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Evaluation of the Physiological Activity of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) Extract as a Cosmetic Material
Abstract
Purpose: Anethum graveolens L., commonly known as dill, is a popular herbal medicine in East Asia. Dill is reportedly a rich source of essential oils, vital for health. This study aimed to examine the effects of ethanol extracts of Anethum graveolens L. (dill), on the physiological activities on the skin.Methods: After extracting ground dill with 70% ethanol for 24 hours, the extracts were filtered through a vacuum pump, concentrated using an evaporator and lyophilized. The dill ethanol extracts (DEE) evaluated the effects on antioxidants, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, melanin content, and hydration effects in skin cell lines.Results: Results of DPPH and ABTS assay indicated that DEE was observed to increase radical scavenging activities. Measurements of cytotoxicity of DEE indicated that DEE significantly inhibited nitric oxide production and melanin content. Also, DEE increased the hyaluronic acid production by approximately 18.75% compared with control.Conclusion: Our research confirmed the effect of DEE on skin physiological properties and that it can be considered for developing functional foods or cosmetics.
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Hyperpigmentation disorders causing emotional distress require the topical use of depigmenting agents of natural origin. In this study, the anti-melanogenic effects of the Lilium lancifolium root extract (LRE) were investigated in B16F10 cells. Consequently, a non-cytotoxic concentration of the extract reduced intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, correlating with the diminished expression of core melanogenic enzymes within cells. LRE treatment also inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB)/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling, which regulates the expression of tyrosinase-related genes. Upon examining these findings from a molecular mechanism perspective, LRE treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), p38, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), which are upstream regulators of CREB. In addition, L-phenylalanine and regaloside A, specifically identified within the LRE using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, exhibited inhibitory effects on melanin production. Collectively, these results imply that LRE potentially suppresses cAMP-mediated melanogenesis by downregulating PKA/CREB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/CREB signaling pathways. Therefore, it can be employed as a novel therapeutic ingredient of natural origin to ameliorate hyperpigmentation disorders.
The physiological and morphological aspects of skin suffer from frequent change. Numerous internal and external factors have direct impact on inducing various skin problems like inflammation, aging, cancer, oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation etc. The use of plant polyphenols as a photo-ecting agent is gaining popularity nowadays. Polyphenols are known to enhance endogenic antioxidant system of skin thereby preventing various skin diseases. The biological activity of plant polyphenols is dependent on their physicochemical properties for overcoming the epidermal barriers to reach the specific receptor. Several evidences have reported the vital role polyphenols in mitigating adverse skin problems and reverting back the healthy skin condition. The interest in plant derived skin care products is emerging due to the changing notion of people to shift their focus towards use of plant-based products. The present review draws an attention to uncover the protective role of polyphenols in prevention of various skin problems. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been summarized that claims the efficacious nature of plant extract having dermatological significance.
Background:
Skin aging goes beyond a chronological process and also results from extrinsic factors referred to as the exposome. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important component of the extracellular matrix, with loss starting at 25 years old. While many studies of HA concern topical use, few literature reviews only address the use of topical HA in dermatology.
Objective:
This review describes the different characteristics of HA-containing cosmeceuticals, with a focus on skin aging and the impact of exposome factors on HA synthesis and degradation.
Methods:
A review was performed using the terms hyaluronic acid, hyaluronan, topical, dermatology, cosmetic, aging treatment, exposome, and cosmeceuticals. Results are also presented from a recent randomized controlled trial (RCT), which investigated the additional benefit of using a HA epidermic filler (HA-filler serum) combined with Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) to treat signs of skin aging. Subjects were randomized to two groups: HA-filler serum starting 24 hours after the BoNTA injection then twice daily for 24 weeks, or the control group which received BoNTA.
Results:
HA is a key ingredient used in cosmeceuticals for its hydration/antiaging properties (hygroscopic, rheological, and viscoelastic). Several clinical studies indicate that HA is both well tolerated and effective, adjuvant to both post-surgical and facial rejuvenation procedures. In the RCT, one of few studies to combine BoNTA and HA with a 6-month follow-up, the HA-filler serum lengthened the duration of BoNTA's effect in reducing wrinkles.
Conclusions:
Numerous studies support HA-based cosmeceuticals as a non-invasive, effective solution for improving skin hydration and rejuvenation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Sorghum is an important cereal with diverse phenolic compounds that have potential health promoting benefits. The current study comparatively characterized the phenolic contents of two novel black-seeded sorghum lines (SC84 and PI570481) using different extraction systems (water, ethanol and their acidified counterparts) and evaluated their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Phenolic compositions were determined by spectrophotometric assays and HPLC analysis. Antioxidant activities were assessed by radical scavenging effects on nitric oxide (NO) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Anti-inflammatory capacity was estimated by measuring levels of pro-inflammatory markers produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that effects of solvent types and HCl on extraction efficiency differed among phenolic compounds and sorghum samples. Tannins were the most dominant polyphenols in the studied extracts (11.11–136.11 mg epicatechin equivalent/g sorghum). Sorghum extracts exerted more potent scavenging activity on DPPH than NO radicals. In LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, sorghum extracts dose-dependently inhibited the production of NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), with ethanolic extracts showing greater anti-inflammatory activity. Positive correlations were noted between tannin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory capacity. These results suggest the potential role of tannin-rich sorghum extracts against inflammation and associated diseases.
Thymus leptobotrys is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, endemic in Morocco, and used in traditional medicine. The present work aims to study the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity, the anti-inflammatory effect, and the toxicity of two ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Thymus leptobotrys aerial part. The yield of the methanolic extraction (22.2%) is higher than that of the ethanolic extraction (15.8%) and is characterized by higher contents of polyphenols 243.08 mg/g GAE (mg/g of gallic acid), flavonoids 179.28 mg/g RE (mg/g of rutin), and tannins 39.31 mg/g CE (mg/g of catechin). The in vitro measurement of antioxidant activity with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction test and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) test demonstrates the higher performance of the methanolic extract. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo on adult Wistar female rats leads to a very significant decrease in the inflammation of the edema compared to the standard drug (indomethacin) and the control group. The toxicity test reveals that both extracts showed no toxicity within an LD50 above 2000 mg/kg body weight of the rats.
Melanin protects our skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, when produced in excess, it can cause hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melanoma, freckles, lentigo, and blotches. In this study, we investigated the effects of pinostilbene hydrate (PH) on melanogenesis. We also examined the underlying mechanisms of PH on melanin production in B16F10 cells. Our findings indicated that PH significantly inhibits melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity in cells without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that PH downregulated the protein levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and other melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). Although PH activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), it inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38). Furthermore, the inhibition of tyrosinase activity by PH was attenuated by treatment with PD98059 (a specific ERK inhibitor). Additionally, p-AKT was upregulated by PH treatment. Finally, the inhibitory effects of PH on melanin content and tyrosinase activity were confirmed in normal human melanocytes. These results suggest PH downregulates melanogenesis via the inhibition of MITF expression, followed by the MAPKase signaling pathways. Thus, PH may be used to treat or prevent hyperpigmentation disorders and in functional cosmetic agents for skin whitening.
Tea trees have a long history of cultivation and utilization. People in many countries have the habit of drinking tea and choosing green tea, oolong tea, or black tea according to different regions and personal tastes. Tea polyphenols is a general term for polyphenol compounds in tea, and has been shown to have good effects on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cancer prevention and regulation of lipid metabolism. Tea polyphenols have been widely used as antioxidants in disease treatment and animal husbandry, but its specific mechanism of action needs to be further clarified and revealed. This review focuses on the definition, classification, antioxidant activity and the regulation of signaling pathways of tea polyphenols. This paper also aims to examine the application of tea polyphenols in human and animal health, provide a scientific basis for this application in addition to proposing future directions for the development of this resource.
Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state, and they can be targeted for destruction, regulate oxidative processes involved in signal transduction, effect gene expression and pathways of cell proliferation and death. Oxidants and antioxidants play an important role in maintaining a balance between free radicals produced by metabolism or derived from environmental sources and the antioxidant system of the body. A complex natural antioxidant system exists in the biological systems, which is responsible for prevention of damage by pro-oxidants. Impaired endogenous antioxidant system favours accumulation of free radicals, which not only induces the process of lipid peroxidation but also plays a central role in neurodegeneration. The increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases may be attributed to a pro-oxidative environment caused by smoking, alcohol abuse, UVA and UVB radiations, air pollution as well as inappropriate nutrition. The dependence of disease severity on imbalance between oxidants and natural defences suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the progression of neurodegeneratve diseases and could serve as a useful target for treatment. It is our attempt to put forth the evidence for involvement of free radicals in pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and the potential of treatment with antioxidants and scavenger substances. We also review the role of dietary antioxidants in chemoprevention and/ or therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
Panax Notoginseng flower saponins (PNFS) are the main active component of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen flower bud (PNF) and possess significant anti-inflammatory efficacy. This study aims to explore the mechanisms underlying PNFS' antiflammatory action in RAW264.7 macrophages.
A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to determine the viability of RAW264.7 macrophages. Anti-inflammation effects of PNFS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were measured based on the detection of nitric oxide (NO) overproduction (Griess method, DAF-FM DA fluorescence assay and NO2 (-) scavenging assay), and interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene overexpression (real-time PCR and ELISA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene overexpression was determined by real-time PCR and western blotting. iNOS enzyme activity was also assayed. The mechanisms underlying the suppression of iNOS gene overexpression by PNFS were explored using real-time PCR and western blotting to assess mRNA and protein levels of components of the Toll-like receptor 4 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathways.
PNFS (50, 100, 200 μg/mL) significantly reduced LPS-induced overproduction of NO (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P = 0.103, P < 0.001, P < 0.001), but did not affect TNF-alpha overproduction. PNFS (50, 100, 200 μg/mL) also markedly decreased LPS-activated iNOS (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and TLR4 gene overexpression (P = 0.858, P = 0.046, P = 0.005). Furthermore, treatment with PNFS (200 μg/mL) suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPKs including P38 (P = 0.001), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (P = 0.036) and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (P = 0.021). PNFS (200 μg/mL) inhibited the activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway by preventing the phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-kappa B alpha (I-kappa B alpha) (P = 0.004) and P65 (P = 0.023), but PNFS (200 μg/mL) could not activate the LPS-induced PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
PNFS significantly down-regulated iNOS gene overexpression and thereby decreased NO overproduction via the inhibition of TLR4-mediated MAPK/NF-kappa B signaling pathways, but not the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
“Oxidative stress” as a concept in redox biology and medicine has been formulated in 1985; at the beginning of 2015, approx. 140,000 PubMed entries show for this term. This concept has its merits and its pitfalls. Among the merits is the notion, elicited by the combined two terms of (i) aerobic metabolism as a steady-state redox balance, and (ii) the associated potential strains in the balance as denoted by the term, stress, evoking biological stress responses. Current research on molecular redox switches governing oxidative stress responses is in full bloom. The fundamental importance of linking redox shifts to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signaling is being more fully appreciated, thanks to major advances in methodology. Among the pitfalls is the fact that the underlying molecular details are to be worked out in each particular case, which is bvious for a global concept, but which is sometimes overlooked. This can lead to indiscriminate use of the term, oxidative stress, without clear relation to redox chemistry. The major role in antioxidant defense is fulfilled by antioxidant enzymes, not by small-molecule antioxidant compounds. The field of oxidative stress research embraces chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology, physiology and pathophysiology, all the way to medicine and health and disease research.
Plant derived antioxidant could be useful as food additives to prevent food deterioration and also to
impart human health and prevent oxidative stress associated diseases. In this study, the free radical
scavenging potential of a methanol extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum was assessed by
measuring its capability for scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical, superoxide anion
radical (O2.–), hydroxyl radical (.OH), nitric oxide radicals (NO.), as well as its ability to inhibit lipid
peroxidation, using appropriate assay systems compared to natural and synthetic antioxidants. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The extract significantly inhibited DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 12.3± 1.95 μg/ml, inhibited O2
.– (IC50 = 82.9 ± 5.12 μg/ml), .OH radical (IC50 = 38.9 ± 2.8 μg/ml) and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 270.5 ± 8.2 μg/ml) and also inhibited the accumulation of nitrite in vitro. The plant extract yielded 0.839 ± 0.097 mg gallic acid equivalents phenolic content and 39.12 ± 2.43 mg rutin equivalents flavonoid content. The observed antioxidant potentials and phenolic content of the extract suggest that an ethanol extract of O.
gratissimum leaves is a potential source of natural antioxidants and could be useful in the food industry to retard oxidative degradation of lipids and thereby improve food quality. However, isolating the active principles and in vivo studies are warranted.
Phenolic acids are the main polyphenols made by plants. These compounds have diverse functions and are immensely important in plant-microbe interactions/symbiosis. Phenolic compounds act as signaling molecules in the initiation of legumerhizobia symbioses, establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and can act as agents in plant defense. Flavonoids are a diverse class of polyphenolic compounds that have received considerable attention as signaling molecules involved in plant-microbe interactions compared to the more widely distributed, simple phenolic acids; hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, which are both derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway. This review describes the well-known roles attributed to phenolic compounds as nod gene inducers of legume-rhizobia symbioses, their roles in induction of the GmGin1 gene in fungus for establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, their roles in inducing vir gene expression in Agrobacterium, and their roles as defense molecules operating against soil borne pathogens that could have great implications for rhizospheric microbial ecology. Amongst plant phenolics we have a lack of knowledge concerning the roles of phenolic acids as signaling molecules beyond the relatively well-defined roles of flavonoids. This may be addressed through the use of plant mutants defective in phenolic acids biosynthesis or knock down target genes in future investigations.
Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colorimetric [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)] assay on V79, CHO-AuxB1, CHRC5, NCI-H460, and NCI-H249 cell lines following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell line. Results from this assay were compared with data assimilated simultaneously by clonogenic assay and by dye exclusion assay. Good correlation was observed using the CHO-AuxB1 cell line and the pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant CHRC5, with similar degrees of relative resistance observed with both the MTT and clonogenic assays. Good correlation was observed between the clonogenic and MTT assays for 1-h drug exposures, although the MTT assay was more sensitive to vinblastine. In general, the clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time. While the use of the MTT assay in drug sensitivity testing of primary tumor samples is limited, since contaminating normal cells may also reduce the tetrazolium, the MTT assay can be semiautomated, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing chemosensitivity in established cell lines.
A new automated system for the analysis of nitrate via reduction with a high-pressure cadmium column is described. Samples of urine, saliva, deproteinized plasma, gastric juice, and milk can be analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, or both with a lower limit of detection of 1.0 nmol NO3− or NO2−/ml. The system allows quantitative reduction of nitrate and automatically eliminates interference from other compounds normally present in urine and other biological fluids. Analysis rate is 30 samples per hour, with preparation for most samples limited to simple dilution with distilled water. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of 15NO3− in urine after derivatization to 15NO2-benzene is also described.
Purpose: This study evaluated the biological activity of five types of mints (Peppermint, Spearmint, Chocomint, Applemint, Pineapplemint).Methods: Five types of mints were extracted with an ethanol solvent to compare the total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radical, SOD-like activity, and inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase.Results: All five types of mint extracts were confirmed to be effective significantly in concentration. The total polyphenol content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint>pineapplemint>applemint, and the total flavonoid content was found to be effective in the order of peppermint> chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemint. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint>spearmint>pineapplemint>applemi nt. The SOD-like activity was found to be in the order of peppermint>chocomint> spearmint> pineapplemint>applemint. The inhibitory effects of elastase, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase were found to be in the order of peppermint>spearmint>chocomint> pineapplemint>applemint.Conclusion: As above results, all five types of mint extracts were verified to be effective significantly in concentration. In particular, peppermint indicated the highest total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DDPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity, while chocomint displayed the highest tyrosine, elastase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects.
Purpose: This study aims to confirm the potential of rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials by evaluating the antioxidation effects and antimicrobial effects on the skin and related microorganisms.Methods: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill were extracted with 70% ethanol and used as a sample. Antioxidant effects were measured at the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging effects and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity effect. And for Staphylococcus epidermidis , Propionibacterium acnes , Corynebacterium xerosis , Malassezia furfur , and Trichophyton mentagrophytes related to the skin, the antimicrobial effect was measured using the paper disc method.Results: Among the rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts, the total polyphenol and flavonoids were found to be high in rosemary and parsley extracts. DPPH and ABS radical scavenging effects and SOD-like activity effects were confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>thyme> chives>dill. As a result of measuring the antimicrobial effects at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, S. epidermidis was confirmed to be in the order of parsley=rosemary=thyme>chive=dill, P. acnes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chive, C. xerosis was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>thyme=chives, M. furfur was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>dill>chives>thyme, and T. mentagrophytes was confirmed to be in the order of rosemary>parsley>chives>dill>thyme.Conclusion: Rosemary, parsley, thyme, chive, and dill extracts were confirmed to have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, confirming their potential as natural antimicrobial agents and incense cosmetic materials.
Anethum graveolens L. (dill), a member of Umbelliferae family, is an important essential oil‐bearing herb native to the Mediterranean and West Asia. It is well documented for its medicinal and traditional uses. The chemical composition of dill seed essential oil showed the presence of numerous volatile compounds with carvone, limonene, α‐phellandrene, β‐phellandrene and p‐cymene being the major ones in almost all its aerial parts. Thus, the main focus of this updated review is to highlight the biological importance of dill essential oil and its major constituents (carvone and limonene) reported till date. Although the number of reviews has been published on its chemical composition and medicinal uses, its role in the field of agriculture to develop commercial formulations is still needed to be explored. In brief, the information presented in this review will be useful in creating interest in the use of dill essential oil and its major constituents for the development of commercial plant‐based pesticides.
In recent years, supplementing herbal medicines to fish diets in the aquaculture industry as a growth stimulant and immunostimulant is a common practice. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcholic extract from dill on growth performance, body composition, and the inhibitory effect against Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro were investigated. Further we evaluated the immune responses and antioxidant system of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dill diets over a period of 56 days. For this purpose, 180 Rainbow Trout fingerlings (initial mean weight 13.30±0.22 g) were purchased to feed them four experimental treatments which included control, 1Dill (1 g/kg dill extract), 1.5Dill (1.5 g/kg dill extract), 3Dill (3 g/kg dill extract)\. According to the results, fish fed 1Dill (54.70) and 1.5Dill (53.19) had significantly higher weight gain, although feed conversion ratio was not significantly different among groups. While fish fed 1.5Dill (62.55) had significantly higher protein contents in body when compared to 3Dill (60.09) treatments, fish fed 3Dill (29.00) had higher lipid content as compared to those fed other diets. Regarding immune and antioxidant systems, Rainbow Trout fed 1.5Dill had significantly higher values of lysozyme in serum (53.33), alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity (146.33), superoxide dismutase (52.33), and catalase activity (164.66) when compared to others. Dill extracts in different dosages had no inhibitory effect against A. hydrophila in vitro. In summary, it can be concluded that the 1.5Dill diet can be used as a natural stimulant of growth, immunity and the antioxidant system in the aquaculture industry.
Background:
Currently, there is a great interest in cosmetics prepared on natural resources bases and this may restrict the use of synthetic substances. Plants play a relevant role as a source of biologically active natural products with cosmetic and dermatological importance. According to this context, polyphenolic extracts are highlighted because they have proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and supporting activity in solar photoprotection.
Aims:
The purpose this study were reviewed at reporting the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, mainly applied to dermatological therapy, and highlighting the action mechanisms and structure-activity relationship.
Methodology:
In September 2017, we performed a literature search in PubMed and Scielo for scientific researches, antioxidant studies, and systemic reviews. The search terms we used were "PHYTOCOSMETICS" AND "ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY" OR "PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS" (from 2000). As inclusion criteria were used relevant original articles, scientific research in the area of interest, and crucial reference articles. Exclusion criteria were: duplicate publications, non-relevant articles and not published in English.
Results:
The potential cosmetic application of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants has been attributed to the chemical structure of these compounds, which to interfere in different phases of the oxidation mechanism.
Conclusion:
The use of phenolic extracts emerges as a viable alternative for cosmetic application, ensuring a commitment to sustainability. However, it is of crucial importance to evaluate the toxicity risks of raw materials and finished products.
Skin aging is a complex biologic process influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Aging skin shows wrinkles, uneven tone, loss of elasticity, and thinning. Skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall well-being and the perception of health in humans; therefore, anti-aging strategies to combat aging signs and dysfunction have been developed over the last decades. Understanding the mechanism behind skin aging is required for elucidation of the mechanism of action and, hence, the potential benefits of the claimed anti-aging products. In this review, preventive measurements, cosmetologic strategies, and photoprotection (systemic antioxidants, ultraviolet and filters), as well as the mechanisms of action and the effectiveness of topical pharmaceutical agents, such as antioxidants (vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids) and cell regulators (retinols, peptides, hormones, and botanicals), are presented.
Among viability assays that depend on the conversion of substrate to chromogenic product by live cells, the MTT assay is still among one of the most versatile and popular assays. The MTT assay involves the conversion of the water-soluble yellow dye MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] to an insoluble purple formazan by the action of mitochondrial reductase. Formazan is then solubilized and the concentration determined by optical density at 570 nm. The result is a sensitive assay with excellent linearity up to ∼106 cells per well. As with the alamarBlue assay, small changes in metabolic activity can generate large changes in MTT, allowing one to detect cell stress upon exposure to a toxic agent in the absence of direct cell death. The assay has been standardized for adherent or nonadherent cells grown in multiple wells. The protocol uses a standard 96-well plate. This can be scaled up, however, to suit a different plate format. Plate 500-10,000 cells per well in a 96-well plate. The assay has good linearity up to 106 cells.
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, a serious dermatological problems occur when the excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of four herb extracts from lavender, patchouli, rosemary and eucalyptus possibly used as food preservatives. Minimum inhibitory concentration of France rosemary extracts was 29.1 mg/mL against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and 14.5 mg/mL against B. subtilis ATCC 6613 and E. coli ATCC 25922. Both of France rosemary and American lavender herbal extracts were thermally stable between 40^{\circ}C and 121^{\circ}C and were stable at only neutral pH. Microbial growth was repressed by adding 2.9 mg of a commercial herbal extracts in 20 mL liquid medium with France rosemary extracts and American lavender extracts.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Vitiligo is an idiopathic skin disease characterized by white areas on the skin due to loss of the functional melanocytes, with possible involvement of oxidative stress. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells against oxidative damage.
To examine serum GPx levels in patients with vitiligo and to relate the findings to the clinical features.
The study group included 60 patients with vitiligo and 30 matching healthy controls. GPx activity was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
We found a significant decrease in serum GPx activity level in the patients with vitiligo compared to the healthy controls (0.29 ± 0.14 versus 0.47 ± 0.13, p < .001). The levels were significantly low in skin phenotypes III and IV (p < .001). Higher levels were also observed with increasing age (≥ 14 years), prolonged disease duration (≥ 3 years), and generalized and extensive vitiligo (< 50%). However, these variations were statistically insignificant.
Low levels of serum GPx activity, indicative of a disturbed oxidant-antioxidant system, may contribute to the development of vitiligo.
© 2014 Canadian Dermatology Association.
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from 6 plants which were Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herb. var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitamura (Gu-jeol-cho), Lavandula spica L. (Lavender), Rosmainus offcinals L. (Rosemary), Cymbopogon citrates (Lemongrass), Saussureae radix (Mok-hyang), Calendular officinalis L. (Calendular). Antioxidative effects of herbal extracts were measured by polyphenols, flavonoids contents and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. We also evaluated the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Methanol extracts from Gu-jeol-cho, lavender, rosemary and lemongrass showed high polyphenols contents as well as strong DPPH scavenging activity. In particular, rosemary extract contained highest polyphenol levels as compared to other herbs. As for DPPH radical scavenging activities, values of rosemary extracts were . The rosemary extracts also showed higher antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7. These results indicate that rosemary could be used as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
This study analyzed the contents of vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, and evaluated the inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of Lepista nuda extract prepared by the reflux and microwave-assisted methods. The vitamin C content of the fresh L. nude was mg/100 g. The content of phenolic compounds in the fresh L. nuda was . The ethanol extracts prepared by reflux method and microwave-assisted method showed the highest phenol contents of , respectively. The inhibitory rates on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of ethanol extracts prepared by the microwave assisted method showed the highest value of 99.78% and 30.30% at the concentration of . The inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased depending on the extract concentration.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.
Chemistry and biological activities of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) essential oil: a review
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A study on hydration effects of oriental herb extracts contained basic cream
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- M G Park
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