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An Examination of Digital Validation-Seeking
Behaviors in Adolescents
as Precursors to Romance Scamming
Francis C. Ohu1, Laura A. Jones2
1,2Department of Forensic Cyberpsychology, Capitol Technology University, Laurel, MD, USA
Corresponding author email: fohu@captechu.edu
Abstract: Digital validation-seeking behaviors have emerged as a significant psychological precursor
to online deception, particularly in the context of romance scams. This study examines how
adolescents and young adults, motivated by social media engagement and algorithmic reinforcement,
develop patterns of manipulative online behavior that can escalate into financial fraud. Empirical
evidence suggests that 67% of individuals with lower self-esteem engage in deceptive self-
presentation, while 40% of cyber fraudsters report early experiences with digital deception during
adolescence. The forensic cyberpsychology framework applied in this study explores the
developmental trajectory of romance scammers, identifying key influences such as peer reinforcement,
social comparison mechanisms, and the Dark Triad personality traits. This study employs a narrative
literature review and thematic analysis to synthesize research on psychological, technological, and
social factors contributing to romance scamming. Findings reveal that algorithm-driven validation
loops normalize manipulative behaviors, reinforcing deception as a viable strategy for online
engagement. Economic stressors and lack of parental oversight increase the likelihood of individuals
transitioning from validation-seeking to full-scale financial fraud. The results underscore the role of
AI-driven deception tools, hyperpersonal communication techniques, and algorithmic biases in
facilitating scammer evolution. Key recommendations include integrating digital literacy programs,
enforcing algorithmic transparency, and strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the
rise of validation-driven cyber deception. This study contributes to forensic cyberpsychology by
mapping the developmental progression from digital validation-seeking to romance scamming,
illustrating how algorithmic reinforcement, peer influence, and self-enhancement behaviors escalate
into manipulative online deception. By identifying early-stage psychological and technological risk
factors, this research informs AI-driven fraud detection models, digital literacy initiatives, and
algorithmic transparency measures to mitigate the normalization of deception in digital environments.
Keywords: Romance Scams, Forensic Cyberpsychology, Validation-Seeking Behaviors, Social Media
Deception, Dark Triad Traits, Cyber Fraud, Algorithmic Biases
Introduction
Background and Context
Romance scams have emerged as a pervasive cybercrime, exploiting emotional vulnerabilities for
financial gain (Hani et al., 2024). Victims of these scams often become emotionally invested in
fabricated relationships, leading to significant financial losses (Ahmed, 2024). According to the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC, 2024), romance scam reports in the United States surged by
25% between 2022 and 2023, with an average loss per victim exceeding $4,400. Global financial
losses from romance scams exceeded $1.3 billion in 2023, marking a significant increase from
previous years. Cybercrime data indicates a 40% increase in social media-linked romance scams
among individuals aged 18-35 (Ahmed, 2024), underscoring the need for a deeper understanding
of perpetrator behaviors. Despite considerable attention paid to victimology in romance scams,
limited research exists on the developmental pathways that lead individuals to become
perpetrators (Soares & Lazarus, 2024). The absence of empirical analysis on how psychological
tendencies, particularly digital validation-seeking behaviors, contribute to cyber deception leaves
a critical gap in forensic cyberpsychology research (Mustafa et al., 2024a). Social media
platforms, designed to amplify engagement-driven behavior, play a major role in shaping
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DOI:10.5281/zenodo.14911844
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adolescent psychological patterns, reinforcing narcissistic tendencies and manipulative behaviors
in individuals susceptible to Dark Triad traits (Ahmad et al., 2024). Research has extensively
analyzed fraudulent online behavior in adulthood; however, few studies have systematically
examined how these behaviors develop in adolescence (Burrell et al., 2023). During adolescence,
individuals undergo crucial identity formation and social development, becoming highly sensitive
to peer feedback, social comparison, and external validation mechanisms (Ohu & Jones, 2025b;
Pérez-Torres, 2024b). The pathway to cyber deception and financial fraud often begins in
adolescence, shaped by early social validation-seeking, digital reinforcement loops, and familial
influences on personality development (Ohu & Jones, 2025b; Mustafa et al., 2024a).
Environmental factors, such as parental oversight, socioeconomic stress, and familial conflict,
contribute to the emergence of machiavellian and deceptive behaviors in some adolescents, who
may experiment with online deception as a means of social survival, as posited by (Ohu & Jones,
2025a; Ceroni & Yalch, 2024), who also stated that validation syndrome is the key driver of
deceptive behavior in adolescents. Moreover, current research has explored the Dark Triad traits
in cybercriminals, but the role of digital validation-seeking as a developmental antecedent to
financial fraud remains underexplored (Ahmad et al., 2024). The rise of social media as a
platform for these scams is evident, with 40% of romance scam victims having been contacted
through social media (FTC, 2024). As shown in Figures 1 and 2, Google Trends data indicate that
web searches for "Romance" peaked at 85% between December 29, 2024, and January 4, 2025,
while "Romance scams" web searches peaked at over 75% between January 12 and 18, 2025
(Google Trends, 2024a, 2024b). These findings illustrate the growing public concern and
awareness surrounding this cybercrime.
Figure 1. US Web search interests over time for Romance on Google
Source: Google Trends (2025a)
Figure 2. US Web search interests over time for Romance scam on Google
Source: Google Trends (2025b)
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A review of current literature underscores the necessity of examining these formative
digital behaviors. The prevalence of cyber deception among individuals with high social
comparison tendencies, combined with algorithmic reinforcement, calls for deeper forensic
investigation into the developmental precursors of romance scamming (Bokolo & Liu, 2024;
Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024). Addressing these research gaps is crucial for constructing
intervention strategies that target digital literacy, psychological resilience, and algorithmic
accountability to disrupt the early formation of deceptive behaviors (Ahmed, 2024; Dvir,
2023).
Problem Statement
The rise in romance scams has become a significant societal concern, with measurable
financial losses and emotional distress. In 2023, global financial losses from romance scams
exceeded $1.3 billion (FTC, 2024). Reports from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI,
2023) and the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3, 2023) highlight a concerning increase in
scam-related complaints involving adolescents and young adults, signaling a potential shift in
offender demographics. The general problem is that digital environments may reinforce
deceptive behaviors through algorithmic validation loops, potentially normalizing
manipulation and fraud among adolescents (Funkhouser, 2022). Studies suggest that
persistent engagement in digital validation-seeking behaviors may desensitize individuals to
ethical concerns and foster manipulative cyber tendencies (Hani et al., 2024; McGovern et al.,
2024). The specific problem is that existing forensic research lacks comprehensive early
detection tools and intervention strategies to address the psychological and environmental
factors that shape manipulative online behaviors during adolescence (Tang, 2024; Volkova &
Sorokoumova, 2024; Xiang, 2024). This research aims to bridge this critical gap by
examining how digital validation-seeking behaviors contribute to the emergence of romance
scammers. By analyzing psychological, social, and algorithmic influences, this study will
provide forensic cyberpsychology with data-driven insights for developing fraud prevention
programs, digital intervention models, and social media policy reforms.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to conduct a narrative literature review of current literature and a
thematic analysis to explore how digital validation-seeking behaviors, particularly during
adolescence, contribute to the development of manipulative cyber behaviors that culminate in
romance scams. By examining the psychological and social mechanisms underlying these
behaviors, this study seeks to identify key cognitive, social, and algorithmic factors that
reinforce deception in digital environments (Chapagain et al., 2024; Fominykh, 2024; López
et al., 2024). This research specifically focuses on adolescents and young adults highly
engaged in social media and digital platforms where validation-seeking behaviors are
prevalent (Hani et al., 2024; McGovern et al., 2023). Through a forensic cyberpsychology
approach, this study investigates how algorithmic exposure, peer reinforcement, and financial
incentives contribute to the transition from self-validation to cyber deception (Ohu & Jones,
2025a). The findings aim to bridge the gap in forensic cyberpsychology research by offering
evidence-based insights for digital literacy programs, fraud prevention initiatives, and policy
interventions designed to mitigate early-stage manipulative behaviors online (FTC, 2024; IC3,
2023).
Rationale, Originality and Significance of the Study
Romance scams pose a significant societal and economic concern, yet existing research focuses
on victim vulnerabilities rather than the psychological and developmental pathways of scammers
(FTC, 2024; IC3, 2023). This study aims to fill the empirical gap by investigating how digital
validation-seeking contributes to the emergence of romance scammers. This research is one of the
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first to explore the link between digital validation-seeking behaviors and the early psychological
development of online scammers. By applying social learning theory (Amsari et al., 2024; FTC,
2024) to forensic cyberpsychology, this study examines how algorithmic exposure, peer
reinforcement, and financial incentives shape manipulative behaviors over time. The study has
critical implications for forensic cyberpsychology, digital fraud prevention, and cybersecurity
policy. The findings provide evidence-based insights for law enforcement, AI-driven fraud
detection models, digital literacy programs, scam victim support services, and policymakers. By
bridging the gap between psychological theory, digital behavior analysis, and cybersecurity, this
study advances forensic cyberpsychology research and offers practical solutions for fraud
prevention, law enforcement training, and social media policy reform.
Literature Review
This literature review aims to identify, select, and analyze relevant studies to explore the role of
digital validation-seeking behaviors as precursors to romance scamming and examine the
influence of adolescent social media engagement, personality traits, and algorithmic
reinforcement in shaping deceptive online behaviors. A comprehensive and methodologically
rigorous approach was chosen to ensure a thorough assessment of the existing body of literature.
The overarching research question guiding this review is: "How do digital validation-seeking
behaviors contribute to the progression of deceptive online interactions in adolescents leading to
romance scamming?" This question aligns with the broader problem statement, examining the
psychological and technological mechanisms fostering deception in digital spaces. A structured
search strategy was employed using key search terms related to digital validation, deception,
online fraud, and social media influence, particularly among adolescents. The search terms
included "digital validation-seeking behaviors," "Dark Triad traits and online deception," "social
media influence on online fraud," "romance scamming and cyber manipulation," "algorithmic
reinforcement and deceptive behaviors," and "psychological drivers of online fraud." The
literature review was conducted using multiple high-quality academic databases, including
PsycINFO, PubMed, MDPI, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. A rigorous selection process was
applied to ensure the inclusion of high-quality and relevant studies. The inclusion criteria were
mostly peer-reviewed articles published between 2022 and 2024, research focusing on digital
validation-seeking behaviors and online deception among adolescents. Also included were studies
examining social media influence, Dark Triad traits, and cyber manipulation among adolescents,
empirical research on algorithm-driven deception and psychological conditioning in digital
spaces, including studies conducted in Western and technologically advanced societies where
online fraud is prevalent among adolescents. The exclusion criteria were articles older than five
years unless foundational to theoretical understanding, non-peer-reviewed sources (except for
government-sponsored research reports, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)), studies
not published in English, articles focusing on offline fraud rather than digital deception, and
theoretical perspectives without empirical evidence. A total of 90 peer-reviewed papers published
between 2022 and 2024 were screened. The selection process involved title and abstract
screening, followed by a full-text review of the most relevant articles. Studies lacking empirical
rigor or methodological transparency were excluded to ensure a high standard of research
integration.
Theoretical Foundations
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory suggests that behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and
reinforcement (Amsari et al., 2024). Romance scammers learn deceptive tactics by observing
scammer communities, victim vulnerabilities, and social media algorithms that optimize
manipulation strategies (Choi et al., 2024). This theory explains how validation-seeking
individuals transition into manipulative online behaviors, reinforced by digital interactions that
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reward deception (Burrell, 2024). The reinforcement cycle is particularly pronounced among
adolescents, who are still developing their moral reasoning and self-regulation abilities, and
studies demonstrate that exposure to deceptive online behavior normalizes such conduct, making
adolescents more susceptible to engaging in manipulative tactics (Ko & Kim, 2024; Sanchez et
al., 2024).
Social Comparison Theory
Social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate themselves against others to establish
self-esteem and social standing (Arigo et al., 2024). Romance scammers exploit this by curating
idealized personas, mirroring high-status social media influencers, and employing validation-
seeking techniques and over time, scammers refine these tactics, leading to an increased
psychological detachment and escalation into cyber fraud (Desjarlais, 2024). Adolescents
experience heightened sensitivity to social validation, which increases their likelihood of engaging
in deceptive practices as a means of maintaining online status (Trekels et al., 2024a). This
continuous cycle of seeking validation and engaging in deceptive behavior fosters an environment
in which manipulation becomes an accepted norm.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Development of Deceptive Behavior
Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains how individuals resolve conflicting beliefs and actions,
similar to how scammers may initially experience psychological discomfort when engaging in
deception, but later rationalize their behavior through monetary gain, social reinforcement, or
perceived victim culpability (Fedorov, 2024; Vaidis et al., 2024). Research suggests that 80% of
individuals who engage in minor online deception initially experience cognitive dissonance, but
repeated validation from fraudulent behaviors diminishes ethical concerns over time, facilitating
more extensive manipulation tactics (Jabutay et al., 2024; Muneer et al., 2024).
Routine Activity Theory and Online Exploitation
Routine Activity Theory suggests that crime occurs when a motivated offender, a suitable target,
and the absence of guardianship converge (Cohen & Felson, 1979). This theory applies to
romance scams, where scammers exploit victims through digital platforms with minimal
regulation or oversight (F. Wang & Dickinson, 2024). Adolescents engaged in persistent social
media validation-seeking behaviors are at a 72% higher risk of engaging in deceptive online
interactions, particularly when they perceive online anonymity as reducing accountability
(Alsoubai et al., 2024; Trekels et al., 2024b).
Hyperpersonal Communication Theory and Online Deception
The Hyperpersonal Communication Theory explains how digital interactions can become more
persuasive and intimate than face-to-face conversations (Walther & Whitty, 2020). Scammers
leverage text-based communication, asynchronous messaging, and curated online personas to
manipulate victims more effectively (Alsoubai et al., 2024; Chan & Chui, 2024). Adolescents
who engage in excessive validation-seeking behaviors on social media develop heightened online
self-presentation tendencies, making them 50% more susceptible to deception through
hyperpersonal interactions (López et al., 2024; Trekels et al., 2024).
Dark Triad Traits and Manipulative Cyber Behaviors
The Dark Triad comprising narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy, is strongly associated
with online deception and romance scamming (Ahmad et al., 2024, Ohu & Jones, 2025a). Studies
demonstrate that narcissists seek validation through online deception, machiavellians manipulate
social interactions for strategic gain, and psychopaths exhibit a lack of empathy, enabling guilt-
free fraud (Burnell et al., 2024). Adolescents exhibiting Dark Triad traits are particularly prone to
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using social media platforms as a testing ground for manipulative behavior, often escalating from
minor deceptions to more elaborate scams over time.
Social Media Influence, Digital Validation-Seeking and Progression of Deceptive Online
Behaviors
Digital validation-seeking behaviors are deeply rooted in adolescent social media use, where
individuals seek peer approval and algorithmic affirmation (Pérez-Torres, 2024b). Research
indicates that adolescents with low parental monitoring are 68% more likely to engage in
deceptive online behaviors (Mustafa et al., 2024), and algorithmic exposure reinforces
manipulative engagement tactics, fostering a reliance on digital validation that can escalate into
romance scamming (Burnell et al., 2024). Hani et al. (2024) stated that early engagement in
catfishing and exaggerated digital self-presentation serves as a psychological rehearsal for later-
stage online fraud. Research also highlights that scammers test and refine deceptive scripts in
digital spaces, optimizing their fraudulent techniques through social media reinforcement and
scammer echo chambers (Hjetland et al., 2024; Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024; Zhou, 2024). This
progression illustrates how digital environments provide scammers with a training ground for
deception, transitioning from validation-seeking behaviors to full-scale romance scamming
(Ahmed, 2024). Adolescents engaged in these behaviors may initially view them as harmless, yet
repeated exposure and success in manipulation reinforce and escalate their deceptive tendencies
(Whitten et al., 2024).
This review of current literature highlights the importance of examining formative
digital behaviors, particularly in adolescence, where social validation is highly sought after in
online interactions. Adolescents increasingly depend on social media feedback mechanisms to
establish their self-worth, reinforcing validation-seeking behaviors that may predispose them
to deceptive online interactions (Schreurs et al., 2024). Studies suggest that these behaviors
create a gateway to digital deception, as individuals who engage in minor dishonest
interactions may escalate into more deceptive actions, including romance scamming, when
reinforced by social validation and financial incentives (Herrera & Hastings, 2024).
Understanding the psychological characteristics of both victims and scammers is crucial for
identifying at-risk personality profiles on social media platforms (Purwaningrum et al., 2024).
To address the research question of how digital validation-seeking behaviors contribute to
deceptive online interactions, future studies must continue exploring the interplay of
psychological, technological, and social factors. By examining the cognitive and emotional
responses of individuals who seek digital validation, researchers can gain insight into how
self-esteem fluctuations and social influence shape online deception.
Research Methodology
This study employs a narrative literature review approach to synthesize existing research on the
relationship between digital validation-seeking behaviors and romance scamming. A thematic
analysis was conducted to identify patterns and trends across peer-reviewed literature, rather than
relying on primary qualitative data collection. This approach is particularly well-suited for
forensic cyberpsychology, as it facilitates an in-depth exploration of behavioral patterns, cognitive
processes, and social influences that underpin online deception (Bahmanova & Lace, 2024;
Kirwan et al., 2024). A developmental trajectory was applied to examine how early validation-
seeking tendencies, shaped by social media reinforcement, parental influence, and peer
comparisons, contribute to behavioral patterns that may escalate into financial fraud during
adulthood (Mustafa et al., 2024). Longitudinal research suggests that early-stage deceptive
behaviors, such as catfishing and persona exaggeration, may serve as precursors to more
sophisticated cyber fraud schemes later in life (Ahmad et al., 2024).
By integrating theoretical models of adolescent personality development and cyber
deception, the study contributes to the fields of digital forensic psychology and cybercrime
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prevention. Following Braun & Clarke’s (2019, 2024) six-phase framework, this study
systematically identifies, categorizes, and interprets themes (Naeem et al., 2023) from recent
peer-reviewed literature related to validation-seeking behaviors, cyber deception, and
romance scams (Amsari et al., 2024). This study is guided by the research question: "How do
digital validation-seeking behaviors contribute to the progression of deceptive online
interactions in adolescents leading to romance scamming?" This research question shaped the
selection of sources, coding of themes, and interpretation of findings, ensuring a structured
and rigorous analysis of digital deception patterns and the risk factors associated with the
progression from validation-seeking to romance scams.
Data Collection and Sources
A comprehensive narrative literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google
Scholar. The search terms employed were "Validation-seeking behaviors," "Romance scams,"
"Cyber deception," and "Dark Triad traits." The inclusion and exclusion criteria for study
selection were clearly defined. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed articles published
between 2018 and 2024, studies examining psychological and social factors related to cyber
deception in adolescents, and empirical research on algorithm-driven deception and validation-
seeking behaviors in adolescents. Exclusion criteria included studies published before 2018
except for foundational theories, non-peer-reviewed sources (except government-sponsored
research reports), and articles not published in English. This data collection approach ensures that
the study considers the developmental trajectory of romance scammers, accounting for their
activities as adult perpetrators as well as the origins and evolution of their behaviors during
adolescence.
Thematic Analysis Process
The six-phase thematic analysis model proposed by Braun and Clarke (2019, 2024) was
employed to examine validation-seeking behaviors from adolescence to adulthood. A
developmental trajectory approach was adopted to track the evolution of deceptive behaviors over
time. The analysis was conducted in systematic stages, which included familiarization with the
data, where the research team immersed themselves in selected studies, identifying recurring
behavioral patterns related to validation-seeking and deception, initial coding, where key
behavioral elements, such as validation-seeking, deception tactics, social reinforcement, and
algorithmic influence, were coded. Particular focus was given to age-related variations in
deception strategies, theme identification, where coded data were categorized into broader
thematic groups, including psychosocial vulnerabilities and manipulative digital behaviors that
contribute to romance scam behaviors.
Also included were theme reviews, where identified themes were reviewed to ensure
alignment with adolescent developmental pathways and the evolution of romance scamming
tactics, with special attention given to the development of Dark Triad traits of narcissism,
machiavellianism, psychopathy over time. Furthermore, theme refinement and naming, where
themes were refined to capture distinct deception trajectories, ensuring that each category
addressed both adolescent and adult deception pathways, including findings synthesis and
reporting, where the final themes were synthesized to illustrate how digital validation-seeking
behaviors escalate into cyber fraud, offering a forensic cyberpsychology perspective on
deception progression. As shown on Table 1, a thematic framework was developed to provide
a forensic timeline of deception progression, mapping the transition from adolescent
validation-seeking behaviors to full-scale romance scams.
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Table 1. Expanded Thematic Coding Framework for Romance Scamming Analysis
Category
Code
Definition
Adolescent Dimension
Sample Sources
Digital Validation-
Seeking
DVS
The dependence on online
approval, attention, and
engagement for self-
worth.
Emerges in adolescence
through social media
reinforcement, peer approval,
and parental neglect.
Ge S., (2024), Pedrouzo
et al., (2024), (Kornienko
& Rudnova, 2024),
Hillman et al. (2023)
Manipulative
Digital Behaviors
MDB
The use of deception and
persuasive tactics to
maintain validation and
control.
Often starts as minor online
persona exaggeration (e.g.,
catfishing) before escalating
into financial fraud.
(Kornienko & Rudnova,
2024) Guan Y. (2024).
Syahril S. A (2024),
Ahmed, (2024)
Algorithmic
Reinforcement
AR
How social media
platforms amplify
deceptive behaviors
through engagement-
based algorithms.
Adolescents with high social
comparison tendencies are
especially vulnerable to
algorithmic-driven behavior
shaping.
Allen et al., (2024),
Pinho et al., (2024),
Latuheru & Cangara,
(2024), Pellegrino &
Stasi (2024)
Psychosocial
Vuln e r abi l i ti es
PSV
Personal and situational
factors (e.g., financial
stress, social isolation)
that contribute to
scammer behavior.
Family conflict,
socioeconomic instability, and
low parental oversight
contribute to early risk
behaviors.
Martínez-Casanova et al.,
(2024), Maya et al.,
(2024), Mustafa et al.,
(2024), Pérez-Tor re s,
(2024)
Romance Scam
Progression
RSP
The psychological
transition from seeking
validation to engaging in
full-scale romance scams.
Digital deception becomes
habitual, leading to more
advanced financial fraud
tactics.
Soares & Lazarus (2024),
Wa ng & D ic ki ns o n
(2024), Herrera &
Hastings (2024), Wang &
Dickinson (2024)
Figures 3 and 4 visually illustrate the progression of online deception, with Figure 3 depicting the
interaction of key behavioural traits, psychological factors, and algorithmic influences and Figure
4 presenting a flowchart of the stages of deception development, from early-stage digital
validation-seeking to adult cyber fraud (Cole, 2024).
.
Figure 3. Thematic Map of Digital Validation-Seeking and Romance Scamming
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Figure 4. Flowchart: The developmental pathway from Adolescents to Romance Scammers
Research Findings
Analysis of the selected studies identified three primary themes illustrating how digital validation-
seeking behaviors develop into romance scamming tactics.
Digital Validation-Seeking as a Psychological Precursor
Adolescents' self-esteem becomes increasingly tied to external social media approval, reinforcing
behaviors such as exaggeration, deception, and selective self-presentation (Pérez-Torres, 2024).
Individuals with lower self-esteem are 67% more likely to engage in manipulative online
behaviors to maintain digital validation (Mustafa et al., 2024). Social media reinforces this self-
worth dependency, as individuals with low self-esteem are 67% more likely to engage in
deceptive self-presentation to gain digital approval (Mustafa et al., 2024). Validation-seeking is
linked to deception, as users who prioritize external validation are more prone to online persona
exaggeration, which may escalate into manipulative behavior (Burnell et al., 2024). Social
comparison loops increase susceptibility to fraud involvement, as adolescents frequently exposed
to social comparison mechanisms develop narcissistic or machiavellian traits, making them more
vulnerable to fraudulent behaviors (Ahmad et al., 2024). Scammers often begin as digital
validation-seekers, and over time, individuals who initially sought online approval learn to
manipulate social interactions for personal or financial gain. Algorithmic reinforcement is
leveraged to normalize deception as a strategy for online engagement (Ahmed, 2024).
Adolescent-specific findings suggest that adolescents who engage in early-stage digital deception
such as fake profiles and catfishing, are significantly more likely to escalate into manipulative
cyber behaviors as adults (Ahmad et al., 2024). Peer-driven validation dependence increases
susceptibility to machiavellian traits, as adolescents refine manipulation tactics through social
media reinforcement loops (Hani et al., 2024). Algorithmic exposure reinforces deceptive
behavior by rewarding engagement-based validation, which encourages habitual exaggeration and
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selective self-presentation (Burnell et al., 2024). These patterns suggest that the same
psychological mechanisms that drive adolescent validation-seeking also lay the foundation for
later-stage cyber deception and romance scamming.
Transition from Validation-Seeking to Romance Scamming
Repeated exposure to social validation-seeking mechanisms reinforces deception as a viable
strategy, as individuals habitually manipulate online identities to achieve social approval (Ohu &
Jones, 2025b). Over time, these individuals may escalate from persona exaggeration, such as
catfishing, to romance scam tactics for financial gain (Siddiqi et al., 2024). This escalation is
driven by the refinement of deception techniques through social media interactions, recognition of
financial incentives in manipulative behaviors, and decreased empathy due to repeated deception,
a hallmark of Dark Triad personality traits. As adolescents become accustomed to using deception
for validation, they may extend these behaviors into financial and social engineering strategies
(Siddiqi et al., 2022). The progression from self-validation to financial fraud is often incremental,
driven by repeated success in online persona manipulation, positive reinforcement from peers and
engagement algorithms, and diminished moral constraints due to detachment from real-world
consequences (Coluccia et al., 2020; Diresta & Goldstein, 2024). Key findings suggest that social
engineering skills improve over time, as scammers learn victim responses through trial and error,
refining emotional manipulation tactics (Desjarlais, 2024). Financial incentives also accelerate
deception escalation, with 80% of romance scammers beginning as small-scale digital
manipulators, often through catfishing or engagement farming before moving into large-scale
fraud (Zhou, 2024). Machiavellian traits develop in response to success, as scammers become
increasingly detached from victim consequences (Hjetland et al., 2024). Adolescent-specific
findings indicate that 40% of cyber fraudsters reported that their first experiences with deception
occurred in adolescence, often through social media experiments in validation-seeking (Pellegrino
& Stasi, 2024). Additionally, adolescents raised in environments with high familial conflict or
socioeconomic instability are twice as likely to engage in manipulative online behaviors as a
means of social control (Mustafa et al., 2024). Online anonymity also fosters deception rehearsal,
where adolescents test the boundaries of manipulation before transitioning to full-scale scams
(Zhou, 2024). The same validation-seeking mechanisms used for social approval become tools for
emotional fraud, as scammers learn to mirror victims' vulnerabilities, creating false emotional
connections to exploit financial trust (Hani et al., 2024).
Algorithmic and Socioeconomic Reinforcement of Cyber Fraud
Algorithmic reinforcement mechanisms optimize deception-based engagement by prioritizing
emotionally charged and high-visibility content (Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024). 80% of romance
scammers leverage AI-driven deepfake tools to enhance deception credibility (Shin &
Jitkajornwanich, 2024). Socioeconomic stressors also drive individuals to turn digital deception
into a source of income. Algorithmic bias plays a significant role in rewarding deception, as social
media platforms prioritize content that elicits strong emotional responses (Pellegrino & Stasi,
2024). This optimization creates an environment where romance scams can thrive. Scammers use
AI tools to enhance their deception, increasing the credibility of scams and leading to higher
victim engagement (Shin & Jitkajornwanich, 2024). Financial desperation is a key motivator for
many romance scammers, with 53% citing economic hardship as their primary reason for
engaging in fraud (Ahmed, 2024). The combination of algorithmic incentives and financial
motivations creates an ecosystem where manipulative behavior is rewarded with engagement and
visibility, as a result, cyber fraud becomes an appealing pathway for individuals predisposed to
deception (Babaei & Vassileva, 2024; Van der Linde, 2024).
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Figure 5. Heatmap of risk factors influencing romance scammer development
Figure 5 illustrates the study’s key findings, and the relative influence of various risk factors
contributing to romance scammer development, with a scale ranging from 0 to 1. The results
indicate that digital validation-seeking (DVS) exhibits the highest influence (1.0) as a predictor of
romance scam behaviors, followed closely by social comparison and peer feedback (0.9).
Algorithmic reinforcement (AR) plays a crucial role (0.8), significantly shaping deception tactics.
Early digital deception (MDB) and parental neglect each hold a moderate-to-high impact (0.7),
allowing manipulative behaviors to develop. Socioeconomic stress (PSV) and Dark Triad
personality traits (DT) demonstrate a moderate influence (0.6). Cyber fraud escalation (RSP)
holds a very high influence, scoring 1.0. Overall, the findings suggest that digital validation-
seeking (DVS) is the strongest predictor of romance scam behaviors, with algorithmic
reinforcement (AR) playing a major role in shaping deception tactics. Parental neglect and
socioeconomic stress act as secondary influences, enabling adolescents to explore manipulative
behaviors without oversight.
Discussion
The findings of this study highlight how digital validation-seeking behaviors serve as
psychological precursors to romance scamming, with scammers transitioning from online self-
presentation strategies to full-scale financial deception (Siddiqi et al., 2022). This discussion will
explore the forensic cyberpsychology implications, the connection between social media
validation and cybercrime, and the role of digital platforms in reinforcing manipulative behaviors.
These findings demonstrate that adolescents who engage in high levels of social media validation-
seeking are at risk of developing manipulative behaviors. When left unchecked, these tendencies
can escalate into fraudulent activities, including romance scams and financial deception. This
raises concerns about the long-term impact of adolescent social media use, particularly how early
digital validation-seeking behaviors shape cognitive and ethical frameworks for online
interactions (Burnell et al., 2024). The transition from seeking digital validation to engaging in
romance scams is not abrupt but rather a gradual psychological and behavioral shift (Coluccia et
al., 2020). Individuals who begin by exaggerating online personas for attention and approval may,
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over time, realize that deception yields not only social validation but also financial rewards (Ohu
& Jones, 2025b; Mustafa et al., 2024). The normalization of deception within digital spaces,
reinforced by repeated validation and engagement-based algorithms, increases susceptibility to
fraud engagement (Ahmed, 2024).
Psychological Mechanisms in Digital Validation-Seeking and Romance Scamming
Self-Esteem Contingency on External Approval
Digital validation-seeking behaviors serve as a key psychological mechanism that fosters
deception, as individuals with a strong dependency on external validation are more likely to
engage in manipulative online behaviors to maintain social status and digital engagement
(Mustafa et al., 2024). This reliance on external approval creates psychological vulnerabilities,
where dishonest tactics become increasingly normalized, particularly among those driven by
financial incentives (Burnell et al., 2024). Adolescents, in particular, who experience fluctuating
self-esteem due to prolonged social media exposure, may experiment with deception as a means
of gaining peer approval, ultimately reinforcing manipulative behaviors as habitual patterns
(Carwati et al., 2024; Mustafa et al., 2024b). This behavioral reinforcement, combined with
exposure to fraudulent success stories on social media, conditions adolescents to view deception
as a viable means of personal and financial gain (Hjetland et al., 2024).
The Role of Narcissistic and Machiavellian Personality Traits
Digital validation-seeking behaviors contribute to the development of manipulative online
behaviors, particularly among individuals exhibiting Dark Triad traits (Ohu & Jones, 2025a).
Narcissistic tendencies intensify reliance on external validation, leading to inflated online
personas and deceptive social tactics (Ahmad et al., 2024). Machiavellianism, in turn, enables
individuals to rationalize manipulation, facilitating the transition from validation-seeking
behaviors to romance scamming without moral hesitation (Hani et al., 2024). Youth displaying
emerging Dark Triad tendencies may initially engage in strategic deception for social control,
which can eventually escalate into financial exploitation as manipulative behaviors become more
reinforced and habitual (Ohu & Jones, 2025b). The findings highlight that early deception-based
validation often conditions individuals to disconnect from ethical considerations, reinforcing
fraudulent tactics over time (Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024).
Cyberpsychology of Social Engineering
Digital validation-seeking behaviors play a crucial role in the development of cyberpsychological
manipulation, particularly in the use of social engineering tactics by romance scammers.
Scammers often employ emotional mirroring techniques to exploit victims’ vulnerabilities,
carefully mimicking romantic partners' language and emotional cues to establish trust and control
(Ahmed, 2024). Over time, repeated engagement in deception leads to desensitization toward
victim suffering, reinforcing long-term scamming behaviors as a habitual practice (Pellegrino &
Stasi, 2024). Early experiences with online deception among adolescents, such as fake
relationships, influencer impersonation, or catfishing, may serve as behavioral rehearsals for more
advanced social engineering scams in adulthood (Asher et al., 2024; Kornienko & Rudnova,
2024; Park et al., 2024). The findings suggest that digital deception progresses in complexity as
scammers refine tactics through continuous exposure to online fraud techniques (Desjarlais,
2024).
How Social Media and Algorithmic Amplification Reinforce Manipulative Behaviors
Social media platforms play a dual role in the development of validation-seeking behaviors and
cyber deception, as they strongly influence digital validation-seeking tendencies through
algorithmic amplification and engagement-driven feedback loops. These platforms reinforce
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manipulative behaviors, making them instrumental in shaping both validation-seeking tendencies
and the evolution of romance scamming tactics. Social media platforms are designed to prioritize
high-engagement content, often elevating emotionally charged and deceptive material,
inadvertently creating an environment where manipulation is rewarded (Shin & Jitkajornwanich,
2024). Romance scammers learn to exploit these systems, ensuring their fraudulent profiles and
messages are widely distributed to potential victims (Zhou, 2024). Adolescents who are exposed
to algorithmically promoted deceptive content, such as viral pranks or staged social experiments,
may internalize manipulative behaviors early, normalizing deception as an effective social and
financial strategy. Furthermore, advancements in AI-driven deception, including deepfake videos
and AI-generated messaging, provide scammers with more sophisticated tools for fraud,
increasing deception complexity (Hjetland et al., 2024).
How Feedback Loops Reinforce Deception
Engagement-driven algorithms inadvertently train scammers in psychological manipulation, as
platforms highlight and reward deceptive tactics that generate strong user responses (Hjetland et
al., 2024). This creates a self-reinforcing cycle, where scammers refine emotional manipulation
and social engineering techniques based on data-driven insights into victim engagement patterns.
AI-assisted fraud, including deepfake romance scammers, is becoming increasingly sophisticated,
further blurring the distinction between genuine and deceptive interactions (Ahmed, 2024).
Additionally, youth who routinely engage in deception-based validation-seeking, such as fake
personas in online gaming or social media role-playing, may internalize manipulative tactics as
viable social strategies, ultimately increasing their susceptibility to transitioning into cyber fraud
(Collier & Morton, 2024; Park et al., 2024; M. Wang, 2024).
The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors
Scammers from economically disadvantaged regions are significantly more likely to rationalize
cyber fraud as a financial survival strategy, particularly when legal employment opportunities are
scarce (Mustafa et al., 2024). This aligns with previous research on cybercriminal pathways,
which suggests that financially motivated deception often begins with small-scale social media
manipulation before escalating into full-scale fraud (Burrell et al., 2024). Adolescents from low-
income backgrounds with limited access to economic mobility may perceive online deception as a
low-risk, high-reward opportunity, reinforcing the transition from validation-seeking behaviors to
structured cyber fraud (Kassem & Carter, 2024). These insights underscore the urgent need for
interdisciplinary collaboration between cybersecurity professionals, forensic cyberpsychologists,
and social media platforms to detect and disrupt scam networks at an early stage. Addressing
algorithmic bias, promoting digital literacy, and creating AI-driven scam detection tools could
help mitigate the growing intersection between social media validation-seeking and online
deception.
Conclusion
This study examined the psychological precursors to romance scamming, focusing on the
psychological, algorithmic, and socioeconomic mechanisms driving this transition. The findings
indicate that validation-seeking behaviors progressively condition individuals to engage in online
deception, as social media users who rely on external approval for self-esteem are more likely to
exaggerate or fabricate online personas (Pérez-Torres, 2024). Over time, engagement-driven
reinforcement normalizes deceptive behavior, making manipulation a viable strategy for both
social and financial gain. The study found that Dark Triad traits facilitate scammer psychology,
with narcissism fueling self-enhancement through deception, Machiavellianism enabling strategic
manipulation, and psychopathy reducing empathy for victims (Ahmad et al., 2024). Social media
platforms actively reinforce deceptive behaviors, as algorithmic biases reward engagement-driven
manipulation tactics, making romance scams both financially and socially incentivized behaviors
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(Shin & Jitkajornwanich, 2024). Early exposure to deceptive social tactics in adolescence
increases long-term fraud risks, as individuals who engage in minor deception for validation are
more likely to develop habitual manipulative behaviors that escalate into financial fraud (Collier
& Morton, 2024; Kassem & Carter, 2024). Social reinforcement loops, peer approval, and
algorithmic amplification play a significant role in shaping deception progression (Burnell et al.,
2024). Socioeconomic factors also contribute to scammer motivation, with financial hardship
increasing the likelihood of engaging in cyber fraud, particularly in regions where online
deception is perceived as an alternative income source (Hani et al., 2024). To mitigate the rise of
romance scams and digital deception, this study suggests three key intervention strategies
including, Algorithmic Monitoring and AI-Based Fraud Detection, Digital Literacy and
Psychological Resilience Training and Strengthening Law Enforcement and Policy Interventions.
Algorithmic Monitoring and AI-Based Fraud Detection
Social media platforms must enhance algorithmic transparency to mitigate the reinforcement of
deceptive engagement strategies. AI-based fraud detection should be implemented to identify
behavioral patterns linked to romance scams. Real-time monitoring of suspicious activities such
as sudden profile changes, mass messaging, unusual engagement patterns, can help flag potential
scams (Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024). Additionally, platform adjustments to de-prioritize deceptive
engagement strategies could reduce scam exposure and disrupt the reinforcement cycle.
Digital Literacy and Psychological Resilience Training
Public awareness campaigns should emphasize how validation-seeking vulnerabilities make
individuals susceptible to social engineering tactics used by scammers (Desjarlais, 2024). Schools
and workplaces should integrate cyber hygiene training programs, ensuring that individuals can
recognize deceptive engagement patterns and develop resilience against manipulative online
interactions (Zhou, 2024). Further, educational initiatives should focus not only on victim
awareness but also on preventing at-risk youth from transitioning into cyber fraud through online
deception normalization.
Strengthening Law Enforcement and Policy Interventions
Cross-border collaboration between cybersecurity agencies, financial institutions, and social
media companies should be strengthened to improve scam detection and prosecution efforts
(Ahmed, 2024). Governments should introduce stricter identity verification protocols for online
dating platforms, reducing the prevalence of fake profiles used in romance scams (Mustafa et al.,
2024). Furthermore, early intervention strategies should focus on behavioral profiling, allowing
for risk detection of individuals transitioning from digital deception to cyber fraud.
Future Research Directions
Longitudinal Studies on Scammer Behavioral Trajectories
Future research should conduct longitudinal studies to track individuals' transitions from
validation-seeking behaviors to full-scale fraud, focusing on psychological, technological, and
social reinforcements driving this evolution. Understanding early behavioral markers of digital
deception may improve AI-driven fraud detection systems, enabling earlier intervention
(Pellegrino & Stasi, 2024). Longitudinal studies should monitor adolescents engaging in high-
validation digital behaviors, assessing how their online deception tactics evolve over time and
whether early deceptive behaviors predict later financial fraud engagement. Neuroscientific
studies should investigate cognitive reinforcement mechanisms, exploring whether repeated
exposure to algorithmic engagement loops and deceptive social validation cycles rewires ethical
decision-making processes, sustaining habitual manipulative behaviors. By integrating behavioral
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tracking with neurocognitive analysis, future studies can provide a comprehensive understanding
of how digital reinforcement mechanisms shape deception trajectories.
The Role of AI in Scam Evolution
As AI-driven scams become increasingly sophisticated, research should examine how deepfake
technology, chatbot automation, and generative AI influence romance scam success rates and
victim manipulation (Shin & Jitkajornwanich, 2024). AI-generated scam bots capable of real-time
emotional responses could significantly increase online deception success rates, making it harder
for victims to differentiate between human and machine-driven manipulation. Research should
analyze how AI personalizes fraud techniques, particularly in adaptive scamming strategies where
fraudsters use AI to tailor deception to individual victim profiles. AI-driven predictive analytics
may enable scammers to optimize engagement strategies, dynamically adjusting communication
styles and emotional triggers based on victim responses. Therefore, investigating fraud-as-a-
service models, where scammers use AI-assisted phishing and automated deception, can shed
light on how fraudulent tactics are continuously adapted, refined, and deployed at scale. Forensic
analysis of AI-driven scam networks can reveal patterns in deception training and operational
structures, providing insights into the future industrialization of cyber fraud.
The Ethical Responsibility of Social Media Platforms
Future studies should assess the ethical responsibility of social media companies in preventing
scammer exploitation of engagement algorithms (Ahmed, 2024). Research should explore
whether algorithmic transparency policies can mitigate scam networks' ability to manipulate
digital validation-seeking behaviors. By examining how engagement-driven algorithms
incentivize deceptive practices, future research can inform policy recommendations that promote
algorithmic accountability and reduce the reinforcement of manipulative online behaviors.
Research should also evaluate the effectiveness of algorithmic de-amplification of deceptive
content in reducing the prevalence and reach of romance scams. Future studies should investigate
real-time scam detection tools, focusing on automated fraud flagging mechanisms integrated into
social platforms. Regulatory interventions, such as mandatory scam-prevention protocols for
digital platforms, should be explored to ensure that platforms proactively prevent fraud exposure
and reinforcement cycles. By integrating AI-driven fraud detection with policy-based oversight,
future research can contribute to a multi-layered approach to mitigating digital deception at scale.
Final Thoughts
By integrating adolescents into this research, we establish a clear developmental pathway from
early-stage digital validation-seeking to full-scale romance scamming. The findings demonstrate
that social reinforcement mechanisms within digital spaces play a crucial role in conditioning
deceptive behaviors, particularly in adolescents who rely heavily on external approval for self-
esteem (Charmaraman et al., 2024; Mustafa et al., 2024). As social media algorithms reward high
engagement content, including deceptive interactions, individuals who experiment with persona
exaggeration, social engineering tactics, and manipulative validation-seeking behaviors may
gradually transition into financially motivated online fraud (Soares & Lazarus, 2024; F. Wang &
Dickinson, 2024). Romance scams are not simply financial crimes, but rather psychological
manipulations deeply rooted in digital validation-seeking behaviors. Scammers exploit cognitive
vulnerabilities by creating false emotional connections, mirroring victims' desires and insecurities
to establish trust and dependency (Coluccia et al., 2020). The role of social media algorithms in
amplifying manipulative engagement tactics further exacerbates this issue, making deception not
only accessible but also socially reinforced. AI-driven deception technologies, such as automated
scam bots, deepfake-generated personas, and real-time emotional response engines, are
transforming online fraud into an increasingly complex and scalable operation (Shin &
Jitkajornwanich, 2024). By understanding how social media reinforcement loops, cognitive
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vulnerabilities, and economic incentives drive online deception, forensic cyberpsychology can
inform more effective intervention strategies that target both potential victims and emerging
scammers.
To combat the psychological and systemic mechanisms that sustain romance scamming,
a multifaceted approach is necessary. This includes AI-driven fraud detection and algorithmic
adjustments, comprehensive digital literacy and psychological resilience training, policy
reforms and algorithmic transparency measures, and forensic cyberpsychology and behavioral
profiling for scam prevention. AI-based fraud detection systems must be enhanced to analyze
behavioral patterns and flag suspicious interactions in real time. Social media platforms
should implement algorithmic adjustments to reduce the promotion of deceptive engagement
tactics, minimizing exposure to manipulative personas and fraudulent networks. Educational
programs must go beyond basic scam awareness and focus on developing cognitive resilience
against deceptive online engagement strategies. Schools, universities, and workplaces should
integrate cyber hygiene and deception awareness programs that equip individuals with the
skills to recognize and resist social engineering manipulation. Governments and regulatory
bodies should enforce stricter policies on algorithmic accountability, requiring social media
companies to disrupt engagement-based reinforcement loops that normalize deception.
Implementing identity verification protocols for online dating and financial transaction
platforms can help limit the proliferation of fraudulent profiles and scam operations.
Cyberpsychology research should focus on behavioral profiling techniques to identify at-risk
individuals before they transition into organized fraud. By studying the cognitive
reinforcement mechanisms driving digital deception progression, forensic experts can develop
early intervention strategies that disrupt scammer evolution at its psychological root. As
romance scams continue to evolve alongside emerging technologies, it is imperative to adopt
preventative frameworks that mitigate the intersection of digital validation-seeking,
psychological manipulation, and financial exploitation. Through a combination of AI-driven
safeguards, psychological education, and ethical governance, stakeholders can work toward
disrupting these harmful cycles and creating safer digital environments for individuals of all
ages.
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