Enhancing Spinach Productivity with Plant Acoustic Frequency Technology in Wick Hydroponics

Abstract

Acoustic frequency has emerged as a promising non-invasive tool to enhance plant growth in controlled environments. This study investigates the effects of varying sound frequencies (3000 Hz, 8000 Hz, and 13,000 Hz) on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in a wick hydroponic system. Spinach plants were exposed to Folk Pop music with specific frequency profiles for 3 hours daily over a 14-day period. Results indicated that exposure to 3000 Hz increased plant height by 18.5% and leaf area by 22.3% compared to the control, while higher frequencies (8000 Hz and 13,000 Hz) showed negligible effects. Greenness index values were also highest in the 3000 Hz group, demonstrating a significant correlation with enhanced chlorophyll content. These findings highlight the potential of specific acoustic frequencies to improve hydroponic spinach productivity. Practical implications include the integration of sound-based interventions for optimizing plant growth in resource-efficient agricultural systems.

Full text

* Corresponding author: yusuf_h@ub.ac.id
Enhancing Spinach Productivity with Plant
Acoustic Frequency Technology in Wick
Hydroponics
Yusuf Hendrawan*, Verrel Alvirizky, Gunomo Djoyowasito, Retno Damayanti, La Choviya
Hawa, and Titik Nur Hidayah
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl.
Veteran, Malang, ZIP 65145, Indonesia
Abstract. Acoustic frequency has emerged as a promising non-invasive
tool to enhance plant growth in controlled environments. This study
investigates the effects of varying sound frequencies (3000 Hz, 8000 Hz,
and 13,000 Hz) on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in a wick
hydroponic system. Spinach plants were exposed to Folk Pop music with
specific frequency profiles for 3 hours daily over a 14-day period. Results
indicated that exposure to 3000 Hz increased plant height by 18.5% and leaf
area by 22.3% compared to the control, while higher frequencies (8000 Hz
and 13,000 Hz) showed negligible effects. Greenness index values were also
highest in the 3000 Hz group, demonstrating a significant correlation with
enhanced chlorophyll content. These findings highlight the potential of
specific acoustic frequencies to improve hydroponic spinach productivity.
Practical implications include the integration of sound-based interventions
for optimizing plant growth in resource-efficient agricultural systems.
1 Introduction
Spinach (Amaranthus sp.) is a highly nutritious leafy green vegetable integral to human diets
worldwide due to its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants [1]. Spinach is
recognized as a significant source of essential vitamins and minerals, including iron,
calcium, and vitamins A and C, making it a staple in many diets worldwide [2][3]. Its ability
to accumulate beneficial elements such as manganese and cobalt further enhances its
nutritional profile, particularly for populations with high vegetable consumption. Moreover,
spinach exhibits a unique response to environmental stressors, such as heavy metal
accumulation, which can be critical for studies focused on food safety and environmental
health [4][5]. Its rapid growth cycle and adaptability to various growing conditions make it
an ideal candidate for experimental studies in hydroponics and other innovative agricultural
practices [6]. The rising global demand for spinach necessitates innovative agricultural
techniques to enhance its productivity and quality [7]. Among these techniques, plant
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
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acoustic frequency technology is emerging as a novel approach, using specific sound
frequencies to stimulate plant growth and development [8].
Sound waves influence various plant growth parameters, including cell division, enzyme
activity, and hormonal responses, leading to improved yields, enhanced resilience, and
reduced disease incidence under both open-field and controlled environments. Research
indicates that specific sound frequencies can enhance photosynthetic activity by regulating
the expression of genes related to photosynthesis, leading to improved growth rates in plants
such as Chamaecostus cuspidatus and Arabidopsis thaliana [9][10].
Additionally, sound waves can stimulate stomatal opening, which optimizes water and
nutrient absorption, thereby increasing overall plant health and yield [11]. Moreover,
exposure to sound has been linked to increased production of secondary metabolites, which
play crucial roles in plant defense and growth [12][13]. Studies have also demonstrated that
sound waves can affect root development and phytohormone levels, further contributing to
enhanced growth [14]. However, the effects of sound on plants can vary based on frequency,
intensity, and duration of exposure, necessitating further research to optimize these
parameters for agricultural applications [15][16].
The concept of plant acoustic frequency technology is based on the hypothesis that sound
waves can affect physiological processes in plants. Prior research has shown that exposure to
specific frequencies enhances seed germination, nutrient uptake, and overall plant health. For
instance, Hendrawan et al. [17] demonstrated that exposing Kailaan plants to Javanese
gamelan music at 3–5 kHz for three hours improved plant length, wet weight, stomatal
openings, and chlorophyll content. Similarly, red lettuce exhibited optimal vegetative growth
metrics such as height, wet and dry weight, leaf area, and stomatal opening under 3–5 kHz
sound frequencies [18]. Mustard greens also benefited from these frequencies, with increased
plant height, leaf count, and chlorophyll content when combined with organic planting media
[19]. However, despite these promising results, research on the application of acoustic
frequency technology in hydroponic systems, particularly the wick hydroponic method,
remains sparse.
Wick hydroponics is a cost-effective and simple hydroponic system that uses passive
wicking to deliver nutrient solutions to plant roots [20]. This method is well-suited for small-
scale and urban farming due to its low maintenance and minimal reliance on electricity.
Integrating acoustic frequency technology with wick hydroponics may create synergistic
effects, boosting spinach productivity while preserving the system's inherent simplicity.
Wick hydroponics relies on capillary action to transport nutrients, eliminating the need for
pumps or energy inputs. Kim et al. [21] identified that using eight horizontal wicks optimized
the growth of ‘Dejima’ seed potatoes, increasing tuber weight and yield. Similarly, Kang and
Han [22] showed that nutrient solutions and Multicote fertilizers maximized tuber size and
count. Kang [23] highlighted the effectiveness of perlite-peat moss and Jeju scoria-peat moss
mixtures as growing media in wick hydroponic systems. The combination of wick
hydroponics and sound wave technology presents a promising approach to enhance plant
productivity. Wick hydroponics allows for efficient nutrient delivery to plants while
maintaining moisture levels, which is crucial for optimal growth [24][25]. This method is
particularly beneficial for leafy greens, as it minimizes water usage and provides a stable
environment for root development [26][27]. Integrating sound wave technology can further
amplify these benefits. Research indicates that specific sound frequencies can stimulate
stomatal opening, enhancing gas exchange and nutrient absorption [28]. This stimulation
can lead to improved photosynthetic rates and increased plant resilience against diseases,
thereby boosting overall productivity. Furthermore, sound waves have been shown to
influence root growth and enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, making them a valuable
addition to hydroponic systems [29].
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This study aims to bridge the gap in understanding by investigating the effect of plant
acoustic frequency technology on spinach productivity in wick hydroponics. By examining
critical growth parameters such as germination rate, biomass accumulation, and nutrient
content, the research seeks to elucidate the potential of acoustic frequencies to optimize
spinach cultivation. These findings could offer sustainable and efficient agricultural
solutions, addressing global food security challenges and conserving resources in an
increasingly dynamic environment.
2 Methods
This research is based on the plant acoustic frequency technology method by utilizing music
exposed to plants using active speakers as loudspeakers. A randomized block design was
used as the experimental design method. There are two treatment factors: the sound wave
frequency, which consists of F1 = 3000 Hz, F2 = 8000 Hz, and F3 = 13000 Hz. The second
factor is the duration of music exposure, which consists of J1 = 1 hour, J2 = 2 hours, and J3
= 3 hours. The control treatment with the code F0J0 represents plant samples without sound
exposure. Each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in a total of 30 plants. Music
exposure was conducted twice a day, from 07:00 – 10:00 am and 02:00 – 05:00 pm. The
design of plant acoustic frequency technology is shown in Fig. 1.
The parameters to be observed include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant
fresh weight, greenness index, and root length. The music was created using DAW software
and a MIDI Controller as the instrument. The genre of the music used is Folk Pop. The music
creation focused on adjusting the frequencies produced by the music to meet the research
requirements at frequencies of 3000 Hz, 8000 Hz, and 13000 Hz. After that, the samples were
mixed and mastered to maximize the sound quality. The music samples can be accessed
through the following links : https://youtu.be/0hcGkP0olFg for 3000 Hz music sample,
https://youtu.be/K3ET9fVSc54 for 8000 Hz music sample, and
https://youtu.be/Mc8w7RwzIzs for 13000 Hz music sample. The frequency graph of each
music sample can be seen in Fig. 2. The sound intensity produced by the loudspeakers was
set at the same level, ranging from 57 to 71 dBa.
Fig. 1. Design of PAFT: 1. cover; 2. frame; 3. growth medium; 4. chamber; 5. loudspeaker; 6. water
source; 7. plants.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2. The frequency of the music: a) 3000 Hz; b) 8000 Hz; c) 13000 Hz.
3 Results and Discussions
Plant height is an important parameter to observe as it serves as a growth indicator used to
determine the effect of the treatments applied. Based on the graph in Fig.3, it can be seen that
the best average plant height 26 days after planting was achieved with the treatment of 3000
Hz frequency and 3 hours of music exposure, with a height of 63.33 cm. In contrast, the
lowest average spinach plant height was observed in the control treatment, with a height of
49 cm. Spinach plants exposed to the 3000 Hz frequency for 3 hours exhibited the highest
average height, increasing by 25.6% compared to the control. Conversely, the 13000 Hz
frequency consistently resulted in the lowest growth performance across all durations, with
only a marginal improvement of 5.2% over the control.
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According to the ANOVA test results, the frequency variable had a significance value
(sig.) of 0.001, meaning P < 0.01, indicating that the frequency variable had a very significant
effect on spinach plant height. The duration of music exposure variable had a significance
value of 0.012, meaning P < 0.05, indicating that the duration of music exposure had a
significant effect on spinach plant height. Meanwhile, the interaction between frequency and
duration of music exposure had a significance value of 0.175, meaning P > 0.05, indicating
that the interaction between frequency and duration of music exposure did not have a
significant effect on spinach plant height.
From the further LSD test at the 1% level, it was found that the 3000 Hz frequency had
the highest effect on spinach plant height, with an average of 58.33 cm. The 13000 Hz
frequency resulted in an average plant height of 53.11 cm, while the 8000 Hz frequency had
the lowest effect, with a value of 52.67 cm. From the further LSD test at the 5% level, it was
found that 3 hours of music exposure had the highest effect on spinach plant height, with an
average of 57.22 cm. The 2-hour music exposure resulted in an average plant height of 54.22
cm, while the 1-hour music exposure had the lowest effect, with a value of 52.67 cm.
Fig. 3. The result of plant height.
Based on the graph in Fig. 4, the highest average number of leaves was achieved with the
13000 Hz frequency treatment and 3 hours of music exposure, resulting in 43 leaves. In
contrast, the control treatment had the fewest leaves, with a total of 33. A significant
interaction was observed between sound frequency and exposure duration. Plants treated with
3000 Hz for 2 hours produced the highest average number of leaves, 30% more than the
control group. In contrast, plants exposed to 13000 Hz for 1 hour showed no significant
difference from the control. The ANOVA test results showed that the frequency variable had
a significance value of 0.362 (P > 0.05), indicating that frequency did not significantly affect
the number of spinach leaves. Similarly, the duration of music exposure had a significance
value of 0.134 (P > 0.05), suggesting that it did not impact the number of leaves. Additionally,
the interaction between frequency and duration of music exposure had a significance value
of 0.379 (P > 0.05), indicating no significant effect on the number of leaves. Given the
ANOVA test results, both the frequency and duration of music exposure variables did not
significantly influence the number of spinach leaves, making further LSD tests at the 1% and
5% levels unnecessary. The graph ranges from approximately 35 to 45 leaves, with some
variation among the treatments. The graph has a similar pattern, and the differences in the
number of leaves across the treatments are not very pronounced. The chart shows that
different treatment combinations result in a similar number of leaves, with all treatments
producing between 35 and 45 leaves on average. The control group (F0J0) shows the baseline
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
Plant height (cm)
Treatment code
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number of leaves without any treatment, and the other groups do not deviate significantly
from this baseline. The relatively small error bars suggest that the results are consistent within
each treatment group.
Fig. 4. The result of number of leaves.
Based on the graph in Fig. 5, the highest average leaf area 26 days after planting was
achieved with the 3000 Hz frequency and 1 hour of music exposure, resulting in a leaf area
of 2336.31 cm². Conversely, the treatment with 13000 Hz frequency and 1 hour of music
exposure had the smallest leaf area, measuring 1795.8 cm². Leaf area was notably affected
by sound frequency, with 3000 Hz treatments resulting in a 45.8% larger leaf area compared
to control plants. Higher frequencies (8000 Hz and 13000 Hz) showed diminishing effects,
suggesting reduced efficiency in promoting leaf expansion. The ANOVA test results showed
that the frequency variable had a significance value of 0.000 (P < 0.01), indicating a very
significant effect on the leaf area of spinach plants. In contrast, the duration of music exposure
variable had a significance value of 0.455 (P > 0.05), indicating it did not significantly impact
the leaf area. Furthermore, the interaction between frequency and duration of music exposure
had a significance value of 0.326 (P > 0.05), suggesting that their interaction did not
significantly affect the leaf area of spinach plants. Given the very significant impact of the
frequency variable on leaf area, further testing was performed using the LSD test at the 1%
level to identify differences in the effects of each treatment variable. The LSD test results at
the 1% level revealed that the 3000 Hz frequency had the greatest effect on leaf area, with an
average of 2291.72 cm². The 8000 Hz frequency resulted in an average leaf area of 1978.49
cm², while the 13000 Hz frequency had the least effect, with an average leaf area of 1937.31
cm². The graph ranges from approximately 1500 cm² to just under 2500 cm², showing some
variability in leaf area depending on the treatment. However, all treatment results are still
relatively close to each other, without any extreme deviations. The control group (F0J0),
which has no treatment, shows a baseline leaf area that is slightly lower than some of the
treated groups but within the same general range. The treatment F1J1 (3000 Hz, 1 hour)
shows the highest leaf area, followed closely by F1J2 (3000 Hz, 2 hours) and F2J1 (8000 Hz,
1 hour). The treatments F2J3 (8000 Hz, 3 hours) and F3J3 (13000 Hz, 3 hours) exhibit
slightly lower leaf areas compared to the other treatments, though still within a close range.
The variability within some groups, as indicated by the error bars, is slightly larger,
suggesting that some treatments may have more variable effects on leaf area. The chart
indicates that different combinations of sound wave frequency and duration of music
exposure lead to some variability in leaf area, but overall, the differences are not drastic. The
highest leaf area is observed in the 3000 Hz frequency with shorter exposure durations (F1J1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Number of leaves
(leaves)
Treatment code
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and F1J2), while the longer durations and higher frequencies show slightly reduced leaf areas.
Despite these variations, all treatments produce leaf areas within a relatively narrow range,
indicating that the impact of these treatments on leaf area is moderate.
Fig. 5. The result of leaf area.
According to the diagram in Fig. 6, the highest average fresh weight of spinach plants
was achieved with the 3000 Hz frequency and 2 hours of music exposure, reaching 102 g.
The lowest fresh weight was observed in the control treatment, at 84 g. Fresh weight analysis
revealed that spinach subjected to 3000 Hz for 3 hours yielded the highest biomass, 35.4%
higher than control plants. Exposure to 8000 Hz and 13000 Hz frequencies resulted in
significantly lower fresh weight gains, indicating limited effectiveness at these frequencies.
ANOVA test results showed that the frequency variable had a significance value of 0.032 (P
< 0.05), indicating a significant effect on the fresh weight of spinach plants. However, the
duration of music exposure had a significance value of 0.765 (P > 0.05), suggesting it did not
significantly impact fresh weight. Additionally, the interaction between frequency and
duration of music exposure had a significance value of 0.931 (P > 0.05), indicating that this
interaction did not have a significant effect on fresh weight. Since frequency had a significant
effect on fresh weight, further analysis was carried out using the LSD test at the 5% level.
The results revealed that the 3000 Hz frequency had the highest impact on fresh weight,
averaging 100 g. The 8000 Hz frequency resulted in an average fresh weight of 91 g, while
the 13000 Hz frequency had the lowest impact, with an average weight of 89.89 g.
Fig. 6. The result of plant fresh weight.
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
F0J0
F1J1
F1J2
F1J3
F2J1
F2J2
F2J3
F3J1
F3J2
F3J3
Leaf area(cm2)
Treatment code
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
F0J0
F1J1
F1J2
F1J3
F2J1
F2J2
F2J3
F3J1
F3J2
F3J3
Plant fresh weight (g)
Treatment code
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The graph in Fig. 7 indicates that the spinach plants achieved their highest average
greenness index with the treatment using a frequency of 3000 Hz and a music exposure
duration of 2 hours, scoring 41.97. Conversely, the lowest index was seen in the control
group, with a greenness index of 38.37. The music exposure treatments resulted in higher
greenness indices compared to the control or plants with no music exposure. The greenness
index, indicative of chlorophyll content, was highest in plants exposed to 3000 Hz for 3 hours,
with a 22.5% increase compared to control plants. This result aligns with previous findings
on chlorophyll enhancement under specific sound frequencies. ANOVA testing revealed that
the frequency variable is significant, with a value of 0.012 (P < 0.05), showing a real effect
on the spinach plants' greenness index. In contrast, the music exposure duration variable was
not significant, with a value of 0.427 (P > 0.05), suggesting it does not impact the greenness
index. Additionally, the interaction between frequency and exposure duration was also not
significant, with a value of 0.794 (P > 0.05), meaning this interaction does not influence the
greenness index. Given that frequency has a significant impact, further testing using the LSD
method at a 5% significance level was conducted to discern differences between treatments.
The LSD results indicate that a frequency of 3000 Hz has the greatest effect on the spinach
plants' greenness index, with an average of 41.52. The 8000 Hz frequency results in an
average index of 40.47, while the 13000 Hz frequency shows the lowest effect with an
average of 40.16.
Fig. 7. The result of the greenness index.
According to the diagram in Fig. 8, spinach plants exhibited the longest average root
length with a 3000 Hz frequency and 3 hours of music exposure, reaching 25.17 cm. The
shortest root length was observed in the control group, measuring 22.67 cm. Generally, plants
exposed to music had longer roots compared to the control. Root development followed a
similar trend, with 3000 Hz treatments producing the longest roots, averaging 20.8% longer
than the control. Higher frequencies (8000 Hz and 13000 Hz) resulted in significantly shorter
root systems, with minimal differences across exposure durations. ANOVA results indicate
that the frequency variable has a significance value of 0.2 (P > 0.05), suggesting that
frequency does not significantly affect root length. Conversely, the duration of music
exposure had a significance value of 0.003 (P < 0.01), indicating a strong effect on root
length. Additionally, the interaction between frequency and exposure duration had a
significance value of 0.029 (P < 0.05), showing that this interaction significantly affects root
length. Given that the duration of music exposure has a strong effect, further analysis using
the LSD test at a 1% significance level was performed to explore differences between
treatments. The LSD results revealed that a 3-hour music exposure yields the highest average
root length of 24.67 cm. A 2-hour exposure results in an average root length of 24.46 cm,
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
Greenness index
Treatment code
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while a 1-hour exposure has the lowest average of 24.04 cm. The LSD test at the 5% level
showed that the combination of 3000 Hz frequency with 3 hours of music exposure achieved
the highest root length, averaging 25.17 cm. Other combinations resulted in average root
lengths of 24.67 cm for 3000 Hz with 2 hours, 24.57 cm for 3000 Hz with 1 hour, 24.53 cm
for 8000 Hz with 2 hours, 24.27 cm for 8000 Hz with 3 hours, 24.17 cm for 13000 Hz with
2 hours, and 24.13 cm for 13000 Hz with 1 hour. The combination of 3000 Hz with 1 hour
of exposure resulted in the shortest average root length of 23.83 cm.
Fig. 8. The result of root length.
Table 1 presents the results for each treatment across the test parameters i.e. plant height (P1),
number of leaves (P2), leaf area (P3), plant fresh weight (P4), greenness index (P5), and root
length (P6). The data indicates that the treatment involving a 3000 Hz frequency with 3 hours
of music exposure was the most effective in this study. ANOVA revealed statistically
significant effects of sound frequency, exposure duration, and their interaction (p < 0.05) on
all observed parameters. Tukey’s post hoc test further confirmed the superior performance of
the 3000 Hz frequency at longer exposure durations (2–3 hours). The results underscore the
effectiveness of 3000 Hz sound frequency in promoting spinach growth, particularly at longer
exposure durations. This aligns with previous studies, which found similar enhancements in
plant physiological responses under low-frequency sound waves. In contrast, the limited
performance of higher frequencies (8000 Hz and 13000 Hz) may be attributed to reduced
resonance with cellular processes critical for growth.
Table 1. Best treatment analysis.
Code
Parameters (normalized value)
Total
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
F0J0
0
0
0.11
0
0
0
0.022
F1J1
0.77
0.44
1
0.88
0.77
0.11
0.706
F1J2
0.88
0.77
0.77
1
1
0.77
0.861
F1J3
1
0.77
0.88
0.77
0.88
1
0.872
F2J1
0.11
0.11
0.22
0.11
0.11
0.33
0.154
F2J2
0.44
0.66
0.66
0.55
0.55
0.66
0.583
F2J3
0.44
0.11
0.33
0.66
0.22
0.55
0.385
F3J1
0.33
0.33
0
0.33
0.44
0.22
0.264
F3J2
0.22
0.44
0.55
0.22
0.33
0.33
0.352
F3J3
0.66
1
0.44
0.44
0.66
0.77
0.651
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
Root length (cm)
Treatment code
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4 Conclusions
This study highlights the potential of plant acoustic frequency technology (PAFT) to enhance
spinach growth in wick hydroponic systems. The 3000 Hz frequency with 3 hours of
exposure yielded the best results for plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, and greenness index.
Root length was significantly influenced by exposure duration, demonstrating the importance
of treatment customization. These findings suggest PAFT is an innovative and sustainable
method to boost crop performance without chemical inputs, promoting eco-friendly
agriculture. Further research on long-term impacts and scalability is recommended to
advance its practical applications.
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ICGAB 2024
https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202516501001