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FAO species catalogue. v. 8: Fusilier fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of Caesionid species known to date
Abstract
illus.
... This species is commonly known as lunar fusilier. It was reported from Pakistan without mentioning any specific location by Carpenter (1988). Froese and Pauly (2025), Hoda (1988), and Psomadakis et al. (2015). ...
... It is an Indo-Pacific species known from the Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian/Arabian Gulf, Kenya to South Africa, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Mascarenes, Chagos, Maldives, and India, extending to the Andaman Islands, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Marshall Islands, New Guinea, Australia, Great Barrier Reef, and Solomon Islands (Carpenter and Holleman, 2022;Froese and Pauly, 2025 Carpenter, 1987 (Fig. 26) This species is commonly known as variable-lined fusilier. It was reported from Pakistan without mentioning any specific location by Carpenter (1988), Froese and Pauly (2025), and Psomadakis et al. (2015). Carpenter (1987) initially described it as Caesio (Caesio) varilineata from the northeast side of Jana Island, Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf. ...
... Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker, 1853) This species is commonly known as banana fusilier. It was reported from Pakistan without mentioning any specific location by Carpenter (1984) and Hoda (1988), but in a later publication, Carpenter (1988) pointed out its absence from the Northern Arabian Sea. Bleeker (1853) originally described it as Caesio pisang from Ambon Island, Moluccas Islands, and Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. ...
Fishes of families Lutjanidae (snappers) and Caesionidae (fusiliers) are considered important food fishes in Pakistan. Snappers are known to inhabit shallow waters along the coast, estuaries, mangroves areas, and on the continental shelf. Fusiliers are mainly associated with coral habitats, rocky outcrops and shipwrecks along the Pakistan coast. Members of two families are caught mainly by handlines, longlines, gillnets, and trawlnets along the coast of Pakistan. Annual snapper landings in Pakistan during last decade is reported to be around 1,400 m. tons. It is mainly consumed locally whereas frozen snappers (whole) and fillets are exported to Persian Gulf countries in small quantities.In Pakistan, Family Lutjanidae is represented by 10 genera and 41 species whereas family Caesionidae has 2 genera amd 5 species. Indian snapper (Lutjanus madras), yellowfin snapper (L. xanthopinnis) and slender pinjalo (Pinjalo lewisi) are recorded for the first time from the Pakistan.
... C. cuning larvae also preferentially settle in the presence of mixed-species schools of other juvenile planktivores of similar size (about 20 mm) (Leis and McCormick 2002). As juveniles, fusiliers tend to form multi-species schools with species of a similar size and colouration, often forming groups that may include 3-4 species (Carpenter 1988(Carpenter , 2001Holleman et al. 2013;Rajan and Sreeraj 2013;Russ et al. 2017). This schooling behaviour is thought to confer protection from predation, as large, multi-species schools comprised of phenotypically similar individuals have been shown to reduce predation risk (Krause et al. 1998). ...
... This has been documented, for example, in Haemulon flavolineatum, a species in which ontogenetic habitat shifts are driven by a trade-off between predation risk and acquisition of food resources at different ontogenetic stages (Grol et al. 2014). Predation risk is, likewise, likely to be a potential driver of the distribution patterns of C. cuning juveniles, as fusiliers are one of the main prey items for large predators such as groupers, snappers, rock cods, and jacks (Carpenter 1988;Reader and Leis 1996 and can be preyed upon by piscivores from any direction (Carpenter 1988;Mihalitsis et al. 2021). For example, fusiliers were found to be one of the most important prey groups for Cephalopholis cyanostigma, C. boenak, and Plectropomus leopardus, three common piscivorous predators on the GBR, and were often preferentially selected by predators (Beukers-Stewart and Jones 2004). ...
... This has been documented, for example, in Haemulon flavolineatum, a species in which ontogenetic habitat shifts are driven by a trade-off between predation risk and acquisition of food resources at different ontogenetic stages (Grol et al. 2014). Predation risk is, likewise, likely to be a potential driver of the distribution patterns of C. cuning juveniles, as fusiliers are one of the main prey items for large predators such as groupers, snappers, rock cods, and jacks (Carpenter 1988;Reader and Leis 1996 and can be preyed upon by piscivores from any direction (Carpenter 1988;Mihalitsis et al. 2021). For example, fusiliers were found to be one of the most important prey groups for Cephalopholis cyanostigma, C. boenak, and Plectropomus leopardus, three common piscivorous predators on the GBR, and were often preferentially selected by predators (Beukers-Stewart and Jones 2004). ...
Planktivorous reef-associated fishes provide a significant nutrient input to the reef, linking pelagic and reef environments. Highly mobile and relatively large body-sized fusiliers (Lutjanidae) often dominate reef fish biomass, but their role in ecosystem processes is poorly understood. We therefore combined fish counts and behavioural observations at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, to investigate: (1) the spatial distribution and biology of fusiliers on a lagoonal coral reef system, and (2) how does fusilier behaviour and size distribution change from exposed to sheltered locations. We found higher abundances of large-sized fusiliers (≥ 20 cm total length) on exposed reef sites. Sheltered sites had almost exclusively small individuals (< 20 cm total length). We interpret this pattern as indicative of an ontogenetic habitat shift. This shift was estimated to occur at about 11.15 cm total length; the size at which the likelihood of an individual being in exposed or sheltered locations was equal. The age corresponding to this length was 1.01 years, based on a von Bertalanffy growth model using size-at-age data from otolith rings of Caesio cuning, the most abundant fusilier species in this location. This suggested that the shift in distribution occurred prior to the onset of sexual maturity. This apparent ontogenetic shift to more exposed habitats with increasing size, especially in C. cuning, was also associated with a distinct behavioural profile: larger fish at the exposed sites travelled further off reef, occupied deeper habitats, and formed larger schools compared to smaller individuals. This study provides the first evidence of seascape-scale ontogenetic habitat shifts in a planktivorous reef fish, providing a foundation for future detailed analyses of the ecological roles of fusiliers.
... In Odisha coast, not a single species of Family Caesionidae was reported before this study. Family Caesionidae is characterized by its moderate-sized, slender and fusiform body; mouth small and highly protrusible; upper edge of premaxilla with 1 to 2 bony processes; maxilla scaleless; single dorsal fin; caudal fin distinctly forked, with pointed lobes; small or minute conical teeth; scale rows on body running horizontally and most of the species found in association with coral reef (Carpenter, 1988). Throughout the world, 24 valid species belonging to the family Caesionidae are known (Fricke et al., 2020). ...
... The Leica S9i digital stereo microscope was used to count the fin spines and rays and verify the teeth and body scales. The collected sample was identified by following the literature of Carpenter (1987Carpenter ( , 1988 and Rao (2003). The identified specimen was registered and deposited in Estuarine Biology Regional Centre Museum, Zoological Survey of India, Gopalpur-On-Sea. ...
... Colour: Body colour yellowish dorsally, bluish laterally and the lower third of the body is whitish. Dorsal fin yellow; caudal fin bright yellow; anal, pelvic and pectoral fin white, but the upper base of the pectoral fin black (Figure 1) Habitat: This species found in coastal areas and deep lagoons, especially around the coral reef areas (Carpenter, 1988). ...
The present study reports the yellowback fusilier Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853 (Perciformes: Caesionidae) for the first time from the Odisha coast on the basis of a single specimen collected from the Paradip fish landing centre, Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, India. The details of morphometric measurements and meristic characters are discussed in this paper
... Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are coloured white to pink. The dorsal fin is yellow posteriorly and greyish-blue anteriorly (Carpenter, 1988). Scales are lighter in the centre than at the margins; those on the lower one-third are white, sometimes suffused with pink. ...
... Worldwide: RBYF inhabit tropical marine waters of the Indo-West Pacific from Sri Lanka, throughout Southeast Asia and Micronesia, north to Japan, south to Australia and east to Vanuatu (Carpenter, 1988). The species is widely distributed throughout tropical waters from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean (excluding the Persian Gulf) and into the western Pacific Ocean. ...
... They are schooling fish, often found in mixed schools with other Caesio species. They feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations (Carpenter, 1988). C. cuning is the most ancestral of the living caesionid species (Allen and Erdmann, 2012). ...
... Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are coloured white to pink. The dorsal fin is yellow posteriorly and greyish-blue anteriorly (Carpenter, 1988). Scales are lighter in the centre than at the margins; those on the lower one-third are white, sometimes suffused with pink. ...
... Worldwide: RBYF inhabit tropical marine waters of the Indo-West Pacific from Sri Lanka, throughout Southeast Asia and Micronesia, north to Japan, south to Australia and east to Vanuatu (Carpenter, 1988). The species is widely distributed throughout tropical waters from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean (excluding the Persian Gulf) and into the western Pacific Ocean. ...
... They are schooling fish, often found in mixed schools with other Caesio species. They feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations (Carpenter, 1988). C. cuning is the most ancestral of the living caesionid species (Allen and Erdmann, 2012). ...
This is the proceedings from two workshops on 7 data-limited fisheries in Indonesia. It synthesises the available information and data on the biology, fisheries and management of the fisheries and the results from applying the Method Evaluation and Risk Assessment application (MERA). MERA was used to evaluate the effect of alternative management options on yield and the long-term biomass in these fisheries. Summaries are provided of each major section in the Proceedings are provided in English and Bahasa Indonesia.
... Jenis ikan dari famili Caesionidae, salah satunya ikan ekor kuning yang memiliki karakteristik khusus berupa warna yang mencolok, sebagian besar memiliki garis-garis berwarna kuning. Selain itu, ikan ekor kuning sering membentuk gerombol (Carpenter, 1998). Menurut Jhonson (1980) Analisis morfologi ikan ekor kuning dilakukan dengan cara identifikasi secara visual yaitu mengamati ciri-ciri morfologi berupa bentuk tubuh, warna dan ukuran tubuh ikan. ...
... Menurut Jhonson (1980) Analisis morfologi ikan ekor kuning dilakukan dengan cara identifikasi secara visual yaitu mengamati ciri-ciri morfologi berupa bentuk tubuh, warna dan ukuran tubuh ikan. Identifikasi spesies ikan mengacu pada buku identifikasi (Carpenter, 1998), (White et al. 2013). ...
... Caesio cuning merupakan spesies yang paling toleran terhadap air keruh dan biasanya ditemukan di daerah karang. spesies ini tersebar luas di daerah terumbu karang hingga ke dalam 60 m (Carpenter, 1998 Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran panjang total (PT) sampel ikan ekor kuning yang didaratkan di Pasar Muara Baru, Jakarta Utara memiliki kisaran panjang antara 9-15,5 cm dengan rata-rata 13,3±1,23. Sebelumnya Padate et al. (2010) Menurut Fijaya (2002) salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan yaitu habitat yang ditempati oleh ikan itu sendiri. ...
Yellow-tailed fish (Caesio cuning) have morphologically similarities with Lutjanidae families, it causes ambiguity on species authentication process. The process of species identification using morphological characteristic does not provide a precise information related to the species.This study was aimed to identify the morphometric and molecular of Yellow-tailed fish (Caesio cuning) which landed on Muara Baru Fish Market, Jakarta using COI gene. A total 30 fishes were observed their nineteen morphometric characters, and 1 fish sample was taken from the fins for DNA extraction, amplification using PCR method, electrphoresis visualization, and sequensing. Sample was analyzed by MEGA 6 software. Based on morphological analysis showed that sampel are Yellow-tailed fish which part of Caesio genus and Caesionidae family. While, genetic analysis using COI gene showed has similarities with database of Genbank NCBI. It can be concluded that identification using morphological character and DNA barcoding methode showed the species belong to Yellow-tailed fish (Caesio cunning).
Ikan Ekor Kuning (Caesio cuning) memiliki kemiripan morfologi dengan anggota famili Lutjanidae lainnya, hal tersebut menyebabkan kesulitan dalam proses autentikasinya. Proses identifikasi pada suatu spesies menggunakan karakteristik morfologinya belum mampu memberikan informasi yang akurat terkait spesies tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi ikan ekor kuning (Caesio cuning) yang didaratkan di Pasar Muara Baru, Jakarta melalui kajian karakteristikmorfometrik dan DNA barcoding menggunakan marka gen COI. Total 30 ikan diamati karakter morfometriknya, dan 1 sampel ikan diambil bagian siripnya untuk dilakukan ekstraksi DNA, amplfikasi PCR, elektroforesis, sekuensing dan dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi MEGA 6. Hasil analisis morfologi menunjukkan sampel ikan berasal dari genus Caesio dan termasuk famili Caesionidae. Sedangkan berdasarkan analisis secara molekuler menggunakan marka gen COI, didapatkan hasil bahwa spesies yang diamati (Caesio cuning) memiliki kemiripan dengan database GenBank NCBI. Dapat simpulkan bahwa identifikasi secara morfologi dan DNA menunjukkan bahwa spesies yang di peroleh yaitu Ikan ekor kuning (Caesio cuning).
... In addition, they also form the hordes [3]. According to Carpenter (1988) [4], family of Caesionidae is a member of the order Perciformes that live in marine waters and their are only found in tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific [5]. ...
... In addition, they also form the hordes [3]. According to Carpenter (1988) [4], family of Caesionidae is a member of the order Perciformes that live in marine waters and their are only found in tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific [5]. ...
... The pectoral fins and fin a reddish-colored belly, Caesio cuning is the most tolerant of murky waters; typically found in most abundant coral areas with underwater visibility is low. This species is widespread on a coral reef areas up to depth square 60 m [4]. ...
Caesionidae is one of the first commodity from a kind of varieties fishes in Nusantara Fishery Harbour (PPN) at Sungailiat, Bangka Regency. Caesionidae is consumption fish and become important food source for human. People call this fish as Yellow tail fish because it has yellow tail and the upper body of this fish is dominate by yellow colour. In scientific name, this fish named as caesiocuning. On local name, yellow tail fish named “delah”.This research aims to analyze the charachter of morphometric and meristic of yellow tail fish in PPN Sungailiat, Bangka Regency on December 2018 to januari 2019. The data was taken using random sampling method. This research takes 23 morfometric and 9 meristicparameters.The character of morphometric showed that the yellow fish tail has Total Length body 12-18,3cm. The characters of meristic of Yellow tail fusilier in PPN Sungailiat Bangka Regency showed has the formula of Dorsal Rays, Anal Rays, Pectoral Rays, Ventral Rays, and Caudal Rays in order are D.IX 15- D.X 15, A.III 9- A.III 11, P.18, V.19-V.20, and C.18-C.22. The final result of classification showsthat the name fish in PPN Sungailiat (Bangka Regency),is Lutjanus vitta (Lutjanidae).
... These reef inhabitants are usually schooling fishes and migrate from one reef to another through near shore soft bottom. This is the reason for which occasionally they were caught by trawl nets along with sardines, anchovies, and other pelagic species (Carpenter, 1988). In Indian waters 16 species of Caesionidae fishes were reported under four genera (Gopi and Mishra, 2015). ...
... Distribution: Widely distributed in tropical Indo-West Pacific, from East Africa to Red Sea, Samoa (except Persian Gulf); north to southern Japan and south to Mauritius and New Caledonia (Carpenter, 1988). In Indian coastal waters this species previously reported from Andhra Pradesh (Barman et al., 2004); Andaman and Nicobar Island (Rajan et al., 2013); Maharatra (Barman et al.,2012); Karnataka (Barman et al.,2013); Lakshadweep (Rao, 1991). ...
... Caesio caerulaurea Lacepede, 1801, Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853 and Pterocaesio tessellata Carpenter, 1987 are recorded for the first from northern part of east coast of India. Carpenter (1988) has shown distribution of these three species in maps along Northern Bay of Bengal. However, there was no substantial report of these species from West Bengal coast till date. ...
Three species of fishes i.e, of the family Caesionidae, Caesio caerulaurea Lacepede, 1801, Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853
and Pterocaesio tessellata Carpenter, 1987 are reported for the first time from West Bengal coast. The family Caesionidae
has also been reported for the first time from the northern part of east coast of India. The said species are the first record
from northern part of east coast of India.
... Moreover, planktivores may be dependent on the reef for shelter but derive little or no food from it (Bellwood, 1988). Among coral reef fish, Caesionidae, known as fusiliers or caesionids, are common inhabitants of coral reefs of the Indo-West Pacific (Carpenter, 1988(Carpenter, , 1990. ...
... They often form conspicuous schools that feed on zooplankton in both inshore and exposed outer reef habitats that are periodically exposed to strong currents (Allen & Erdmann, 2008;Friedlander, Brown, Jokiel, Smith, & Rodgers, 2003;Hamner, Jones, Carleton, Hauri, & Williams, 1988). Fusiliers are indirectly related to commercial fisheries, in that they are sometimes used as live bait in tuna pole and line fisheries (Carpenter, 1988). In both commercial and artisanal fisheries, fusiliers are caught as part of a complex multispecies assemblage (Carpenter, 1988). ...
... Fusiliers are indirectly related to commercial fisheries, in that they are sometimes used as live bait in tuna pole and line fisheries (Carpenter, 1988). In both commercial and artisanal fisheries, fusiliers are caught as part of a complex multispecies assemblage (Carpenter, 1988). Due to their schooling nature they can be particularly vulnerable to fishing techniques that operate with nets, such as the Philippine muroami drive-net fishing technique (Alcala & Russ, 2002;Carpenter, 1988) that captured around 17,000 tons · year −1 of caesionids in the period [1985][1986][1987] (Carpenter, 1988). ...
The effects of no-take marine reserve (NTMR) protection and changes in benthic habitat on fusiliers (family Caesionidae) were investigated at four small Philippine offshore islands on time scales of 10–31 years. Fusiliers are highly mobile, schooling, medium-sized planktivorous fish that generally feed “off-reef.” For these reasons, and given the small size of the NTMRs (3.6–37.5 ha) in this study, it was predicted that fusilier density would be unlikely to show clear effects of NTMR protection, or to respond to changes in benthic habitat. In contrast to predictions, clear NTMR effects were observed on fusilier density at three of the four NTMRs, with durations of protection from 14 to 31 years. Furthermore, the study provided strong evidence that benthic variables, specifically cover of live hard coral and dead substratum, affect the density of fusiliers. This effect of benthic habitat on density was highlighted by several major environmental disturbances that caused shifts in the benthic habitat from live hard coral to dead substratum. For two of the three most abundant species of fusiliers individually, and for all three of them combined (Pterocaesio pisang + Caesio caerulaurea + Pterocaesio digramma/tessellata), as live hard coral cover decreased, fish density decreased. It is hypothesized that these “off-reef” daytime feeders may have such a strong association with live hard coral cover because they use this habitat as nocturnal sleeping sites. Multivariate analyses indicated that, across all sites and times sampled, cover of live hard coral and dead substratum accounted for 38% of the variation in fish assemblage structure. These results are important as there are very few reports in the published literature of strong effects of NTMR protection or changes in benthic habitat on the density and assemblage structure of fusiliers.
... Caesio striata Rüppell, 1830, commonly known as 'striated fusiliers' has a discontinuous distribution. According to Carpenter (1988), its distribution was very much limited to the Red Sea, but there is now more information about its distribution elsewhere. In the Indian Ocean it is known from western Madagascar (Gillibrand et al., 2007), Glorieuses Archipelago (Durville et al., 2003) and the Seychelles (Anon., 2012), although it has not been reported from the adjacent island territories of Réunion (Letourneur et al., 2004) and Mauritius (Baissac, 1990). ...
... The specimen was caught approximately 55 km north-east of Tuticorin harbour (9800 ′ 03.83 ′′ N and 78837 ′ 00.07 ′′ E) in the Gulf of Mannar at a depth of 50 -80 m ( Figure 2). The specimen was identified as a striated fusilier, Caesio striata based on the morphometric and meristic characters described by Carpenter (1988). This is the first record of Caesio striata from Indian waters and a new distribution record for the species outside its known geographical range ( Figure 3). ...
... Fusiliers prefer the warm waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific region. So far, no member of this family has ever been noted to extend either into subtropical waters or into the Atlantic or Caribbean Sea (Carpenter, 1988). Caesio striata was originally thought to be restricted to the Red Sea (Carpenter, 1988) but recent records report the occurrence of this species from the Indian Ocean and from the northern Pacific Ocean. ...
The striated fusilier Caesio striata, is recorded for the first time in Indian waters. A single specimen was caught in the Gulf of Mannar and landed at Tuticorin fisheries harbour in September 2010.
... Reef fish belonging to the Caesionidae family include the Redbelly yellowtail fusilier (Caesio cuning), which has a great economic value. The tropical fish's range encompasses waters in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Vanuatu, southern Japan, and northern Australia [1,2]. The fish live in association with coral reef ecosystems, in small to large schools, at depths between 1 and 60 meters [3], with morphological characteristics of a maximum length of 60 cm TL [1]. ...
... The tropical fish's range encompasses waters in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Vanuatu, southern Japan, and northern Australia [1,2]. The fish live in association with coral reef ecosystems, in small to large schools, at depths between 1 and 60 meters [3], with morphological characteristics of a maximum length of 60 cm TL [1]. This species is the most resistant of all Caesionidae family members to turbid water conditions [4]. ...
The Redbelly yellowtail fusilier with the local name Ekor Kuning ( Caesio cuning ) is a reef fish species found in the waters of the Indo-West Pacific. In Indonesia, it is an economically important fish and is dominantly caught by gill nets, traps and handlines. The intensity of fishing that is carried out continuously is feared to threaten the stock of the species in nature. In order to make its use sustainable, this study attempts to evaluate population dynamics and reproductive biology. The study was carried out in the Kendari waters of the Banda Sea, Indonesia, between April and December 2018. The findings indicated that this fish’s length distribution covered a range of 11,6-29,0 cm FL and the growth pattern was isometric with the length-weight relationship equation W=0,0206L 3,0612 . The spawning season peaked in November, and the sex ratio did not deviate considerably from 1:1. The length at first maturity (L m = 21,73 cm FL) was longer than the length at first capture (L c =15,5 cm FL) The VBGE for yellowtail was L t = 30,45 [1 – e −0,89( t +0,171) ]. The value of mortality due to capture (F = 2,19 per year) is greater than natural mortality (M = 0,44 per year). The exploitation rate (E) was recorded as 0,72 per year and the SPR value is 0,22 per year. Based on these parameters, it indicates that the level of exploitation of Caesio cuning in Kendari waters is in overfished so that management needs to be implemented by limiting the smallest fish size that can be caught and to reduce fishing operations during the spawning season.
... Spesies ikan fusiler atau istilah lokal ikan lalosi merupakan salah satu jenis ikan karang yang menjadi ikan target nelayan di perairan Huamual Belakang, Seram Bagian Barat. Ikan fusiler memiliki habitat diperairan terbuka, berenang dari terumbu karang ke terumbu karang lainnya, hidup berkelompok dalam jumlah cukup besar bersama kelompok jenis ikan lainnya, sebagai tempat pemijahan, pengasuhan, dan mencari makan (Carpenter, 1988;Koeda and Ho, 2019). Salah satu jenis fusilier yang banyak ditangkap pada wilayah ini adalah jenis ikan lalosi merah (Pteriocaesio tile). ...
... Salah satu jenis fusilier yang banyak ditangkap pada wilayah ini adalah jenis ikan lalosi merah (Pteriocaesio tile). Pteriocaesio tile umumnya memiliki panjang total 23,2 cm, hidup berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang pada kolom air di kedalaman 1-60 m, memakan plankton, zooplankton, dan telur ikan pelagis (Carpenter, 1988;Russ et al, 2017). Beberapa informasi biologi reproduksi ikan lalosi khususnya Pteriocaesio tile belum banyak dilaporkan. ...
Intensive and massive fishing exploitation of various reef fish resources occurs in coastal areas, including the Pterocaesio tile (dark-banded fusilier). This study was conducted due to a lack of information, including size distribution, length of first captured (Lc), length at first mature (Lm), and the selectivity of the mesh size for Pterocaesio tile caught in the Huamual Belakang waters. The data collection was conducted from September to December 2022. The experimental fishing method was conducted by operating one unit of encircling gillnet consisting of eight panels, each consisting of four mesh net units of 1.75 inch and 2.0 inch, installed randomly. Samples of fish caught for each actual fishing were measured for total length. The reproductive aspect used 10-15% of fish samples per trip. The fish were measured for total length and body weight, and dissected to determine the sex and gonad maturity level and weight. The catches with encircling gillnets were dominated by the Caesionidae family, consisting of Pterocaesio tile at 74.73%, Pterocaesio chrysozona at 6.80%, and caesio caerulaurea at 6.41%. The size distribution of the total length of Pterocaesio tile was 15.0 – 27.3 cm. The average length first caught in a 1.75-inch mesh was 21.4 cm, and 22.5 cm for the 2.0-inch mesh. The length at first mature was 18.6 cm for the female, and 20.6 cm for the male. The gillnet selectivity obtained 50% chance of being caught in the mesh size of 1.75 inches was 18.8 cm, and 21.9 cm in the mesh size of 2.0 inches. The status of the resource utilization of Pteriocaesio tile was in good condition (Lc > Lm). Nevertheless, the use of the 1.75-inch mesh size indicated recruitment overfishing
... Since most studies of stable isotopes have only sampled the target species and putative species of prey [16,29,33], it may be that manta rays are simply one species of a much larger guild of fishes that perform similar functions. Alternatively, by moving across habitats over larger distances than most other planktivorous reef fishes [34], it could be that manta rays occupy a unique role in nutrient transport in reef systems. Insight into this issue requires contemporaneous sampling and isotope analysis across a wide range of species from multiple guilds of reef fishes. ...
... Emergent zooplankton were estimated to comprise approximately 38% of the diet of M. alfredi, suggesting that the species-unlike diurnal zooplanktivorous fishes [34]-also forages along the reef at D'Arros Island at night. The value of δ 13 C for M. alfredi was close to that of the invertivore, P. macronemus, which forages on benthic invertebrates in sand along reef edges during the day (less than 40 m) [76,77]. ...
Stable isotope analyses provide the means to examine the trophic role of animals in complex food webs. Here, we used stable isotope analyses to characterize the feeding ecology of reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) at a remote coral reef in the Western Indian Ocean. Muscle samples of M. alfredi were collected from D'Arros Island and St. Joseph Atoll, Republic of Seychelles, in November 2016 and 2017. Prior to analysis, lipid and urea extraction procedures were tested on freeze-dried muscle tissue in order to standardize sample treatment protocols for M. alfredi. The lipid extraction procedure was effective at removing both lipids and urea from samples and should be used in future studies of the trophic ecology of this species. The isotopic signatures of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) for M. alfredi differed by year, but did not vary by sex or life stage, suggesting that all individuals occupy the same trophic niche at this coral reef. Furthermore, the isotopic signatures for M. alfredi differed to those for co-occurring planktivorous fish species also sampled at D'Arros Island and St. Joseph Atoll, suggesting that the ecological niche of M. alfredi is unique. Pelagic zooplankton were the main contributor (45%) to the diet of M. alfredi, combined with emergent zooplankton (38%) and mesopelagic prey items (17%). Given the extent of movement that would be required to undertake this foraging strategy, individual M. alfredi are implicated as important vectors of nutrient supply around and to the coral reefs surrounding D'Arros Island and St. Joseph Atoll, particularly where substantial site fidelity is displayed by these large elasmobranchs.
... Both are widespread food fishes in the Indo-Pacific. C. cuning ranges from Sri Lanka to Vanuatu and from southern Japan to northern Australia (Carpenter 1988). L. erythropterus ranges from the east coast of Africa to the Caroline Islands and from the Philippines to northwestern Australia (Carpenter 2001). ...
... DF = 73, P = 0.067), nor did ovaries contain spermatogenic tissue. In agreement with general expectations for caesionids (Carpenter 1988), we classify C. cuning as a gonochore. ...
We present length-weight relations (LWR) and use rapid, low-cost histological methods to describe the reproductive biology of the red-bellied fusilier, Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791), and the longfin emperor, Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830, based on 137 and 139 specimens, respectively, collected from a remote area in Papua New Guinea. The LWR for C. cuning is W = 0.0208FL3.0322. We estimate male L50 at 12.6 cm FL and female L50 at 15.3 cm FL. Overall sex ratio of mature individuals is not significantly different from 1:1;however,sex-ratio does vary with length. Females dominate size-classes from 17 through 20cm and males are more abundant in smaller and larger size classes. The species is a batch-spawning gonochore. Batch fecundity is an exponential function of length BF = 0.1163FL4.2796. The LWR for L. erythropterus is W = 0.0145FL3.0976 for all specimens, but the length-weight relation differs between sexes. We estimate minimum size-at-maturity for males at 19.2 cm FL, and female L50 at 20.4 cm FL. Overall sex ratio of mature individuals is not significantly different from 1: 1; however sex-ratio does vary with length. Males dominate size classes > 21 cm. The species is a batch-spawning, protogynous hermaphrodite.
... Fusiliers are tropical Indo-Pacific marine perciform fish of the family Caesionidae and they are most associated with the reefs. Within the family there are 4 genera and 21 species (Carpenter, 1988 andAllen &Erdmann, 2008). They are colourful fishes; many have bright yellow stripes and patches. ...
... The mottled fusilier Dipterygonotus balteatus is abundant in the Indian Ocean inhabiting coral reefs as juveniles, whereas adults are captured together with other nearshore pelagic fish such as sardines and anchovies (Carpenter 1988). In our study, this species dominated throughout the coastal waters of South East and offshore waters of North West. ...
Although vital in fisheries management, no comprehensive studies on ichthyoplankton have been conducted in Sri Lankan waters in the north central Indian Ocean hitherto. Hence, this study is the first detailed account of diversity and species composition of larval fish based on samples collected during the southwest monsoon in 2018. In total, 80 species belonging to 69 families were identified using morphological and molecular methods targeting the COI gene. The larval fish diversity varied significantly between regions: east (North East, Central East, and South East) and west (North West, South West, and South). In their larval stages, mesopelagic families were associated with the offshore waters whereas demersal and pelagic families were related with shelf regions in the South, South East, and Central East. The larvae of pelagic families are likely dispersed by the South Monsoon Current from the west to the east regions, while demersal fish seem to be confined to the same area as conspecific adults. The most abundant larval species observed were Selar crumenophthalmus , Cubiceps pauciradiatus , and Dipterygonotus balteatus . High abundances of several commercially important larval tuna species were found in the South East, Central East, and South regions indicating that these waters could be important nursery grounds. Furthermore, Callionymus simplicicornis was recorded for the first time in the Indian Ocean, and seven additional species were found new to Sri Lankan waters. The results from this study also highlight the importance of using combined morphological and molecular methods and the need for strengthening fish nucleotide databases in poorly studied areas of the Indian Ocean.
... Nine families of demersal fishes largely dominate the reef of Matita Utara, three herbivorous (Siganidae, Acanthuridae, and Scaridae), and five carnivorous (Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Carangidae, Haemulidae, and Lethrinidae). Caesionidae was closely related to Lutjanidae and possessed several planktivorous modes of life (Carpenter 1988). Generally, biomass is mostly dominated by Acanthuridae, followed by Caesionidae, Siganidae, Lethrinidae, Carangidae, etc. (Table 4). ...
Sofyan JF, Ambariyanto A, Suwartimah K, Toha AHA. 2020. Relationship between the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai Waters, North Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5605-5613. This study aims to determine the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai Waters in North Maluku, Indonesia. The Audible Stationary Count and Underwater Visual Census method were used to collect the data of reef sharks and fish. Seven and one site locations of coral reef and shark ecosystems were surveyed and, the data were analyzed using regression analysis to obtain a correlation between the variables. The three reef sharks found were Carcharhinus melanopterus, Triaenodon obesus, and Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos. Biomass estimation of reef sharks and fish ranged from 0.59 to 19.97 kg/ha and 30.95 kg/ha to 49.92 kg/ha, consisting of 8 families. In the area of aggregations, both species were found in 7 sites, and the population of reef shark amounted to 86.96 kg/ha and fish was around 55.705 kg/ha, consisting of 9 families. There was a positive relationship between the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai waters, and the index of determination was 0.8043, showing that the biomass of reef shark was influenced by that of fish. These results indicated the importance of biomass in determining the functional composition and diversity of reef shark and fish.
... The mottled fusilier Dipterygonotus balteatus is abundant in the Indian Ocean inhabiting coral reefs as juveniles, whereas adults are captured together with other nearshore pelagic fish such as sardines and anchovies (Carpenter 1988). In our study, this species dominated throughout the coastal waters of South East and offshore waters of North West. ...
Larval fish diversity and species composition from samples collected in Sri Lankan waters using Multinet Mammoth (1 m 2) net samples (300 µm) was studied during summer 2018. Even though data from early history of fishes is vital in fisheries management, Sri Lankan waters have been poorly described and no comprehensive studies have been previously conducted. A total of 1106 fish larvae were collected and assigned to more than 60 families based on their morphophysiological characteristics. Molecular analyses targeting the COI gene revealed that the most abundant species were Selar crumenophthalmus, Cubiceps pauciradiatus, Dipterygonotus balteatus and an OTU closely related to Diogenichthys panurgus. However, a pattern in the fish larvae based on regions was observed. The North East region was predominated by pelagic and mesopelagic fish families, i.e. Engraulidae, Nomeidae and Bregmacerotidae, the Central East region was mainly dominated by pelagic families, i.e. Carangidae, Scombridae and Engraulidae, while the South East and South West regions were dominated by demersal families such as Lutjanidae, Bothidae, Serranidae, Labridae and
... Caesio sp. 1 (Caesionidae) -The fusilier family Caesionidae was reviewed by Carpenter (1987 and1988). Considering the comprehensive nature of this recent work and the relatively wide distributional ranges of most species, the occurrence of three apparently undescribed species on reefs of northwestern Madagascar is surprising. ...
... The impact to fishery management of the systematic error in the F&B equation is clearly demonstrated by our recent work (Longenecker et al. 2014a). Based on a maximum length of 50 cm (Carpenter 1998, Allen & Swainston 1993, Randall 2005, the estimated female reproductive size for Caesio cuning is 27 cm. This estimate would lead to the conclusion that only 0.2% of the individuals in a study population had attained reproductive size and suggests that the population is acutely overfished (Froese 2004). ...
We used rapid, histology-based methods (i.e., Jungle Histology) to describe length-weight relationships and reproductive parameters of four heavily exploited reef fishes from Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia, for which reproductive information is scant or completely lacking: lined surgeonfish, Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758); epaulette surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigricauda Duncker & Mohr, 1929; humpback red snapper, Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775); and humpnose big-eye bream, Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775). The weight of all four species is an approximately cubic function of length, and only in M. grandoculis did the relationship differ between sexes. All four species are batch-spawning gonochores with females maturing at a larger size than males. The fork length (FL) at which 50% of females are mature (L50) is 16.8 cm for A. lineatus, 18.4 cm for A. nigricauda, 21.5 cm for L. gibbus, and 27.5 cm for M. grandoculis. Overall, the population of L. gibbus was female biased, whereas the sex ratio of the other species was not significantly different from 1 : 1. Considering only mature individuals, L. gibbus was again female biased, A. lineatus and A. nigricauda were male biased, and the M. grandoculis sex ratio was not significantly different from 1 : 1. For all species, the sex ratio of mature individuals changed with length. Females were rare or absent in the largest size classes of A. nigricauda, L. gibbus, and M. grandoculis, whereas the proportion of A. lineatus females increased with increasing length. Our histology-based results often greatly differed from those obtained by data-poor or gross (macroscopic) methods. In most cases, the latter methods would lead to a conclusion that all species are being overexploited. However, our histology-based results often suggested otherwise. Thus our Jungle Histology approach can help avoid the expense of unnecessary management actions that would make it more difficult for subsistence fishers to obtain food. We offer the following suggestions and observations should Pohnpei fishery managers deem regulations necessary for any of our study species:
• A 17-cm FL minimum-size restriction for Acanthurus lineatus would insure most females and virtually all males had the chance to reproduce. Adding a maximum-size limit may help to protect individuals responsible for the majority of population-level egg production. This is the only one of our study species for which a slot limit seems appropriate.
• A 19-cm FL minimum-size restriction for Acanthurus nigricauda would insure that most females and virtually all males had the chance to reproduce.
• A recently enacted minimum-size limit for Lutjanus gibbus corresponds to our histology-based L50 estimate of 21.5 cm FL and insures that most females and virtually all males had the chance to reproduce. If additional protection is deemed necessary, a minimum-size limit of 28-cm FL would protect virtually all reproductive females.
• A 28 cm FL minimum-size restriction for Monotaxis grandoculis would insure that most females and virtually all males had the chance to reproduce; however, a slightly larger minimum-size limit (31 cm FL) would protect a larger percentage of reproductive females.
... Luduŋ mai (Caesio cuning) ranges from Sri Lanka to Vanuatu and from southern Japan to northern Australia (Carpenter 1988). Kada maba (Lethrinus erythropterus) ranges from the east coast of Africa to the Caroline Islands and from the Philippines to northwestern Australia (Carpenter 2001). ...
The Kamiali Initiative is a Bishop-Museum-led project to develop a self-sustaining cycle of environmental conservation, scientific research, and economic development in the coastal community of Kamiali, Papua New Guinea. The area includes approximately 120,000 acres of terrestrial and marine habitat, and is larger than most state parks in California. In fact, Kamiali’s territory is larger than that of 16 countries. The success of the Kamiali Initiative is contingent upon ~ 600 Kamiali residents preserving the natural environment such that biological field researchers are motivated to work in the area. This project is arguably the most successful and is the only fully sustainable large-scale terrestrial/marine biodiversity conservation project in Papua New Guinea.
The most-challenging conservation issues at Kamiali center on coral-reef fishes. Fish are the source of the overwhelming majority of dietary protein for this coastal village, and coral-reefs are preferred fishing sites. To be successful, conservation practices must balance the conflicting needs of protecting fish populations (to attract researchers) against the cultural value of and dietary need for subsistence fishing.
Here we describe the status of Kamiali’s exploited reef-fish populations to help guide and evaluate conservation efforts. We conducted rapid, histology-based reproductive analysis on four species to generate parameters necessary for life-history-based management of fisheries, described catch characteristics of the most common species and evaluate the sustainability of the fishery, used a combination of advanced diving technology and laser videogrammetry to augment our 2009 – 2012 descriptions of the size structure of exploited species (a total 84 species are covered in this report), expanded a literature review of reproductive parameters, estimated the percentage of reproductive individuals in each population (when sufficient information existed), and plotted a time series of average length for the most-consistently abundant species to examine long-term trends in fish size.
Results of reproductive analysis of Caesio cuning (luduŋ mai) and Lethrinus erythropterus (kada maba) are presented in Longenecker et al. (in review). To summarize, for C. cuning, the fork length (FL) at which 50% of individuals are mature (L50) is 12.6 cm for males and 15.3 cm for females. Overall sex ratio of mature individuals is not significantly different from 1:1; however sex-ratio does vary predictably with length. Females dominate size-classes from 17 - 20 cm FL and males are more abundant in smaller and larger size classes. The species is a batch-spawning gonochore (i.e., it does not change sex). Batch fecundity (BF) is an exponential function of length [BF = 0.1163(FL)4.2796], but size-specific sex ratios cause per-individual egg production to peak at 19.2 cm FL and rapidly decline toward zero with increasing fish length. Total body weight (W) is an approximately cubic function of length [W = 0.0208(FL)3.0322]. For L. erythropterus, minimum size-at-maturity (Lm) is 19.2 cm FL for males, and female L50 is 20.4 cm FL. Overall sex ratio of mature individuals is not significantly different from 1:1; however sex-ratio does vary predictably with length. Males dominate size classes > 21 cm. The species is a batch-spawning, protogynous hermaphrodite (i.e., changes sex from female to male). W = 0.0145(FL)3.0976 for all specimens, but the length-weight relation differs between sexes. Lm of Myripristis adusta (imbilĩ tombo gabo) is 15.7 cm FL for males and 16.5 cm for females. The species is a batch-spawning gonochore. W = 0.0123(FL)3.2627. Lm of Plectropomus oligacanthus (ikula su tatalõ) is 50.5 cm FL for males and 27.3 cm for females. The species is a batch-spawning protogynous hermaphrodite. W = 0.0042(FL)3.3133.
Harvest of Caesio cuning (luduŋ mai) at KWMA appears biased toward larger individuals. A catch of 137 fish yielded 15.23 kg. The same yield can be obtained by harvesting only 96 fish distributed evenly amongst the 17 – 21 cm size classes. Under the latter scenario, more individuals would grow to reproductive size and promote population growth.
A total 666 individuals were captured on video during 2012, yielding a combined total of 3,944 individuals representing 84 reef-associated species from 19 families (inclusive of 2009 – 2012 data). An exploited reef fish swimming in Kamiali Wildlife Management Area is likely to be about 3/5 of its potential maximum length, and 11% shorter than the length at which maximum yield can be obtained. Size-at-maturity is known for 49% of the species studied. Of these, mean individual length was 100% of female L50. Sex-ratios are known for 28 species. Considering only these species, an average 31% of individuals are mature females.
For the five most-consistently abundant species, 3-year moving averages of length suggest size is relatively stable. Average length for all species is near female L50.
Based on the apparent ease with which residents are able to catch fish, overfishing does not currently appear to be a threat to the majority of the exploited reef-fish species we examined. We propose that the population characteristics of species we studied at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area (average size >½ of maximum length and equal to female reproductive length) can be used as indicators of robust populations of exploited fishes.
These aspects of exploited fish populations are apparently maintained by several characteristics of the village and its fishery, such as: customary tenure, distance (and relatively high cost of transport) to commercial markets, a subsistence economy, lack of refrigeration, and environmental cycles. Ongoing and anticipated changes related to economic modernization may threaten these aspects of village life. The Kamiali Initiative, by establishing a pathway to economic development that starts with environmental conservation, should help reduce the environmental impact of socioeconomic transformation.
... The are unsuitable for aquaria because they need unrestricted space. They are important foodfish and are used to bait tuna (Carpenter, 1988). ...
... Species of this family (20 species from four genera) are mainly found on island and continental shelves. Data on systematics of this family are available from the works of Carpenter (Carpenter in: Fischer and Bianchi, 1984;Carpenter , 1988. Twelve species from four genera are found in the Arabian Sea. ...
Based on new data and numerous literature sources we present a list of coastal fishes of the Arabian
Sea found at depths up to 500 m which includes 1769 species from 720 genera and 198 families. Brief characteristics
of families are provided, as well as their overall composition and that of the region studied. The most
abundant taxa are noted. The species composition of the coastal zone of the Arabian Sea is compared to that of
the Red Sea, South Africa, and tropical Atlantic. The ichthyofauna is classified according to types of distribution,
endemic species are reviewed and zoogeographic partitioning of the North-Western part of the Indian
Ocean is considered.
... The nomenclature below and the classification mainly follow Berg (1940). Species in some families are assigned to genera according to current literature, i.e scombrids (Collette and Nauen, 1983), sharks (Compagno,l984a,b), snappers (Allen, 1985), fusiliers (Carpenter, 1988), clupeoids (Whitehead, 1985;Whitehead et a|.,1988), nemipterids (Russell, 1990), pomacentrids (Allen, 1991), sillaginids (McKay, 1992) andFAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes (Fischer and Whitehead,l9'74', Fischer and Bianchi, 1984). Genus and species are listed alphabetically. ...
A total of 629 species from I 19 families of fish have been deposited in the Reference Collection of the
Phuket Marine Biological Center, Department of Fisheries, Thailand. The collection comprises specimens
from Thai waters in addition to specimens from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Hong
Kong, Singapore and Australia. The fish collection has been revised and an updated checklist is provided.
... The muroami method, common in the Philippines involves setting a net over a coral reef into which a group of 10-30 swimmers drive the fishes. The swimmers are equipped with weighted (usually rocks) lines that are bounced up and down in an effort to break up the corals and drive out the fishes (Carpenter 1988). In the 1980s the use of cyanide emerged as the most effective method of capturing specimens for the aquarium and live food-fish trades. ...
The concept of "hotspots," or threatened areas of extraordinary endemism and/or biodiversity, has been effectively used to target conservation priorities, although it has been applied mainly to terrestrial systems. In the present study coral reef fishes are used as general hotspot indicators in the Indo-Pacific region. A zoogeographic analysis involving 2051 species reveals 35 sites of local endemism, as well as elucidating regional trends. Indonesia is the leading country for endemism and also boasts the highest overall species diversity. The Hawaiian Islands exhibit the highest percentage of reef-fish endemism, and tiny Malpelo Island, Colombia has the highest concentration of endemics. The hotspots data suggest that Indonesia and the Philippines are worthy of the highest conservation priority due to their extraordinary species diversity, significant endemism, and high degree of threat.
... The caesionid genus Dipterygonotus has the same vertebral formula and very similar dorsal-and anal-fi n counts; Dipterygonotus has one or two more anal-fi n soft rays than does Parapelates gen. nov., and occasionally 15 dorsal-fi n spines and 8 rays as a rare variation of its normal XIV, 10 dorsal-fi n count (Carpenter, 1987(Carpenter, , 1988. However, the dorsal fi n of Dipterygonotus is deeply notched, the body is more elongate, the dentition is weaker, the predorsal confi guration is /0+0/2/1+1/, and the premaxillary ascending process represents a separate ossifi cation typical for the Caesionidae. ...
A new genus of percoid fi sh, Parapelates, is described to accommodate Pelates quindecimalis Agassiz, 1836. This species is
re-described in detail based on a single skeleton from the Eocene locality of Bolca in northern Italy. Parapelates gen. nov. is
placed incertae sedis in the suborder Percoidei of the order Perciformes, with the Lutjanidae proposed as the closest relatives
of the new genus. Parapelates gen. nov. unusually has numerous dorsal-fi n spines (15) combined with small number of the
dorsal-fi n soft rays (eight).
... The department's ichthyologist, Mr. Greg Hermosa, mainly conducted fish identification. The identification was confirmed following the works of Myers (1991), Carpenter and Allen (1989), Carpenter (1988), Allen and Steene (1988), Smith and Heemstra (1986), Randall (1983 and, Kuronuma and Abe (1986), Nakamura (1985), Allen (1985), Fischer and Bianchi (1984), and Carcasson (1977), among others. ...
The current work presents a comprehensive checklist of the Omani fish species. The different fish samples have been collected since the establishment of the Department of Marine Science and Fisheries (MSAF) in 1986. The fish samples identified by the MSAF were compared with the most recent published book on the Coastal Fishes of Oman. The number of Omani fishes (from both fresh water and sea water) totalled 1179, distributed in 527 genera, 165 families and 37 orders. Under the Chondrichtyes, the most diverse family was Carcharhinidae with a total of 25 species and 8 genera. The Carcharhinidae species comprised 27% of the total species identified under the Chondriichtyes. The second most diverse family was the dasyatidae with 10 species (11%) and 5 genera. Under the Ostiecthyes, the most diverse three families were the gobiidea with 37 genera and 69 species, the labridae with 26 genera and 63 species, and finally the carangidea with 20 genera and 54 species. The family and English names for the most popular families are provided as well.
... A likely explanation for why the Caesionidae is an outlier in Fig. 2 is that zooplanktivorous fish often have a higher than expected trophic level presumably due to consumption of fish eggs or larvae in the water column. However, the prediction that fusiliers are the least vulnerable among all families was not unexpected because they probably have short life-spans, mature early in life and experience high rates of natural mortality due to predation by piscivores (Cabanban 1984;Carpenter 1988). ...
Coral reef fishes differ in their intrinsic vulnerability to fishing and rates of population recovery after cessation of fishing. We reviewed life history-based predictions about the vulnerability of different groups of coral reef fish and examined the empirical evidence for different rates of population recovery inside no-take marine reserves to (1) determine if the empirical data agree with predictions about vulnerability and (2) show plausible scenarios of recovery within fully protected reserves and periodically-harvested fishery closures. In general, larger-bodied carnivorous reef fishes are predicted to be more vulnerable to fishing while smaller-bodied species lower in the food web (e.g., some herbivores) are predicted to be less vulnerable. However, this prediction does not always hold true because of the considerable diversity of life history strategies in reef fishes. Long-term trends in reef fish population recovery inside no-take reserves are consistent with broad predictions about vulnerability, suggesting that moderately to highly vulnerable species will require a significantly longer time (decades) to attain local carrying capacity than less vulnerable species. We recommend: (1) expanding age-based demographic studies of economically and ecologically important reef fishes to improve estimates of vulnerability; (2) long term (20–40 years), if not permanent, protection of no-take reserves to allow full population recovery and maximum biomass export; (3) strict compliance to no-take reserves to avoid considerable delays in recovery; (4) carefully controlling the timing and intensity of harvesting periodic closures to ensure long-term fishery benefits; (5) the use of periodically-harvested closures together with, rather than instead of, permanent no-take reserves.
... Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker, 1853) The inclusion of this species in the list was based only on (an erroneous) distribution map (Carpenter, 1984) but no specimen was documented for verification. In his later work Carpenter (1988) Junior synonym of T. trilobatus (Lacepède, 1801) as of Randall & Edwards (1984) which does not occur in the Red Sea (Goren & Dor, 1994) ...
A new and updated checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea is presented. A total of 1078 species belonging to154 families, 25 orders and two classes are listed. The number of species is considerably lower than that given in the last checklist (CLOFRES II, Goren and Dor, 1994) which included all records, "quotations" and distribution maps without distinguishing between substantiated and unsubstantiated records. In addition, an annotated list is provided for all those species that were recorded unjustifiably and were included in CLOFRES II and in subsequent publications.
... The department's ichthyologist, Mr. Greg Hermosa, mainly conducted fish identification. The identification was confirmed following the works of Myers (1991), Carpenter and Allen (1989), Carpenter (1988), Allen and Steene (1988), Smith and Heemstra (1986), Randall (1983 and, Kuronuma and Abe (1986), Nakamura (1985), Allen (1985), Fischer and Bianchi (1984), and Carcasson (1977), among others. ...
... In this paper, we group results from three families of fish, namely the Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae and Caesionidae . Clearly, most of the results concern the Lutjanidae but we included the two other families because they are closely related [9][10][11]. Modern molecular phylogenies are available for the Lutjanidae [12][13][14][15]and confirm the close relationship of the Lutjanidae and Caesionidae. According to the most recent survey [16] , the Lutjanidae , Caesionidae and Nemipteridae include, respectively, 17, 4, and 5 genera and 108, 22 and 66 species, with a total of 26 genera, 196 species. ...
Background
Coral reefs are areas of maximum biodiversity, but the parasites of coral reef fishes, and especially their species richness, are not well known. Over an 8-year period, parasites were collected from 24 species of Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae and Caesionidae off New Caledonia, South Pacific.
Results
Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 207 host-parasite combinations and 58 parasite species identified at the species level, with 27 new host records. Results are presented for isopods, copepods, monogeneans, digeneans, cestodes and nematodes. When results are restricted to well-sampled reef fish species (sample size > 30), the number of host-parasite combinations is 20–25 per fish species, and the number of parasites identified at the species level is 9–13 per fish species. Lutjanids include reef-associated fish and deeper sea fish from the outer slopes of the coral reef: fish from both milieus were compared. Surprisingly, parasite biodiversity was higher in deeper sea fish than in reef fish (host-parasite combinations: 12.50 vs 10.13, number of species per fish 3.75 vs 3.00); however, we identified four biases which diminish the validity of this comparison. Finally, these results and previously published results allow us to propose a generalization of parasite biodiversity for four major families of reef-associated fishes (Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Serranidae and Lethrinidae): well-sampled fish have a mean of 20 host-parasite combinations per fish species, and the number of parasites identified at the species level is 10 per fish species.
Conclusions
Since all precautions have been taken to minimize taxon numbers, it is safe to affirm than the number of fish parasites is at least ten times the number of fish species in coral reefs, for species of similar size or larger than the species in the four families studied; this is a major improvement to our estimate of biodiversity in coral reefs. Our results suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species would eventually result in the coextinction of at least ten species of parasites.
This study aims to analyze the biometrics of yellowtail fish (length-weight relationship, growth patterns, condition factors, length-fecundity relationship) and reproductive aspects (gonadal maturity level, gonadal maturity index, and fecundity). The yellowtail fish sample used in this study was taken from fishermen's catches in April 2023. A total of 73 male individuals 17.0-29.9 cm total length, 62.00-356.00 gram, 77 female individuals 17.5-8 .1 cm total length, weight 69.88-288.00 grams. Male length-weight relationship W= 0.0140L2.9662 R2= 0.9812, isometric growth pattern. Female W= 0.0166L2.9104, R2 = 0.9633, growth pattern isometric. Condition factor 1.00 ± 0.06 for males and 1.00 ± 0.07 for females. Gonadal maturity levels I, II, III, IV and V for both males and females with the number of individuals at TKG I 65, II 26, III 25, IV 24, and V 10 individuals. The gonadal maturity index with the highest average value was 1.08 ± 0.47 at TKG IV. Fecundity ranged from 1.771-68.425 which was calculated on 28 fish samples with a mean ± SD of 20.158 ± 19.110. Biometric relationship with fecundity F = 102.67L0.1955, R² = 0.0789 shows a very weak relationship between length and fecundity. Keywords: Length-weight, condition factor, maturity, gonad index, fecundity. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis biometrik ikan ekor kuning (hubungan panjang-berat, pola pertumbuhan, faktor kondisi, hubungan panjang-fekunditas) dan aspek reproduksi (tingkat kematangan gonad, indeks kematangan gonad, dan fekunditas). Sampel ikan ekor kuning yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diambil dari tangkapan nelayan pada bulan April 2023. Sebanyak 73 individu jantan 17,0-29,9 cm panjang total, 62,00-356,00 gram, 77 individu betina 17,5-8,1 cm panjang total, berat 69,88-288,00 gram. Hubungan panjang-berat jantan W= 0,0140 L 2,9662 R2= 0,9812, pola pertumbuhan isometrik. Betina W= 0,0166L2,9104, R2 = 0,9633, pola pertumbuhan isometrik. Fakotor kondisi 1,00±0,06 untuk jantan dan betina 1,00±0,07. Tingkat kematangan gonad I, II, III, IV dan V baik jantan maupun betina dengan jumlah individu pada TKG I 65, II 26, III 25, IV 24, dan V 10 individu. Indeks kematangan gonad dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi yaitu 1,08±0,47 pada TKG IV. Fekunditas berkisar pada 1.771-68.425 yang dihitung pada 28 sampel ikan dengan rata-rata ± SD 20.158 ±19.110. Hubungan biometrik dengan fekunditas F = 102,67L0,1955, R² = 0,0789 menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat lemah antara panjang dan fekunditas. Kata Kunci: Panjang-berat, faktor kondisi, kematangan gonad indeks, fekunditas.
Significance
Body shape is a strong predictor of habitat occupation in fishes, which changes rapidly at microevolutionary scales in well-studied freshwater systems such as sticklebacks and cichlids. Deep-bodied forms tend to occur in benthic habitats, while pelagic species typically have streamlined body plans. The recurrent evolution of this pattern across distantly related groups suggests that limited sets of high-fitness solutions exist due to environmental constraints. We rigorously test these observations showing that similar constraints operate at deeper evolutionary scales in a clade (Lutjanidae) of primarily benthic fish dwellers that repeatedly transitioned into midwater habitats in all major oceans throughout its 45-million-year history. Midwater species strongly converge in body shape, emphasizing evolutionary determinism in form and function along the benthic–pelagic axis.
This checklist aims to reviews and summarize the results of the systematic researches on the Persian Gulf ichthyofauna that has been carried out for more than 200 years. Since the work of C. Niebuhr, a Danish biologist in the 18th century, the number of valid species has increased significantly and the systematic status of many of the species has changed, and reorganization and updating of the published information has become essential. Here we take the opportunity to provide a new and updated checklist of fishes of Persian Gulf based on literature and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history and new fish collections. The total confirmed fish species of Persian Gulf comprise 744 species, 131 families, 445 genera and 27 orders. In the class Chondrichthyes, the most diverse family is Charcharhinidae with 23 species (41.89%), followed by Dasyatidae with 15 species (31.08%). Within the class Actinopterygii, Gobiidae with 65 species (9.70%), Carangidae with 45 species (6.27%), Serranidae with 25 species (3.73%), Apogonidae with 25 species (3.73%), Lutjanidae with 23 species (3.43%) and Blenniidae with 23 species (3.43%) are the most diverse families in the Persian Gulf.
The Redbelly Yellowtail Fusilier Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791) is recorded for the first time from the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam, India. This paper provides detailed description, morphometric and meristic characters.
Abstract: Reviewing the literature dealt with marine fishes of Iraq, which were
captured in territorial marine waters of Iraq or brackish, freshwaters and marshes,
from 1874 until the mid of 2018 indicated the presence of 322 species belonging to
193 genera, 94 families and 26 orders. Perciformes is the richest order, represented
with 183 species (about 56.83% of all fish species), 97 genera and 38 families.
Among these, 40 (42.5%) different families are represented with a single species.
The Carangidae has the higher number of genera (17) and species (33). Ten out of
26 orders (38.5%) have been represented with single species only. Elasmobranchs
are represented with 42 species (23 selachids and 19 batoids). Locally, the sharks
(selachids)comprise three orders and eight families, while the skates and the rays
(batoids)are represented with seven families and four orders. A total of 193 of
confirmed marine species (66 families and 18 orders)were recorded from Shatt Al Arab
river
Gulf of Mannar Ecosystem (GOME) covers an area spread over Rameswaram and Kanyakumari for about 19000 km 2 and lies between 78°11'E and 79°15' E longitude and 8°49' N and 9°15'N latitude. The 21 coral islands form a network of habitats for different kinds of fishes and marine organisms. Fish samples were collected during April 2005 to March 2010 from different centers viz.,
Here we describe the status of Kamiali’s exploited reef-fish populations to help guide and evaluate conservation efforts. We conducted rapid, histology-based reproductive analysis on five species to generate parameters necessary for life-history-based management of fisheries, decribed catch characteristics of the same five species and evaluate the sustinability of the fishery, used a combination of advanced diving technology and laser videogrammetry to augment our 2009 and 2010 descriptions of the size structure of exploited species (a total 57 species are covered in this report), expanded a literature review of reproductive parameters, estimated (when sufficient information exists) the percentage of reproductive individuals in each population, and estimated the percentage of mature females in populations for which sufficient information exists.
The Kamiali Initiative is a Bishop-Museum-led project to develop a self-sustaining cycle of environmental conservation, scientific research, and economic development in the coastal community of Kamiali, Papua New Guinea. The area includes approximately 120,000 acres of terrestrial and marine habitat, and is larger than most state parks in California. The success of the Kamiali Initiative is contingent upon Kamiali residents preserving the natural environment such that biological field researchers are motivated to work in the area. This project is arguably the most successful and is the only fully sustainable large-scale terrestrial/marine biodiversity conservation project in Papua New Guinea.
The most-challenging conservation issues at Kamiali center on coral-reef fishes. Fish are the source of the overwhelming majority of dietary protein for this coastal village, and coral-reefs are preferred fishing sites. To be successful, conservation practices must balance the conflicting needs of protecting fish populations (to attract researchers) against the cultural value of and dietary need for subsistence fishing.
Here we describe the status of Kamiali’s exploited reef-fish populations to help guide and evaluate conservation efforts. We conducted rapid, histology-based reproductive analysis on four species to generate parameters necessary for life-history-based management of fisheries, described catch characteristics of the most common of these species and evaluate the sustainability of the fishery, used a combination of advanced diving technology and laser videogrammetry to augment our 2009 – 2011 descriptions of the size structure of exploited species (a total 74 species are covered in this report), expanded a literature review of reproductive parameters, estimated the percentage of reproductive individuals in each population (when sufficient information existed), and plotted a time series of average length for the most-consistently abundant species to examine long-term trends in fish size.
Results of reproductive analysis of Lutjanus fulvus (iyayaŋ kurĩ naba) are presented in Longenecker et al. (in review). To summarize, male and female L50 is 13.5 and 18.8 cm FL, respectively. Sex ratios are not significantly different from 1:1, and do not vary predictably with size. The species does not change sex. Batch fecundity was not significantly related to female length, but weight is (Wt = 0.0134(FL)3.1001). Lm of Kyphosus cinerascens (italawe) is 18.1 cm FL for males and 25.3 cm for females. Wt = 0.0413(TL)2.8250. Lm of Myripristis adusta (imbilĩ tombo gabo) is 16.5 cm FL for males and 16.8 cm for females. Wt = 0.0112(FL)3.3113. All Plectropomus oligacanthus (ikula su tatalõ) specimens were ≤ 41.9 cm FL, female, and immature. Wt = 0.0060(FL)3.2294.
Harvest of Lutjanus fulvus (iyayaŋ kurĩ naba) at KWMA appears biased toward smaller individuals. A catch of 123 fish yielded 10.64 kg. The same yield can be obtained by harvesting only 80 fish distributed from 19 – 21 cm size classes. Under the latter scenario, more individuals would grow to reproductive size and promote population growth.
A total 632 individuals were captured on video during 2012, yielding a combined total 3,278 individuals representing 74 reef-associated species from 19 families (inclusive of 2009 – 2011 data). An exploited reef fish swimming in Kamiali Wildlife Management Area is likely to be about ½ its potential maximum length, and 20% shorter than the length at which maximum yield can be obtained. Size-at-maturity is known for 49% of the species studied. Of these, mean individual length was 92% of female L50. Sex-ratios are known for 23 species. Considering only these species, an average 26% of individuals are mature females.
For the five most-consistently abundant species, 3-year moving averages of length suggest the size of four species is relatively stable. The fifth species may be decreasing in size, but more monitoring is needed to evaluate the trend.
Based on the apparent ease with which residents are able to catch fish, overfishing does not currently appear to be a threat to the majority of the exploited reef-fish species we examined. We propose that the population characteristics of species we studied at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area (average size ½ of maximum length and nearly equal to female reproductive length) can be used as indicators of robust populations of exploited fishes.
These aspects of exploited fish populations are apparently maintained by several characteristics of the village and its fishery, such as: customary tenure, distance (and relatively high cost of transport) to commercial markets, a subsistence economy, lack of refrigeration, and environmental cycles. Ongoing and anticipated changes related to economic modernization may threaten these aspects of village life. The Kamiali Initiative, by establishing a pathway to economic development that starts with environmental conservation, should help reduce the environmental impact of socioeconomic transformation.
Interim Provincial-Scale Marine Bioregionalisation for Australia
Vincent Lyne & Peter Last (CSIRO Division of Marine Regionalisation)
There is a general recognition of the need to establish a scientific basis for a national framework to assess, conserve and manage Australia's marine biodiversity. A principal element of this framework is a spatial assessment of the distribution of the faunal elements, their conservation value and status, and their grouping into bioregions.
We present here a provincial-scale bioregionalisation for the shelf region of the Australian EEZ. The regionalisations were derived from RAP (Rapid Assessment Procedure) analyses of the available fish distribution data. The dynamic evolution of the marine biota and the extensive mixing of species assemblages is catered for by the introduction of biotones. Far from being "fuzzy" uncertainty regions surrounding boundaries, these are shown to be extensive and highly diverse bioregions containing species from a number of core provinces.
A provincial scale bioregionalisation was derived for the pelagic and demersal systems seperately. The pelagic bioregionalisation comprises 4 bioregions (two provinces and two zootones) of much more extensive spatial scale that the demersal bioregionalisation (17 bioregions, 9 provinces and 8 biotones).
The biological regionalisation indicates the expected pattern of higher species richness in the tropics relative to the cool temperate bioregions. However, when species are selected based on reliability and information content, the pattern is reversed showing a higher proportion of the temperate species are more reliable and of higher information content. Part of this is attributable to the lower reliability for the northern and north-western tropical species as well as the lower reliability of the north eastern (including the Great Barrier Reef), or the lack of ready assess to information. Collation and analysis of tropical information is a high priority for any future extensions and refinement of the current bioregionalisation.
The rich and diverse fish resources of Oman constitute its main natural resource after oil and natural gas. A total of 1142 species were identified, distributed among 520 genera and 164 families. Most of these are marine with broad geographical distribution; only four are freshwater species (Cyprinion micropthalmum, Garra
barreimie, G. longispinnis, and Oreochromis aureus). The ichthyofauna of Oman is characterized by large number of species in 21 families, comprising 92.6% of the estimated total number of marine families of the whole Indo-Pacific region, and 49.9% of the worldís marine families. The Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman are more diverse in fish species (-1000 fish species) than the Arabian Gulf (> 500 fish species). More than 400 species are demersal, 511 species inhabit coral reefs and coastal lagoons, two are mesopelagic species, and the remainder are pelagic (157), bathypelagic (30), and bathydemersa] (7 species). Current fishing effort levels on some target species are either close to maximum sustainable yield or exceed it. A shift in species composition has resulted in declining landings of some high value fishes. A pilot aquaculture program has just started with the introduction of sea bream, Sparus aurata and tilapia Oreochromis aureus. Fisheries management is hampered by lack of appropriate management regulations, enforcement, and data on most stocks. Coastal habitats are being threatened by both natural and manmade
impacts. Fisheries research programmes are directed to fish taxonomy, ecology, biology, and stock assessment of some commercially important species. An extensive fish database and reference
collection are currently being established at Fisheries Science and Technology Department, Sultan Qaboos University. Local human resources are needed to support the rational development and management of fishery resources
The rich and diverse fish resources of Oman constitute its main natural resource after oil and natural gas. A total of 1142 species were identified, distributed among 520 genera and 164 families. Most of these are marine with broad geographical distribution; only four are freshwater species (Cyprinion micropthalmum, Garra barreimie, G. longispinnis, and Oreochromis aureus). The ichthyofauna of Oman is characterized by large number of species in 21 families, comprising 92.6% of the estimated total number of marine families of the whole Indo‐Pacific region, and 49.9% of the worldís marine families. The Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman are more diverse in fish species (‐1000 fish species) than the Arabian Gulf (> 500 fish species). More than 400 species are demersal, 511 species inhabit coral reefs and coastal lagoons, two are mesopelagic species, and the remainder are pelagic (157), bathypelagic (30), and bathydemersa] (7 species). Current fishing effort levels on some target species are either close to maximum sustainable yield or exceed it. A shift in species composition has resulted in declining landings of some high value fishes. A pilot aquaculture program has just started with the introduction of sea bream, Sparus aurata and tilapia Oreochromis aureus. Fisheries management is hampered by lack of appropriate management regulations, enforcement, and data on most stocks. Coastal habitats are being threatened by both natural and man‐made impacts. Fisheries research programmes are directed to fish taxonomy, ecology, biology, and stock assessment of some commercially important species. An extensive fish database and reference collection are currently being established at Fisheries Science and Technology Department, Sultan Qaboos University. Local human resources are needed to support the rational development and management of fishery resources.
The South China Sea lies in the tropical zone of the western Pacific Ocean off the southeast corner of the Asian continent and covers a total area of about 3,400,000 square kilometers. Some 3,365 species of marine fishes are recorded from the area. The inshore fishes may have been relatively well-studied, but the pelagic and deep sea fauna is not, as are small fishes which inhabit reefs at depths beyond the reach of SCUBA divers. These deep sea habitats are identified as important areas for future exploration.
The South China Sea lies in the tropical zone of the western Pacific Ocean off the southeast corner of the Asian continent and covers a total area of about 3,400,000 square kilometers. Some 3,365 species of marine fishes are recorded from the area. The inshore fishes may have been relatively well-studied, but the pelagic and deep sea fauna is not, as are small fishes which inhabit reefs at depths beyond the reach of SCUBA divers. These deep sea habitats are identified as important areas for future exploration.
The South China Sea lies in the tropical zone of the western Pacific Ocean off the southeast corner of the Asian continent and covers a total area of about 3,400,000 square kilometers. Some 3,365 species of marine fishes are recorded from the area. The inshore fishes may have been relatively well-studied, but the pelagic and deep sea fauna is not, as are small fishes which inhabit reefs at depths beyond the reach of SCUBA divers. These deep sea habitats are identified as important areas for future exploration.
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