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Essay
Unraveling the science of Unidentied Anomalous Phenomena (UAP): Scalar elds,
gravitomagnetics, superluminal craft and the quest for a unied eld theory
Dr. Andrew D. Morgan – Department of Education, Government of Western Australia
March 2025
Based upon the work of Drs. Louis DeChiaro, Lee Hively, and Andrew Loebl
Abstract
Unidentied Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) challenge conventional physics with behaviours like
instantaneous acceleration and apparent teleportation. By applying extended electrodynamics
(EED) and extended gravitomagnetics (EGM), we can better grasp these phenomena as the
manipulation of energy within a unied eld. Maxwell’s extended electrodynamics proposes a
scalar eld behind these phenomena, enabling instant displacement and frictionless motion.
Similarly, extended gravitomagnetic theories suggest alternative gravitational interactions to
elucidate these dynamics. Exploring these concepts oers insights into advanced propulsion
systems and unique electromagnetism-gravity interactions within a unied eld. When designing
and constructing trans medium superluminal crafts for interstellar transits, leveraging extended
electrodynamics and gravitomagnetics allows for creative thinking while maintaining a foundation
in Classical Electrodynamics (CED).
“The proposition arises that a unifying eld may underpin the enigma of UAP, which due to
erroneous mathematical constructs has been potentially overlooked until now.”
Figure 1. Becoming a space faring race requires rethinking our approach to science,
incorporating scalar quantities into mathematical equations, re-evaluating the fundamentals
of physics and unlocking technologies that enable super-luminal transits between star
systems.
1. Introduction
For over 80 years, legacy UFO or UAP programs have pursued a technology that dees
conventional explanation. In addition, publicly the signicant pop-culture connection and
vocabulary often misses the mark, with a crucial scientic component remaining elusive. This
hindrance, including using terms such as “anti-gravity” impacts our ability to comprehend
inexplicable observations and interactions with these phenomena using established physics and
mathematics.
Historically and in contemporary times, UAP features and behaviours, from structured craft
(Figure 1) to luminous orbs (Figure 2), are interpreted within existing knowledge boundaries.
Sudden accelerations, deance of inertia, instant positional shifts, and apparent engagement with
human consciousness all contribute to a persistent sense of misunderstanding the science. If our
knowledge of science is lacking it is perhaps because something has been missed or
misrepresented mathematically, which has in turn led to an inability to explain UAP.
Figure 2. A type of orb (left) and rod (right) and their form variations manifesting and
transiting the sampling area while lming in cardinal directions in the 850 nm infrared
spectra.
Minor mathematical inaccuracies can have profound implications for unravelling the mechanisms
of the observable universe, including UAP. Discovering and rectifying such errors could unlock
coveted technologies, magnifying the societal impact of these mathematical nuances. Societal
progress has the potential to advance our civilization as a conscientious and spiritually aware
society capable of responsibly harnessing technological advancements and moving out amongst
the stars.
In the present study Heaviside’s gravitomagnetic equations are compared to Maxwells equations
for classical electrodynamics. Mathematical expressions for gravity and magnetism are explained
and suggestions made about the impact on physics when incorporating a scalar function that is
analogous to Maxwell’s extended equations. Such revelations are explained in terms of a unied
eld theory. Its implications for understanding UAP and developing alternative propulsion
technologies for interstellar transits are also discussed.
2. Discussion
UAP in the form of orbs may be utilizing or harnessing some sort of invisible eld, enabling them to
present or manifest the physics-defying feats that are observed (Figure 3). Feats such as
instantaneous acceleration, changing their form or morphology, and disappearing and reappearing
in a dierent location almost instantaneously are observed. Such observations have been well
documented in the eld and analyzed extensively.
Observational evidence that some sort of invisible eld is being occupied and harnessed includes
the presence of bisected rings around orbs, their apparent ability to distend or elongate their
shape and form, and rings or spindles that seem to wrap around the orbs and spin or rotate at
extreme speed (Figure 4 and 5). Furthermore, recorded observations on variation in surrounding
electric and magnetic eld intensity suggest that some sort of energy coupling within this invisible
eld is occurring.
Figure 3. Image contrast and edge enhancement of extended rods showing a center structure
surrounded by a rotating spindle(s) that can generate an energy eld and hold an electric
charge.
Figure 4. Image contrast, sharpen and edge analysis of the 4 types of orbs lmed in the 850
nm infrared spectra at 30 frames pers second: a2 to d2. Orb contrast, sharpen and edge
enhancement, a3 to d3. Magnication of orb edges, a4 to d4. Contrast, sharpen and edge
enhancement of magnication.
Figure 5. Image contrast, sharpen and edge analysis of the 4 types of rods lmed in the 850
nm infrared spectra at 30 frames pers second: a2 to d2. Rod contrast, sharpen and edge
enhancement, a3 to d3. Magnication of orb edges, a4 to d4. Contrast, sharpen and edge
enhancement of magnication.
The current understanding of electrodynamics, gravity and magnetism fails to explain adequately
the manifestation of this phenomenon. Links between what is observed, the environment in
which it is observed and what is known about physics, biology, chemistry and earth and space
science fail to adequately explain what is going on.
However, in searching for answers it appears that an
arbitrary decision long ago to ignore the scalar function
in a key mathematical expression may be the root of our
inability to adequately describe and explain these
objects and indeed other UAP.
Currently, it is not possible to fully explain how UAP are
able to do what they do using known science. However,
it appears the answer to the dilemma may lie within
erroneous mathematical constructs. In this regard, it is
with James Clerk Maxwell and Oliver Heaviside that we
must look for answers to the problem of UAP.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879):
A Scottish physicist who was responsible for the rst
theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as
dierent manifestations of the same phenomenon.
Maxwell’s equations for electro-magnetism (EM) have been called the “second great unication in
physics,” after the rst one which had been realized by Sir Isaac Newton.
Oliver Heaviside (1850 –1925):
An English self-taught mathematician and physicist who rewrote Maxwell’s equations in the form
commonly used today. To simplify Maxwell’s equations, Heaviside introduced a seemingly trivial
error, but one which has had profound consequences.
The error in CED is the incorrect use of
by Heaviside, instead of Maxwell’s original
denition,
, which is the solution to the former equation. Heaviside’s error eliminates
the backandforth motion of “irrotational” or scalar elds, while correctly retaining the closed
loop “solenoidal” elds in CED.
2.1. CED and EED
It is an established fact that in classical electrodynamics the scalar component has been gauged
away. In dening the electromagnetic spectrum as being only made up of the propagation of a
transverse electromagnetic wave it has not been possible to dene mathematically any other
quantiable eld.
The error, a mathematical oversight by Heaviside, was not bought into question publicly. Afterall,
gauging away a scalar function to zero simplied Maxwell’s equations making them what they are
today. Much has been gained in terms of their application in physics and the development of
technologies that harness transverse electromagnetic wave propagation.
2.1.1. CED
The only solutions permitted in the dierential CED equations shown below are the
and
propagation vectors that are all mutually perpendicular to each other (Hertzian waves) (Figure 6).
All incidences where
are parallel to the propagation direction (longitudinal waves) are
expressly forbidden.
Classical Electrodynamics (CED)
Figure 6. Maxwells’ equations for classical electrodynamics, including the Faraday, Ampere-
Maxwell and Gauss’s laws, along with denitions of the vector and scalar potential
functions.
Faraday Law of Induction
Ampere-Maxwell Law
Gauss E Law
Gauss B Law
Definition of Vector Potential,
Definition of Scalar Potential,
Lorenz Gauge
However, the gauge condition “gauges away” the irrotational components of , , and , all of
which have been observed. Lightning is a simple example of an irrotational current (), driven by
an irrotational electric eld (), in turn driven by an irrotational vector potential (), or magnetic
eld.
2.1.2. EED Mathematics
In redening the scalar function in Maxwell’s original equations, the irrotational components of ,
, and , are reinstated (Figure 7). The mathematical expression of a eld of 4 space geometric
potential is expressed mathematically as a function of the scalar quantity. Crucially, the scalar
function is no longer gauged to zero, but instead represents a eld in and of itself, a scalar eld.
Extended Electrodynamics (EED)
Figure 7. Maxwells’ equations for extended electrodynamics, including the new scalar
functions for the Ampere Maxwell Law, Gauss’s E law, and the scalar eld ‘C’.
EED corrects this error by including the irrotational components of the vector potential (),
electric eld (), and current density (). Inclusion of the irrotational elds in EED requires two
new terms in the dynamical equations of CED for Ampere’s Law and Gauss’ E Law. This then sets
the Lorentz Gauge to equal , rather than zero. We now have a complete mathematical
expression of Maxwell’s original equations, rather than applying an erroneous mathematical
expression that negates part of the expression.
EED predicts at least three new types of waves:
Faraday Law of Induction
Ampere-Maxwell Law
Gauss E Law
Gauss B Law
Definition of Vector Potential,
Definition of Scalar Potential,
Scalar Field
• Scalar Waves (SWs): Purely scalar eld-based waves.
• Scalar Longitudinal Waves (SLWs): Waves combining scalar elds with longitudinal
electric elds.
• Helicoidal Waves (HWs): Waves involving scalar elds, magnetic elds, and longitudinal
electric components.
2.2. CGM
In Heaviside's gravitomagnetic equations, like Maxwell's original formulation, the scalar function
has been gauged away. The gravitational eld arises from a scalar potential and a gravitational
potential vector, resembling the conguration in electrodynamics, which consists of a scalar
potential and electric eld. Just like in electrodynamics, the gravitational gauge condition is
enforced to eliminate the scalar potential.
Heaviside's development of the gravitomagnetic equations reects his past oversight in applying
vector calculus to classical electrodynamics, removing the scalar function. The "Lorenz gauge"
condition in gravity is “mirrored”, ensuring the potentials adhere to a hertzian transverse wave
equation format. As a result, the current limitations in physics emanate from a mathematical
model that inaccurately depicts the observable universe as primarily dened by transverse
electromagnetic wave propagation.
2.2.1. CGM Mathematics
Heaviside’s Classical Gravitomagnetics (CGM) equations are analogous to Maxwell’s CED
equations and expand on Newton’s law of universal gravitation. These equations describe gravity
using a gravitational eld (analogous to
in electromagnetism), a gravitomagnetic eld
(analogous to
), and the gravitational analogs of the vector potential
and scalar potential .
Gravitational Gauss’s Law
(Analogous to Gauss’s Law for
)
The gravitational eld is generated by the presence of mass density , like how an electric eld
is generated by charge density. The negative sign indicates that gravity is always attractive.
Gauss’s Law for Gravitomagnetism
(Analogous to Gauss’s Law for
)
There are no magnetic monopoles, and likewise, there are no gravitomagnetic monopoles (mass
ow sources). The gravitomagnetic eld
forms closed loops around mass currents.
Faraday’s Law for Gravitomagnetism
(Analogous to Faraday’s Law for
)
A time-varying gravitomagnetic eld
induces a gravitational eld with curl, just as a changing
magnetic eld induces a curl in the electric eld.
Ampère-Maxwell’s Law for Gravitomagnetism
(Analogous to Ampère’s Law for
)
A changing gravitational eld induces a gravitomagnetic eld
. A mass current
(moving
mass) also generates gravitomagnetic eects. This leads to frame-dragging eects observed in
General Relativity (Lense-Thirring eect).
Denition of the Gravitational Vector Potential
The gravitomagnetic eld
can be expressed as the curl of the gravitational vector potential
,
just like in electromagnetism where
.
Denition of the Gravitational Scalar Potential
The gravitational eld comes from two sources: (1) the gradient of the gravitational scalar
potential (like electrostatics); and (2) the time derivative of the gravitational vector potential
(analogous to the electric eld in electrodynamics).
The Gravitational Gauge Condition
(Analogous to the Lorenz Gauge in Electromagnetism)
This is the “Lorenz gauge” condition for gravity, ensuring that the potentials satisfy a hertzian
transverse wave equation structure. Setting it to zero yields the same limitations as CED. The
complete set of Heaviside’s CGM equations:
Classical Gravitomagnetics (CGM)
Figure 8. Heaviside’s equations for classical Gravitomagnetics, including the equivalent
functions for the Faraday, Ampere-Maxwell and Gauss’s laws, along with denitions of the
vector and scalar potential functions.
Faraday Law of
Ampere-Maxwell Law for
Gauss Law
Gauss
Law
Definition of Vector Potential,
Definition of Scalar Potential,
Gravitational Gauge
2.2.2. EGM Mathematics
If the equivalent of the new scalar expression for C, and the new terms in the Ampere-Maxwell
Law and Gauss’s E law are applied in gravitomagnetics, gravity and magnetism are then linked
within a universally present invisible eld, a scalar eld. We then have a scalar component for
gravity and magnetism that is expressed mathematically, which can then be applied in physics.
Einstein’s general relativity can then be reconciled with Maxwells electromagnetism into one
unied eld theory.
If a scalar eld is applied to Heaviside’s Classical Gravitomagnetics (CGM) equations, yielding
“Extended Gravitomagnetics” (EGM) equations, even more types of scalar waves could be
revealed. These new types of scalar waves may “couple” with Extended Electrodynamics (EED’s)
scalar waves, unifying electromagnetism and gravity with all other observable phenomena and
forces; a unied eld.
In terms of the physics of UAP, spin vectors representative of vortices and their generation through
angular momentum could perhaps couple seamlessly with scalar wave propagation within this
unied eld. A link between the ability to occupy a 3-space vector eld while simultaneously
moving through a scalar eld of 4-space geometric potentials could be established. An object or
UAP would have the ability to manipulate gravity while also aecting spacetime.
Given this, questions proposed here about how UAP operate within this unied eld consist of:
• Is gravity always “attractive” or could it be “repulsive”, and
• Can there be “monopoles” as well as magnetic “dipoles”.
In Classical Gravitomagnetics (CGM), the movement of mass generates gravitomagnetic eects,
leading to gravitational thirring in General Relativity. The Lense-Thirring eect, also known as
frame dragging, predicts how a slow rotating massive object aects spacetime, inuencing
nearby objects' orbits. Similarly, a fast-rotating small object could perhaps also aect spacetime
if spun fast enough to achieve this. It is proposed here that reinstating the scalar function of EGM
may allow for the mathematical expression of this.
Additionally, Extended Gravitomagnetics (EGM) introduces the possibility of magnetic
monopoles, allowing for open-ended loops around a mass current. A magnetic monopole is a
hypothetical point source of a magnetic eld, possessing a single magnetic pole (either north or
south), while a magnetic dipole is a system with two magnetic poles (north and south) separated
by a distance, like a bar magnet. While electric monopoles (single electric charges) exist,
magnetic monopoles have not been observed. Magnetic elds are always described as dipoles.
Although it is suggested that UAP may make use of a magnetic dipole-double capacitor
arrangement consisting of a stable inner layer and rotating outer layer to generate a repulsive
energy eld in physical space, the concept of a single monopole being able to do the same in a 4-
dimensional space of scalar potentials warrants further investigation. In this case, in EGM a
rapidly rotating small object could manipulate spacetime and simultaneously move in the
opposite direction of its charge. An object could essentially pull itself along being attracted in the
direction of its opposite charge within a repulsive energy eld.
Within the scalar eld the concept of anti-gravity loses relevance within a unied eld theory,
where a single mathematical expression explains seemingly inexplicable object behaviours,
transcending the need for outdated terminology. By reincorporating the scalar potential function
into EGM, the equations evolve, aligning with extended electrodynamics (EED) from Maxwell’s
equations. This integration unveils the connection between electricity, magnetism, and gravity,
shedding light on how Unidentied Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) operate within a unied eld.
3. Conclusion
In applying extended electrodynamics (EED) and extended gravitomagnetics (EGM) to UAP,
observations that defy known physics start to make sense (Figure 9). Firstly, in terms of the scalar
function, for Maxwell’s extended electrodynamics the following observations can be made:
• Disappearing then reappearing instantaneously at a dierent location implies harnessing
some sort of scalar eld, and
• Presenting with instantaneous acceleration implies being able to move eortlessly within
this scalar eld.
Secondly, in terms of the scalar eld for Heaviside’s extended gravitomganetics the following
observations can be made:
• Presenting with no obvious airframe an objects structure must be such that it is able to
produce the required energy to repulse gravity and overcome inertia, and
• The observed features of these objects suggest that some sort of magnetic dipole or
monopole is produced to achieve this.
Figure 9: The ability of Unidentied Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) to seemingly defy known
physics may be attributed to the properties of their outer layer, or ‘skin,’ which may interact
with a scalar eld.
For orbs and their associated forms, including rods, it appears that an inner structure is
surrounded by an outer set of rings. By spinning at extreme speeds these outer rings may generate
an energy eld spin vector.
The dierential between the inner and outer layer results in the creation of a magnetic dipole.
Acting like a capacitor, an enormous buildup of energy is generated within the outer layer. Two
things may be achieved, these being:
• Generation of a repulsive gravity eld, and
• Generation of an enormous electric charge.
Such an arrangement does not necessarily rule out the monopole concept for UAP, particularly if
it is crucial in being able to aect space time.
In conclusion, two emergent properties can be observed that are represented mathematically in
Maxwell’s and Heaviside’s reinstated scalar functions for their equations, these are:
• Production of scalar waves that enable harmonization with a universally present scalar
eld, and
• The ability to manipulate gravity within this scalar eld.
In both Maxwells and Heaviside’s equations the coupling of the reinstated and mathematically
scalar potential with gravity links Einstein’s generation relativity with Maxwells electrodynamics,
creating a unied eld theory that may well provide an explanation for the observed physics
defying observations of UAP.
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