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IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research
Homepage : https://journal.ia-education.com/index.php/ijorer
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p-ISSN : 2721-852X ; e-ISSN : 2721-7965
IJORER, Vol. 6, No. 2, March 2025
Page 451-469
© 2025 IJORER :
International Journal of Recent Educational Research
451
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students:
Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
Suci Suryani1, Nurul Lailatul Hasanah1*, Imron Wakhid Harits1, Pavlina Hanakova2
1 University of Trunojoyo Madura, Madura, Indonesia
2 University of Ostrava, Czechia, Czech Republic
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v6i2.797
Sections Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Submitted: February 13, 2025
Final Revised: March 2, 2025
Accepted: March 3, 2025
Published: March 30, 2025
Objective: The study focuses on teaching students about the power of dualism
that contributes to the oppression of women and the exploitation of
nature. Method: Descriptive qualitative research is used in this study. Results:
The results of this study teach students that the oppression experienced by
female characters is caused by the power of dualism, such as
civilized/primitive, male/female, and subject/object dualism, which places
women in a lower position. Meanwhile, the power of human/nature and
reason/nature dualism is the cause of the exploitation of nature. Novelty: The
analysis of dualism has been done in some previous studies, but there are
several powers of dualism in this study that previous studies have not found.
The power of civilized/primitive, subject/object, and reason/nature dualism
are new dualisms in this study. In addition, this study teaches students about
the power of dualism in gender inequality and environmental exploitation in
the novel, which also occurs in real life.
Keywords:
Dualism;
Environmental Exploitation;
Gender Issue;
Teaching Practice;
The God of Small Things.
INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, oppression persists among various groups, including women and
nature. Gago's term "bodies-territories" in Vakoch (2018) provides that the subjection of
women and nature cannot be separated from the exploitation of colonies by the
capitalist Western civilization. It means specific Western philosophical ideas have led to
a worldview where men are seen as superior to women and nature, causing violence
and exploitation. Dualism is a central concept of Western thought, reflecting the
primary forms of oppression in Western culture (Adugna, 2025; Gülter, 2022; le
Masurier, 2025; Neisya et al., 2023; Pang, 2022). Dualisms inherited from patriarchal
Western metaphysics include culture/nature, male/female, subject/object,
transcendence/humanity, God/world, human/animal, public/private, and
production/reproduction. Plumwood et al. (1993) state that the concept of dualism is
central to understanding what is problematic in the attempt to reverse the value of both
the feminine and nature. It involves creating opposing and exclusive concepts, such as
masculine and feminine identities, through processes of dominance and subordination.
According to Hidayati et al. (2023), dualism in education is an interesting topic
regarding how two entities are separated. For instance, the oppression of women and
nature in India is considered a social construction born out of power dynamics in a
patriarchal society. It happens because women are often considered weak and
discriminated against because society often uses a patriarchal framework in all aspects
of life, i.e., men are more dominant (Jumrah & Karim, 2022). For this reason, education
on gender issues for students needs to be carried out to raise the awareness of students
about gender issues who are not familiar with them (Suryani et al., 2023)
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
452
Achievements in gender education must instill knowledge and reflect perspectives until
concrete actions relating to the discourse of gender equality are manifested (Angeliqa &
Nurhajati, 2022). Education functions as an instrument that facilitates the integration of
the younger generation into the logic of the present system. On the other hand,
Hierarchical dualism based on philosophical thinking caused by the violence
perpetrated by men against women and nature (Adamiak, 2022; Applin et al., 2022;
Burrell & Pedersen, 2024; Kimani et al., 2024; Li, 2023). Human attitudes toward nature
are primarily motivated by self-existence, even if they seem to acknowledge the holistic
existence of nature (Adhikari, 2022). Nature is always the focus of man's interest, the
source of his fear and power, and the object of his gratification (Youssef, 2022). It
indicates how dualism in the patriarchal system leads to the oppression of women and
nature.
In addition, students can be educated on dualism through literature. Teaching
dualism through literature can help students understand the competence of literature as
a tool to describe the world. Dera (2024) reveals that communicating about literature is
tricky for many university students because they seem to lack a developed view of what
can be called literature and what cannot. The study of literature has its characteristics.
Readers must understand the role of language in creating the literary world, decipher
the focus in the work that emerges from the author's point of view, and deal with the
ambiguous nature of literary texts (Segev & Levin, 2022). Literary education is also a
means to maintain and improve democratic societies by forming and developing good
citizens (Gourvennec et al., 2020). In other words, literary education has an important
role to play in teaching the values of life in society, such as freedom, justice, empathy,
and diversity (Christiansen, 2023; Sun, 2023; Suryani & Muslim, 2024; Waghid, 2023;
Zalli, 2024). By understanding the various perspectives and human experiences
expressed in literary works, individuals can develop into more aware, critical, and
responsible human beings in social life.
Based on the background, this study aims to analyze the type of dualism in the novel
The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy and how the power of dualism shapes the
characters (predominantly female characters) and their relationships. This study also
aims to promote how the power of dualism can be used to teach students about the
interconnectedness between social injustices and environmental degradation. Hence,
the novelty of this study lies in identifying the types of dualism in The God of Small
Things that have not been widely discussed in previous studies. Moreover, this study
also offers what students can learn from the power of dualism, especially in
understanding the link between gender oppression and environmental exploitation.
The writers chose Roy’s novel because this novel views the hierarchy of dualisms
between men and women, development, and underdevelopment as an ideological
justification for domination. The novel also implies that traditional ways of life are
changing, and women are starting to think differently (Zaheri & Moosavinia, 2019). The
novel reveals the rigidity of the dualistic structure that permeates the lives of its
characters by deftly piecing together their lives. The dualism is shown by the sharp
social boundaries, strict gender norms, and the very different environment of the river
and the abandoned historic house.
Some previous studies analyzed this novel and are related to it. The study by Chae
(2015) explores the ecofeminist perspective in Arundhati Roy's novel The God of Small
Things. The study by Jain (2015) analyzes The God of Small Things through the lens of
ecofeminist theory and practice. The last is a study by Mardiyani and Tawami (2022)
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
453
that analyzes aspects of feminism and gender imbalance contained in the novel The God
of Small Things by Arundhati Roy. Therefore, Plumwood et al. (1993) use the theory as a
powerful lens to explore the power of dualism. Meanwhile, the theory of Paulo Freire is
used to help students critically examine how the forces of dualism create hierarchies
that justify oppression. In addition, the objective of this study is to explore the type of
dualism in The God of Small Things to show how these oppositions contribute to the
oppression of women and the exploitation of nature. It also promotes how dualism in
literature can serve as a tool to teach about social injustice, gender inequality, and
environmental destruction that often occur in real life.
RESEARCH METHOD
This study applied the method of teaching practice. It was done by students making e-
posters in small groups to teach the power of dualism. Students were divided into small
groups and given clear instructions on creating an e-poster task. Before creating the e-
poster, the writer gave guidance on the power of dualism in the novel before the
students made e-posters. At the same time, the writer used descriptive qualitative
research to describe the power of dualism in The God of Small Things. Creswell (2013)
states that qualitative studies are an approach to exploring and understanding the
meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. This means this
study clearly shows the analysis and does not use graphic calculation.
The instrument of this study is the writer herself. According to Miles et al. (2014), the
researcher is essentially the main instrument in qualitative research. The data comes
from several story components, such as the characters' utterances, and the author's
narration in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. Together, these selected elements
serve as discussion points for the novel's concept and idea of dualism. The writer used
several methods and procedures to collect data for this study. The first is reading the
novel repeatedly. Through repeated reading of the novel, the writer looked for data
related to the research questions. After reading the novel, the writer made notes on each
piece of data. Next, the data from the novel was classified to answer the research
questions in this study.
The writer cites Miles et al. (2014) in the data analysis method. The data analysis
procedure in their book consisted of three steps: data condensation, data display, and
conclusion. In data condensation, the writer selects data related to dualism in the novel.
The writer simplifies the data into parts that fit the analysis topic. Next, the writer
abstracts these details into categories, such as types of dualism. Lastly, the writer
transforms the raw data into a summary that facilitates deeper analysis. To display the
data, the writer uses narrative summaries to convey the analysis of the characters'
utterances relating to dualism. By creating a detailed narrative, the writer highlights the
main themes and patterns that emerge from the data. For example, in exploring the
power of male/female dualism, the writer described some differences in rights, status,
and position between males and females in the family. In conclusion, the writer
synchronizes the findings from the data analysis to describe the phenomenon of
dualism in the novel The God of Small Things. By reviewing the categories and
relationships identified during the condensation and display of data, the writer
develops a nuanced understanding of the complexities inherent in dualistic thinking.
The writer concludes the data analysis based on the evidence presented in the narrative
summary.
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
454
Figure 1. Research flowchart.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using Plumwood's (1993) theory of dualism, this study found five types of dualism in
The God of Small Things. Each type of dualism has a strong influence (power) in creating
the oppression of female characters and exploitation of nature depicted in the novel. By
applying Freire's (2000) theory, this study shows that students can understand that
dualistic structures contribute to social and environmental injustice. This encourages
students' critical thinking about the system of oppression and destruction of nature that
is still ongoing today.
Results
The Power of Civilized/primitive Dualism
Ammu experiences oppression due to the power of civilized/primitive dualism in
Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. This dualism occurs because there is a
separation between human cultures that are considered more advanced or civilized and
nature or societies that are considered more primitive (Conty, 2021; Forster, 2021; Miriti
et al., 2023; Pulkki, 2023; Vidal et al., 2024). The oppression happens in police officers
when Ammu asks permission to meet Velutha. Inspector Thomas Mathew's unfriendly
and even devious attitude towards her represents a disregard for Ammu's request. It is
because he feels that Ammu does not deserve any attention or help from the authorities.
"Ammu asked for the Station House Officer, and when she was shown into his office, she
told him that there had been a terrible mistake and that she wanted to make a statement.
She asked to see Velutha. Inspector Thomas Mathew's mustaches bustled like the friendly
Air India Maharajah's, but his eyes were sly and greedy. "It is a little too late for all this,
don't you think?" he said. He spoke the coarse Kottayam dialect of Malayalam. He stared
at Ammu's breasts as he spoke. He said the police knew all they needed to know and that
the Kottayam Police did not take statements from veshyas or their illegitimate children”
(Roy, 1997).
Inspector Thomas Mathew's language and behavior are discriminatory towards
Ammu. He demeans Ammu by using abusive dialect and looking at her
condescendingly, especially by directing his gaze at her breasts. Inspector Thomas’s
action shows not only social class discrimination but also gender discrimination. In
addition, police officers refuse to accept a statement from Ammu because they do not
accept statements from "vaishyas" (comfort women) or their illegitimate children. The
attitude is a clear form of discrimination against certain groups in society. It also shows
that the legal system is unfair and tends to favor certain people while rejecting others.
"If I were you," he said, "I would go home quietly." Then he tapped her breasts with his
baton. Gently. Tap tap. As though he was choosing mangoes from a basket” (Roy, 1997).
Inspector Thomas's utterances, "If I were you," he said, "I would go home quietly,"
show Ammu's condescension and dismissiveness, as well as a lack of empathy or
Data Collection
(Reading, Made notes, and
Classified)
Data Analysis
(Data condensation, Data
display, and Conclusion)
Interpretation
(Writing the
research result)
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
455
understanding for her situation. Inspector Thomas Mathew's action of gently tapping
Ammu's breasts with his cane is very harassing and inappropriate. It shows the
objectification of Ammu's body, especially her breasts. Through his actions and words,
the character of Inspector Thomas Mathew portrays the unbalanced power dynamics
between individuals with power and vulnerable individuals.
The power of Male/female Dualism
Ammu and Mammachi's oppression illustrates the power of male/female dualism in
Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. Male/female dualism gives men more power
than women, and women are often victims of oppression in various forms. Ammu
experienced various forms of oppression by the men in her family, including her father,
Pappachi, who was often abusive and restrained her since childhood. In the same way,
Mammachi suffered oppression by her husband (Pappachi).
"Ammu finished her schooling the same year her father retired from his job in Delhi and
moved to Ayemenem. Pappachi insisted that a college education was unnecessary for a
girl, so Ammu had no choice but to leave Delhi and move with them” (Roy, 1997).
Ammu is portrayed as a woman who faces limitations in her life choices due to the
patriarchal views of her father, Pappachi. Pappachi restricts Ammu's access to higher
education, which is one way to pursue her dreams and actualize her potential.
Pappachi’s attitude reflects the power of patriarchy that often suppresses women from
achieving their potential by regulating their life choices according to the views of men
like Pappachi. It represents the belief that women should not have the same access as
men to educational opportunities and career advancement. Furthermore, patriarchal
views also support traditions that limit women's access to higher education.
"Ammu watched her husband's mouth move as it formed words. She said nothing. He
grew uncomfortable and then infuriated by her silence. Suddenly, he lunged at her,
grabbed her hair, punched her, and then passed out from the effort” (Roy, 1997).
Next, Ammu experiences oppression from her husband. Ammu's silence makes her
husband feel uncomfortable. The discomfort felt by Ammu's husband then leads to
extreme acts of physical violence, such as grabbing her hair and hitting her. This
situation shows that Ammu's husband is portrayed as a figure with physical power and
control in their interactions. In contrast to her husband's dominant power, Ammu, as a
woman, is depicted as marginalized and powerless. In this narration, Ammu's husband
uses physical violence as a tool to maintain his control and power over Ammu.
"Every night, he beat her with a brass flower vase. The beatings were not new. What was
new was only the frequency with which they took place. One night, Pappachi broke the
bow of Mammachi's violin and threw it in the river.” (Roy, 1997).
The author’s narration shows another female character, Mammachi, who
experienced oppression because of the power of male/female dualism. The oppression
is caused by Pappachi or Mammachi’s husband. The oppression portrays an abusive
situation in their relationship. Pappachi regularly uses physical violence against
Mammachi by hitting her with a brass flower vase. The act also inflicts deep pain and
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
456
suffering, which she does not need to experience. The increasing frequency of beatings
creates an unsafe and unstable environment for Mammachi. In addition, Pappachi also
shows violence towards Mammachi's property. The violence takes the form of breaking
Mammachi's violin bow and throwing it into the river. This action is a form of
aggression and power that Pappachi has over his family members. It signifies excessive
control and abuse of power in their relationship. Through this act, Pappachi creates a
sense of insecurity and loss of self-worth for Mammachi and the entire family.
"Though Ammu did as much work in the factory as Chacko, whenever he was dealing with
food inspectors or sanitary engineers, he always referred to it as my Factory, my
pineapples, my pickles. This was the case because Ammu, as a daughter, had a claim to the
property. Chacko told Rahel and Estha that Ammu had no Locusts Stand I. Chacko said,
"What is yours is mine, and what is mine is also mine.” (Roy, 1997).
The narration above shows Chacko's oppression of Ammu in the context of property
rights and gender status. The explanation that Ammu has no claim to property or
ownership indicates gender discrimination in law and culture as a woman. Ammu has
no claim to the property due to her status as a daughter". This shows how the existing
patriarchal norms cause Ammu to have no control or ownership proportionate to her
work. At the same time, it also reflects patriarchal norms that place women in an
unequal position in terms of property rights and inheritance, which is a form of
structural oppression.
"He worked hard on his public profile as a sophisticated, generous, moral man. However,
along with his wife and children, he turned into a monstrous, suspicious bully with a
streak of vicious cunning. They were beaten, humiliated, and then made to suffer the envy
of friends and relations for having such a wonderful husband and father” (Roy, 1997).
Based on the author's narrative clearly illustrates how oppression occurs in the
domestic relationship experienced by Mammachi as a wife and Ammu as a child. "He"
here refers to Ammu's father, who commits acts of physical violence against his wife
and child in the form of beatings. While publicly, Pappachi may appear to be an
honorable and respected figure in society, the reality is very different within the
household. His acts of physical and psychological violence against his wife and children
create an environment of fear and insecurity within their household. In this situation,
family members experience a painful contradiction between the public image on
display and the cruel reality they face behind closed doors.
The Power of Subject/object Dualism
The oppression experienced by Rahel, one of the main female characters in The God of
Small Things, shows the power of subject/object dualism. This dualism creates a
separation between individuals who are considered powerful "subjects" and "objects"
who can be controlled, exploited, or ignored. Rachel is treated as an object by Baby
Khocamma, which reinforces her powerlessness and limits her freedom since
childhood.
"That whole week, Baby Kochamma eavesdropped relentlessly on the twins' private
conversations, and whenever she caught them speaking in Malayalam, she levied a small
fine, which was deducted at source from their pocket money. She made them write lines
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
457
"impositions." She called them I will always speak in English, I will always speak in
English. A hundred times each. When they were done, she scored them with her red pen to
ensure that old lines were not recycled for new punishments.” (Roy, 1997).
Baby Kochamma's actions towards Rahel exhibit excessive oppression. Baby
Kochamma's act makes Rahel feel unfree to communicate with her brother. Imposing a
small fine every time they spoke in Malay is a disproportionate punishment. It creates
injustice and inequality in their treatment. She also forces them to write "impositions"
sentences in English as punishment. Rahel is forced to write the sentence "I will always
speak in English" one hundred times as punishment. Those actions reflect Baby
Kochamma's power and authority to manipulate and control Rahel and her brother. In
addition, Baby Kochamma's assessment process with her red pen emphasizes her tight
control. She ensures the punishment is strictly enforced and there is no possibility of
evading it.
"The twins were too young to understand all this, so Baby Kochamma grudged them their
moments of high happiness when a dragonfly they had caught lifted a small stone off their
palms with its legs or when they had permission to bathe the pigs or they found an egg hot
from a hen. However, most of all, she grudged them for the comfort they drew from each
other. She expected from them some token unhappiness. At the very least.” (Roy, 1997).
Baby Kochamma's actions toward Rahel reflect ongoing oppression. Baby
Kochamma deliberately inhibits Rahel's happiness and comfort by withholding small,
simple moments of joy. Small moments are like catching a dragonfly or finding a
chicken egg. The attitude represents detrimental and unfair control over Rahel's life.
Baby Kochamma seems to hold a grudge against Rahel. She uses her power to create an
unpleasant and dangerous environment for Rahel. Moreover, She wants to see Rahel
unhappy and uncomfortable. This action presents emotional violence perpetrated
against Rahel. It makes Rahel’s happiness and comfort forcibly taken away.
The Power of Human/nature Dualism
The exploitation of the river narrated by the author in the novel reflects the influence of
the dualistic power of human/nature dualism, which views humans as a separate
entity and superior to nature. The power of this dualism creates a hierarchical view that
places humans as the rulers of nature, resulting in an unbalanced relationship between
humans and the environment. The polluted river caused by human intervention reflects
how exploitation of natural resources often occurs without considering the
sustainability of the ecosystem.
"Estha walked all over Ayemenem. Some days he walked along the banks of the river that
smelled of shit and pesticides bought with World Bank loans. Most of the fish had died. The
surviving ones suffered from fin-rot and had broken out in boils" (Roy, 1997).
The river is polluted by the smell of sewage and pesticides bought with loans from
the World Bank. It shows the exploitation of nature by human activities, such as the
unsustainable use of pesticides. This pollution causes the river environment to become
unhealthy and damaging for fish and other organisms. Most fish have died, and the
surviving ones suffer from fin rot and ulcers. Human activities profoundly negatively
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
458
impact environmental pollution, aquatic life, and the river ecosystem. At the same time,
pesticides that contribute to river pollution result from modern agricultural practices
that often do not consider environmental impacts.
“Eventually, by evening, the river would rouse itself to accept the day’s offerings and
sludge off to the sea, leaving wavy lines of thick white scum in its wake. Upstream, clean
mothers washed clothes and pots in unadulterated factory effluents. People bathed. Severed
torsos soaping themselves, arranged like dark busts on a thin, rocking, ribbon lawn. On
warm days the smell of shit lifted off the river and hovered over Ayemenem like a hat”
(Roy, 1997).
Waste and garbage are also the reasons why the river is polluted. As a result, the
river has wavy lines of thick white garbage behind it. Using the river as a place to wash
clothes and bathe for the surrounding community is a form of exploitation of nature.
These activities portray the river as being used inappropriately and not following its
function as part of a natural ecosystem. The activities also damage the river's water
quality and increase the risk of pollution and the spread of disease. It uncovers how
humans use the river as a resource that can be exploited without considering the long-
term consequences for the environment
The Power of Reason/nature Dualism
Exploitation of nature occurs because the construction of saltwater dams is a form of the
power of reason/nature dualism. Human rationality is considered superior to the
balance of nature. This encourages the view that nature is something that can be
manipulated and exploited for human benefit without considering long-term ecological
impacts (Artmann, 2023; Girard, 2021; Korteling et al., 2023; Sowińska-Świerkosz &
García, 2022; Wang, 2022). The construction of saltwater dams is one example of how
humans use rational thinking and technology to control nature for economic or
developmental interests.
"Downriver, a saltwater barrage had been built in exchange for votes from the influential
paddy-farmer lobby. The barrage regulated the inflow of salt water from the backwaters
that opened into the Arabian Sea. So now they had two harvests a year instead of one—
more rice, for the price of a river” (Roy, 1997).
The exploitation of nature occurred due to the construction of the saltwater dam. The
construction of saltwater dams alters the natural flow of rivers and watersheds that
drain into the Arabian Sea. This can disrupt existing river ecosystems and affect aquatic
life as well as the surrounding flora and fauna. In addition, dam construction is carried
out without considering the broader environmental impacts. Overusing water or
altering the natural flow of rivers can damage river ecosystems and coastal areas,
leading to water quality degradation and habitat destruction. Although the construction
of dams can increase agricultural production by allowing two harvests a year. At the
same time, environmental changes caused by dam construction can have unintended
long-term impacts, including soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and irreversible
environmental damage.
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
459
"Further inland, and still across, a five-star hotel chain had bought the Heart of Darkness.
The hotel guests were ferried across the backwaters straight from Cochin. They arrived by
speedboat, opening up foam on the water, leaving behind a rainbow film of gasoline. The
view from the hotel was beautiful, but here, too, the water was thick and toxic. No
Swimming signs had been put up in stylish calligraphy. They had built a tall wall to
screen off the slum and prevent it from encroaching on Kari Saipu's estate. There was not
much they could do about the smell” (Roy, 1997).
Three aspects show the exploitation of nature in the author’s narration above. The
first is the management of the hotel, which represents how humans use nature as a
resource for economic gain or personal interest. It reflects the view that nature can be
utilized solely to fulfill human needs. The second is using speedboats to transport hotel
guests, causing a rainbow layer of gasoline to be left behind. The activity reveals the
negative impact of human intervention on nature. It depicts the pollution and
contamination of the environment that often occurs due to unsustainable human
activities. The last is constructing a high wall to demarcate the slums and Kari Saipu's
land, which portrays human actions to separate or control nature. This action is carried
out without considering the long-term consequences for the environment or the local
community.
Discussion
The Power of Civilized/primitive Dualism
In the power of civilized/primitive dualism, students can understand that oppression
can occur even in a place that is supposed to provide protection, such as a police
station. Inspector Thomas, who is supposed to carry out his duty to protect society,
becomes the perpetrator of oppression against Ammu. The silencing and oppression of
Ammu shows that the institution of law, which is associated with civilization and
order, can turn into a tool of oppression, especially against women. This happens due to
the influence of patriarchy in the civilized/primitive dualism, where groups deemed
"civilized" often justify the exploitation and domination of those deemed "primitive."
Civilization is associated with modern humans considered more advanced, in control,
and dominating social hierarchies. In contrast, primitive is associated with nature,
animals, or elements considered inferior, uncontrollable, and inferior. Furthermore,
Ammu is positioned as 'primitive' because she is a vehsyas (comfort woman). Another
reason is that Ammu is viewed as not having enough knowledge about science
(uneducated). Meanwhile, Inspector Thomas is represented as a 'civilized' person
because of his position as a policeman. In addition, Inspector Thomas is described as
more educated than Ammu.
By analyzing this, the students will understand that once a system of oppression is
established, it creates norms, behaviors, and ways of thinking that shape the daily lives
of all parties involved. This makes the oppressors accustomed to power and feel
entitled to control others. Meanwhile, for the oppressed, oppression can shape a
mindset of resignation, fear, or even acceptance of injustice as usual. The students can
better realize how systems of oppression work in social life and why it is difficult to
change them (Griffin, 2025; Kean, 2021; Mayes et al., 2022; Mountz et al., 2024; Phillips
& Deleon, 2022). Hence, students can also learn how the power that is supposed to be
used to protect becomes a tool of oppression. In patriarchal social structures,
institutions such as the police can reproduce injustices against groups that are
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
460
considered weaker, especially women. This reveals that power does not always serve to
protect but can be misused to maintain dominance.
The Power of Male/Female Dualism
From the oppression experienced by Ammu in The God of Small Things, students will
understand that the power of male/female dualism in the novel shows how patriarchy
places men above women. This causes injustice in various aspects of life, including
family, education, and marriage. Starting from education that cannot be achieved like
her brother, physical abuse in childhood by her father, and abuse in her marriage
(Aborisade, 2021; Baysak et al., 2021; Bozorgi-Saran & Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, 2022;
Chance, 2021; Wahid Satar et al., 2021). This reflects how women are controlled and
limited by patriarchal norms. Women face various challenges, including limited access
to education. Women's limited access is a significant obstacle that prevents them from
developing their potential (Sweinstani, 2021). This shows the importance of gender
education among students to increase gender knowledge and awareness of domestic
violence issues, women's rights, and others (Susanti & Mas’udah, 2020). An
empowerment model on gender inequality in education has to be addressed so that
girls are no longer victims who have to bear the economic burden of the family by
dropping out of school (Sudarso et al., 2019). Getting an education is the right of all
citizens wherever they are and from whatever socio-cultural background they belong to
(Husain et al., 2021). One indicator of good quality of community life is when people
have a good level of education (Kurniawati et al., 2021).
Even after leaving an abusive marriage, Ammu still faces injustice within her own
family. Her brother, Chacko, has full rights to the family property, while Ammu is
sidelined due to her being a daughter. Plumwood et al. (1993) mention that in dualism,
women are often positioned as different or inferior individuals, while men are
considered the dominant norm or standard. In that case, the oppression experienced by
Ammu is a depiction of male/female dualism. According to Freire (2000), an analysis of
the existential situation of oppression reveals that its beginnings lie in acts of violence
initiated by those with power. This violence is perpetuated from generation to
generation of oppressors, who inherit it and are molded in its climate. It opens the door
to greater empathy (Bandy et al., 2021). By understanding this process, students can be
more critical in seeing social injustice around them and realize that oppression often
takes place systematically and not just individual actions (Cavalcanti & Silva, 2024);
Compare & Albanesi, 2023; Diem et al., 2022; Kolluri & Tichavakunda, 2022; Patin et al.,
2021. This awareness is expected to encourage them to be more sensitive to social justice
issues and contribute to efforts against various forms of oppression. Gender equality
can create quality education; to achieve this, democratic and participatory education is
needed (Nurjanah et al., 2024).
Meanwhile, the oppression experienced by Mammachi further emphasizes how the
male/female dualism of power in the patriarchal system creates fear and threats for
men when women demonstrate independence and success. In a patriarchal society,
women are often seen as a burden and are often subjected to violence and harassment
(Sarker, 2024). Pappachi, who feels insecure about his wife's success in her jam business,
responds with physical violence. In this novel, the constant beating and physical
violence perpetrated by men against their wives is a form of victimization that prevents
women from achieving self-actualization and autonomy. In addition, gender
oppression in the household is used to reinforce the relationship between the
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
461
dominance of reason and control over the body with aspects that are considered lower
in human beings. For this reason, it is important to address gender issues to improve
students' knowledge and education (Putra, 2023). Mammachi's case teaches students
that patriarchy normalizes violence as a tool to maintain male dominance. Once a
situation of violence and oppression has been established, it engenders an entire way of
life and behavior for those caught up in it, oppressors and oppressed alike. Therefore,
students will understand that women's success in patriarchal societies is often not
recognized as an achievement but rather seen as a threat to the existing gender order.
Men appear to have greater access to control of economic resources, better employment
opportunities, and control over family income. Meanwhile, women have limited access
to decent work and economic development (Jamal et al., 2024).
The power of Subject/object Dualism
The oppression experienced by Rahel helps students understand that injustice and
oppression do not only happen to adults but can also happen to children. As a
daughter, Rahel is positioned as an "object" who faces various forms of injustice in her
family. In contrast, Baby Kochamma, an older and authoritative figure in the family, is
positioned as the "Subject." As a result, Baby Khocamma uses her power to oppress
Rahel. According to Plumwood et al. (1993), the object side of subject/object dualism
lies in placing them as objects that are instrumented and defined in relation to the
subject and its purpose. This reflects how the patriarchal social system and power
hierarchy operate at various levels, including within the family.
In particular, it also shows how power structures within families can create
inequality, where children are often victims of domination without having the space to
defend themselves. The power of subject/object dualism in this novel illustrates how
individuals or groups with higher power can oppress those considered lower or less
powerful. Many people think the oppression of children is a weak case, but actually, it
is a robust case because it can affect their psychology (Sofyan et al., 2022). Through
Rahel's experience, students can understand that oppression is not always physical but
can also take the form of emotional and psychological control exercised by people who
have a higher position in the social hierarchy, including in the family. It also helps
students learn that a person becomes an object of oppression due to race, class, gender,
culture, language, ethnicity, and ethnicity. It is the result of multiple interconnected
systems of injustice.
The Power of Human/nature Dualism
The exploitation that occurs in the novel provides students with knowledge of how the
power of human/nature dualism is depicted as a result of a way of thinking that places
humans as a superior entity to nature. The river is polluted by waste, pesticides, and
garbage, reflecting how humans use nature for their benefit without considering the
long-term ecological impact. River pollution has reduced the diversity of aquatic biota,
one of which is fish; a decrease in fish diversity can reduce the stability of the river
ecosystem and the loss of potential fish whose existence is not yet known but is lost due
to pollution (Rasyad et al., 2020). The high amount of wastewater released into rivers,
especially industrial wastewater, can potentially cause pollution (Adam et al., 2022).
According to Plumwood et al. (1993), the natural world and the biosphere have been
treated as dumps, forming the unconsidered, instrumentalized, and unimportant
background to 'civilized' human life. By exploring river pollution in this novel, students
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
462
can understand how environmental exploitation is often linked to the global economic
system, such as using pesticides funded by World Bank loans. A direct factor of water
pollution in order of relative importance is the use of pesticides (Kouame et al., 2021).
The cause-and-effect relationship of the impact of human activities on the
environment can threaten and risk the realm of a better life. It is expected to impact the
belief in the importance of student environmental literacy (Aminah et al., 2022). In
addition, this knowledge emerges only through invention and re-invention, through the
restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry human beings pursue in the world, with
the world, and with each other. The exploitation of nature does not happen in a vacuum
but is influenced by wider social, economic, and political factors. The students can also
see how river pollution impacts local communities, especially those who depend on the
river for daily needs such as washing clothes and bathing. By studying this aspect,
students can develop a critical understanding of how a dualistic way of thinking that
separates humans from nature can contribute to environmental and social injustice.
Through critical pedagogy, students’ voices as a language of opportunity (Jones & Hall,
2022; Joseph Jeyaraj, 2023; Nelson, 2022; Parr & Hawe, 2022; Valls-Carol et al., 2022),
hope and possibility can be built on trust, dialogue, and empowerment towards a better
socio-ecological transformation (Gunansyah et al., 2023). When students understand
how essential natural resources are to the world, the country, and the community, they
can seek methods to optimize the value of natural resources by minimizing the
environmental impacts (Suthanakiattikan et al., 2021).
The Power of Reason/nature Dualism
Students can understand that the novel's power of reason/nature dualism reflects a
way of thinking that places human reason as something superior to nature. This causes
nature to be considered something that can be controlled and exploited for the benefit
of humans. In dam construction, human reason is used to create infrastructure that
enables increased agricultural production, allowing for two harvests a year.
Environmentally sustainable technologies do not effectively improve environmental
sustainability in the long term but positively contribute to the environment in the short
term. In addition, economic expansion and exploitation of natural resources have
adverse impacts on environmental sustainability in the short and long term (Hossain et
al., 2024). According to Plumwood et al. (1993), almost everything on the 'superior' side
can be represented as forms of reason, and almost everything on the lower side can be
represented as forms of nature. Higher economic growth, population density,
technological innovations in renewable energy, and exploitation of natural resources
have significantly increased environmental pollution (Esquivias et al., 2022). Excess
natural resource exploitation, without any attention to strategic environmental studies,
may cause environmental damage (Lisdiyono, 2023). It shows that a way of thinking
that is only oriented towards the utilization of nature without considering ecological
balance can lead to exploitation that harms the environment and humans themselves in
the long run (Guo et al., 2023; Hajian & Jangchi Kashani, 2021; Jie et al., 2023; Parvatiyar
& Sheth, 2023; Rastegar, 2022).
Besides, the students are no longer docile listeners, they are now critical co-
investigators in dialog with the teacher. Hotel management shows students that in the
capitalist economic system, nature is often treated as a resource that can be utilized
indefinitely without considering the long-term impact on the ecosystem. Thus, better
management is needed to improve resource sustainability. In addition, students will
Creation of e-Poster of The God of Small Things by the Students: Applied Method of Teaching Practice of Gender Issue
463
understand how human innovation, which aims for convenience and efficiency,
actually contributes to environmental pollution by using speedboats to transport hotel
guests and constructing a high wall to demarcate the slums and land of Kari Saipu. It
helps students understand that this act illustrates how humans seek to create
boundaries that reinforce unjust social structures (Bosio & Waghid, 2023; Kuhn et al.,
2023; Modell & Gerdin, 2022; Sanjakdar & Premier, 2023; Zheng et al., 2025). People use
the natural resources in their environment to survive and prolong their lives. Nature
and certain groups of people are marginalized for the benefit of the more powerful.
Therefore, businesses should start re-evaluating their plans to prioritize environmental
awareness and human rights (Prihandono & Yuniarti, 2022).
CONCLUSION
Fundamental Finding: This study identifies the power of civilized/primitive,
male/female, and subject/object dualisms as the root of women's oppression. Through
this approach, students will learn how this dualistic structure plays a role in
maintaining gender injustice and social and cultural inequality. In The God of Small
Things, female characters face different forms of oppression, all related to how these
dualisms work in their lives. These depictions highlight how social constructions shape
women's experiences and sustain existing systems of injustice. In addition, this study
analyzes how the power of human/nature and reason/nature dualisms contribute to
environmental exploitation. Through this understanding, students can see how the
patriarchal system creates a dichotomy between humans and nature, which ultimately
leads to the exploitation of natural resources without considering their sustainability.
By analyzing this concept, students will learn about the factors that lead to the
exploitation of nature and how the relationship between patriarchy and environmental
damage occurs. This research emphasizes the importance of maintaining the balance of
nature as a step to ensure human survival in the future. Implication: Dualism analysis
has rarely been done, especially in literature-based learning. Therefore, many students
do not recognize that dualism is part of the negative impact of patriarchy that harms
not only women but also nature. Limitation: This study focuses on the power of
dualism about gender oppression and exploitation of nature in the novel The God of
Small Things through Plumwood's theory. In addition, the focus on literature-based
learning in a classroom context does not fully encompass the broader implications of
these issues in real-world activities or social discussions. Future Research: Future
researchers who want to expand on the analysis in The God of Small Things by
Arundhati Roy can explore other important themes in the novel. In addition, future
researchers can provide different insights with the same theme by using different
theories.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are deeply grateful to God for guidance and strength throughout this journey. We
also sincerely appreciate each other authors whose work has inspired and shaped our
research.
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Dr. Suci Suryani
English Study Program, University of Trunojoyo Madura,
Jl. Raya Telang, Perumahan Telang Inda, Bangkalan 69162, Indonesia
Email: suci.suryani@trunojoyo.ac.id
* Nurul Lailatul Hasanah (Corresponding Author)
English Study Program, University of Trunojoyo Madura,
Jl. Raya Telang, Perumahan Telang Inda, Bangkalan 69162, Indonesia
Email: twenber.lay02@gmail.com
Imron Wakhid Harits, Ph.D
English Study Program, University of Trunojoyo Madura,
Jl. Raya Telang, Perumahan Telang Inda, Bangkalan 69162, Indonesia
Email: imron.haris@trunojoyo.ac.id
Pavlina Hanakova
University of Ostrava,
Dvořákova 138/7, 701 03 Moravská Ostrava a Přívoz, Czechia, Czech Republic
Email: hanapa22@osu.cz
