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Natural Products in Cyperus Species (Cyperaceae): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Biosynthesis

Chemistry & Biodiversity

March 2025

DOI:10.1002/cbdv.202403352

Authors:

Enow Doris Ekayen

Conrad Veranso Simoben

University of Toronto

Cyril T. Namba-Nzanguim

University of Buea

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The review provides an update on the traditional uses, geographical distribution, pharmacological activities, biosynthesis, and mechanisms of action of natural products derived from Cyperus species. Since 1964, a total of about 403 natural products have been isolated from 43 Cyperus species, including terpenoids (51.61%), flavonoids (17.37%), stilbenoids (6.45%), quinones (5.71%), aromatics (7.69%), coumarins (5.21%) and other compounds (5.96%). The isolated compounds displayed anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, and other activities. Terpenoids and flavonoids are the most abundant class of NPs that have been isolated from Cyperus species. The biosynthesis of some terpenoids and flavonoids has been provided in the paper. Natural products isolated from Cyperus species have demonstrated interesting in vitro activities which warrant further scientific investigations.

Quinones isolated from Cyperus species.

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Coumarins isolated from Cyperus species.

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Chemistry & Biodiversity

REVIEW

Natural Products in Cyperus Species (Cyperaceae):

Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and

Biosynthesis

Smith B. Babiaka1,2Doris E. Ekayen3,4Conrad V. Simoben5Cyril T. Namba-Nzanguim1

Godloves F. Chi1Ndam L. Monah6Lina N. Nubed1Dieudonne L. Njimoh7Vincent de Paul N. Nziko8

Rajeev K. Singla9,10 Christopher A. Ebot-Arrey11 Emmanuel A. Asongalem11 Andrew E. Egbe4

Kennedy O. Abuga12 Rajshekhar Karpoormath13 E. Joel Loveridge14

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon 2Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for

Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 3Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea,

Cameroon 4Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, Freiburg, Germany 5Structural Genomics

Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 6Agroecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea,

Buea, Cameroon 7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon 8Department of Chemistry,

Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA 9Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine

and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu,

Sichuan, China 10 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India 11Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty

of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon 12Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi,

Kenya 13Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 14Department of Chemistry,

Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK

Correspondence: Smith B. Babiaka (babiaka.smith@ubuea.cm)E. Joel Loveridge (e.j.loveridge@swansea.ac.uk)

Received: 23 December 2024 Revised: 16 March 2025 Accepted: 25 March 2025

Funding: Smith B. Babiaka received funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for Georg Forster and Georg Forster-Bayer Research fellowships

(Ref. 3.4–CMR–1220727–GF-P) at the University of Tübingen, Germany, and Doris E. Ekayen received funding from the German Academic Exchange Service

(DAAD, Award No. 91832147).

Keywords: bioactive compounds | Cyperaceae |Cyperus species | natural products | pharmacological activities

ABSTRACT

The review provides an update on the traditional uses, geographical distribution, pharmacological activities, biosynthesis, and

mechanisms of action of potent natural products derived from Cyperus species. Cyperus species are widely distributed in the

tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. Cyperus is the second-largest genus in this family with about 950 species.

Since 1964, a total of about 403 natural products have been isolated from 43 Cyperus species, including terpenoids (51.61%),

flavonoids (17.37%), stilbenoids (6.45%), quinones (5.71%), aromatics (7.69%), coumarins (5.21%), and other compounds (5.96%). The

isolated compounds displayed anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, and other activities. Terpenoids

and flavonoids are the most abundant class of natural products that have been isolated from Cyperus species. The biosynthesis of

some terpenoids and flavonoids has been provided in the paper. Natural products isolated from Cyperus species have demonstrated

interesting in vitro activities that warrant further scientific investigations.

Abbreviations: ADP-ribose, Adenosine diphosphate ribose; DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid; DMAPP, Dimethylallyl diphosphate; ED50, Effective dose of a compound that produces a specific effect in

50% of the population that takes that dose; FPP, Farnesyl pyrophosphate; GC-MS, Gas chromatographymass spectrometry; GPP, Geranyl diphosphate; HepG2, Hepatoblastoma cell line; UHPLC,

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-PDA-ELSD,High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-evaporative light scattering detector; HbsAg, Hepatitis B

surface antigen; H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide; IC50, Inhibitory concentration which kills 50% of whole organism or cells; IPP, Isopentenyl diphosphate; IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry; LC-MS, Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; LD50, Lethal dose: amount of a chemical that is lethal to one-half (50%) of the experimental animals exposed to it.; µM, Micro molar;

PARP-1, Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1; UV, Ultraviolet; 2D, Two dimensional; TLC, Thin layer chromatography.

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2025; 0:e202403352

https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202403352

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Summary

∙Overview of 403 natural products isolated from 43 Cyperus

species.

∙The toxicity of some Cyperus species and mechanism of

action of the potent natural products.

∙The biosynthesis of some terpenoids and flavonoids, the

most abundant class of compounds in the genus Cyperus.

∙Future prospects of metabolites derived from Cyperus

species in drug discovery

1 Introduction

Cyperaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants

known as sedges. They superficially resemble grasses and form

one of the largest and most diverse cosmopolitan angiosperm

families with 106 genera and 5500 species worldwide [1, 2].

Cyperus is the second-largest genus in this family with about

950 species. It is also the “core taxon” of the tribe Cyperaceae

which comprises approximately 950 species [3, 4]. The genus

Cyperus occurs in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions.

These herbs have a long history of application in folk medicine

in the treatment of different diseases [5, 6]. The broad range of

pharmacological activities associated with this plant species can

be attributed to its secondary metabolites. They have proved to be

a rich source of bioactive natural products with diverse structures

and interesting biological activities. They produce both small

and complex natural products with promising bioactivities. Some

of their chemical constituents include terpenoids, flavonoids,

quinones, stilbenoids and other minor compounds [7–14]. Given

the rekindling interests of natural products from Cyperus species

arising from researchers working in drug discovery, a review of

the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and biosynthesis

of terpenoids and flavonoids in Cyperus species (Cyperaceae)

spanning the period 1963 to September 2023 was carried out.

To the best of our knowledge, two reviews published in 2015

reported on phenolics, nitrogenous, and terpenoids constituents

isolated from different Cyperus species growing in Egypt [15, 16].

Other reviews reported on the ethnobotanical uses of Cyperaceae

species in Brazilian traditional medicine [17], and the chem-

istry and pharmacology of Cyperaceae stilbenoids [18]. Cyperus

rotundus is the most common weeds cited in ethnobotany [19–

22]. The phytochemistry aspect of this herb has been exploited

investigated extensively [23–29]. The current review is based on

natural products derived from 43 Cyperus species and biosynthe-

sis of some potent terpenoids and flavonoids. The mechanism of

actions of the potent hits are emphasized. The study concludes

by pointing out the future prospects of natural products derived

from Cyperus species in drug discovery and development.

2 Methods

A comprehensive search was performed in reputable databases,

including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science,

Wiley Online, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and other search

engines. The search terms “Cyperus species,” “Cyperaceae,”

“natural products,” “bioactive compounds,” and “pharmacolog-

ical activities” were used for data collection. The publications

included in our study were obtained from literature within the

period 1964 and September 2023. The data included in our study

were reviews, research articles, and book chapters written in

English related to pharmacological activities of crude extracts and

natural products isolated from Cyperus species. Articles based on

industrial applications and the discovery of new Cyperus species

were excluded. The 2D structures of the natural products were

generated using ChemDraw 22.0. PubChem and ChemSpider

databases were used to check the IUPAC names of the isolated

compounds.

3Ethnomedicinal Uses

The rhizomes, tubers, and roots of C.articulatus decoctions are

used in Africa and Amazon areas for treating hemorrhoids,

malaria, stomachache, constipation, and respiratory infections

[30–38]. In Africa and Asia, the aerial part of C.rotundus are

recommended for the treatment of bronchitis and fever [2, 39–48].

The aerial part of C.leavigatus has been exploited as analgesic and

anthelmintic agents [14]. The tubers and leaves of C.esculentus

are used in the treatment of stomach pain, malaria, diabetes, etc.

[49–51]. The whole plant of C.longus is used as a diuretic and

tonic in Egypt [52]. The essential oils from C.scariosus are used in

perfumery and as plant growth regulators [53, 54]. The rhizomes

of C.stoloniferus are used to treat stomachache and inflammation

[55]. The whole plant of C.conglomeratus is used as a stimulant,

analgesic and anthelmintic agent [56].

4Phytochemistry

To date, our study found that approximately 406 compounds

have been isolated and identified from 43 Cyperus species. In

FIGURE 1 The distribution of Cyperus natural products by com-

pound class.

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some cases, the isolated hits were inactive despite interesting

in vitro activity demonstrated by the crude extracts. Some of

the compounds were not tested due to low yields [39, 57–67].

Other studies were simply based on the isolation and structural

determination of pure compounds [11, 12, 4, 39,42, 48, 68–88].

There are seven groups of compounds in our review (Figure 1):

terpenoids (1–208), flavonoids (209–278), stilbenoids (279–304),

quinones (305–327), aromatics (328–358), coumarins (359–379),

and miscellaneous compounds (380–403). Molecules with potent

biological activities are shown in Figures 2–10 while the 2D

structures of natural products from these plant species are shown

in Figures S1–S24. The names, plant sources, pharmacological

activities, and references are listed in Tables 1–7.

4.1 Terpenoids

Terpenoids are the most famous natural products isolated from

nature [88–93]. Terpenoids are sometimes referred to as isoprenes

(C5unit) because of a common recurring motif in their structure.

They are the most extensive class of compounds in Cyperus

species. In this study, 208 terpenoids were found to be identified

andisolatedfromtheseCyperus species (Figure 1; Figures S1–

S10,Table1). Terpenoid subclasses in Cyperus species include

monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15 ), diterpenes (C20), ses-

terterpenes (C25), and triterpenes (C30 ) compounds. Among them,

sesquiterpenes constitutes about 70.00% of the natural products

isolated from these plant species [26–29].

4.2 Flavonoids

Flavonoids are an important class of organic compounds which

are widely distributed in the plant kingdom [94]. They are

secondary metabolites in plants responsible for coloring sub-

stances that contribute to the beauty and splendor of flowers

and fruits in nature. Flavonoids scaffolds have two hydroxylated

aromatic rings A and B, linked by three carbon fragments [94, 95].

Several substructures can be distinguished: chalcones, flavones,

flavonols, flavanonols, flavanes, flavanols, isoflavones, biflavones,

aurones, and anthocyanidins [96, 97]. A total of 69 flavonoids and

derivatives (209–278) have been from Cyperus species (Figures

S11–S15,Table2). Natural flavonoids are found in vegetables,

fruits, seeds, nuts, and wine [98]. Some flavonoids have important

health benefits to humans; for example, apigenin (209), luteolin

(210), quercetin (219), and the catechins [99, 100].

4.3 Stilbenoids

Stilbenes are the simplest member in the class of stilbenoids

that have been investigated extensively due to their interesting

pharmacological activities. For example, resveratrol (279)isa

component of red wine with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-

inflammatory activity [101, 102]. The increased consumption of

red wine rich in resveratrol (279) and other flavonoids reduces the

rate of coronary heart disease due to the cardioprotective effects

of these compounds [103]. The structural scaffold of stilbenes

has two aromatic rings linked by an ethylene bridge [104]. The

stilbenoids (279–304) that were isolated from Cyperus species are

listed in Figures S16–S18 and Table 3.

4.4 Quinones

Quinones are characterized by a common basic structural pattern:

an ortho or a para substituted dione conjugated either to an

aromatic nucleus or to a condensed polycyclic aromatic system

(Figure S19,Table4). The quinones (305–327) were reported from

nine Cyperus species harvested from Australia, Portugal, Japan,

Thailand, Egypt, and Cameroon (Figure S19,Table4).

4.5 Aromatics and Coumarins

A total of 31 aromatic compounds (328–358) excluding terpenoids

have been isolated from Cyperus species (Figures S20 and S21,

Table 5). A total of 21 coumarins (359–379)isolatedfromCyperus

species harvested from North Africa (Figure S22,Table6).

4.6 Miscellaneous Compounds

A total of 21 compounds (380–403) were identified and isolated

from C. incompletes,C. rotundus,C. conglomeratus,C.alterni-

folius, C. conglomeratus, C. esculentus, C. articulatus,andC.

teneriffae (Figures S23 and S24,Table7) using silica gel column

chromatography, GC-MS, hydrodistillation, preparative HPLC,

and Sephadex LH-20 [103–111]. The natural products in this

category include aliphatics (380–397), steroidal glycosides (398–

400), cerebrosides (401–402), and aliphatic alkenoic acid (403),

respectively.

5Pharmacological Activities

The compounds isolated from this plant species are shown in

Tables 1–7. Structures of natural products with different bioactiv-

ities are shown in Figures 2–10 while Figure 11 summarizes the

reported activities.

5.1 Anticancer and Hepatoprotective Activities

Natural products in Cyperus species have shown significant

potential in both anticancer and hepatoprotective activities

(Tables 1–8b). In an in vitro combination therapy study, an extract

from C.rotundus with oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

showed a synergistic cytotoxic effect on three cancer cell lines

[112]. The ethanol extract from C.articulatus L. exhibited antipro-

liferative activity with low toxicity using peritoneal macrophages

of mice and human tumor cell lines. The extract showed no

cytotoxicity in macrophages at concentrations between 12.5 and

50 mg/mL. The authors reported that treatment with this extract

reduced the activity of the enzyme arginase and proliferation

of cancer cells [113]. The essential oil from the rhizomes of C.

articulatus L. collected from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

showed antiliver-cancer potential against five cancer cell lines

and a non-cancerous cell. The oil causes cell cycle arrest in

the G2/M phase and cell death in HepG2 cells and inhibits

tumor development in a xenograft model [114]. The n-butanol and

aqueous fractions from the rhizomes of C.rotundus demonstrated

an in vitro promising dose-dependent hepatoprotection in 2,7-

dichlrofluorescein-injured HepG2 cells [115]. The hexane extract

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TABLE 1 Terpenoids isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

α-Cyperene (1)C. rotundus, China Hydrocarbon, preparative

GLC and chromatography

over AgNO3-SiO2

[68]

Rotundene (2)C. scariosus, India [73]

C. rotundus, China

Cyperenol (3)C. scariosus, India Tubers, alcohol [83]

Isopatchoulenone (4) and scariodione (5) [84]

Patchoulenol (6)C. scariosus, India Tubers, hexane, GC-MS [88]

Isopatchoul-3-ene (7) Tubers, hydrocarbon, plant

growth regulation,

chromatography over SiO2

and preparative TLC

[54]

Cyperolone (8)C. rotundus, Japan Rhizomes, steam,

chromatography over SiO2

[70]

α-Rutunol (9)andβ-rutunol (10) [72]

4α,5β-Oxidoeudesm-11-en-3α-ol (11) [69]

1, cypera-2,4-diene (12), cyprotene (13), cyperotundone (14), (+)-cyperadione (15),

(−)-norrotundene (16), (−)- isorotundene (17), γ-gurjunene (18), nootkatene (19), valencene

(20), epi-α-selinene (21), α-muurolene (22), γ-muurolene (23), ylanga-2,4-diene (24),

γ-calacorene (25), cadalene (26), α-cyperone (27), isocyperol (28), mustakone (29), cyperol

(30), and (−)-cypera-2,4-diene (31)

C. rotundus, gift of K.-D.

Protzen, Paul Kadersd GmbH,

Hamburg

Rhizomes, hydrodistillation,

chromatography over SiO2,

GC-MS, and preparative TLC

[45]

Mustakone (29) and mandassidione (32) C. articulatus, Kribi (South

Cameroon

Rhizomes, hexane,

chromatography over SiO2

[35, 36]

Cyperotundone (14), 3,4-O-isopropylideneshikimic acid (33), rotundusolide A (34),

rotundusolide B (35), dehydrocostuslactone (36), (+)-alismoxide (37), sugetriol triacetate

(38), 2β-hydroxy-α-cyperone (39), eudesma-4(14),11(13)-diene-7α,8α,12-triol (40),

rotundusolide C (41), secomacrogenin B (42), and 3,4-seco-mansumbinoic acid (43)

C. rotundus/purchased from

Lanzhou Traditional Chinese

Medicine Market (No.

ZY2009C002)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

chromatography over SiO2

and preparative TLC

[79]

Mandassidione (32), cyperusol A1(44), cyperusol A2(45), cyperusol B1(46), cyperusol B2

(47), cyperusol C (48), cyperusol D (49), (−)-1-p-menthene-7,8-diol (50), caryolane-1,9β-diol

(51), 3,7-epoxycaryophyllane-5α, 15-diol (52), 7,15-epoxycaryophyllane-3,5β-diol (53),

clovanediol (54), tricyclohumuladiol (55), 1β-hydroxy-10βH-guaia-4,11-dien-3-one (56),

guaidiol (57), 1,5,8,8-tetramethyl-8-bicyclo[8,1,0]-undecene-2,9-diol (58),

2,10,10-trimethyl-6-methylene-2,8-cyclodecadiene-1,5-diol (59), 1,6,6,10-

tetramethyl-4,9,14-trioxatetracyclotetradecane (60), muurolane-2α,9β-diol-3-ene (61), and

ligucyperonol (62)

C. longus, purchased in Cairo,

Egypt

Whole plants, methanol,

hepatoprotective, normal and

RP chromatography and

HPLC

[52]

(Continues)

4of40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Cyperolone (8)C. rotundus, Japan Rhizomes, chromatography

over SiO2and TLC

[70]

Cyperolone (8), α-rutunol (9)andβ-rutunol (10), α-cyperone (27), mustakone (29),

(+)-nootkatone (63), 2α-(5-oxopentyl)-2β-methyl-5β-isopropenylcyclohexanone (64),

2β-(5-oxopentyl)-2β-methyl-5β-isopropenylcyclohexanone (65)

C. rotundus, Yorishima,

Okayama, Japan

Roots, methanol,

antibacterial, chromatography

over alumina and SiO2

[138]

4α,5β-Oxidoeudesm-11-en-3α-ol (11)C. rotundus, Japan Rhizomes, chromatography

over SiO2and TLC

[69]

Patchoulenone (66), 10,12-peroxycalamenene (67) and caryophyllene-α-oxide (68)C. rotundus, purchased from

Thai traditional dispensary,

Bangkok, Thailand

Tubers, hexane, antimalarial,

chromatography over SiO2

and MPLC

[136]

α-Cyperene (1), cyperol (30), eudesma-2,4,11-triene (69), eudesma-3,5,11-triene (70),

eudesma-2,4(15),11-triene (71), (-)-eudesma-3,11-dien-5-ol (72), (+)-eudesma-3,11-dien-2-one

(73), and α-cubebene (74)

C. alopecuroides, Nkolbisson

(Cameroon)

Rhizomes, hexane, GC-MS [42]

α-Corymbolol (75), and corymbolone (76)C. articulatus, Kribi (South

Cameroon

Rhizomes, hexane,

chromatography over SiO2

[35, 36]

Corymbolone (76)C. corymbosus,SantaMariade

los Guaicas, Orinoco,

Venezuela (#80524)

Rhizomes, petroleum ether,

chromatography over SiO2

[34]

Mustakone (29) and corymbolone (76)C. articulatus, Ruiri forest

Meru district of Kenya (001/

04)

Rhizomes, chloroform

antiplasmodial,

chromatography over SiO2

[137]

Cyperusol A3(77), 3β-hydroxycyperenoic acid (78), britanlin E (79), 1β,4α

-dihydroxyeudesm-11-ene (80) and 11,12-dihydroxyeudesm-4-en-3-one (81)

C. rotundus, Kyung Dong

Crude Drugs Market, Seoul,

South Korea. (CYRO1–2011)

Rhizomes, ethyl acetate,

antitumor, silica gel column

chromatography,

reversed-phase silica gel,

Sephadex LH-20, silica-MPLC,

and C18-MPLC

[119]

Valencene (20), caryophyllene-α-oxide (68), nootkatone (82), β-pinene (83), 1,8-cineole (84),

limonene (85), and 4-cymene (86)

C. rotundus, Kyung Dong

Crude Drugs Market, Seoul,

South Korea. (NM)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antiallergic, chromatography

over SiO2and RP-C18 HPLC

[160]

(Continues)

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TABLE 1 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Cyperenol (3), scariodione (5), cyperotundone (14), α-cyperone (27), cyperol (30), sugetriol

triacetate (39), cyperusol C (49), cyperusol D (50), α-corymbolol (75), sugeonol (87),

cyperene-3,8-dione (88), 14-hydroxycyperotundone (89), 14-acetoxycyperotundone (90),

sugetriol-3,9- diacetate (91), cyperenoic acid (92), (4aS,7S)-7-

hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-4,4a,5,6,7,8- hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one (93),

(4aS,7S,8R)-8-hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-4,4a,5,6,7,

8-hexahydronaphtha-len-2(3H)-one (94), 1β-hydroxy-α-cyperone (95),

10-epieudesm-11-ene-3β,5α-diol (96), 3β-hydroxyilicic alcohol (11(13)-eudesmene-3,4,12- triol

(97),3β,4α-dihydroxy-7-epi- eudesm-11(13)-ene (98), 2-oxo-α-cyperone (99), 7α(H),

10β-eudesm-4-en-3-one-11,12-diol (100), 2-hydroxy-14-calamenenone (101),

1-isopropyl-2,7-dimethylnaphthalene (102), rhombitriol (103), 7-epi-teucrenone (104),

α-rotunol (105), 12-hydroxynootkatone (106), oplopanone (107),

10-hydroxyamorph-4-en-3-one (108), argutosine D (109),

4,5-seco-guaia-1(10),11-diene-4,5-dioxo (110), oxyphyllol C (111), and 5-hydroxylucinone

(112)

C. rotundus, purchased from

Juhuacun (Kunming, China)

(no. 2011041101)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antihepatitis B, and virus,

chromatography over SiO2

and UFLC-MS

[41]

Rotundine A (113), rotundine B (114), and rotundine C (115)C. rotundus, purchased from

Uchida Wakanyaku Co., Ltd.

(Tokyo, Japan) (lot. 242118)

Rhizome, methanol, standard

method for alkaloid

extraction, chromatography

over SiO2and Sephadex LH-20

[48]

Norcyperone (116)and(−)-clovane-2,9-diol (117)C. rotundus, Dabieshan

Mountains of Anhui Province,

P.R. China (no: 20060825)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

chromatography over SiO2

and Sephadex LH-20

[77]

Sugetriol triacetate (39) and cyperalin A (118)C. rotundus, King Abdulaziz

University campus, Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia (2014-CR110)

Rhizomes, methanol,

anti-inflammatory,

chromatography over SiO2

and RP-18 HPLC

[151]

α-Cyperene (1), cyperotundone (14), α-cyperone (27), isocyperol (28),

4α,5α-oxidoeudesm-11-en-3-one (119), and cyper-11-ene-3,4-dione (120)

C. rotundus, purchased from

Kyungdong-Yakryongsi

traditional medicine market in

Seoul, Korea

(SKKU-PH-12–50)

Rhizomes, methanol,

estrogenic, chromatography

over SiO2and RP-18 HPLC

[71]

(+)-Nootkatone (64), solavetivone (121), and aristolone (122)C. rotundus, vendor in

Trivandrum (no. 034/2011)

Rhizomes, acetone,

antioxidant, chromatography

over SiO2and RP-18 HPLC

[152]

α-Cyperone (27)C. rotundus, Bogor-Indonesia Tubers, methanol,

insecticidal, chromatography

over SiO2, preparative TLC

and RP-18 HPLC

[166]

(Continues)

6of40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

β-Caryophyllene (123), α-humulene (124), caryophyllene oxide (125), zerumbone (126),

(+)-dihydrocarvone (127), (R)-(+)-limonene (128), (1S)-(−)-verbenone (129),

(S)-(−)-limonene (130), (−)-(E)-pinocarveol (131), (E)-carveol (132), (−)-α-copaene (133),

(1R)-(−)-myrtenal (134), and (1R)-(−)-myrtenol (135)

C. rotundus, purchased from

the Boeun medicinal herb

shop (Seoul Yangnyeongsi,

Seoul, South Korea) (CR-01)

Rhizomes, methanol,

repellent, chromatography

over SiO2,preparativeHPLC

[167]

Cyperotundone (14)andα-cyperone (27)C. rotundus, supplied by

Morihiro Kinoshita (Nihon

Funmatsu Yakuhin Company,

Japan) (NM)

Rhizomes, hexane,

phytotoxicity, silica gel

column chromatography

[168]

Cyperene (1), cyperotundone (14), α-cyperone (27), cyperol (30), (+)-dihydrocarvone (127),

(1R)-(−)-myrtenal (134), δ-cadinene (136), β-selinene (137), β-elemene (138), caryophyllene

(139), calamenene (140), and 6-acetoxy-patchoul-4-en-3-one (141)

C. rotundus, Islands of Oahu,

Maui, Kauai and Hawaii (NM)

Tubers, hexane, chemotype,

GC-MS

[88]

Cyprotuside A (142) and cyprotuside B (143)C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No.20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antidepressant, silica gel

column chromatography and

RP-18 HPLC

[63]

18-Epi-α-amyrin glucuronoside (144), oleanolic acid arabinoside (145), α-amyrin

glucopyranoside (146), and β-amyrin glucopyranoside (147)

C. rotundus, West Champaran,

Bihar, India (no. NISCAIR/

RHMD/Consult/-2008-

09/1114/

145)

Tubers, methanol, silica gel

column chromatography

[87]

Oleanolic acid (148), oleanolic acid-3-O-neohesperidoside (149), and β-sitosterol (150)C. rotundus, University of

Allahabad campus,

Allahabad, India (NM)

Tubers, petroleum ether and

benzene, silica gel column

chromatography

[76]

12-Methylcyprot-3-en-2-one-13-oic acid (151), stigmasterol-n-dodecanoate (152),

stigmasterol-n-tetradecanoate (153), β-sitosterol glucoside (154), and lupenyl

arabinopyranosyl oleate (155)

C. rotundus, purchased from a

Delhi market(NM)

Tubers, methanol, silica gel

column chromatography

[80]

Sitosteryl (156)C. rotundus, El-Safa and

El-Marwa, Faculty of

Agriculture, Al-Azhar

University, Assiut, Egypt

Aerial parts, methanol,

antifeedant and cytotoxic,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[120]

α-Cyperene (1), α-cyperone (27), caryophyllene oxide (125), zierone (157), humulene

epoxide II (158), endesma-2,4,11-triene (159), pinocarveol (160), and germacrene D (161)

C.distans,mainroad,

Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa,

KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,

(Lawal, OA 03 (ZULU)

Rhizomes, hydrodistillations,

GC-MS

[82]

(Continues)

7of40

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Valencene (20), α-cyperone (27), caryophyllene-α-oxide (68), nootkatone (82), β-pinene (83),

1,8-cineole (84), limonene (85), and 4-cymene (86)

C. rotundus,purchasefrom

Kyung Dong Crude Drugs

Market, Seoul, South Korea.

(DKH-02561)

Rhizomes/ anti-inflammatory,

silica gel column

chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20, GC-MS

[150]

Mandassidione (32), β-sitosterol (150), sitosteryl (156), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside

(162)

C. rotundus, Bahtim, Al

Qalyubiya, Egypt (CR S117)

Rhizomes, methanol,

anticancer, silica gel column

chromatography and

preparative TLC

[66]

Cyperotundone (14), cyperusol A1(24), cyperusol A2(25), sugetriol triacetate (38), cyperusol

A3(77), isocyperotundone (163), and 1,4-epoxy-4-hydroxy-4,5-seco-guain-11-en-5-one (164)

C. rotundus, purchased from

Shengru Biological

Technology Co. Ltd., Yunnan

province, China (batch

number: 121059-200706)

Rhizomes, methanol,

anti-inflammatory, silica gel

column chromatography,

Sephadex LH-20 and

semi-preparative HPLC

[153]

Cyperotundone (14), mustakone (29), 1,2-dehydro-α-cyperone (165), and sesquichamaenol

(166)

C. articulatus, Ngaoundéré,

Cameroon (reference

1256/HNC)

Rhizomes, hexane,

antiseizure, GC-MS and

HPLC-PDA-ELSD

[147]

β-Sitosterol (150)andα-amyrin (167)C. conglomerates,Jizan

territory of Saudi Arabia (NM)

Aerial parts, ethanol,

anticandidal, column

chromatography and HPLC

[139]

α-Cyperone (27)C. rotundus,Tamil Nadu,

Southern India

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antifungal, column

chromatography

[6]

Cyperotundone (14) C. sphacelatus, Mile 16, Buea,

South West Region, Cameroon

(38515/HNC)

Rhizomes, dichloromethane,

antisalmonellal, column

chromatography and HPLC

[140]

Cyperotundone (14), sugetriol triacetate (38),), cyperenoic acid (91), epi-guaidiol A (168),

guaidiol A (169), and sugebiol (170)

C. rotundus, Da-Bie-Shan

Mountains, Anhui province,

China. (No: 20060825)

Rhizomes, ethanol, silica gel

column chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[78]

α-Cyperone (27)C. rotundus, Kyung Dong

Crude Drugs Market, Seoul,

South Korea. (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

anti-inflammatory, silica gel

column chromatography

[154]

Valencene (20), α-cyperone (27), nootkatone (82), β-pinene (83),1, 8-cineole (84), limonene

(85), 4-cymene (86), caryophyllene oxide (125), and β-selinene (137)

C. rotundus, Kyung Dong

Crude Drugs Market, Seoul,

South Korea. (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antiplatelet, column

chromatography and GC-MS

[161]

Isocyperol (28)Rhizomes, ethanol,

anti-inflammatory, silica gel

column chromatography

[155]

(Continues)

8of40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Oleanolic acid (148),β-sitosterol (150), and stigmasterol (171)C. rotundus, India (KLU-1251) Rhizomes, hexane,

chloroform, and methanol,

antioxidant and anti-diabetic,

column chromatography

[129]

Cyprotuoside C (172) and cyprotuoside D (173)C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, normal

phase column

chromatography

[81]

Cyperotundone (14), mustakone (29), corymbolone (76), caryophyllene oxide (125),

copa-3-en-2α-ol (174), humulene epoxide-II (175), kobusone (176), humulene dioxide (177),

(-)-guaia-1(10),11-dien-9-one (178), and muurolane-2β,9β-diol-3-ene (179)

C. articulatus, purchased from

Kilomosso, Uíge, northern

Angola (DR050752, DR051629)

Rhizomes and roots,

methanol, anti-inflammatory,

silica gel column

chromatography, Sephadex

LH-20 and semi-preparative

HPLC

[157]

Ipolamiide (180)and6β-hydroxyipolamiide (181)C. rotundus, Al-Azhar

University campus, Assiut

Branch, Egypt (2009-CR110)

Rhizomes, methanol,

hepatoprotective, silica gel

column chromatography

[58]

Rotunduside G (182), rotunduside H (183), negundoside (184), nishindaside (185),

isooleuropein (186), and neonuezhenide (187)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antidepressant, normal phase

column chromatography and

RP-18 HPLC

[62]

Rotunduside (188), 10-O-p-hydroxybenzoyltheviridoside (189), 10-O-vanilloyltheviridoside

(190), 6″-O-(trans-p- coumaroyl)-procumbide (191), and loganic acid (192)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, MRB

inhibition, normal phase

column chromatography and

RP-18 HPLC

[60, 61]

Rotunduside D (193), rotunduside E (194), and rotunduside F (195)C. rotundus, Guangdong

Province of China (No.

20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antidepressant, normal phase

column chromatography and

RP-18 HPLC

[37]

Rotunduside A (196), rotunduside B (197), and 6″-O-p-coumaroylgenipin gentiobioside

(198)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, MRB

inhibitory, normal phase

column chromatography and

RP-18 HPLC

[60, 61]

6-O-ρ-Hydroxybenzoyl-6-epi-aucubin (199), 6-O-ρ-hydroxybenzoyl-6-epi-monomelittoside

(200), syringopicroside B (201), syringopicroside C (202),

7-O-ρ-hydroxybenzoyl-8-epi-loganic acid (203), verproside (204), senburiside I (205),

oleuropeinic acid (206), oleuroside (207), and 10-hydroxyoleuropein (208)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, MRB

inhibition, normal phase

column chromatography,

Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18

HPLC

[159]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

9of40

TABLE 2 Flavonoids isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Apigenin (209)C.cuspidatus,C.R.Dunlop5273

Mitchell River, W.A.

Leaves, methanol, column

chromatography

[8]

Apigenin (209), and luteolin (210)C. carinatus

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), and

luteolin-5-methylether (212)

C. reflexus

Apigenin (209), luteolin (210), and tricin

(211)

C.cuspidatus, K. L. Wilson 3888

& P. Sharpe, 15.5 km N.E. of Gin

Gin Rd., Queensland

Apigenin (209) and luteolin (210)

Luteolin (210)C. rotundus,K.L.Wilson3309

Denistone, N.S.W.

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), and

aureusidin (213)

C. scaber, R. Coveny 2016 North

Stradbroke Island. Queensland

Luteolin (210) and tricin (211)C. pilosus,K.L.Wilson3138

Near Lennox Head, N.S.W.

Luteolin (210), tricin (211),

quercetin-3-methylether (214),

kaempferol-3-methylether (215), and

kaempferol-3,7-dimethylether (216)

C. cunninghamii,A.A.Mitchell

453

Luteolin (210), aureusidin (213),

quercetin-3-methylether (214),

quercetin-3,7-dimethylether (217), and

quercetin-3,7,3′-trimethylether (218)

C. rigidellus,P.K.Latz5016

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), and

aureusidin (213)

C. rigidellus, A. C. Beauglehole

56179 Robinvale, Victoria

Luteolin (210), aureusidin (213),

quercetin-3-methylether (214),

kaempferol-3,7-dimethylether (216),

quercetin-3,7-dimethylether (217),and

quercetin-3,7,3′-trimethylether (218)

C. rigidellus,K.L.Wilson1634

McCallum Park, N.S.W.

Leaves, methanol, column

chromatography

[8]

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), and

aureusidin (213)

C. rigidellus,K.L.Wilson2006

Near Garah. N.S.W.

Luteolin (210), and tricin (211)C. sexflorus,P.K.Latz1406

Tanumbirini Waterhole. N.T.

Aureusidin (213), quercetin (219), and

maritimein (220)

C. squarrosus,S.T.Blake14020

Noondoo, Queensland

Worldwide

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), maritimein

(220), and 7, 3′, 4′ -trihydroxyflavone (221)

C. betchei,S.T.Blake19155

Cypress Downs, Queensland

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), aureusidin

(213), maritimein (220), and 7, 3′, 4′

-trihydroxyflavone (mariscetin) (221)

C. betchei, R. Coveny 8664 & S.

K. Roy Near Narrabri, N.S.W

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), and

aureusidin (213)

C. betchei, R. Melville 3444 Near

Jackson, Queensland

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), mangiferin

(222), and isomangiferin (223)

C. leiocaulon,K.L.Wilson3140

Near Lennox Head, N.S.W.

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), aureusidin

(213), and mariscetin (221)

C. scaber, R. Coveny 2016 North

Stradbroke Island, Queensland

(Continues)

10 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Luteolin (210), tricin (211), aureusidin

(213), mangiferin (222), and isomangiferin

(223)

C. involucratus

Luteolin (210), tricin (211),

luteolin-5-methylether (212), aureusidin

(213), quercetin (219), mangiferin (222),

isomangiferin (223), and aurone

methylether (224)

C. reflexus

Quercetin-3,3′-dimethylether (225),

quercetin-3,4′-dimethylether (226),

vicenin-2 (227), diosmetin (228), and

orientin (229)

C. alopecuroides, Mansoura,

Egypt

Inflorescences, ethanol,

estrogenic, polyamide 6S

column chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[162]

Luteolin (210), (+)-catechin (230), and

(−)-epicatechin (231)

C. longus, Egypt Whole plant, methanol,

radical scavenging, silica gel

column chromatography

[59]

Luteolin (210), (+)-catechin (230), and

(−)-epicatechin (231)

Whole plant, methanol,

antiallergic and radical

scavenging, silica gel column

chromatography

[158]

6,3′,4′-Trihydroxy-4-methoxy-5-

methylaurone (232)

C. capitatus, seaside near Aveiro

(NM)

Rhizomes and roots,

chloroform and methanol,

preparative TLC

[74]

6,3′,4′-Trihydroxy-4-methoxy-5-

methylaurone (232),

6,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-5-

methylaurone (233), and

4,6,3΄,4΄-tetramethoxyaurone (234)

[75]

Tamarixetin (235), ombuin (236),

5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone (237), 4,6,

3′,4′-tetramethoxyaurone (238), and

3′-hydroxy-4,6, 4′-trimethoxyaurone (239)

C. teneriffae, northeast of

Tenerife ((TFC 43373)

Roots, ethanol, silica gel

column chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[5]

Luteolin (210), 7, 3′-dihydroxy-5,

5′-dimethoxy-8- prenylflavan (240), 5,7,

3′-trihydroxy-5΄-methoxy-8-prenylflavan

(241), and luteolin-7-methylether (242)

C. conglomeratus,Zayan,

Dakahlia, Egypt

Whole plant [56]

Luteolin (210), quercetin (219), (+)-

catechin (230), and afzelechin (243)

C. rotundus,Monastirregionin

the Center of Tunisia (Cp.10.04)

Aerial parts, water and

acetone, antioxidant and

antitumor, silica gel column

chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[121]

Rutin (244)C. rotundus, Al-Azhar University

campus, Assiut Branch, Egypt

(2009- CR110)

Rhizomes, methanol,

hepatoprotective, silica gel

column chromatography

[58]

Pongamone A (245) and biochanin A

(246)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province, China

(No.20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, silica gel

column chromatography,

Sephadex LH-20 and

semi-preparative HPLC

[39]

(Continues)

11 of 40

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Luteolin (210)C. rotundus, purchased from

Matsuura-Yakugyo Co. Ltd.

(Nagoya, Japan) CP-0901

Rhizomes, methanol,

antiproliferative, silica gel

column chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[122]

Tricin (211), isorhamnetin (247), vitexin

(248), isovitexin (249), oreintin (250),

epiorientin (251),

myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside

(252), luteolin-7-O-β-D-

glucuronopyranoside-6΄΄-methylester

(253),

luteolin-4΄-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside

(254), and

luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside

(255)

C. rotundus, Experimental

Station of El-Safa and El-Marwa,

Al-Azhar University, Assiut,

Egypt C. rotundus

Aerial parts, methanol,

antioxidant and α-amylase,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[127]

Tricin (211), and vitexin (248) Aerial parts, methanol,

antifeedant and cytotoxic,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[120]

Vitexin (248), oreintin (250), cinaroside

(256),

quercetin-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside

(257), cyperaflavoside (258), and

myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside

(259)

C. rotundus, King Abdulaziz

University campus, Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia (2014-CR110)

Aerial parts, methanol,

5-Lipoxygenase inhibition,

chromatography over (silica)

SiO2and Sephadex LH-20

[151]

Luteolin (210) and aureusidin (213)C. thunbergii, Botanical Garden

of Talence (Talence, France),

(XX-0-TUEB-3630 ex JB

Tubingen)

Aerial parts/mammalian

Arginase Inhibition,

reverse-phase preparative

liquid chromatographic

[24]

C. glomeratus, Botanical Garden

of Talence (Talence, France),

(FR-0-LYJB-005964W ex JB

Lyon)

Quercetin (219)andrutin(244)C. alternifolius, Orman Garden,

Egypt

Aerial parts, ethanol,

hepatoprotective, silica gel

column chromatography,

preparative TLC and

Sephadex LH-20

[111]

(S)-5, 5′,7-Trihydroxy-2′,4′-dimethoxy-6-

methylflavanone (260), and eriodictyol

(261)

C. stoloniferus, Tien Hai, Thai

Binh,Vietnam

Rhizomes, methanol, silica

gel column chromatography

and Sephadex LH-20

[55]

(2RS,3SR)-3,4′,5,6,7,8-hexahydroxyflavane

(262)

C. rotundus, Dong Anh, Hanoi,

Vietnam

Rhizomes, methanol,

antioxidant, α-amylase and

α-glucosidase inhibition,

silica gel column

chromatography and RP-18

HPLC

[156]

(Continues)

12 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

7,3′-Dihydroxy-8,4′-dimethoxyflavan

(263), 7,4′-dihydroxy-5,3′-dimethoxy-8-

methylflavan (264),

7,4′-dihydroxy-5,3′-dimethoxy-8-

prenylflavan (265),

5,4′-dihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavan

(266), and 3′,4′-dimethoxyluteolin (267)

C. conglomeratus, coastal sand

dunes (Deltaic Mediterranean

Coast) of Egypt

Aerial parts, methanol,

cannabinoid and opioid

receptor binding, silica gel

column chromatography

[148]

5-Hydroxy-7,3′,5′-trimethoxyflavan (268),

and 3′,5′-dihydroxy-6,5-dimethoxy-4′′-

prenylflavan

(269)

C. conglomeratus, East Jeddah Tubers,

petrol-diethylether-methanol,

silica gel column

chromatography and GC-MS

[86]

Luteolin (210)C. rotundus, Bahtim, Al

Qalyubiya, Egypt (CR S1-17)

Rhizomes, methanol,

cytotoxicity, silica gel column

chromatography and

preparative TLC

[66]

Luteolin (210)C. rotundus, Kyungdong Crude

Drugs Market, Seoul, Republic

of Korea (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antioxidative,

neuroprotective,

anti-inflammatory, and

antiamyloid-βactivities, silica

gel column chromatography,

preparative HPLC, Sephadex

LH-20 and RP-18 HPLC

[65]

Kaempferol (270)C. rotundus, India (KLU-1251) Rhizomes, hexane,

antioxidant and anti-diabetic,

column chromatography

[129]

5,7,4’-Trihydroxy-2’-methoxy-3’-

prenylisoflavone

(271)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

macrophages respiratory

burst (MRB) inhibition,

normal phase column

chromatography, Sephadex

LH-20 and RP-18 HPLC

[159]

Luteolin (210), quercetin (219),

kaempferol (270), ginkgetin (272),

isoginkgetin (273), and

7,8-dihydroxy-5,6-methylenedioxyflavone

(274)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang of

Guangdong, China (No.

20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antioxidant, silica gel column

chromatography

[64]

Ginkgetin (272), isoginkgetin (273),

amentoflavone (275), and sciadopitysin

(276)

C. rotundus, purchased from

China

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antiuterine fibroid

[57]

2R,2S-dihydroluteolin (277)C. articulatus, purchased from

Kilomosso, Uíge, northern

Angola (DR050752, DR051629)

Rhizomes and roots,

methanol, anti-inflammatory,

silica gel column

chromatography, Sephadex

LH-20 and semi-preparative

HPLC

[157]

Licoricone (278)C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, MRB

inhibition, normal phase

column chromatography,

Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18

HPLC

[159]

Abbreviations: ND: not done, NM: not mentioned, VS≠: voucher specimen number.

13 of 40

TABLE 3 Stilbenoids isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds Species, place of harvest (VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured activity,

purification strategies References

Resveratrol (279), piceatannol (280), trans-scirpusin A

(281), trans-scirpusin B (282), cassigarol E (283), cassigarol

G(284), pallidol (285), longusone A (286), longusol A (287),

longusol B (288), and lungusol C (289)

C. longus, Egypt Whole plant, methanol, antiallergic and radical

scavenging, silica gel column chromatography

[158]

Resveratrol (279) and piceatannol (280)C. stoloniferus, Tien Hai, Thai Binh, Vietnam Rhizomes, methanol, silica gel column

chromatography and Sephadex LH-20

[55]

trans-Scirpusin A (281), scirpusin B (290),

(+)-cyperusphenol A (291), (−)-(E)-cyperusphenol A (292),

(E)-mesocyperusphenol A (293), cyperusphenol C (294),

cyperusphenol B (295), and cyperusphenol D (296)

C. rotundus„ purchased from

Matsuura-Yakugyo Co. Ltd. (Nagoya, Japan)

CP-0901

Rhizomes, acetone, methanol, antiproliferative,

silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex

LH-20

[122]

Scirpusin B (290) and cyperusphenol B (295)C. eragrostis, Botanical Garden of Talence

(France) (IPEN code FR-0-TAL- 20070521W)

Seeds, methanol, mammalian arginase inhibition,

SPE mini-column Strata RP C18-E

[163]

4-Hydroxy-5′-methoxy-6′′,6′′-dimethylpyran[2′′,3′′: 3′,

2′]stilbene (297), 4′-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-2-prenylstilbene

(298), 3′,4-dihydroxy-5′-methoxy-2′-prenylstilbene (299),

and 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-2′-prenylstilbene (300)

C. conglomeratus, coastal sand dunes

(Deltaic Mediterranean Coast) of Egypt

Aerial parts, methanol, cannabinoid and opioid

receptor binding, preparative GLC and

chromatography over AgNO3-Si02

[68]

Cassigarol E (283), scirpusin B (290), and scirpusin A (301)C. rotundus, Dong Anh, Hanoi, Vietnam Rhizomes, antioxidant, α-amylase and

α-glucosidase inhibition, silica gel column

chromatography and RP-18 HPLC

[156]

Scirpusin B (290), (−)-(E)-cyperusphenol A (292),

(E)-mesocyperusphenol A (293), cyperusphenol D (296),

and scirpusin A (301)

C. rotundus, Yangguang drugstore, Dalian,

China (LNU-DSR-2015-1 to LNUDSR-

2015-26)

Roots, methanol, antidiabetic, LC-MS,

UHPLC-MS and Prep-RP-HPLC

[128]

Thunbergin A (302) and thunbergin B (303)C. thunbergii, Botanical Garden of Talence

(Talence, France), (XX-0-TUEB-3630 ex JB

Tübingen)

Aerial parts, methanol, mammalian Arginase

inhibition, reverse-phase preparative liquid

chromatographic

[24]

trans-Scirpusin A (281), (−)-(E)-cyperusphenol A (292), and

trans-resveratrol (304)

C. glomeratus, Botanical Garden of Talence

(Talence, France), (FR-0-LYJB-005964W ex

JB Lyon)

Scirpusin B (290) and scirpusin A (301)C. rotundus, Kyungdong Crude Drugs

Market, Seoul, Republic of Korea

(CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol, antioxidative,

neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and

antiamyloid-βactivities, silica gel column

chromatography, preparative HPLC, Sephadex

LH-20 and RP-18 HPLC

[65]

Piceatannol (280), trans-scirpusin B (282), and

cyperusphenol B (295)

C. articulatus, purchased from Kilomosso,

Uíge, northern Angola (DR050752,

DR051629)

Rhizomes and roots, methanol,

anti-inflammatory, silica gel column

chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and

semi-preparative HPLC

[157]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

14 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 4 Quinones isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured

activity, purification

strategies References

Cyperaquinone (305), and hydroxycyperaquinone

(306)

C. haspan, tropics of Australia Roots and rhizomes, cold

ether, column and thin layer

chromatography on silica gel

[11]

Demethylhydrocyperaquinone (307)C. compressus,tropicsof

Australia

Hydroxybreviquinone (308), and breviquinone (309)C. brevibracteatus,tropicsof

Australia

Rhizomes, chloroform. [12]

Scabequinone (310), dihydroscabequinone (311),

hydroxyscabequinone (312), and scabediol (313)

C. scaber, tropics of Australia

Scabequinone (310), dihydroscabequinone (311), and

hydroxyscabequinone (312)

C. distans, tropics of Australia

Scabequinone (310)C. distans,NaraandKyoto

Prefecture, Japan and Chiang

Mai, Thailand

Stem root, hexane,

antifeedants, silica gel column

chromatography

[13]

Hydroxycyperaquinone (306), and scabequinone (310)C. surinamensis Stem root, petroleum ether,

chlroform, cytotoxicity,

preparative thin layer

chromatography

[123]

Capiquinone A (314), capiquinone B (315),

capiquinone C (316), capiquinone D (317),

capiquinone E (318), capiquinone F (319), capiquinone

G(320), capiquinone H (321), capiquinone I (322),

capiquinone J (323), and capiquinone K (324)

C. capitatus, collected from

sandy soils on the seaboard

between Aveiro and Figueira

da Foz, Portugal

Rhizomes and roots,

chloroform, RP C18 HPLC and

preparative HPLC

[85]

Cyperaquinone (305), and remirol (325)C. nipponicus,NaraandKyoto

Prefecture, Japan and Chiang

Mai, Thailand

Basal stem, antifeedants, silica

gel column chromatography

[13]

Scabequinon-6(14)-ene (326)C. sphacelatus,Mile16,Buea,

South West Region of

Cameroon (38515/HNC)

Rhizomes, dichloromethane,

antisalmonellal, column

chromatography and HPLC

[140]

Alopecuquinone (327)C.alopecuroides, Mansoura,

Egypt

Inflorescences, ethanol,

estrogenic, polyamide 6S

column chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20

[162]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

15 of 40

TABLE 5 Aromatics isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract,

measured activity,

purification strategies References

4,7-Dimethyl-1-tetralone (328)C. rotundus, purchased from a

Thai traditional dispensary,

Bangkok, Thailand

Tubers, hexane,

antimalarial, column

chromatography and

HPLC

[136]

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (329)C. rotundus, purchased from

Uchida Wakanyaku Co., Ltd.

(Tokyo, Japan) (lot. 242118)

Rhizomes, methanol,

standard method for

alkaloid extraction,

chromatography over SiO2

and Sephadex LH-20

[48]

Phenol (330), 1-phenylethanol

(331), chavicol (332), 3-ethoxy-

4-hydroxyallylbenzene (333),

and isoferulic acid (334)

C. conglomerates, East Jeddah

(NM)

Tubers, petrol-

diethylether-methanol,

silica gel column

chromatography and

GC-MS

[86]

Salicylic acid (335), caffeic acid

(336), protocatechuic acid

(337), and trans p-coumaric

acid (338)

C. rotundus, Experimental

Station of El-Safa and

El-Marwa, Al-Azhar

University, Assiut, Egypt C.

rotundus

Aerial parts, methanol,

antifeedant and cytotoxic,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[120]

(−)-(E)-caffeoylmalic acid (339) Aerial parts, methanol,

antioxidant and α-amylase,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[127]

Galloylquinic acid (340),

3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic

acid (341) and ferulic acid (342)

C. rotundus,Monastirregionin

the Center of Tunisia

(Cp.10.04)

Aerial parts, water,

acetone, antioxidant and

antitumor, silica gel

column chromatography

and Sephadex LH-20

[121]

trans p-Coumaric acid (338)

and ellagic acid (343)

C. rotundus,purchasefrom

Kyung Dong Crude Drugs

Market, Seoul, South Korea.

(DKH-02561)

Rhizomes, hexane,

anti-inflammatory, silica

gel column

chromatography and

Sephadex LH-20, GC-MS

[150]

Preremirol (344)C. teneriffae, northeast of

Tenerife (TFC 43373)

Roots, ethanol, silica gel

column chromatography

and Sephadex LH-20

[5]

Salicylic acid (335), caffeic acid

(336), protocatechuic acid

(337), trans p-coumaric acid

(338), methoxycyperotundol

(345), and cyperotundol (346)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province, China

(No.20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, silica

gel column

chromatography, Sephadex

LH-20 and

semi-preparative HPLC

[39]

Gallic acid (347)C. alternifolius, Orman Garden,

Egypt (NM)

Aerial parts, ethanol,

hepatoprotective, silica gel

column chromatography,

preparative TLC and

Sephadex LH-20

[111]

Methyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate

(348)

C. rotundus, Al-Azhar

University campus, Assiut

Branch, Egypt (2009- CR110)

Rhizomes, methanol,

hepatoprotective, silica gel

column chromatography

[58]

(Continues)

16 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 5 (Continued)

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract,

measured activity,

purification strategies References

Chlorogenic acid (349)C. rotundus, obtained as

Organic Musta Powder

(Khandige Organic Health

Product, Bangalore, India)

(NM)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

anti-inflammatory, HPLC

[149]

Vanillin (350)C. sphacelatus, Mile 16, Buea,

South West Region of

Cameroon (38515/HNC)

Rhizomes,

dichloromethane,

antisalmonellal, column

chromatography and

HPLC

[140]

trans p-Coumaric acid (338)

and ferulic acid (342)

C. rotundus, Kyungdong Crude

Drugs Market, Seoul, Republic

of Korea (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antioxidative,

neuroprotective,

anti-inflammatory, and

antiamyloid-βactivities,

silica gel column

chromatography,

preparative HPLC,

Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18

HPLC

[65]

Caffeic acid (336), 4-hydroxy

cinnamic acid (338), and

4-hydroxybutyl cinnamate

(351)

C. rotundus, India (KLU-1251) Rhizomes, hexane,

antioxidant and

anti-diabetic, column

chromatography

[129]

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (329)

and trans-p-hydoxycinnamic

acid (338)

C. articulatus, purchased from

Kilomosso, Uíge, northern

Angola (DR050752, DR051629)

Rhizomes and roots,

methanol,

anti-inflammatory, silica

gel column

chromatography, Sephadex

LH-20 and

semi-preparative HPLC

[157]

Isoaragoside (352), chionoside

A(353), and helioside C (354)

C. rotundus, Zhanjiang,

Guangdong Province of China

(No. 20090903)

Rhizomes, ethanol, MRB

inhibitory, normal phase

column chromatography

and RP-18 HPLC

[59, 60]

2S-Isopropenyl-4,8-dimethoxy-

5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo-

[1,2-b;5,4-b′]difuran (355)and

2S-Isopropenyl-4,8-dimethoxy-

5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-

dihydrobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-

b′]difuran (356)

C. teneriffae, northeast of

Tenerife ((TFC 43373)

Roots, ethanol, silica gel

column chromatography

and Sephadex LH-20

[5]

6’-Acetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose

(357) and 4’,6’-

diacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose

(358)

C. rotundus, Kyungdong Crude

Drugs Market, Seoul, Republic

of Korea (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antioxidative,

neuroprotective,

anti-inflammatory, and

antiamyloid-βactivities,

silica gel column

chromatography,

preparative HPLC,

Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18

HPLC

[65]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

17 of 40

TABLE 6 Coumarins isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds Species, place of harvest (VS≠)

Part(s), extract, measured activity,

purification strategies References

Umbelliferone (359), scopoletin (360),

5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (361),

7,8-dimethoxycoumarin (362), 5,7,8

trimethoxyxcoumarin (363),

leptodactylone (364), prenyletin (365),

5,7-dimethoxy-8-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)

coumarin (366),

7-methoxy-8-(γ,γ-methylallyloxy)

coumarin (367), and lacinartin (368)

C. incompletes, Cuzco, Peru (=175) Aerial parts, Antimicrobial [108]

Benzo-α-pyrone (369)C. rotundus,C. rotundus, Experimental

Station of El-Safa and El-Marwa,

Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt C.

rotundus

Aerial parts, methanol, antifeedant and

cytotoxic, silica gel column

chromatography and semi HPLC

[120]

6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (370)C. rotundus,Monastirregioninthe

Center of Tunisia (Cp.10.04

Aerial parts, water, acetone,

antioxidant and antitumor, silica gel

column chromatography and Sephadex

LH-20

[121]

Umbelliferone (359), esculetin (371),

imperatorin (372), psoralen (373), and

xanthotoxin (374)

C.alternifolius, Orman Garden, Egypt

(NM)

Aerial parts, ethanol, hepatoprotective,

silica gel column chromatography,

preparative TLC and Sephadex LH-20

[111]

Eugenetin (375)C. teneriffae, northeast of Tenerife (TFC

43373)

Roots, ethanol, silica gel column

chromatography and Sephadex LH-20

[5]

Khellin (376), visnagin (377), ammiol

(378), and khellol-β-D-glucopyranoside

(379)

C. rotundus, El-Safa and El-Marwa,

Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar

University, Assiut, Egypt

Aerial parts, methanol, antifeedant and

cytotoxicity, silica gel column

chromatography and semi HPLC

[120]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

18 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 7 Miscellaneous compounds isolated from Cyperus species.

Compounds

Species, place of harvest

(VS≠)

Part(s), extract,

measured activity,

purification strategies References

Succinic acid (380), myristic acid (381),

palmitic acid (382), and stearic acid

(383)

C. rotundus, upland rice field

(sandy loam soil) of Manikganj

district, Bangladesh

Tubers,water,growth

inhibition

[105]

Myristic acid (381), n-caprylic acid

(384), capric acid (385), methyl ester

palmitic (386), and linoleic methyl

ester (387)

C. conglomeratus, East Jeddah Tubers, petrol-diethylether-

methanol, silica gel column

chromatography and

GC-MS

[86]

Palmitic acid (382), stearic acid (383),

oleic acid (388), linoleic acid (389), and

linolenic acid (390)

C. esculentus, Korea Tubers, chloroform and

methanol, silicic acid

column chromatography

[107]

n-Tricont-1-ol-21-one (391)C. rotundus, West Champaran,

Bihar, India

(No.NISCAIR/RHMD/Consult/-

2008-09/1114/145)

Tubers, methanol, silica gel

column chromatography

[87]

Linoleic acid (389)C. articulatus, Sehn village,

Ndu Sub-Division in the North

West Region of Cameroon

(19450/SRF-CAM)

Rhizomes, hexane,

antionchocercal, silica gel

column chromatography

[106]

Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (392),

9,12-octadecadienic acid ethyl ester

(393), and 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl

ester (394)

C. articulatus, Tabocal region of

the municipality of Santarém,

Pará, Brazil (MG-207174)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antiplasmodial,

hydrodistillation

[110]

Behenic acid (395), behenic acid

monoglyceride (396), and pinellic acid

(397)

C. rotundus, Rhizomes/Bahtim,

Al Qalyubiya, Egypt (CR S117)

Rhizomes, methanol,

cytotoxic, silica gel column

chromatography and

preparative TLC

[66]

n-Butyl-β-D-fructopyranoside (398),

ethyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (399), and

adenosine (400)

C. rotundus, Experimental

StationofEl-Safaand

El-Marwa, Al-Azhar

University, Assiut, Egypt C.

rotundus

Aerial parts, methanol,

antioxidant and α-amylase,

silica gel column

chromatography and semi

HPLC

[127]

1- O-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-

(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-[(2′R)- 2′-

hydroxylignoceranoylamino]-4,8-

tetradecene-3-diol

(401)

C. rotundus, Shandong, China Radix, ethanol,

antiproliferation activity,

silica gel column

chromatography

[67]

2‘-[2-hydroxypentacosanoylamino]-1′,

3′, 4′-nonadecanetriol (402)

C. rotundus, Bahtim, Al

Qalyubiya, Egypt (CR S117)

Rhizomes, methanol,

anticancer, silica gel

column chromatography

and preparative TLC

[66]

Pinellic acid (397) and fulgidic acid

(403)

C. rotundus, Kyungdong Crude

Drugs Market, Seoul, Republic

of Korea (CYRO1-2011)

Rhizomes, ethanol,

antioxidative,

neuroprotective,

anti-inflammatory, and

antiamyloid-βactivities,

silica gel column

chromatography,

preparative HPLC,

Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18

HPLC

[65]

Abbreviation: VS≠: voucher specimen number.

19 of 40

FIGURE 2 Chemical structures of natural products with hepatoprotective and anticancer activities.

FIGURE 3 Chemical structures of natural products with antiviral activities.

20 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

FIGURE 4 Chemical structures of natural products with antidiabetic activities.

FIGURE 5 Chemical structures of natural products with antimicrobial activities.

21 of 40

FIGURE 6 Chemical structures of natural products with antidepressant and neuroprotective activities.

of C.rotundus showed inhibition against cellular lipogenesis

and high sucrose diet (HSD)-induced steatosis. The molecular

mechanism involves the modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism

through sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and liver X α

receptor [116]. The methanol extract of C.rotundus demonstrated

significant anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines-

breast, cervical, liver, prostate, colorectal and normal cell line

by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

(MTT) assay. The cytotoxic effects on the tested cancer cell

lines ranged from 4.52 ±0.57 to 9.85 ±0.68 µg/mL [117].

The ethanol extract of C.rotundus L. showed inhibition on

the proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human triple-

negative breast cancer cells [118]. Compound 81 showed potent

cytotoxic activity against human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) and

endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (Ishikawa) using MTT assays

with observed IC50 values of 11.06 and 6.46 µM, respectively [119].

Visnagin (377) exhibited significant cytotoxic effect compared

to other compounds on L5178y mouse lymphoma cells with

effective doses ED50 =0.9 µg/mL [120]. The mechanisms of

actions of natural products reported in literature exhibiting

anticancer and hepatoprotective activities in the review have been

summarized and provided IN Figures 2and 12, Tables 8a and 8b

[26, 119–123].

5.2 Antiviral Activity

Secondary metabolites isolated from Cyperus species have great

potentials in combating viral infections due to their diverse

bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids,

and polyphenols (Figure 3,Tables1–7,Table8b). The sesquiter-

penoids, isolated from C.rotundus showed significant inhibition

against hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication. The com-

pounds 96,98,100,and103 had high selectivity index (SI)

values of 250.4, 125.5, >259.6, and 127.5, respectively. Com-

pounds 78 and 92 suppressed the secretion of HBsAg effectively

[41].

5.3 Antidiabetic Activity

Phytochemicals from the genus Cyperus have exhibited sig-

nificant potential in managing diabetes through mechanisms

such as improving insulin secretion, sensitivity, reducing glucose

absorption and by antioxidant properties (Figure 4,Table8a). The

rhizomes of C.rotundus showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis

reductionwithanIC

50 value of 9.39 µg/mL. Oral administration

of this plant extract reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese

22 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 8 a Summary of bioactivities of the most potent compounds.

S/N Compound name Plant species

Level of

activity Bioactivity Mode of action Reference

1.Cyperol(30)C. rotundus IC50 =42.7 ±

75.9µM

Antihepatitis B virus

activity

Inhibition against

hepatitis B virus

(HBV) DNA

replication

[41, 42, 45]

2. Sugetriol triacetate (38) C. rotundus IC50 =0.15, 0.69

and 0.81µM

Inhibitory activity

against PGE2, COX-2

and LOX-5

[78, 79]

3.CyperusolC(48)rotundus IC50 =14.1 ±

71.1µM

Antihepatitis B virus

activity

Inhibition against

hepatitis B virus

(HBV) DNA

replication

[52]

4.(−)-1-p-Menthene-7,8-diol (50)C. logus IC50 =90 µM Hepatoprotective

activity

Inhibitory activity on

D-galactosamine-

induced cytotoxicity

in primary cultured

mouse hepatocytes

[52]

5. Caryolane-1,9β-diol (51)C. logus IC50 =100 µM[52]

6.1β-Hydroxy-10βH-guaia-4,11-dien-

3-one

(56)

C. logus IC50 =83 µM[52]

7. 1,5,8,8-Tetramethyl-8-

bicyclo[8,1,0]-undecene-2,9-diol

(58)

C. logus IC50 =70 µM[52]

8. 2,10,10-Trimethyl-6-methylene-

2,8- cyclodecadiene-1,5-diol

(59)

C. logus IC50 =27 µM[52]

9. 2,10,10-Trimethyl-6-methylene-

2,8- cyclodecadiene-1,5-diol

(59)

C. logus IC50 =41 µM[52]

10. 1,6,6,10- Tetramethyl-4,9,14-

trioxatetracyclotetradecane

(60)

C. logus IC50 =95 µM hepatoprotective

activity

Inhibitory activity on

D-galactosamine-

induced cytotoxicity

in primary cultured

mouse hepatocytes

[52]

(Continues)

23 of 40

TABLE 8 a (Continued)

S/N Compound name Plant species

Level of

activity Bioactivity Mode of action Reference

11.(+)-Nootkatone (63) C. rotundus IC50 =4.81

µg/mL

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[138]

12. 10,12-Peroxycalamenene (67), EC50 =2.33 ×

10−6M

Antimalarial activity [136]

13.α-Corymbolol (75)IC

50 =15.3 ±

72.7µM

Antihepatitis B virus

activity

Inhibition against

hepatitis B virus

(HBV) DNA

replication

[35, 36]

14.3β-Hydroxycyperenoic acid (78)IC

50 =46.6 ±

14.3µM

HBsAg anti secretory

activity

[119]

15. 11,12-Dihydroxyeudesm-4-en-3-

one

(81)

IC50 =11.06 µM

and IC50 =6.46

µM

Anticancer activity [119]

16. Cyperenoic acid (92)IC

50 =77.2 ±

13.0µM

HBsAg anti secretory

activity

[41]

17.1β-Hydroxy-α-cyperone (95)IC

50 =22.5 ±

71.9µM

Antihepatitis B virus

activity

Inhibition against

hepatitis

[41]

18. 10-Epieudesm-11-ene-3β,5α-diol

(96)

IC50 =13.2 ±

71.2µM

Inhibition against

hepatitis B virus

(HBV) DNA

replication

[41]

19.3β-Hydroxyilicic alcohol

(11(13)-eudesmene-3,4,12-triol)

(97)

IC50 =10.1 ±

70.7µM

[41]

20.3β,4α-Dihydroxy-7-epi-

eudesm-11(13)-ene (98)

IC50 =13.8 ±

70.9µM

[41]

21.7α(H),

10β-Eudesm-4-en-3-one-11,12-diol

(100)

IC50 =19.7 ±

72.10µM

[41]

22. Rhombitriol (103)IC

50 =11.9 ±

70.6µM

[41]

23. Cyperalin A (118) C. rotundus IC50 =0.57, 1.74

and 2.03µM,

Inhibitory activity

Against PGE2, COX-2

and LOX-5

respectiviely

Inhibition against

hepatitis B virus

(HBV) DNA

replication

[151]

(Continues)

24 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 8 a (Continued)

S/N Compound name Plant species

Level of

activity Bioactivity Mode of action Reference

24.10-O-Vanilloyltheviridoside (190)IC

50 =37.53 ±

2.51µM

MRB inhibitory

activity

[60, 61]

25. Rotunduside B (197)IC

50 =15.07 ±

2.51µM

[60, 61]

26. Solavetivone (121) IC50 =5.28

µg/mL

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[152]

27. Aristolone (122) IC50 =6.82

µg/mL

[152]

28.CyprotusideA(142)IC

50 =29.1 ±

10.4, 39.4 ±17.9

Antidepressant

activity

[63]

29.CyprotusideB(143)IC

50 =31.7±11.1,

45.1±10.3

[63]

30.Sitosteryl(156)ED

50 =4.2

µg/mL

Cytotoxic activity [120]

31.SenburisideI(205)IC

50 =27.06 ±

11.33 µM

MRB inhibitory

activity

[159]

32. Luteolin (210)C. thunbergii and

C. glomeratus

IC50 =17.6 µM Arginase inhibitory

activity

[8]

33. Luteolin (210)C. rotundus IC50 =25 µg/mL Antiproliferative

activity

Inhibiting

significantly the

proliferation of K562

cells and protecting

against

H2O2/UV-photolysis

induced DNA

damage

[8, 122]

34. Luteolin (210)C. longus IC50 =3.0 µM LOX-5 Inhibitory

activity

Strong inhibition on

the release of

β-hexosaminidase

[8, 122]

35. Luteolin (210) C. rotundus IC50 =100µM Antiamyloid-β(Aβ)

aggregation activity

[8, 122]

36.Aureusidin(213)C. thunbergii and

C. glomeratus

IC50 =60.6 µM Arginase inhibitory

activity

[8, 24]

(Continues)

25 of 40

TABLE 8 a (Continued)

S/N Compound name Plant species

Level of

activity Bioactivity Mode of action Reference

37. Myricetin-3-O-β-D-

glucuronopyranoside

(252)

C. rotundus IC50 =2.3 µM LOX-5 Inhibitory

activity

[127]

38.(2RS, 3SR)-3, 4′, 5,

6,7,8-Hexahydroxyflavane (259)

IC50 =163.0±

12.6µM

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[151]

39.Kaempferol(270) IC50 =3.85

µg/mL and 0.45

µg/mL

DPPH and ABTS

scavenging activities

respectively

[129]

40.Resveratrol(279)C. longus IC50 =17.0 µM LOX-5 Inhibitory

activity

Have a strong

inhibition on the

release of

β-hexosaminidase

[55, 158]

41. Piceatannol (280)C. longus IC50 =24.0 µM

42. Piceatannol (280)thunbergii and C.

glomeratus

IC50 =12.6 ±

0.6µM

Arginase inhibitory

activity

[55, 158]

43.trans-Scirpusin A (281)C. eragrostis IC50 =17.6 ±2.2

µM

[122, 158]

44.trans-Scirpusin B (282)longus SC50 =2.8 µM DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[157]

45. Cassigarol E (283)rotundus IC50 =78.6±3.7

µM

[156, 158]

46. Scirpusin B (290)C. eragrostis IC50 =22.6 ±0.9

µM

Arginase inhibition [65, 122, 156,

163]

47. Scirpusin B (290)C. rotundus IC50 =

55.1±3.8µM

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[65, 122, 156,

163]

48. Scirpusin B (290) IC50 =100µM Antiamyloid-β(Aβ)

aggregation activity

[65, 122, 156,

163]

49.(−)-(E)-Cyperusphenol A (292)IC

50 =1.43 ±

0.11µM

α-glucosidase

inhibitory activity

[24, 122, 128]

50.(E)-mesocyperusphenol A (293)IC

50 =1.44 ±

0.17µM

α-Glucosidase

inhibitory activity

[122, 128]

51. Cyperusphenol B (295)IC

50 =12.2 ±0.9

µM

Arginase inhibition [163, 122]

(Continues)

26 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

TABLE 8 a (Continued)

S/N Compound name Plant species

Level of

activity Bioactivity Mode of action Reference

52. Cyperusphenol D (296)IC

50 =1.18 ±

0.11µM

α-Glucosidase

inhibitory activity

[122, 128]

53. Cyperusphenol D (296)IC

50 =26.3 µM Antiproliferative

activity

Suppress cell growth

by induction of

apoptosis

[122, 128]

54. Scirpusin A (301)IC

50 =108.3±7.2

µM

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

[65, 128, 158]

55. Scirpusin A (301) IC50 =100µM Antiamyloid-β(Aβ)

aggregation activity

[65, 128, 158]

56. Thunbergin A (302)eragrostis IC50 =28.8 ±2.5

µM

Arginase inhibition [24]

57.trans-Resveratrol (304)C. eragrostis IC50 =19.4 ±1.3

µM

[24]

58. Cyperaquinone (305)C. nipponicus pED50 =6.77 Insect antifeeding

activity

[11]

59. Hydroxycyperaquinone (306)surinamensis IC50 =1.7 µM Anticancer activity Micromolar

inhibition of the 20S

catalytic core of the

20Sproteasome

[11]

60. Scabequinone (310)C. distans pED50 =8.59 Insect antifeeding

activity

[12, 13]

61.Remirol(325)C. nipponicus pED50 =6.89 [120]

62. Khellin (376)C. rotundus ED50 =4.5

µg/mL

Cytotoxic activity

63. Visnagin (377)ED

50 =0.9

µg/mL

[120]

64. 4-Hydroxy cinnamic acid (338)IC

50 =6.3 ±0.7

at 20 µg/mL and

23.5 ±1.5 at 40

µg/mL

α-Glucosidase and

α-amylase activities

respectively

[120, 150]

65. Fulgidic acid (403) IC50 =100µM Antiamyloid-β(Aβ)

aggregation activity

[65]

27 of 40

TABLE 8 b Summary of bioactivities of the most potent compounds.

Natural products Bioactivity Mechanisms Reference

Cyperotundone (14), valencene (20), cyperusol A2 (25),

α-cyperone (27), isocyperol (28), sugetriol triacetate (39),

(+)-nootkatone (64), cyperusol A3 (73), cyperenoic acid (92),

cyperalin A (120), solavetivone (123), aristolone (124), epioreintin

(225), myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (226),

luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucuronopyranoside-6′′ -methylester (227),

(2RS,3SR)-3,4′,5,6,7,8-hexahydroxyflavane (236), Kaempferol

(244), scirpusin B (262), trans-scirpusin A (253),

Anti-inflammatory

and antioxidant

PGE2,LPS,COX-2,LOX-5,NO,

iNOS, HO-1, ROS, free radicals

[45]

133,isorhamnetin(142), vitexin (143), isovitexin (144), oreintin

(145), epiorientin (146), myricetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside

(147), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6΄΄-methyl ester

(148), luteolin-4΄-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (149), and

Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (150)

Antioxidant PGE2, LPS, COX-2, LOX-5 [76, 87, 167]

Afzelechin (134), (+)-catechin (135), luteolin (136), quercetin

(137), galloylquinic acid (165), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid

(166) and ferulic acid (167)

Antioxidant and

anticancer

K562 cells, H2O2/UV [88, 167]

Cyperol (30), 1β-hydroxy-α-cyperone (97),

10-epieudesm-11-ene-3β,5α-diol (98), 3β-hydroxyilicic alcohol

(11(13)-eudesmene-3,4,12-triol) (99), cyperusol C (49),

α-corymbolol (76), 3β,4α-dihydroxy-7-epi- eudesm-11(13)-ene

(100), 2-oxo-α-cyperone (77), 7α(H),

10β-eudesm-4-en-3-one-11,12-diol (102), and rhombitriol (105)

Antiviral HBV DNA replication, HBsAg,

HBeAg

[41, 45]

28 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

FIGURE 7 Chemical structures of natural products with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

mice [124]. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of C.rotundus

extract to male Sprague–Dawley rats significantly lowered the

blood glucose levels [125, 126].Compounds211,248,247,250,and

252 showed strong α-amylase inhibitory activity [120, 127]. (−)-

(E)-cyperusphenol A (IC50 =1.43 ±0.11), (E)-mesocyperusphenol

A (IC50 =1.44 ±0.17), and cyperusphenol D (IC50 =1.18 ±0.11 µM)

exhibited strong in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition with acarbose as

standard [128]. Compound 338, (6.3 ±0.7 at 20 µg/mL), exhibited

mild α-glucosidase activity with acarbose as the control [129].

5.4 Antimicrobial Activity

Plants extracts and products from Cyperus species are valuable

sources of natural products capable of inhibiting microbial

growth through diverse mechanisms (Figure 5). The crude

extracts from C.rotundus rhizomes have shown antibacterial

activities against several foodborne pathogens and Salmonella

enteritidis,Staphylococcus aureus,andEnterococcus faecalis with

MIC of 0.5–5 mg/Ml, respectively [130–132]. The extracts of

C.rotundus demonstrated anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, and

antibacterial activities [133–135]. Compound (67), exhibited the

strongest effect (EC50)=2.33 ×10−6M against P. falciparum

[136]. Compounds 29 and 76 showed antimalarial activity with

IC50 values less than 2 µg/mL against P.falciparum strains

NF54 and ENT 30 [137]. Compound 8 showed moderate activity

against Bacillus subtilis at 0.5 mg [138]. β-Sitosterol (19, 250),

and α-amyrin (18 mm, 250 mg/mL) showed anticandidal activity

against Candida famata and Candida albicans, respectively [139].

Compound 14 had significant (MIC =8µg/mL) and bactericidal

(MBC =32 µg/mL) activities against a Salmonella strain [140].

5.5 Antidepressant and Neuroprotective

Potentials

Crude extracts and natural products from Cyperus species have

revealed promising antidepressant and neuroprotective poten-

tials (Figure 6) often attributed to their ability to modulate

neurotransmitter systems, reduce oxidative stress, and promote

neurogenesis. The crude extract of C.rotundus demonstrated

strong Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant, improve

amyloid β(Aβ)-induced memory impairment, neuroprotective,

anxiolytic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential [141–

146]. Compound 29 showed access to the CNS by traversing the

blood–brain barrier [147]. The flavans 263, 265, and the stilbene

derivatives 297 and 298 showed moderate activity toward μ-opioid

receptor [148].

5.6 Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant

Activities

Extracts and phytochemicals from Cyperus species have proven

valuable in the management and prevention of various chronic

diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

The ethanolic extract of C.rotundus showed potent antioxidant

activity with IC50 values of 64.64 ±5.3, 85.89 ±6.3, and 8.42

29 of 40

FIGURE 7 (Continued)

±0.45 mg/mL against DPPH, metal chelating, and nitric oxide

scavenging activities [145]. The topical administration of the

ethanol extract of C.rotundus showed a reduction in ear edema

and cellular infiltrate in acute and chronic skin inflamma-

tion models [149]. Valencene (20) and nootkatone (82) showed

heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction [150]. The mechanisms of

actions of other compounds reported in literature exhibiting anti-

inflammatory and antioxidant activities in the review have been

summarized and provided in Figures 7and 12, and Tables 8a

and 8b [26, 151–158].

5.7 Macrophages Respiratory Burst (MRB) and

Antiallergic Inhibitions

Natural products in Cyperus species influence respiratory burst

in macrophages-a rapid release of reactive oxygen species (ROS),

a process crucial for their ability to kill pathogens (Figure 8).

Through processes like immune system modulation, reduction in

the release of histamines, and other mediators involved in allergic

reactions, natural products have established their potential to

inhibit allergic responses. Senburiside I(IC50 =27.06 ±11.33)

showed significant MRB inhibitory activity with rutin (IC50 =

15.07 ±2.51) and dexamethasone (IC50 =355.14 ±45.76 µM) as ref-

erence, respectively [159]. Compounds 20, caryophyllene-α-oxide,

and 82 showed in vitro and in vivo antiallergic potential. The

sesquiterpenes demonstrated strong inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase-

catalyzed leukotrienes production in rat basophilic leukemia

(RBL)-1 cells. Valencene (20) had the highest inhibitory effect on

β-hexosaminidase release by antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells.

Compounds 20 and 82 administered to mice orally at 50–300

mg/kg showed significant inhibition [160].

5.8 Estrogenic and Arginase Inhibitions

Cyperus species secondary metabolites are promising inhibitors

of estrogen production by targeting the enzyme aromatase which

converts androgens to estrogens (Figure 9). Some inhibit arginase

preventing the enzyme that converts L-arginine to L-ornithine

and urea, thus regulating nitric oxide levels. Nootkatone (82)

administered in different doses to rats showed a significant

effect on platelet aggregation ex vivo [161]. Quercetin-3,4′-

dimethylether (226) and diosmetin (228) showed weak estrogenic

30 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

FIGURE 8 Chemical structures of natural products with macrophage respiratory burst and antiallergic activities.

FIGURE 9 Chemical structures of natural products with estrogenic and arginase inhibition.

31 of 40

FIGURE 10 Chemical structures of natural products with miscellaneous activities.

FIGURE 11 Activity distribution of the different classes of compounds.

activity [162]. Cyperusphenol B (IC50 =12.2 ±0.9 µM) isolated

from C. eragrostis demonstrated significant inhibition on arginase

using Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA), as a positive

control [163]. Arraki et al. [163], reported that trans-scirpusin

A (IC50 =17.6 ±2.2 µM) demonstrated significant in vitro

arginase inhibition using purified liver bovine arginase close to

piceatannol (IC50 =12.6 ±0.6 M).

5.9 Other Activities

Cyperus species have shown allelopathic, mosquito larvicidal

potential [164, 165]. α-Cyperone (27) isolated from methanol

extract of C.rotundus showed insecticidal activity [166]. Zerum-

bone (126) has shown repellency activity to the male Blattella

germanica [167]. Cyperotundone (14) and α-cyperone (27) at 100–

1000 µg/mL showed growth inhibitory effects to lettuce seedlings

(Figure 10)[168].

5.10 Safety, Preclinical Trial Data

No death was recorded when C.rotundus extracts were given

to mice at different doses [46, 139, 169]. Oral administration of

resveratrol in mouse models has been shown to be safe and non-

toxic at different doses. Also, a phase I study of the same NP was

conducted in 10 healthy individuals and no serious adverse effects

were observed [170]. Also, recent clinical trials have observed

resveratrol to be safe and well-tolerated at doses of upto 5 g/day

[170].

32 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

FIGURE 12 Mechanism of action of some bioactive natural products isolated from Cyperus species.

FIGURE 13 Biosynthesis of bioactive terpenoids isolated from Cyperus species [171, 172].

33 of 40

FIGURE 14 Biosynthesis of bioactive flavonoids isolated from Cyperus species [173–175].

6 Bioactivities and Proposed Mechanisms of

Potent Compounds

The potent secondary metabolites isolated from these plant

species have been shown in Figures 11 and 12 and Tables 8a and 8b.

7 Biosynthesis of Potent Terpenoids and

Flavonoids

We have proposed a biosynthesis (Figure 13) through the meval-

onic acid pathways of some of the potent terpenoids isolated

from these plant species [171, 172]. The flavonoids from Cype-

rus species have been derived from phenylalanine through the

phenylpropanoid pathway (Figure 14), while phenylalanine is

synthesized through the shikimate pathway [173–175].

R=H, OH, OCH3,COOH;O–G=O-glycoside groups; PAL,

phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase;

4CL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; STS:

stilbene synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavone 3-

hydroxylase; F3′,5′H, flavonoid 3′,5′-dihydroxylase; FS, flavonol

synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; 3GT and 5GT, 3- & 5-

glycosyl transferase; RT, rhamnosyl transferase; OMT, O-methyl

transferase.

8 Conclusions and Perspectives

Cyperus is an important genus in Cyperaceae and harbors

natural products with interesting bioactivities. In this study,

we have reported 403 compounds identified and isolated from

43 Cyperus species with terpenoids constituting the largest

34 of 40 Chemistry & Biodiversity,2025

class of these products, followed by flavonoids. Other classes

of compounds found include stilbenoids, quinones, aromatics,

coumarins, and other compounds. These secondary metabolites

were found to display various activities including antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidepressant, neuroprotective,

antidiabetic, and macrophage respiratory burst (MRB) inhibitory

activities. Based on the bioactivities, some of the most promising

compounds in Cyperus species with IC50 below 10 µMfor

further development include the antihepatitis B virus (HBV)

DNA replication agents sugetriol triacetate (38) and cyperalin

A(118); the antioxidant compounds solavetivone (121), aris-

tolone (122), kaempferol (270), and trans-scirpusin B (282);

and the anti-inflammatory hits luteolin (210) and myricetin-

3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (252). The anticancer quinone

hydroxycyperaquinone (306), together with the α-glucosidase

and α-amylase inhibitor 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (338), also had

remarkable potential. The biosynthesis of some potent terpenoids

and flavonoids, the two major classes of compounds isolated from

these plant species, has been included in this study. A phase I

study of oral administration of resveratrol in healthy volunteers

and consumption of the compound at these levels did not cause

serious adverse effects. Studies on the toxicity of some of these

natural products showed no serious adverse effects though the

mechanism of action and toxicity profile of compounds from

several Cyperus species have not been extensively investigated in

in vivo models. It would be interesting in future to perform a

computational study of the potent compounds with interesting

anticancer and antiviral activities by docking them against their

target of interest.

Author Contributions

S.B.B. conceived and designed the research. All authors read and

approved the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

Smith B. Babiaka acknowledges funding from the Alexander von Hum-

boldt Foundation for Georg Forster and Georg Forster-Bayer Research

fellowships (Ref. 3.4–CMR–1220727–GF-P) at the University of Tübingen,

Germany. Doris E. Ekayen is a PhD student funded by the German

Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, Award No. 91832147).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available in supplementary.

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Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review

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May 2023
Phytochemistry Rev

Cyperus rotundus L. has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases in traditional systems of medicine around the world, such as nervous, gastrointestinal systems diseases and inflammation. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its rhizomes are frequently used to treat liver disease, stomach pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities. The review is conducted to summarize comprehensively the plant’s vernacular names, distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analytical methods, along with the data mining for TCM prescriptions containing C. rotundus. Herein, 552 compounds isolated or identified from C. rotundus were systematically collated and classified, concerning monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics and phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids and steroids, diterpenoids, quinonoids, alkaloids, saccharides and others. Their pharmacological effects on the digestive system, nervous system, gynecological diseases, and other bioactivities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insect repellent, anti-microbial activity, etc. were summarized accordingly. Moreover, except for the data mining on the compatibility of C. rotundus in TCM, the separation, identification and analytical methods of C. rotundus compositions were also systematically summarized, and constituents of the essential oils from different regions were re-analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. In addition, the toxicological study progresses on C. rotundus revealed the safety property of this herb. This review is designed to serve as a scientific basis and theoretical reference for further exploration into the clinical use and scientific research of C. rotundus. Graphical Abstract

In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic and chemical studies of Cyperus rotundus L. extracts

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Jan 2023

Background Trichinellosis, a zoonosis caused by the genus Trichinella , is a widespread foodborne disease. Albendazole, one of the benzimidazole derivatives, is used for treating human trichinellosis, but with limited efficacy in killing the encysted larvae and numerous adverse effects. Cyperus rotundus L. is a herbal plant with a wide range of medicinal uses, including antiparasitic, and is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. Methods LC-ESI-MS was used to identify the active phytoconstituents in the methanol extract (MeOH ext.) of the aerial parts of C. rotundus and its derivate fractions ethyl acetate (EtOAc fr.), petroleum ether (pet-ether fr.), and normal butanol (n-BuOH fr.). The in vivo therapeutic effects of C. rotundus fractions of the extracts were evaluated using the fraction that showed the most promising effect after detecting their in vitro anti- Trichinella spiralis potential. Results C. rotundus extracts are rich in different phytochemicals, and the LC-ESI-MS of the 90% methanol extract identified 26 phenolic compounds classified as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and organic acids. The in vitro studies showed that C. rotundus extracts had a lethal effect on T. spiralis adults, and the LC 50 were 156.12 µg/ml, 294.67 µg/ml, 82.09 µg/ml, and 73.16 µg/ml in 90% MeOH ext., EtOAc fr., pet-ether fr. and n-BuOH fr., respectively. The n-BuOH fr. was shown to have the most promising effects in the in vitro studies, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The in vivo effects of n-BuOH fr. alone and in combination with albendazole using a mouse model were evaluated by counting adults in the small intestine and larvae in the muscles, in addition to the histopathological changes in the small intestine and the muscles. In the treated groups, there was a significant decrease in the number of adults and larvae compared to the control group. Histopathologically, treated groups showed a remarkable improvement in the small intestine and muscle changes. Remarkably, maximal therapeutic effects were detected in the combination therapy compared to each monotherapy. Conclusion Accordingly, C. rotundus extracts may have anti- T. spiralis potential, particularly when combined with albendazole, and they may be used as synergistic to anti- T. spiralis medication therapy.

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Constituents of the Subaerial Parts of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae)

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MOLECULES

Based on data from a previous ethnobotanical study in northern Angola, phytochemical investigations into the methanolic rhizomes and roots extract of Cyperus articulatus, monitored by in vitro assays, resulted in the recovery of 12 sesquiterpenes, 3 stilbenes, 2 phenolic acids, 1 monoterpene, and 1 flavonoid. Among them, 14 compounds were isolated for the first time from this species. Their inhibitory potential against nitric oxide (NO) production, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, was evaluated in LPS-treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. Especially, both stilbene dimer trans-scirpusin B and trimer cyperusphenol B showed promising inhibitory activity against the production of the inflammatory mediator, NO, in a concentration-dependent manner (10–1 µM). The obtained data are the first results confirming the anti-inflammatory potential of C. articulatus and support its indigenous use as a traditional remedy against inflammation-related disorders.

Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.): A Review of Its Compositions, Medical Efficacy, Antibacterial Activity and Allelopathic Potentials

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Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an edible perennial grass-like plant, which propagates exclusively with underground tubers. Its tubers are rich in starch (20–30%), fat (25–35%), sugar (10–20%), protein (10–15%) and dietary fiber (8–9%). In addition, the tubers also contain alkaloids, organic acids, vitamins (C and E), steroids, terpenoids and other active components. The contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid in Cyperus oil are very high, which have important medicinal value and health-promoting properties. Most of the extracts from the tubers, stems and leaves of Cyperus have allelopathic potential and antibacterial, antioxidant and insecticidal activities. In recent years, the planting area of Cyperus has increased significantly all over the world, especially in China and some other countries. This paper presents the current status of Cyperus and the recent trend in research in this area. Published reports on its nutritional contents, active ingredients, medicinal efficacy, antibacterial activity and allelopathic potential were also reviewed.

The Anti-Obesity Potential of Cyperus rotundus Extract Containing Piceatannol, Scirpusin A and Scirpusin B Rhizomes: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluations

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Purpose: Obesity is a complex medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), standardized to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5% total Stilbenoids) in overweight individuals. The mechanism of activity was evaluated in a diet-induced mice model of obesity and adipocytes in vitro. Materials and methods: The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CRE were evaluated in 30 obese individuals with a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2 for 90 days in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. In vitro studies were carried out in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Results: The pilot clinical study showed a reduction in body weight with a significant decrease in waist circumference and BMI. The serum lipid profile showed a significant improvement in CRE-treated individuals. The extract was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported at the end of the study. CRE showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis reduction in vitro with an IC50 value of 9.39 μg/mL, while oral administration of CRE reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. The efficacy in mice was associated with reduced levels of leptin, corticosteroids, and serum lipid levels, with no adverse effects. Conclusion: CRE has anti-adipogenic properties, is safe for human consumption, and effectively manages weight and hypercholesterolemia in overweight individuals.

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Dec 2022
Chin Med

Dianthi herba (called “ Qumai ” in Chinese) is the dried aerial part of Dianthus superbus L. and Dianthus chinensis L. The species are mainly distributed in the temperate and warm temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, and some regions in Africa and Oceania, as well as South America. However, the distribution pattern of Dianthi herba has not been reviewed. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical applications of Dianthi herba. Approximately 194 chemical compounds have been identified and isolated from Dianthi herba, the most important being triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, and volatile oil compounds. These compounds possess antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, inter alia. Further studies should be carried out on Dianthi herba to elucidate more of its active principles and their mechanisms of action.

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Chapter

Mar 2024

Ethnobotanical uses of Cyperaceae species in Brazilian traditional medicine

Article

Jul 2023

Introduction: Species of Cyperaceae occur in all regions of Brazil and have been used in folk medicine in the country, as well as in other parts of the world. In this perspective, the present study aimed to review, for the first time, the folk medicinal use of Cyperaceae species in Brazil, making distinction between species with and without experimental data available in the literature. Methods: Data were obtained from different databases. In the initial search, a total number of 604 publications were retrieved and those that did not meet the search criteria were excluded. A total of 159 articles were selected and used in this review. Results: According to the analyzed documents, a total of twenty-seven species of Cyperaceae have reports of folk medicinal use in fifteen states of the country. Of these, 44% have been scientifically investigated for chemical constituents and/or biological activities. Sesquiterpenes were the main constituents isolated from different species. The species are used to treat different health problems, especially inflammation, and the roots are the most frequently used parts. Conclusions: Cyperus rotundus is the species with the highest number of medicinal indications and pharmacological and phytochemical studies. Despite the wide spectrum of use of Cyperaceae species, scientific evidence to validate the indications mentioned by traditional communities is lacking for most of them.

Chemical composition of essential oil from invasive Moroccan Cyperus rotundus L., in vitro antimicrobial and antiradical activities, and in silico molecular docking of major compounds on drug efflux pumps

Article

Jul 2022
S AFR J BOT

For centuries, invasive Cyperus rotundus L. (C. rotundus) rich in secondary metabolites has received greater attention in many civilizations as source of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. In Morocco, the plant is of traditional reputation especially in medicine and cosmetic applications. The present work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Moroccan C. rotundus rhizomes against bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and fungal strains of Aspergillus brasiliensis (A. brasiliensis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans), as well as its antiradical activity. The C. rotundus essential oil comprised 49 identified compounds, including longiverbenone, cyperotundone, (-)-eudesma-1,4(15),11-triene (eudesmatriene), β-copaen-4α-ol, humulene epoxide 2 and α-copaene as the most abundant. The essential oil weakly scavenged 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals, and was active against all tested microorganisms with an inhibition concentration ranging from 1.53 to 49 mg/mL. In silico molecular docking revealed that the major compounds involved hydrophobic interactions to bind efficiently with NorA, AcrB and Cdr1p drugs efflux transporters as candidate targets to combat drugs resistance, in addition to have a remarkable competitivity with standard inhibitors chlorpromazine and fluconazole. The C. rotundus essential oil marked an interesting antimicrobial activity, even more on gram-negative E. coli. This could be attributed to its major identified compounds, including eudesmatriene, β-copaen-4α-ol and longiverbenone that also illustrated a modulator agent profile encouraging for further studies on their potential use in combination treatment.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities evaluation of the hydroethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. and its fractions

Article

Mar 2022
VEGETOS

Cyperus rotundus is a medicinal plant used in various countries, despite being very scarcely studied in Morocco, it is still exploited in the traditional Moroccan medicine. In this present work, a cold maceration of the Cyperus rotundus rhizomes was carried out, followed by a Liquid–Liquid Extraction of the obtained crude extract using different solvents with ascending polarity. Then, polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured in the crude extract and its fractions. Antioxidant activity was also studied through free radical scavenging tests (ABTS and DPPH), and antibacterial activity was investigated by the agar diffusion assay method on four bacterial strains: two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative. The latter activities were performed on Cyperus rotundus rhizomes crude extract as well as its different fractions.

Natural Products in Cyperus Species (Cyperaceae): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Biosynthesis

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MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Natural Products in Cyperus Species (Cyperaceae): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Bi...

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Bioactive Compounds and Biological Activities of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus...