Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo, a highly threatened forest in Littoral Region, Cameroon

Abstract

Begonia ebo H.Lockwood sp. nov., a terrestrial herb endemic to Cameroon cloud forest, is described, mapped and illustrated. It is the first species of Begonia Section Filicibegonia known to have yellow flowers (vs pink or white), to have inflorescences that are epiphyllous, appearing to emerge from the upper leaf surface (vs ordinarily axillary) and, also, the first species of the section known to be endemic to Cameroon. It is also endemic to the Cross-Sanaga River Interval. In contrast, six of the nine species of Sect. Filicibegonia are endemic to the interval between the Sanaga River of Cameroon and the Congo River. So far Begonia ebo is only known from inside or adjacent to the Ebo forest, Littoral Region, Cameroon, apart from a single record from the Chaine de Nkohom in Central Region c. 60 km distant. In view of the massive ongoing threats of industrial logging to the Ebo Forest, the stronghold and main centre of this species on current evidence, the conservation status of Begonia ebo is provisionally assessed as Endangered, EN B1 ab(iii) +B2ab(iii).

Full text

Webbia. Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography 80(1): 77-87, 2025
Firenze University Press
https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/webbia
ISSN 0083-7792 (print) | ISSN 2169-4060 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/jopt-17739
WEBBIA
Journal of Plant
Taxonomy
and Geography
Citation: Lockwood, H. & Tchatch-
ouang, E.N. (2025). Begonia ebo sp. nov.
(Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae),
endangered in Ebo, a highly threat-
ened forest in Littoral Region, Cam-
eroon. Webbia. Journal of Plant Tax-
onomy and Geography 80(1): 77-87. doi:
10.36253/jopt-17739
Received: February 10, 2025
Accepted: March 5, 2025
Published: April 17, 2025
© 2025 Author(s). This is an open
access, peer-reviewed article pub-
lished by Firenze University Press
(https://www.fupress.com) and distrib-
uted, except where otherwise noted,
under the terms of the CC BY 4.0
License for content and CC0 1.0 Uni-
versal for metadata.
Data Availability Statement: All rel-
evant data are within the paper and its
Supporting Information les.
Competing Interests: The Author(s)
declare(s) no conict of interest.
Editor: Riccardo M. Baldini
Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-
Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo, a highly
threatened forest in Littoral Region, Cameroon
H L1,*, E N T2
1 Beechcro, Gupworthy, Wheddon Cross, Minehead, Somerset, TA24 7DA , UK
2 IRAD-National Herbarium of Cameroon Yaoundé, PO Box 1601, Yaoundé, Cameroon
*Corresponding author. E-mail: helenlockwood@ymail.com
Abstract. Begonia ebo H.Lockwood sp. nov., a terrestrial herb endemic to Cameroon
cloud forest, is described, mapped and illustrated. It is the rst species of Begonia Sec-
tion Filicibegonia known to have yellow owers (vs pink or white), to have inores-
cences that are epiphyllous, appearing to emerge from the upper leaf surface (vs ordi-
narily axillary) and, also, the rst species of the section known to be endemic to Cam-
eroon. It is also endemic to the Cross-Sanaga River Interval. In contrast, six of the nine
species of Sect. Filicibegonia are endemic to the interval between the Sanaga River of
Cameroon and the Congo River. So far Begonia ebo is only known from inside or
adjacent to the Ebo forest, Littoral Region, Cameroon, apart from a single record from
the Chaine de Nkohom in Central Region c. 60 km distant. In view of the massive
ongoing threats of industrial logging to the Ebo Forest, the stronghold and main centre
of this species on current evidence, the conservation status of Begonia ebo is provision-
ally assessed as Endangered, EN B1 ab(iii) +B2ab(iii).
Keywords: Cross-Sanaga River interval, epiphyllous, yellow-owered.
INTRODUCTION
On the 13th September 2008, during 6 months botanising in the forest
of Ebo, Littoral Region, Cameroon, the rst author came across plants of a
Begonia L. species that appeared to be new to science (Lockwood 61, K, YA,
Fig. 1). Since it has upright stems, papery, indehiscent or irregularly dehis-
cent fruits, it clearly falls in sect. Filicibegonia A.DC. is was conrmed
aer study by microscope dissection in the herbarium when the following
characters used in the global key to Begonia sections (Doorenbos et al. 1998:
60) led to Sect. Filicibegonia: locules 3, placental branches 1 per locule (vs 2
to 4), female owers with 2 perianth segments (vs 3 to 6), anthers dehiscent
with unilateral longitudinal anther slits, apex hooded, stems upright, wings
subequal in fruit; fruit pendulous; venation pinnate; inorescence mono-
chasial, axes strongly reduced; androecium zygomorphic, laments unequal,
anthers longer than the laments; styles fused less than halfway, 2-lobed,

78 Helen Lockwood, Eric Ngansop Tchatchouang
caducous in fruit, stigma kidney-shaped, in a band and
not spiralled.
Filicibegonia consists of “8 species (and probably
some un-described ones)” and is restricted to Tropical
Africa “from Guinea to eastern Dem. Rep. Congo and
south to Angola.” (Doorenbos et al. 1998). e centre of
diversity is Gabon which has all but one of the described
species, including three endemics. e known species of
Sect. Filicibegonia are: B. aspleniifolia Hook.f. ex A.DC.
(Gabon), B. auriculata Hook.f. (Gabon), B. elatostem-
moides Hook.f. (Cameroon to DRC), B. gossweileri Irm-
scher (Republic of Congo and Cabinda), B. macrocarpa
Warb. (W & C Africa), B. minutifolia N. Hallé (Gabon),
B. sciaphila Gilg ex Engl. (Cameroon, Gabon, Cabinda)
and B. sessilifolia Hook. f. (Cameroon to Congo includ-
ing Bioko).
Lockwood 61 appeared to be a new species to sci-
ence because it is the rst known species of section Fil-
icibegonia to have yellow owers (vs pink or white), to
have inorescences that are epiphyllous, resting on and
appearing to emerge from the upper leaf blade. Within
Filicibegonia, using the key to Filicibegonia species in
de Wilde et al. (2009), it keys out nearest to B. sessilifo-
lia due to the 3-winged fruits, the entire (non-pinnate)
leaf blades that are glabrous adaxially and >5 cm long,
the narrowly oval (in fact elliptic-oblong) to rectangu-
lar bracts, petioles 2–20 mm long. It also has similari-
ties with B. gossweileri of Republic of Congo and Cab-
inda, the only species of the section not included in de
Wilde et al. (2009). See Table 1 for diagnostic dierenc-
es between these species. In this paper we describe and
name the new species as Begonia ebo, assess its extinc-
tion risk status, map and illustrate it, and discuss it in
the context of other highly threatened species in the
Ebo forest.
is species was only seen at one location during
the rst author’s 6 months botanical survey at Ebo indi-
cating that it is infrequent. Following the conclusion of
the eld visit, the specimen was matched with ve other
specimens from nearby in Ebo including one collected
by the last author seven years later, and also with two
other collections made outside the Ebo forest.
Begonia ebo is the rst new species of the genus to
be described from Cameroon for more than twenty years
(IPNI continuously updated), the most recent being the
point endemic Begonia montis-elephantis J.J. de Wilde
(de Wilde 2001).
The genus Begonia is the fastest growing genus
known among plants, with additions being made year-
ly (Ardi et al. 2022). e total count currently stands
at 2151 species (Hughes et al. 2015–). In the years 2014
to 2019 an average of 60 new species were published in
Begonia each year. e steepest increases in new species
have been in SE Asia, with very few from tropical Africa
(Hughes in Cheek et al. 2020). e genus is pantropi-
cal, and evidence supports tropical Africa as the origin
of the genus, since the earliest branching lineages occur
here (Forrest et al. 2005).
In Cameroon 49 species of Begonia are recorded
(Onana 2011), while in neighbouring Gabon 55 spe-
cies are listed, yet over 100 Gabonese specimens remain
undetermined to species (Sosef et al. 2006).
MATERIALS & METHODS
is study is based on the study of live plants in nat-
ural habitat at Ebo by the authors, and herbarium speci-
mens at K and YA. In the absence of a Flore du Cam-
eroun account, the Flore du Gabon volume for Begoni-
aceae (de Wilde et al. 2009) was the principal reference
work used to determine the identication of the speci-
mens of what proved to be the new species. e mate-
rial cited in this paper was also compared at the Kew
herbarium (K) with specimens of all other species of its
section. All specimens cited have been seen by us unless
indicated as “n.v.”. e methodology for the surveys in
which most of the specimens were collected in Ebo is
given in Cheek & Cable (1997). Herbarium citations
follow Index Herbariorum (iers et al. continuously
updated), nomenclature follows Turland et al. (2018) and
binomial authorities follow IPNI (continuously updated).
Technical terms follow Beentje & Cheek (2003). e con-
servation assessment was made in accordance with the
categories and criteria of IUCN (2012). Herbarium mate-
Figure 1. Begonia ebo. Habit showing male and female ower.
Lockwood 61 (K, YA). Photo by H. Lockwood.

79
Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo
rial was examined with a dissecting binocular micro-
scope tted with an eyepiece graticule measuring in
units of 0.025 mm at maximum magnication. e map
base data was sourced from Diva-GIS.org and compiled
through ArcGIS (ESRI).
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT
Begonia ebo H.Lockwood sp. nov.
Type: Cameroon, Littoral Region, near Yabassi and Yin-
gui, Ebo Forest, at plot on new trail to Masseng from
Bekob camp, 04° 21’ 50” N, 10° 25’ 20” E, . fr. 18 Feb.
2006, Cheek 13052 (holotype K000593389; isotypes FT,
YA). (Figure 1–3).
LSID:77349864-1
Diagnosis
Begonia ebo diers from all known species of Begon-
ia Sect. Filicibegonia due to its yellow (not white or pink)
perianth lobes, and also in the peculiar posture of the
inorescence, which lie along the groove of the adaxial
petiole leaf-blade midrib, the owers appearing super-
cially to arise from the middle of the leaf-blade (vs ino-
rescence sessile, or held above or below the leaf blades).
Description
Erect, perennial herb 25–50 cm tall, 10–30 cm
wide, primary stems terete, 1.5–3.0 mm diam. at base,
branching from the base or with a single stem from
the base branching in the upper part, orders of branch-
ing 1–3, with 2 to 8 ultimate leafy branches per plant,
leafy branches diverging at 60–70° from each other, each
with 4–8 leaves, (Fig. 2A) sometimes with short, single-
internode branches, internodes 0.4–1 cm long (owering
stems) or to 2 cm long (vegetative stems), epidermis pale
brown, with ne longitudinal ridges, the distal 5–6 leafy
internodes 80–100% covered in mid brown simple, mul-
ticellular (transversely banded), mainly adpressed hairs
0.55–1.10 mm long, 0.075 mm diam. at base, gradually
tapering to a rounded or pointed apex, the distal ¼ to
½ of each hair sinuous, sometimes u-shaped or spread-
ing; proximal stem nodes glabrescent. Stipules persist-
ing for 4–6 nodes from the apex, narrowly oblong-ellip-
tic, (1.5–)3–5 × (1.0–)1.5–2(–3) mm (largest at the stem
apex), apex acute, terminating in a lament 0.3–1 mm
long, margins entire or each side with 1–3 patent bris-
tle-like teeth to 0.8 mm long, glabrous, brown. Leaves
alternate, distichous, not peltate (Fig 2A); petiole terete,
(1–)4 × 1 mm, oen extending further to the blade on
one side than the other, 20–50% covered in hairs, hairs
as stem. Leaf blade held in a more or less horizontal
position, upper surface dark green, contrasting with the
purple-red midrib and secondary nerves, glossy; lower
surface pale green, matt, asymmetric, slightly dimidi-
ate, with one side wider and extending up to several
mm further down the petiole than the other, lanceolate
or narrowly oblong-elliptic, 4.7–9.5(–10) × 1.7–3.7(–5.3)
cm, long-acuminate, base deeply to shallowly cordate
on one side and obtuse or cuneate on the other, less
usually subsymmetric and obtuse, margin slightly cre-
nate to slightly denticulate, the lobes 7–15 on each side,
lobes shallowly convex or rarely triangular, c. 0.5(–2)
Table 1. Diagnostic features separating Begonia ebo from B. gossweileri and B. sessilifolia. Data for B. gossweileri from Irmscher (1961) and
from J.J.F.E de Wilde et al. 11050 and 11054. Data for B. sessilifolia from de Wilde et al. (2009) and numerous specimens at K.
Begonia ebo Begonia gossweileri Begonia sessilifolia
Stem branching (No. orders) 2–4 0 0(–1)
Leaf margin (nature and number of
lobes/teeth on each side of the blade)
Slightly crenate to slightly
denticulate/7–15 Dentate/5(–7)
Entire, sinuous to crenellate-
denticulate distally/7–18
Leaf margin, dimensions of lobes/
teeth (mm long) 0.5(–2) (1–)2–3 0–1
Bract dimensions (mm)/apex shape
(1.25–)4–5 × (0.1–)0.7/rounded
or acute, bristles absent 2.5–3 × 0.5/acute with bristles
4–8 × 1–1.25/acute or with 2–3
bristles
Perianth colour Yellow with red markings White with basal red spot White
Male pedicel length (mm) 3–5 6–7 5–7
Anther length (mm) 0.7–1.25 1.5–1.8 1.75–2
Style column length (mm) 0.5 1.5 1.5(–2)
Fruit, overall dimensions (2D, length x
breadth, mm) 16–20 × 11–13 10–14 × 3.5–6 9–22 × 9–22
Fruit rostrum (mm) 0–1 3–4 3

80 Helen Lockwood, Eric Ngansop Tchatchouang
mm long, midrib and secondary nerves sunken above,
prominent on lower surface; secondary nerves pinnate
(3–)4(–6) on each side, arising at 40–60° from the mid-
rib, straight, sometimes forked at midlength, terminat-
ing in a marginal tooth 0.2–0.25(–0.5) mm long, ter-
tiary nerves indistinct, not prominent, hairs sti, mainly
adpressed, 1.0–1.2 mm long, as the stems, but white
with a dark brown-red base, midrib 20–30 % covered,
secondary nerves very sparsely hairy (Fig. 2B). Inores-
cence axillary, one per axil, oen in 2–3(–4) successive
axils, monochasial, appearing to emerge from near the
centre of the adaxial surface of the leaf-blade, pedun-
culate, rhachis unbranched, developing 1–22 male ow-
ers and 1 nal female ower. Peduncle lies along the
adaxial surface of the petiole and proximal midrib of
the subtending leaf and sometimes clasped in the sinus
of the leaf-base, terete, 7.5–18.0 × 0.25 mm, red-brown,
glabrous; rhachis angled at 40–60° from and above the
peduncle, dorsiventrally attened, 0.5–8 x 0.5 mm, gla-
brous, owers borne on the adaxial surface on each side
Figure 2. Begonia ebo. A habit, owering stem; B. detail of abaxial blade surface showing midrib and hairs; C. female ower and inores-
cence; D. style and stigmas; E fruit, side view showing unequal dorsal wing; F. fruit, transverse section showing locules; G. seeds, side view.
All from Lockwood 61 (K). Drawn by H. Lockwood.

81
Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo
in two ranks, ranks angled apart 40–50°, pedicel bases
c. 0.3 mm apart, each subtended by a bract. Bracts erect,
green, narrowly oblong-elliptic (1.25–)4–5 × (0.1–)0.71
mm, apex long acuminate (rarely rounded), entire, gla-
brous, persisting for a while aer the ower has fallen
(usually 3–6 bracts present at one time). Flowers devel-
oping in succession, with 1–2 owers at anthesis at one
time, and several more in bud, owers falling soon aer
anthesis (except the female); all owers are male, apart
from the nal female ower which terminates further
inorescence growth; owers are held ±horizontally at
anthesis. Male ower pedicel 3–5 mm long, red-brown,
glabrous. Perianth segments 2, opening at c. 90° from
each other, elliptic-obovate, apex rounded, base cuneate,
5.0–6.0 × 2.7–3.0 mm, yellow-orange both sides, with
the centre of the upper segment turning orange-red in
ower, the lower only slightly so, the inside of both seg-
ments with slightly darker orange nerves. Androecium
zygomorphic, with 10–15 forward-facing stamens; la-
ment column 0.1–1.3 × 0.25 mm; free laments unequal
in length, 0.5 mm (frontal stamens) to 2 mm (rear) long;
anthers basifixed, elliptic-oblong, 0.7–1.25 × 0.9 mm
long, yellow, apex retuse, dehiscing by lateral longitu-
dinal slits. Female ower (Fig. 2C) similar to the male
but pedicel 0.25 mm long, perianth segments orbicular
to broadly elliptic-ovate, 7.0 × 2.9–6.0 mm, apex round-
ed, base cuneate. Styles 3, erect, 2.5–3.5 mm long, the
proximal parts united in a column c.0.5 mm long; distal
parts separated from each other by 40–50°, stigmata ‘U’-
shaped, c.1 mm wide, stigmatic band papillate, yellow
(Fig. 2D). Ovary in outline ±narrowly elliptic-obovate to
narrowly elliptic-ovate in side view, 3-winged, 5.17–7.2 ×
2.07–2.4 mm, medium green-brown, glabrous, separated
from the perianth by a rostrum c. 0.5 × 0.5 mm; wings
unequal, the dorsal wing largest, c. 2.2 mm high, vari-
ably asymmetric, ±convex in prole, widest distally, dis-
tally truncate or nearly so, proximally tapering cuneately
to the pedicel; the two ventral wings equal, symmetric,
held at c. 180° from each other, and 90° from the dor-
sal wing, shallowly convex, c. 0.9 mm high. Fruit one per
infructescence, long persistent, indehiscent until aer
decay starts, pale brown, glossy, papery, dry, 16–20 ×
11–13 mm, wings accrescent, dorsal wing 5–7 mm high,
ventral wings 2–3 mm high, longitudinal ridges 3, 1
equidistant between each wing, each 1 mm wide, raised
by 0.5 mm; locular area elliptic-oblong c. 14 × 3 mm (in
side view, measured on ventral surface) in transverse
section equilaterally triangular, 3-locular, placentae min-
ute, unbranched; rostrum 0–1 mm long. Seeds brown,
numerous, straight, shortly ellipsoid, 0.3 × 0.2 × 0.2
mm, hilum end obconical, chalazal end rounded, surface
coarsely reticulate.
Etymology
Named as a noun in apposition for the forest of Ebo,
Littoral Region, whence most of the known specimens
were found.
Distribution
Cameroon (Littoral and Centre Regions). Map 1.
Habitat & ecology
Understory of primary, lower submontane evergreen
rainforest with closed canopy and sparse understory
vegetation. Found on steep slopes, 750–1170 m altitude.
Infrequent.
Phenology
Flowering plants have been collected in most
months from September to February inclusive, and
plants in fruit from November to February inclusive.
Conservation status
Six of the eight known specimens of Begonia ebo
are conned to the Ebo Forest of Littoral Region. Of the
other two, Letouzey 11000 is immediately adjacent to the
north, while a single record, Nkongmeneck 575 is c. 60
km to the east at Chaine de Nkohom. It is possible that
the species will be found in other areas, however, exten-
sive botanical surveys for conservation management to
the SW, W, NW and NE of this area (Cheek et al. 1992;
Cheek et al. 1996; Cable & Cheek 1998; Cheek et al.
2000; Maisels et al. 2000; Chapman & Chapman 2001;
Harvey et al. 2004; Cheek et al. 2004; Cheek et al. 2006;
Cheek et al. 2010; Harvey et al. 2010; Cheek et al. 2011),
resulting in many thousands of specimens, have so far
failed to uncover additional records.
If Begonia ebo occurs elsewhere than is recorded in
this paper, that is perhaps in the Bakossi area to the west
of Ebo in SW Region, especially Mt Kupe since several
threatened range-restricted species are conned to these
two areas, e.g. Costus kupensis Maas & H. Maas (Maas-
van der Kamer et al. 2016), Coea montekupensis Sto.
(Stoelen et al. 1997), Microcos magnica Cheek (Cheek
2017) and Impatiens frithii Cheek (Cheek and Csiba
2002). However, since Mt Kupe has been intensively col-
lected, we consider this unlikely.
It is considered by the authors that the known range
may be close to reality. If so, the best hope for the sur-
vival of the species is likely at Ebo, where almost all the
population has been recorded to date. However, plants at
this location are severely threatened by logging, followed
by plantation agriculture (Authors pers. obs. 2006–2023).
At the Chaine de Nkohom location (Nkongmeneck

82 Helen Lockwood, Eric Ngansop Tchatchouang
Map 1. Begonia ebo. Global distribution. Prepared by T. Lockwood.

83
Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo
575) the site for the species, near the village of Ndom
(viewed on Google Earth Pro July 2024 using the time
slider function), large areas of intact forest are being
encroached by habitation from the direction of Yaoundé
(from the east). It is only at the third location (Letouzey
11000) that habitat appears intact for the moment, how-
ever since the adjacent Ebo forest is threatened by log-
ging and this location is less protected, it also cannot be
considered safe from destruction from logging followed
by plantation agriculture, likely oil palm. e area of
occupancy is calculated as 20 km2 using IUCN required
2 km x 2 km cells, and the extent of occurrence is calcu-
lated as 323 km2 using the Google Earth polygon func-
tion. Since there are three locations, two with imminent
major threats, we here assess Begonia ebo as Endangered,
EN B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii).
Within the Ebo forest Begonia ebo is known from
six collections made from 2006–2013. ese equate to
four sites, two of the sites with two points separated by
c. 100 m from each other. e rst author only saw the
species in only one location occupying c. 3 m x 3 m dur-
ing a period of 6 months. At another site, at which it has
been found in Ebo (Cheek 13052) it occupied about 8 m
x 8 m (Cheek pers. comm. to Lockwood 2008) and was
also only seen once by that collector over the course of
visits to Ebo over several years and seasons. It is possible
that the species also qualies as Endangered under Cri-
teria D of IUCN (2012) since there may be less than 150
mature individuals observed by collectors, however, the
authors have not been able to contact all the collectors to
verify the estimate.
Numerous other Cameroon species of Begonia are
localised and threatened (Onana and Cheek 2011).
Notes
Within Ebo Begonia ebo may be confused with two
other species of Sect. Filicibegonia, B. sessilifolia and B.
macrocarpa, diering from both in the yellow not white
to pink petals, and in that the aerial stems are branched,
sometimes several times (vs unbranched). It further
diers from the last species in having a moderately to
densely hairy stem and petiole (vs glabrous), and in the
bracts being oblong-elliptic with a bristle tipped acute
apex (vs ± orbicular, apex rounded, entire). Additional
dierences with B. sessilifolia are given in Table 1.
Variation occurs in the species, Ngansop 192 hav-
ing stem indumentum that is only moderately dense,
covering about 50% of the surface (vs 90–100% in other
specimens), and fruits with the larger, dorsal wing much
more strongly asymmetric than in the other specimens.
While all the specimens show branching, Osborne 49
was the most highly branched, with eight ultimate
branches. However, this may be a function of the age of
the plant, since this was also the tallest individual (c.50
cm tall).
Additional specimens examined
CAMEROON. Littoral Region: near Yabassi, Ebo
forest, North Transect, 1176 m from Bekob camp, 04°
22’ 09” N, 10° 25’ 00” E, . 13 Sept. 2008, Lockwood 61
(K001243603, YA); ibid, route Bekob-Locndeng, en allant
vers la village Locndeng, 04° 23’ 12.6” N, 10° 24’ 47.7”
E, . fr. 5 Dec. 2013, .fr. Ngansop 192 (K001243604,
P, WAG, YA); ibid, 5200 m Wadja, 04° 20’ 45.0” N, 10°
24’ 40.0” E, . fr. 5 Nov. 2007, Fenton 224 (K000745895,
WAG n.v., YA n.v.); ibid, West transect - 1590m along
transect, 04° 22’N, 10° 25’ E, .12 Sept. 2006, Osborne 49
(K000593388, WAG n.v., YA); ibid, at plot on new trail to
Masseng from Bekob camp, 04° 21’ 50” N, 10° 25’ 20” E,
. fr. 18 Feb. 2006, Cheek 13052 (holo. K (K000593389);
iso. FT, YA); ibid., Muokaka-Mbom Trail 850 m from
Bekob Trail, 04° 21’ 46” N, 10° 25’ 25” E, . 7 May 2008,
MacKinnon 129 (YA); Yingui, 15 km ESE, Massouan
to Mosse, 04° 30’N, 10° 24’ E, .15 Jan. 1972, Letouzey
11000 (P n.v., WAG n.v., YA). Central Region: Chaine de
Nkohom a 42 km SSW Ndiki, near rock Massa Makin
Ntom, 04° 24’N, 10° 48’ E, . 14 Nov. 1983, Nkongme-
neck 578 (P n.v., WAG n.v, YA).
DISCUSSION
In a phylogenetic analysis (Forrest et al. 2005),
Sect. Filicibegonia, represented by Begonia aspleniifolia
Hook.f. is sister to the yellow-owered refuge Begonia
Sections Loasibegonia A.DC. and Scutobegonia Warb.
at Begonia ebo is the sole yellow-owered species in
Sect. Filicibegonia suggests that this character may be
plesiomorphic and may indicate a basal position within
the section. Molecular phylogenetic analysis with more
comprehensive sampling of Sect. Filicibegonia is needed
to test this hypothesis.
Within Sect. Filicibegonia, the anities of Begonia
ebo are dicult to discern. In only B. macrocarpa, B.
sciaphila and perhaps the poorly known B. gossweileri
do the number of owers per inorescence also exceed
10 (up to 23 in B. ebo). In only B. auriculata and B.
macrocarpa does the pedicel of the male owers also
generally exceed 10 mm in length (in other species it
is generally <5 mm long or nil), while only in B. asple-
niifolia and B. minutifolia are the aerial stems oen
branched several times (in other species branching does
not occur or is rare).

84 Helen Lockwood, Eric Ngansop Tchatchouang
Biogeography
Begonia ebo is the rst and only Cameroon-endem-
ic species of Sect. Filicibegonia. However, neighbouring
Gabon has three endemic species in this sect., all also
restricted to highly species-diverse highland forested
areas e.g. Monts de Cristal.
While Sect. Filicibegonia is widespread from Guinea
in the west (Gosline et al. 2023) to eastern DRC in the
east, all but one species (Begonia macrocarpa) is con-
ned to Lower Guinea sensu White (1983), i.e. from the
Cross River of SE Nigeria to the River Congo. Although
the Cross-Sanaga interval has the highest plant species
and generic diversity per degree square in all tropical
Africa (Barthlott et al. 1996; Dagallier et al. 2020), with
a very high number of endemics (Cheek et al. 2001), this
is the rst species of Sect. Filicibegonia that is endemic
to the interval. e other species are either widespread
within Lower Guinea (2/9 species) or endemic to the
Sanaga-Congo interval (5/9 species).
e importance of the Ebo forest for plant conservation
e Ebo Forest, a former proposed National Park,
covers c. 1,400 km² of lowland and submontane (cloud)
forest, including important inselberg and waterfall areas,
with an altitudinal range of 130–1115 m alt. and a rain-
fall of 2.3–3.1 m per annum (Abwe and Morgan 2008;
Cheek et al. 2018a, Stone et al. 2023). Intensive botani-
cal surveys at Ebo only began in 2005. Despite this, to
date, over 100 globally threatened plant species have
been documented including 23 species new to science,
of which ten are globally narrowly endemic to Ebo,
with many more near endemic (Murphy et al. 2023).
ese include species of large canopy trees e.g. Crateran-
thus cameroonensis (Lecythidaceae, Prance & Jongkind
(2015) and Talbotiella ebo (Leguminosae, Mackinder et
al. (2010); understorey trees e.g. Piptostigma submonta-
num (Annonaceae, Ghogue et al. (2017), Couvreur et al.
2022), Kupeantha ebo (Rubiaceae, Cheek et al. (2018b)
and Uvariopsis dicaprio (Annonaceae, Gosline et al.
(2022); climbers, Dichapetalum korupinum (Dichapeta-
laceae, Breteler (1996); large herbs e.g. Pseudohydrosme
ebo (Araceae, Cheek et al. (2021); creeping herbs of the
forest oor, Ardisia ebo (Primulaceae, Cheek & Xanthos
(2012); inselberg herbs e.g. Impatiens banen (Balsami-
naceae, Cheek et al. (2023a) and rheophytes of waterfalls,
Inversodicraea ebo (Podostemaceae, Cheek et al. (2017).
Ebo was recently evidenced (Kew Science News,
2020) as an Important Plant Area (IPA). Of the 49
IPAs in Cameroon, Ebo has the highest number (23) of
documented Critically Endangered (CR) plant species
(IUCN global assessments), i.e. those with the high-
est level of global threat and closest to extinction, aer
the Ngovayang (Bipindi) IPA which has 24 (Murphy et
al. 2023: 23, table 3). With the forthcoming publication
of Memecylon ebo (Melastomataceae, Stone et al. 2023)
and Cryptacanthus ebo (Acanthaceae, Darbyshire et al.
in press) both also strictly endemic to Ebo and provi-
sionally assessed as CR, Ebo will surpass Ngovayang in
this respect. Additional endemic species in the course
of preparation for publication from Ebo include those
in the genera Ardisia Sw., Chassalia Comm. ex Poir.,
Cola Schott & Engl., Keetia E.Philipps and Mitriostigma
Hochst. ese will likely increase the number of CR
species of Ebo further, possibly to the highest for any
IPA in all of tropical Africa.
The publication in this paper of a further rare,
localised and threatened plant species for the Ebo for-
est emphasises further the global importance of Ebo for
conservation. No other site in Cameroon has more Criti-
cally Endangered plant species now than Ebo.
Cameroon has the highest number of globally
extinct plant species of all countries in continental tropi-
cal Africa (Humphreys et al. 2019). e global extinc-
tion of Cameroonian species such as Oxygyne triandra
Schltr. (ismiaceae, Cheek et al. 2018c) and Afrothismia
pachyantha Schltr. (Afrothismiaceae, Cheek and Wil-
liams 1999; Cheek et al. 2019; Cheek et al. 2023b) are
well known examples, recently joined by species such as
Vepr i s bali Cheek (Rutaceae, Cheek et al. 2018d). How-
ever, another 127 potentially globally extinct Cameroon
species are documented (Murphy et al. 2023: 18–22).
It is critical now to detect, delimit and formally
name species as new to science, since until they are sci-
entically recognised, they are invisible to science, and
only when they have a scientic name can their inclu-
sion on the IUCN Red List be facilitated (Cheek et al.
2020). Most (77%) species named as new to science in
2023 were already threatened with extinction (Brown et
al. 2023).
If further global extinction of plant species is to be
avoided, eective conservation prioritisation, backed up
by investment in protection of habitat, ideally through
reinforcement and support for local communities who
oen eectively own and manage the areas concerned, is
crucial. Important Plant Areas (IPAs) programmes, oen
known in the tropics as TIPAs (Darbyshire et al. 2017;
Murphy et al. 2023) oer the means to prioritise areas
for conservation based on the inclusion of highly threat-
ened plant species, among other criteria. Such measures
are vital if further species extinctions are to be avoided
of narrowly endemic, highly localised species such as
Begonia ebo.

85
Begonia ebo sp. nov. (Sect. Filicibegonia-Begoniaceae), endangered in Ebo
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Helen Lockwood thanks the Ebo Forest Project
for hosting her in the forest in Cameroon during June
2008 to January 2009, especially Dr Bethan Morgan,
Dr Ekwoge Abwe, and her field assistants: Antony
Agbor, and from the village of Locndeng: Simone,
Zac, and Maurice. She also thanks her parents Elaine
and Kenneth Lockwood for sponsoring the costs and
supporting the field studies on other ways, and her
brother Thomas Lockwood for creating the map for
Begonia ebo. The head of the National Herbarium of
Cameroon (IRAD) is thanked for receiving and send-
ing herbarium specimens, and the Keeper of the Kew
Herbarium is thanked for access to specimens dur-
ing 2008–2009 when this paper was first drafted. Dr
Martin Cheek is thanked for advice on collecting,
preserving and identifying plants in the field and on
developing this paper.
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