The Impact and Analysis of Mechanical Factors of the Mechanized Unit on the Production of "Vigna radiata L." Crop

Abstract

This study aims to know the effect of each of the forward speed factors and the depth of ploughing factor on the yield of Mung bean and some performance calculations of the tractor with the agricultural machine, which are as follows: (pull force, fuel consumption and slippage when conducting field operations). The average soil moisture content was (17.13%). Experiments were carried out using a split-plot system under a randomized complete block design with three replications. The depth of 18cm recorded the highest fuel consumption, the highest pull force and the highest slippage (17.82 l/ha, 13.21 kN and 7.97%), while the forward speed of the tractor was 17.12 km/h, the lowest fuel consumption was (12.06 l/ha). As for the production of the Mung bean crop, the depth of 18 cm and the forward speed of 4.03 km/h recorded the highest crop productivity rate of 15.97 kg/h.

Full text

*Corresponding Author: Khalid Zemam Amer, E-mail: khalid.zeemam@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq
ISSN: 2458-8989
NESciences, 2025, 10 (1): 418-424 doi: 10.28978/nesciences.1651195
The Impact and Analysis of Mechanical Factors of the Mechanized Unit on the
Production of "Vigna radiata L." Crop
Khalid Zemam Amer 1* , Abdulla Azawi 2, Hussein Abbas jebur 3,
Ahmed Abed Gatea Al-Shammary 4, Salih Kadhim Alwan Al-Sharifi 5
1* Department of Scientific Affairs, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.
E-mail: khalid.zeemam@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq
2 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University,
Iraq. E-mail: abdullah.azawi@tu.edu.iq
3 Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agricultural Engineering
Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: dr.hussain@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq
4 Soil Science and Water Resources Departments, College of Agriculture, University of Wasit, Kut,
Iraq. E-mail: agatea@uowasit.edu.iq
5 Department of Agricultural Machinery, University of Al-Qasim Green, Iraq.
E-mail: alwansalih73@gmail.com
Abstract
This study aims to know the effect of each of the forward speed factors and the depth of ploughing factor
on the yield of Mung bean and some performance calculations of the tractor with the agricultural machine,
which are as follows: (pull force, fuel consumption and slippage when conducting field operations). The
average soil moisture content was (17.13%). Experiments were carried out using a split-plot system under
a randomized complete block design with three replications. The depth of 18cm recorded the highest fuel
consumption, the highest pull force and the highest slippage (17.82 l/ha, 13.21 kN and 7.97%), while the
forward speed of the tractor was 17.12 km/h, the lowest fuel consumption was (12.06 l/ha). As for the
production of the Mung bean crop, the depth of 18 cm and the forward speed of 4.03 km/h recorded the
highest crop productivity rate of 15.97 kg/h.
Keywords:
Depth, pull force, speed, fuel consumption.
Article history:
Received: 23/11/2024, Revised: 25/01/2025, Accepted: 15/02/2025, Available online: 31/03/2025

Natural and Engineering Sciences
419
Introduction
Mung bean "vigna radiata L." is an important leguminous plant from the Fabaceae family, which is used as a
primary food source in Asia because it contains protein (19 to 29%), carbohydrates (62-65%), and fats (1-5%).
Its plants are also used for feeding animals and improving soil characteristics (Al-Younis, 1993). In addition,
it is characterized by its short growth period, the possibility of cultivation after harvesting field plants, and its
productivity is low in Iraq compared to global production, as the crop suffers from a problem during flowering,
which is a high percentage of fallen flowers, which leads to their falling and thus a reduction in production.
(Ali et al., 1990). The selection of the compound machine is considered one of the very important matters that
require high accuracy and is subject to important criteria because of its great role in achieving perfect quality
during the implementation of the intended process, which is to prepare a suitable bed for the growth of the
seed, and attention should be paid to the proportionality of the work of the compound machine with the used
tractor. The effectiveness of the work of compound machines is related to the extent of the impact of these
machines on working conditions and the type of production (Kovač et al., 2022), which reflects positively on
reducing costs and increasing production per unit area (Hassan, 2012).
(Hameed & Jebur, 2023) Concluded by manufacturing and evaluating a combined machine for soil
preparation and tillage cultivation, where this machine performs several operations in one pass, and the
performance of the combined machine was tested at different forward speeds and different plowing depths,
and the experimental results showed that each of the energy requirements (Khan & Siddiqui, 2024).The total
costs are at their lowest values, and the crop yield is as high as possible through the use of the combined
machine instead of using the traditional method, to reduce the number of times the machine passes over the
agricultural soil, which reduces the risk of soil compaction and its impermeability to water(Haghighi & Far,
2014).
Tillage plays a major role in dismantling and turning the soil, as well as mixing it with the plants
remaining on the surface, and this affects the physical properties of the soil such as bulk density, porosity,
water and air movement through soil particles, soil resistance to penetration, surface hardening, and many other
characteristics (Hillel, 2013; Amer, 2024).
Slippage is defined as the reduction in the forward speed of the tractor compared to the theoretical
speed. The slip ratio is considered the most important criterion for agricultural tractors (Paul et al., 2020), and
it expresses the percentage of power lost from the tractor. The maximum pull occurs in the tractor when the
slip ratio is confined between 0 to 15 %, and the tractive efficiency decreases when the slip rate increases above
15% (ASAE, 2003; Zoerb & Popoff, 1967).
The use of installed machines in soil ploughing reduces the consumption of fuel (Dinesh, 2024).
Obtaining the highest consumption of fuel during the agricultural process is one of the most important goals
of good farm management (Bosco, 2016; Grisso et al., 2010; Jebur, 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to conduct
a study on experimenting and testing the cultivation of the vigna radiata L crop in the combined machine.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted to cultivate a crop "Vigna radiata L. " The combined machine was evaluated by
attaching it to the agricultural tractor, and the original approval was obtained to conduct these practical
experiments agricultural, to evaluate the performance of the combined machine (Aljuboury & Jebur ,2022).
The field was designed to carry out the experiments of the research project through the use of three levels
(main plate) for the front speed of the agricultural tractor (4.03, 5.86 and 7.12 km / h), while the depths were

Natural and Engineering Sciences
420
considered as (secondary plate) with two levels, which are (13 and 18 cm). New Holland tractor and
International 966 were used in this work. Measuring instruments were a dynamometer, and fuel depreciation
apparatus.
Parameter Measurement
Force of Pull (FB)
The tractor-pulling force was measured using a dynamometer as follows. (Jebur, 2018):
Nfb = B with load – A without load.
Where:
Nfb= Net force of pull, kN
Consumption of Fuel (Cf)
The perfect method for calculating the consumption of diesel fuel when conducting experiments in the field is
the volumetric method, which depends on measuring a specific volume of fuel consumed through the use of a
device shown in Figure (1). It was calculated as follows; (Hachim & Jebur 2022)
𝐹𝐶 = (𝑉
𝑡) × 3 ⋅ 6 …………..1
Where:
F.C= Consumption of Fuel, l/h
V= Volume Consumption of Fuel, ml
t = second
Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the volumetric method

Natural and Engineering Sciences
421
Tire Slip (Ts)
Calculated according to sources: (Mankhi & Jebur. 2022; Amer, 2019)
𝒔 = 𝟏 − 𝑭𝑺𝟐
𝑭𝑺𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟎 ………………2
Where:
Fs1= speed of tractor without load, km/h.
Fs2= speed of tractor with load, km/h
Yield of the Seeds (kg/h)
Calculated by multiplying the seed yield per plant, which is calculated as the average seed weight of the twenty
plants taken randomly, multiplied by the plant density, Al-Dabbagh & Al-Duleimi (2017).
Results and Discussion
Consumption of Fuel (Cf)
Table (1) demonstrates the effect of the machine speed of the tractor and depths on the consumption of fuel,
where the tractor speed had a significant effect on the amount of exhaustion of fuel (Aljuboury & Jebur,2023).
When the machine speed increased from 4.03 to 5.86 and then to 7.12 km/h, the consumption of fuel for each
Unit area decreased from 15.97 to 13.10 and then to 9.74 l/ha, respectively, the reason for this may be because
increasing the forward speed of the tractor leads to achieving a certain area in a shorter period, so it leads to
reducing the amount of fuel consumption per unit area. These results agree with the results reached by Amin
et al., 1992; Alloush, 2001). It is clear from table (1) the significant effect of the depths of the meadow on the
exhaustion of fuel. When the depth of the meadow was increased from 13 to 18 cm, it resulted in an increase
in the consumption of fuel for each Unit area from 10.68 to 15.18 l/ha. (Swain et al. 2022).
Table 1. Effect of the machine speed and depth on consumption of fuel (l/ha)
Machine speed, km/h
Depths, cm
Average
13
18
4.03
14.11
17.82
15.97
5.86
10.53
15.67
13.10
7.12
7.41
12.06
9.74
L.S.D = 0.05
0.342
0.254
Average
10.68
15.18
L.S.D = 0.05
0.209
Tire Slip (Ts)
Table (2) shows the effect of machine speed and deepness on tyre slip, where the speed of the tractor had a
significant effect on the tyre slip. When the speed increased from (4.03 to 5.86, then to 7.12 km/h) the slip
percentage increased from 3.77% to 5.20% and then to 7.35%, this is agreed with (Makawi & Jassim ,2023).
It is also clear from Table (2) that the depths have a significant effect on the percentage of slipping, as by
increasing the depth from 13 and then to 18 cm, the slip percentage increased from 5.04 to 5.83%.

Natural and Engineering Sciences
422
Table 2. Effect of the machine velocity and deepness on slip (%)
Machine speed, km/h
Depths, cm
Average
13
18
4.03
3.52
4.01
3.77
5.86
4.87
5.52
5.20
7.12
6.73
7.97
7.35
L.S.D = 0.05
0.187
0.135
Average
5.04
5.83
L.S.D = 0.05
0.102
Force of Pull (FB)
Table (3) shows the effect of the machine speed and depths on the pulling force, where the speed had a
significant effect on the pulling force, as it is clear from the table that the higher the speed led to the pulling
force when the speed increased from 4.03 to 5.86 then to 7.12 then to km/h it led to an increase in the pull
force from 10.22 to 11.54 and then to 12.11 kN. This is agreed with (Jebur and Himoud. 2018) and (Jebur,
2016). It is also clear from Table (3) that the depths have a significant effect on the pulling force, as by
increasing the depth from 13 and then to 18 cm, the pulling force increased from 10.25 and then to 12.33 kN.
Table 3. Effect of the speed and deepness on the force of pull (kN)
Machine speed, km/h
Depths, cm
Average
13
18
4.03
9.31
11.12
10.22
5.86
10.42
12.65
11.54
7.12
11.01
13.21
12.11
L.S.D = 0.05
0.204
0.159
Average
10.25
12.33
L.S.D = 0.05
0.121
Yield of the Seeds (kg/ha)
Table (4) shows the effect of machine speed and deepness on the yield of the seeds. An increase of the depth
(13, 18 cm) led to an increase in yield (1351, 1405 kg/ha) respectively. This is agreed with (Jebur, 2018).
Table 4. Effect of the speed and depth on the yield of the seeds (kg/ha)
Machine speed, km/h
Depths, cm
Average
13
18
4.03
1360
1432
1396
5.86
1352
1400
1376
7.12
1342
1384
1363
L.S.D = 0.05
43.180
23.064
Average
1351
1405
L.S.D = 0.05
21.032
Conclusion
We can conclude from this work that the ploughing depths have a significant impact on the evaluation of field
science and the extent of its impact on the output of the yield of Mung bean, as well as the study of some
performance characteristics of the agricultural tractor and its relationship to the forward speed of the tractor
and the extent of its impact on plant productivity.

Natural and Engineering Sciences
423
Author Contributions
All Authors contributed equally.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared that no conflict of interest.
References
Al-Dabbagh, E. J., & Al-Duleimi, B. H. (2017). The effect of foliar application boron and salicylic acid in the
production and quality characteristics of two genotypes of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Anbar journal
of agricultural sciences, 15(1):162-180.
Ali, H. J, T. A. Issa and H. M. Jadaan. 1990. legume crops. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research - University of Baghdad. p. s. 259.
Aljuboury, M. M and H. A. Jebur. 2023. Effect of traditional and automated sorting on some tomato's
properties. Revis Bionatura, 8 (1) 66.
Aljuboury, M. M., & Jebur, H. A. (2022, July). Computer Model Application for Sorting and Grading Citrus
Aurantium Using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network. In IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science (Vol. 1060, No. 1, p. 012140). IOP Publishing.
Alloush, R. Kh. S.. 2001. Study of some field performance indicators of the Massey Ferguson MF 399 tractor
with the Turkish EFE in mixed silty loamy soil. Master thesis, Department of Agricultural
Mechanization, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad.
Al-Younis, A. H. A. (1993). Production and improvement of field crops. Coll. of Argic of Baghdad.
Amer, K. Z. (2019). The Effect of Tillage Systems on Some Machinary Unit Performance Indicatars and Oil
Corn Yield. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 11(1), 126-135.
Amer, K. Z. (2024, July). Determine and Analyze the Total Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor Using
Different Plows. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1371, No. 9, p.
092007). IOP Publishing.
Amin, S. El. M., and Y. H. El-Tahan. 1992. A field study of some factors affecting fuel consumption using
excretory and disc ploughs. Al-Rafidain Agriculture Journal.
ASAE, standard (2003) Agricultural Machinery data, D 497. 4 feb 03, pp: 372-380.
Bosco, N. J. (2016). Farmers’ Perceptions on Maize Varieties in Rwanda: A Case Study of Smallholder
Farmers in Rwimbogo Sector in Gatsibo District. International Academic Journal of Innovative
Research, 3(9), 1-8.
Dinesh, R. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder Four-Stroke Diesel
Engine Using Biodiesel (2024). Derived from Chicken Waste with Additives. Natural and Engineering
Sciences, 9(2), 326-334. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.1574462

Natural and Engineering Sciences
424
Grisso, R. D., Perumpral, J. V., Vaughan, D. H., Roberson, G. T., & Pitman, R. M. (2010). Predicting tractor
diesel fuel consumption. PUBLICATION 442-073.
Hachim, I. T., & Jebur, H. A. (2022, July). A study some technical indicators of the local designed machine.
In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1060, No. 1, p. 012136). IOP
Publishing.
Haghighi, H. F. F., & Far, L. M. (2014). Combining Data Mining and Agricultural Sciences. International
Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 1(2), 1–8.
Hameed, H. S., & Jebur, H. A. (2023, April). Hydraulic Performance of a Solar-Powered Drip Irrigation
System. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1158, No. 8, p. 082002).
IOP Publishing.
Hassan, A. H. 2012. Agricultura l Machinery Complex. College of Technical Engineering, Tishreen
University, Syria.
Hillel, D. 2013. Introduction to soil physics. Academic press. Retzer, J., 2015 Soil Development in the Rocky
Mountains, Soil Sci. Soc. Am Proc., 13, 446 – 448 P.
Jebur, H. A. (2016). Determination and analysis of gross power losses for the farm tractor using prediction
equations during field operations. Elixir Agriculture, 99(2016), 43208-43215.
Jebur, H. A. (2018). The effect of power losses for agricultural tractor on tractive efficiency. Journal of
Research in Ecology, 6(1), 1481-1489.
Khan, I., & Siddiqui, S. (2024). Machine Design a Systematic Approach to Designing Mechanical
Systems. Association Journal of Interdisciplinary Technics in Engineering Mechanics, 2(3), 6-11.
Kovač, P., Savković, B., Jesić, D., & Mankova, I. (2022). On the Abrasive Wear High Strength Coating Layers
on Machine Parts Testing. Archives for Technical Sciences, 2(27), 25–31.
https://doi.org/10.59456/AFTS.2022.0227.025K
Makawi, Z. A., & Jassim, S. Y. (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Giardia Species in Livestock Animals
of Iraq. Revis Bionatura, 8(3), 95.
Mankhi, A. A., & Jebur, H. A. (2022, July). A study Some Technical Indicators Under Impact Tillage Depth
and Disk harrow Angle of the Compound Machine. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science (Vol. 1060, No. 1, p. 012137). IOP Publishing.
Paul, P., Ripu Ranjan Sinha, R. R. S., Aithal, P. S., Aremu, P. S. B., & Saavedra M, R. (2020). Agricultural
informatics: an overview of integration of agricultural sciences and information science. Indian Journal
of Information Sources and Services, 10(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss-2020.10.1.2832
Swain, K. H., Amer, K. Z., & Muter, S. A. (2022). The effect of three different speeds of two types of plows
on the performance indicators of the mechanical unit. International Journal of Agricultural & Statistical
Sciences, 18(1).
Zoerb, G. C., & Popoff, J. (1967). Direct indication of tractor-wheel slip. Canadian agricultural
engineering, 9(2), 91-93.