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Setting of the Scene
Abstract
This chapter addresses the research methods used to investigate household users’ experiences and practices with biogas as an innovative technology. It also explores the social nuances, societal contexts, and local community experiences related to its use. The objective of this study is to examine the everyday use of biogas in home activities and social interactions among users, thereby enhancing its long-term sustainability and promoting its innovation. A qualitative research approach is employed as the primary method for extracting nuanced insights from the social environment. This approach includes interviews, observations, and participation in community events, enabling the author to delve into the subjective experiences, perspectives, and practices of household biogas users.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan prosesi dan makna tradisi brokohan sapi di Desa Sendangwungu Kecamatan Banjarejo Kabupaten Blor. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan komunikasi dan makna tuturan dalam tradisi brokohan sapi di Desa Sendangwungu Kecamatan Banjarejo Kabupaten Blora. Data penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder, yaitu video ritual brokohan sapi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi dan wawancara dengan teknik catat. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan etnografi komunikasi, yaitu metode yang menggambarkan fenomena budaya secara sistematis dan rinci. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ritual brokohan sapi di Desa Sendangwungu, Kabupaten Blora merupakan ekspresi syukur masyarakat suku Jawa atas kelahiran anak sapi yang dianggap membawa rejeki dan berkah. Dalam brokohan sapi terdapat rangkaian prosesi beserta tuturan yang dituturkan oleh pemandu ritual. Pada tuturan prosesi ritual ini, terdapat istilah 'raja kaya’ yang merujuk pada konsep kemakmuran yang ditandai dengan kepemilikan hewan ternak, seperti sapi, yang berdasarkan sejarah masyarakat Jawa dipandang sebagai aset penting dan sumber kekayaan.
How best to summarise the professional work of sport scientists? What if we were to view them as artisans? As enskiled crafts-persons who think through and with their materials? What implications would this idea have for how we take up with research and ensuing scientific methods? Here, we explore these philosophical questions – of applied relevance – through Ingold’s process of making. From this perspective, skilled artisans like potters, basket-makers and sport scientists, think through making and doing, as opposed to make and do through thinking. Where the latter imposes form onto matter by way of conceptualisation, the former goes along with materials in active participation, corresponding with what such things have to say with a skilled attentiveness and selective responsiveness. We argue that the implications of these propositions for research in sport science are profound; encouraging a progression from the traditional hypothetico-deductive theory of scientific method (make and do through thinking), towards an art of inquiry (think through making and doing). In the former, phenomena are studied about, (re)producing categorical (sub-)disciplinary knowledge by way of vertical integration, while in the latter, phenomena are studied with, growing storied knowledge of by way of correspondence. These arguments are not to be construed as a call for more ‘qualitative research’ within the sport sciences, but rather to underline the value of situating participant observation at the core of one’s inquiry. Through a prologue and epilogue, we exemplify our arguments in the very process of this paper’s becoming – detailing the careful attentiveness and selective responsiveness to the various invitations to write, emergent while thinking through making and doing.
In this article, the authors explore and contribute to producing a performative research paradigm where post-qualitative as well as artistic research might dwell and breathe. Entering a thread of discussion that started with Haseman's A manifesto for performative research in 2006, and building on their own friction-led research processes at the edges of qualitative research, the authors plug in with performativity, non-representational theories and methodologies, post-qualitative inquiry and post approaches. A performative paradigm for post-qualitative inquiry is proposed, where knowledge is viewed as knowledge-in-becoming as the constant creation of difference through researcher entanglement with the research phenomenon and wider world. A performative paradigm produces a space for movement, (artistic) freedom, (post-qualitative) experimentation and inclusion. A performative research paradigm also offers provocations that shake long-established notions about what research is and should be. Within a performative research paradigm, learning/be(com)ing/knowing is always in-becoming-as is the performative paradigm itself.
Previous literatures apparently argued that Javanese Islam is characterized by orthodox thought and practice which is still mixed with pre-Islamic traditions. By using approach of the sociology of religion, this article tries to explain contextualization of Islamic universal values in local space. The results showed that synthesis of orthodox thought and practice with pre-Islamic traditions is doubtless as a result of interaction between Islam and pre-Islamic traditions during the Islamization of Java. In addition, this study found the intersection of Islam and Javanese culture in the terms of genealogy of culture, Islamic mysticism, orientation of traditional Islamic teachings, and the conception of the power in Javanese kingdom. Since kejawen practices accordance with Islamic mysticism can be justified by the practice of the Muslims. Thus the typology of the relationship between Islam and Javanese culture are not contradictory but dialectical. Finally, a number of implications and suggestions are discussed Berbagai literatur sebelumnya mengenai studi Islam di Jawa umumnya berpendapat bahwa Islam Jawa ditandai dengan pemikiran dan praktek yang masih tercampur dengan tradisi pra-Islam. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi agama, artikel ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan makna dari kontekstualisasi nilai-nilai universal Islam pada lingkup lokal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis pemikiran dan praktek dengan tradisi pra-Islam merupakan hal yang lumrah sebagai hasil interaksi antara Islam dan tradisi praIslam selama periode Islamisasi. Penelitian ini menemukan persamaan identitas antara Islam dan budaya Jawa dalam hal genealogi budaya, mistisisme Islam, orientasi pengajaran Islam tradisional, dan konsepsi kekuasaan di keratonkeraton Jawa. Karena praktek kejawen dapat dijustifikasi sesuai dengan praktek mistisisme Islam, maka tipologi hubungan antara Islam dan budaya Jawa tidak bertentangan tetapi bersifat dialektis.
Harmony is an important value that guides the behavior of Javanese. The purpose of this study
is to explore the meaning of harmony for Javanese. Data were collected through in depth interviews of 12 participants, consisting of four fathers, four mothers, and four teenagers from Surakarta- Harmony is identified as maintaining connections, compatibility, resolving conflicts peacefully and ernpathy. Harmony consists of two
categories, pseudo-harrnony and essential harmony. Pseudo-harmony is maintaining relationship
by burying conflicts. Essential harmony is maintaining harmony in togethemess with empathy toward
each other. The implication of this study on the realm of education is discussed.
Book synopsis: Development Fieldwork provides an indispensable new resource and guide for all students undertaking development fieldwork in the Third World.
Accessible and lively, the text:
- introduces the basics of research design and methodology together with guidance on choosing the best research methods;
- provides `hands on' advice (practical, personal and ethical) to those preparing to enter `the field';
- covers the initial planning and preparation stages to end writing up and tips for the successful resumption of life back home.
The authors draw upon a rich and diverse set of fieldwork experiences across the developing world (rural and urban) and utilize case studies to illustrate the many common issues and challenges that will face both new and experienced fieldwork researchers.
It will be an essential text and companion to all postgraduate and research students across the social sciences.
There are significant numbers of international postgraduate students studying in Western universities thanks to scholarships provided by governments and other donors. While these fully funded students are generally welcomed by geography departments, inadequate attention has been paid to considering how to facilitate their learning experiences given the particular impediments they face. Based on research conducted at Massey University, New Zealand, and an extensive literature review, this article argues that academic success is strongly related to the personal well-being of students. Particular pressures were faced by students during the first few months as they adapted to a new cultural, linguistic and learning environment. Female students and those with families faced additional, continuing pressures.
The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. Based on our experiences of conducting several health-related case studies, we reflect on the different types of case study design, the specific research questions this approach can help answer, the data sources that tend to be used, and the particular advantages and disadvantages of employing this methodological approach. The paper concludes with key pointers to aid those designing and appraising proposals for conducting case study research, and a checklist to help readers assess the quality of case study reports.
Secondary schoolgirls’ experiences of persisting at school in rural Cambodia were the focus of this study. The study worked with 43 schoolgirls from two state-run schools. This paper reflects on how reciprocity and visual methods enabled the work of hearing the schoolgirls’ voices across language and cultural barriers. Reciprocity was a central concern and took the form of collaborative knowledge building to establish trustworthiness, as well as various reciprocal acts that ‘gave back’ to those involved in the study. The use of visual methods, such as visual narratives, self-managed video interviews, and advice posters sought to mitigate power differentials, address language barriers, and recognise schoolgirls as experts in girls’ education. The paper discusses the advantages and constraints of this innovative approach, and proposes that cross-cultural research that provides girls with autonomy during the research process is necessary if those working with girls seek to valorise girls’ voices and experiences.
The clear and practical writing of Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Researchhas made this book a favorite. In precise step-by-step language the book helps you learn how to conduct, read, and evaluate research studies. Key changes include: expanded coverage of ethics and new research articles.
Sampling is central to the practice of qualitative methods, but compared with data collection and analysis its processes have been discussed relatively little. A four-point approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research is presented and critically discussed in this article, which integrates theory and process for the following: (1) defining a sample universe, by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation; (2) deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns; (3) selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy; and (4) sample sourcing, which includes matters of advertising, incentivising, avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these four concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness.
The economic prosperity and quality of life in a region are closely linked to the level of its per capita energy consumption. In India more than 70% of the total population inhabits rural areas and 85-90% of energy requirement is being met by bioresources. With dwindling resources, attention of planners is diverted to viable energy alternatives to meet the rural energy demand. Biogas as fuel is one such alternative, which can be obtained by anaerobic digestion of animal residues and domestic and farm wastes, abundantly available in the countryside. Study presents the techniques to assess biogas potential spatially using GIS in Kolar district, Karnataka State, India. This would help decision makers in selecting villages for implementing biogas programmes based on resource availability. Analyses reveal that the domestic energy requirement of more than 60% population can be met by biogas option. This is based on the estimation of the per capita requirement of gas for domestic purposes and availability of livestock residues.
This article questions the economic perspective of institutions and the uncritical approach to using local organizations and leaders. It argues that the instrumental approach of socially embedded institutions for enhancing project efficiency and political legitimacy disregards the existing unequal structures of authority within communities. Drawing from Pierre Bourdieu's notion of "symbolic power," the author argues that local elites make use of collective rituals and cultural symbols to legitimatize their rule. Reinvention of traditions also places the poor at a disadvantage because they lack sufficient knowledge to draw upon "community wisdom" to make claims and counterclaims. The romanticization of socially embedded institutions also plays down the dark side. A high level of trust can reduce transparency, making nepotism possible. The livelihoods of the poor, being built upon these exploitative relationships, also hinder them from challenging the inequalities.
This article reviews the production processes and characterization of biogas as an alternative energy source. Biogas, the gas generated from organic digestion under anaerobic conditions by mixed population of microorganisms, is an alternative energy source, which has been commenced to be utilized both in rural and industrial areas at least since 1958. Biogas technology offers a very attractive route to utilize certain categories of biomass for meeting partial energy needs. Unlike other forms of renewable energy, biogas neither has any geographical limitations and required technology for producing energy and it is neither complex or monopolistic.
Renewable energy can potentially play a role in the supply of safe water in Bangladesh, where nearly 70% of the rural population does not have access to electricity. This paper examines the possible application of renewable energy for pumping water from geologically safe deep tubewells to overcome limitations in existing water technologies in the arsenic-contaminated villages in Bangladesh. Renewable energy, national grid electricity, and alternatives such as diesel engines have been considered as sources of power for both suction and submersible pumps in electrified and non-electrified villages. Three locally available renewable energy sources (human energy, biogas, and solar energy) have been assessed as power sources for reciprocating and submersible pumps. These renewable energy options have not been found cost competitive with the deep tubewells which run off the national grid in electrified villages. However, electricity generated from biogas has the potential to power submersible pumps in non-electrified villages. This paper discusses some financial mechanisms to promote capital-intensive energy options for deep tubewells in arsenic-affected rural areas.
The terms digital divide, digital literacy, and digital inclusion have been widely used in discourse related to the Internet over the past two decades. Even though these terms are rarely defined and their meanings shift with changes in technology, these concepts have driven many Internet-related policy decisions in public libraries. This article examines what has happened in the gap between concepts and policies, as public libraries organize to provide Internet education, access, and assistance. Following an examination of the meanings assigned to these terms and policy efforts based on these concepts, this article examines the roles of public libraries related to the concepts and the ways in which these roles have been shaped by policies that impact access to information that is increasingly embedded within a range of technologies. The article then explores the ways in which policy could better support public libraries in these roles and the ways that these roles can contribute to public library advocacy and a voice in policy making.
This paper compares the trajectories over the last two decades of two export-oriented ‘boom crops’ in Southeast Asia: industrial shrimp aquaculture and industrial plantation forestry. It focuses on differences in the establishment, operation and politics of these sectors to explain why they have experienced very different kinds of ‘booms’.
My purpose here is to alert you to how culture is loose on the streets of Norway - as
indeed in much of the rest of the world. The expression ‘loose on the streets’ is not
mine. I take it from the anthropologist Paul Bohannan who thus characterises a
phenomenon of our times. ‘Culture’ has run astray. And it is now being used helter-skelter
to promote all kinds of special interests.
Despite persistent images to the contrary, most fieldworkers are accompanied. Yet, there has been limited discussion on the nature of accompanied fieldwork, particularly by geographers. Drawing on our experiences in three countries in the tropics, we discuss the dynamics of being accompanied in “the field” by our children and female co-researchers. Specifically, we focus on issues of access and rapport; the impacts of their presence on our positionality; and the implications these have for power relations and research outcomes. We demonstrate how being accompanied entangles our personal and professional selves and can result in more egalitarian power relations as we become “observers observed”. We argue that by paying attention to the dynamics of accompanied fieldwork, there is the potential to enhance the conceptual focus of our methodological concerns and to provide a more theoretically sophisticated mode of exploring the ways in which our multiple identities intersect while in “the field”.
The discovery of the wreck of the Titanic and the recovery of artefacts from the site has highlighted the lack of legal protection for underwater cultural heritage on the outer continental shelf and the deep sea-bed. After the wreck was found in 1985 it became apparent that there was no way of protecting it from salvage. Virtually any wreck could now be located and it is vital that this new opportunity for gaining a deeper understanding of the maritime past is not squandered. Unless a solution to this problem is found, within decades there will be no more wrecks worth protecting.
The epistemological thrust of qualitative research is case oriented. Regardless of qualitative methodology or sample size, qualitative research is quintessentially about understanding a particular in the all-together. Regardless of the kind of analytic technique employed, qualitative analysis are obliged, first and foremost, to make sense of individual cases. Looking at and through each case in a qualitative project is the basis from which researchers may make idiographic generalizations and move to cross-case comparisons to construct aggregations, syntheses, or interpretations of data from and faithful to individual cases.
Psychological aspects in the “Nyumbang” tradition of Javanese society
- Y Ayuwandani
- M S Tondok
Regional village profiles
- Bappeda Bantul
Fieldwork, participation and practice: Ethics and dilemmas in qualitative research
- M De Laine
The impact of electricity: Development, desire and dillemas
- T Winther
Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers
- K M Dewalt
- B R Dewalt
Identifying gaps in academic writing of ESL students
- B Giridharan
- A Robson
Inside Indonesian Society: Cultural change in Java
- N Mulder
The consumption junction revisited. Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology
- M Bakardjieva