдіяльності. Пожежна безпека для людей з обмеженими можливостями має на меті захистити людей у разі пожежі, а також забезпечити безпечний доступ до громадських і приватних будівель для будь-кого. На сьогодні безпека евакуації із будівель і споруд маломобільних груп населення в багатьох випадках ускладнена, а подекуди неможлива, особливо в умовах пожежі.
Traditional fire alarms emit a high-frequency sound to alert the occupants of an imminent threat, which may be less appropriate for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. To address this issue, the scientific literature concerning alternative alarm technologies has been reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness in awakening people who are deaf or hard of hearing. The results show that low-frequency alarms, bed shakers and/or pillow shakers seem to be the most reliable existing technologies for this group of people. The main codes and standards relevant to these technologies have also been screened. This highlighted that a new standard for alarm technologies incorporating tactile signals might be needed. In addition, this paper presents the responses of 36 people who were deaf or hard of hearing participating to a survey in which their experiences and preferences in relation to fire alarm technologies were investigated. While some technologies have been identified in the literature as potentially effective, the survey responses indicate that people who are deaf or hard of hearing do not necessarily use them.
За результатами наукових досліджень визначено залежність кількості залучених пожежних автомобілів, людських ресурсів та тривалості гасіння пожежі на території зони відчуження від часу прибуття підрозділів пожежної охорони до місця виклику. На основі статистичних даних встановлено: якщо час прибуття на пожежу підрозділів пожежної охорони складає понад20 хв, то тривалість гасіння пожежі збільшується в 5 та більше разів, у 3 рази більше залучається основних та допоміжних пожежних автомобілів та до 3 разів більше людських ресурсів порівняно з часом прибуття до місця пожежі менше 20 хв. За результатами досліджень науково обґрунтовано зміни до законодавчих та нормативно-правових актів щодо забезпечення пожежної безпеки на території зони відчуження
In the event of fires and other hazards, visual guidance systems that support evacuation are critical for the safety of individuals. Current visual guidances for evacuations are typically non-adaptive signs in that they always indicate the same exit route independently of the hazard’s location. Adaptive signage systems can facilitate wayfinding during evacuations by optimizing the route towards the exit based on the current emergency situation. In this paper, we demonstrate that participants that evacuate a virtual museum using adaptive signs are quicker, use shorter routes, suffer less damage caused by the fire, and report less distress compared to participants using non-adaptive signs. Furthermore, we develop both centralized and decentralized computational frameworks that are capable of calculating the optimal route towards the exit by considering the locations of the fire and automatically adapting the directions indicated by signs. The decentralized system can easily recover from the event of a sign malfunction because the optimal evacuation route is computed locally and communicated by individual signs. Although this approach requires more time to compute than the centralized system, the results of the simulations show that both frameworks need less than two seconds to converge, which is substantially faster than the theoretical worst case. Finally, we use an agent-based model to validate various fire evacuation scenarios with and without adaptive signs by demonstrating a large difference in the survival rate of agents between the two conditions.
As the consequences of building fire evacuation continue to be severe, some experts and scholars have proposed to combine building information modeling (BIM) technology with geographic information system (GIS) technology to construct a three-dimensional space scene of building fire evacuation. BIM has the advantages of refined three-dimensional modeling, and with the help of evacuation software, people evacuation and its characteristics are simulated, GIS has powerful spatial analysis functions to analyze the path. In this kind of evacuation simulation method, the two technologies complement each other to achieve quantitative analysis of qualitative indicators and efficient visualization of evacuation emergency management. This paper summarizes and analyzes the research on personnel evacuation in recent years by summarizing the current research situation in China, and puts forward the existing problems, hoping to provide ideas for the further research.
Fire evacuation modeling benefits from the application of social science both in terms of accuracy and external validation. This paper describes PrioritEvac, a novel agent-based model which incorporates the social dimension of group loyalty into fire evacuation and responses to fire and smoke. It uses individual priorities, making for a dynamic approach that allows greater agency and nuance. PrioritEvac is programmed in NetLogo and validated using extensive data collected from the Station nightclub fire. The statistical analysis of the results of the model indicate that, compared to historical patterns, it reproduces along multiple metrics including a mean of 114 deaths (std. dev. = 38) over 50 runs, which puts the actual result of the fire within one standard deviation of the mean results of the simulation. Overall, the mean differential along all the metrics is 79, significantly outperforming all published ABM models of the Station nightclub fire that did not incorporate social relationships.
Understanding validity of user behaviour in Virtual Environments (VEs) is critical as they are increasingly being used for serious Health and Safety applications such as predicting human behaviour and training in hazardous situations. This paper presents a comparative study exploring user behaviour in VE-based fire evacuation and investigates whether this is affected by the addition of thermal and olfactory simulation. Participants (N=43) were exposed to a virtual fire in an office building. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of participant attitudes and behaviours found deviations from those we would expect in real life (e.g. pre-evacuation actions), but also valid behaviours like fire avoidance. Potentially important differences were found between multisensory and audiovisual-only conditions (e.g. perceived urgency). We conclude VEs have significant potential in safety-related applications, and that multimodality may afford additional uses in this context, but the identified limitations of behavioural validity must be carefully considered to avoid misapplication of the technology.
Nowadays, many buildings have exit signs which are used to guide occupancies to the exit when an emergency happens. However the assistance given by signage based on visual means may be reduced or totally ineffective in a smoke filled environment. And occupants may not be familiar with the building and its associated emergency egress routes and may have to rely on exit maps, markings, or signage to guide them to an exit or other means of evacuation. There are other limitations of signage-based visual means. Persons with visual disabilities will have difficulty with emergency information that relies on visual cues. Other weaknesses are that the illuminated exit signs may often compete with nearby bright lights or other visual elements. Exit signs may be inadvertently blocked from view due to renovations or remodeling of building.
Directional sound is a new kind of signage which can help occupants to pinpoint instantly where the sound is coming from and find the exit quickly. Used as a directional sound pattern, broadband sound can enable localization cures due to all binaural transfer function and precedence effect mechanisms. And broadband sound is distinctive from the audible sounds of bells and fire emergency voice speakers.
The fire alarm sounders and the fire emergency voice speakers are two important sounds in a fire emergency evacuation. So the compatibility of the directional sounders with fire alarm sounders and fire emergency voice speakers is very important in application. The three sound used in a fire emergency evacuation should work timesharingly and alternately.
Ambient sound levels may greatly affect the performance of the directional sounders, for the ambient sound may possibly have wide spectral range. A directional sound test room is built according to Annex B Directional test for sounders of the British standard BS PAS 41:2003[1] Directional Sounders – Requirements and tests. And tests were made to see the performance of different frequency distribution sounds used for evacuation direction under ambient sound levels.
The occupants inside the fire site often only have a few minutes to evacuate, which is referred to as the golden evacuation time. In this study, total evacuation time was divided into response time, moving time, and waiting time. A regression model was adopted to incorporate three independent variables (floor area, number of exits, and per-floor occupant load) and determine their effect on a dependent variable, called as the evacuation time. Despite its widespread use in multiple domains, regression analysis has not been used to explore the evacuation time. The total evacuation time is to leave a fire site can successfully escape the fire. Here, the results indicated that the occupants left a fire site less than the total evacuation time. The total evacuation time calculation can also be applied to a fire protection system; this allows emergency personnel to update the total evacuation time in real time, while simultaneously informing occupants of the remaining available time to safely escape from a fire site. This study showed that regression analysis is a useful method for evacuation time calculation and can serve as an assessment tool in fire accident–related scientific research and accident investigation.
Along with the development of economy, a growing of large electronics workshop projects and the increasing of workshop area, the difficulties of evacuation design in engineering design is increasingly protruding. Due to large cubic construction and the complexity of building function, the evacuation problems in fire protection design is difficult to solve when using existing national specifications. By using the method of performance-based fire protection design in electronic workshop personnel evacuation design, and using computer simulation technology to demonstrate its security, we can find the solution to similar engineering problems.
A review of literature related to fire evacuation in high-rise buildings was carried out with the following objectives, (1) to identify the key behavioural factors affecting the performance of people during a fire in a high-rise building, the singularities associated to this type of buildings and areas of future research; (2) to review the procedures and strategies currently adopted in high-rise buildings; (3) to review and analyse the capabilities of evacuation models by reviewing their current characteristics and applications in the context of high-rise building evacuations. The review included both findings on human behaviour in high-rise buildings and modelling techniques and tools. Different categories of building use were taken into account, namely office buildings, residential buildings and health care facilities. The individual or combined use of different egress components was analysed. Egress components include the use of stairs, elevators as well as alternative means of escape (e.g., sky-bridges, helicopters, etc.). The effectiveness of the egress components is strongly affected by the building use and the population involved. The review shows that evacuation models can be effectively employed to study relocation strategies and safety issues associated with high-rise buildings. The suitability of egress models for high-rise building evacuations is associated with their flexibility in representing different egress components and complex behavioural processes. The review highlights that there is not a definitive model to be used but that the predictive capabilities of evacuation modelling techniques would be enhanced if more than one model is employed to study different egress aspects. Future research and model developments should focus on the study of the impact of staff actions, group dynamics and people with disabilities. Given the increasing height of buildings and the gradual reduction in the physical abilities of the population, the effects of fatigue on evacuation need further studies.
One of the most disastrous forms of collective human behaviour is the kind of crowd stampede induced by panic, often leading to fatalities as people are crushed or trampled. Sometimes this behaviour is triggered in life-threatening situations such as fires in crowded buildings; at other times, stampedes can arise during the rush for seats or seemingly without cause. Although engineers are finding ways to alleviate the scale of such disasters, their frequency seems to be increasing with the number and size of mass events. But systematic studies of panic behaviour and quantitative theories capable of predicting such crowd dynamics are rare. Here we use a model of pedestrian behaviour to investigate the mechanisms of (and preconditions for) panic and jamming by uncoordinated motion in crowds. Our simulations suggest practical ways to prevent dangerous crowd pressures. Moreover, we find an optimal strategy for escape from a smoke-filled room, involving a mixture of individualistic behaviour and collective 'herding' instinct.
В роботі розглянуто сучасний стан питання евакуації маломобільних груп населення з висотних житлових будинків при пожежі. Обґрунтована можливість безпечної самостійної евакуації при пожежі маломобільних груп населення з використанням пожежних ліфтів. Проведений математичний та графічний розрахунки часу евакуації людей за допомогою програмного комплексу Pathfinder з використанням (без використання) пожежних ліфтів. Надані пропозиції щодо евакуації маломобільних груп населення з висотних житлових будинків.
In fire evacuation situations, at corridors, many evacuees are plagued by high density, low velocity, and long waiting time. Therefore, engineers have to consider the countermeasure preventing crowd accidents. For this purpose, the development of pedestrian simulators that are constructed with concrete physical parameters, such as the headway distance between pedestrians, velocity, and specific flow, is required. To acquire the evacuation behavior in corridors, we conducted well-controlled pedestrian walking experiments in a confined corridor with realistic architectural geometry and modeled the pedestrian behaviors. An experimental loop corridor was constructed to acquire stable pedestrian flows without distractions from bottlenecks or merging flows. We conducted five experiments with different density patterns with an average density ranging from 1.28 to 3.42 people/m2 and a maximum of 96 test participants. We found that when the headway distance is 0.55–1.15 m, the velocity increases linearly with increasing headway distance, similar to single-file experiments. When the density is higher than 2.35 people/m2, the pedestrians cannot walk at a constant speed, and they exhibit stop-and-go behavior. In this situation, the percentage of pedestrians who walk at a headway distance of approximately 0.4–0.5 m, which is the minimum headway distance, increases. In addition, the fundamental diagram between density and velocity is acquired at a density higher than 1.4 people/m2 as an inversely proportional function. The density dependence on the specific flow is a linear function. The maximum specific flow is acquired at the marginal minimum density where a linear relationship is maintained.
Fire in buildings pose a significant threat to occupants, first responders as well as the structural system. Rapid spread of fire and smoke in buildings can hinder the process of evacuation resulting in loss of human life. Such situations call for a reliable egress system that provides safe evacuation of occupants in minimal time. Updating the occupants and first responders with much-needed situational awareness such as accessible stairwells and exits during the disaster can not only lead to efficient evacuation but also shorten the duration of evacuation in some scenarios. This paper examines occupant evacuation scenarios in fire exposed high-rise buildings. A parametric study is carried out on evacuation strategies in a 32-story typical office building during different fire exposure scenarios. The movement of occupants with and without situational awareness is simulated. The effect of critical parameters such as number of stories, width of the egress paths, location and number of exits on the evacuation process is evaluated. The time required for occupants to evacuate the building is estimated under normal conditions (to simulate fire evacuation drill) and under realistic fire exposure. Results from the study indicate that the two most significant factors that influence evacuation time are the location of stairway within the building and the floors at which fire starts. When fire starts at the lower levels of the building, the evacuation time is the highest. More importantly, if situational awareness is incorporated in emergency evacuation procedure, it can improve the evacuation efficiency in a fire exposed high-rise building; wherein up to 24% reduction in evacuation time is achieved.
The purpose of this study is to deliver new data and to bring attention to the subject of evacuation of children. Evacuation characteristics such as flow, densities and walking speeds are in focus. Current literature on evacuation is based mostly on studies on adults. Ten Danish daycare centers participated in full scale evacuation experiments where two age groups 0-2 years and 3-6 years were analyzed separately. The overall findings were as follows. Flow through doors, walking speeds and densities were age-dependent and differed strongly from the data in existing literature. The results showed higher walking speeds in spiral stairs when the children were familiar with the evacuation path. Higher person densities and faster flow through doors were obtained among the children than found in the current literature on adults. Children in the younger age group were generally slower than the older children. The children walked slower in horizontal plane than adults, however they were keen to run during the evacuations, in the latter case their travel speed increased and exceeded the adults’. Since the evacuation characteristics of children differ in many ways from those of adults, nowadays models badly comprehend the evacuation behavior children.
The cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) presented here verifies and evaluates emergency evacuation plans, allowing operators to model and explore the possible consequences of various evacuation strategies and scenarios. In addition, by building a data-driven parallel mechanism between the actual and artificial evacuation systems, it's possible to guide evacuation processes effectively in real time.
The investigation of human behaviour while trying to escape from a room under panic is an important issue in complex systems research. Several authors have called attention to the fact that placing an obstacle near the exit improves the evacuation time of the room (Helbing et al. (2000, 2005) [2,8], Hughes (2003) [6], Johansson and Helbing (2005) [16], Piccoli and Tosin (2009) [5]). We studied this effect in the context of the “social force model” (Helbing et al. (2000) [2]). We show that placing an obstacle does not guarantee, by itself, better chances of survival for all pedestrians. The way they choose to avoid the obstacle is critical for their own performance. We found not only that the faster they try to escape, the slower they get out (“faster is slower” effect), but also, the short cut they might take in order to get to the exit will probably do no better (“clever is not always better” effect).
When evacuating through fire environments, the presence of smoke may not only have a physiological impact on the evacuees but may also lead occupants to adapt their evacuation strategy through the adoption of another exit. This paper attempts to introduce this type of adaptive behaviour within the buildingEXODUS evacuation model through enabling occupants to make decisions concerning the selection of the most viable available exit during an evacuation involving fire. The development of this adaptive behaviour requires the introduction of several new capabilities namely, the representation of the occupants’ familiarity with the structure, the behaviour of an occupant that is engulfed in smoke and the behaviour of an occupant that is faced with a smoke barrier. The appropriateness of the redirection decision is dependent upon behavioural data gathered from real fire incidents (in the UK and USA) that is used to construct the redirection probabilities. The implementation is shown to provide a more complex and arguably more realistic representation of this behaviour than that provided previously.
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