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Solid waste and environmental impacts: a study on local perceptions and
geographic distribution of reject points in the flores neighborhood,
Manaus/Amazonas
Resíduos sólidos e impactos ambientais: um estudo sobre as percepções
locais e a distribuição geográfica dos pontos de rejeite no bairro de flores,
Manaus/Amazonas
Residuos sólidos e impactos ambientales: un estudio sobre las percepciones
locales y la distribución geográfica de los puntos de rechazo en el barrio de
flores, Manaus/Amazonas
DOI: 10.55905/revconv.18n.3-021
Originals received: 2/5/2025
Acceptance for publication: 2/26/2025
Thaís Regina Ferreira da Silva
Graduating in Civil Engineering
Institution: Fundação Centro de Análise, Pesquisa e Inovação Tecnológica (FUCAPI)
Address: Manaus - Amazonas, Brazil
E-mail: thaisregina452@gmail.com
Sandy Rebelo Bandeira
Master in Process Engineering
Institution: Fundação Centro de Análise, Pesquisa e Inovação Tecnológica (FUCAPI)
Address: Manaus - Amazonas, Brazil
E-mail: bandeira.san@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The rapid urban growth and lack of effective public policies have exacerbated the problem of
improper disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), directly impacting environmental quality
and public health. This study aims to analyze the environmental impacts of improper solid waste
disposal in the Flores neighborhood of Manaus, AM, correlating residents' perceptions with the
geographical distribution of waste dumping sites. The methodology involves collecting primary
data through surveys with the local population and using geoprocessing techniques to map
improper disposal sites. The results indicate that the absence of selective waste collection and
deficiencies in urban infrastructure are key factors contributing to the persistence of the problem.
It was found that improper waste disposal occurs both in high-density urban areas and peripheral
regions, affecting soil and water quality. As a conclusion, the study suggests the implementation
of public policies focused on environmental education, stricter enforcement, and improved
infrastructure for proper waste disposal, ensuring a more sustainable and efficient waste
management system.
Keywords: urban sustainability, soil and water contamination, national solid waste policy
environmental education, urban planning, waste management technologie.
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RESUMO
O crescimento acelerado das cidades e a ausência de políticas públicas eficientes têm agravado
o problema do descarte irregular de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), impactando diretamente a
qualidade ambiental e a saúde pública. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os impactos
ambientais do descarte inadequado de resíduos sólidos no bairro de Flores, em Manaus/AM,
correlacionando a percepção dos moradores com a distribuição geográfica dos pontos de rejeite.
A metodologia adotada envolve a coleta de dados primários por meio de questionários aplicados
à população local e a utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento para mapear os locais de
disposição irregular. Os resultados evidenciam que a ausência de coleta seletiva e a deficiência
na infraestrutura urbana são fatores determinantes para a persistência do problema. Constatou-se
que a disposição inadequada ocorre tanto em áreas de alta densidade populacional quanto em
regiões periféricas, comprometendo a qualidade do solo e dos recursos hídricos. Como
conclusão, sugere-se a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas à educação ambiental,
fiscalização mais rigorosa e ampliação da infraestrutura para destinação adequada dos resíduos,
garantindo uma gestão sustentável e eficaz.
Palavras-chave: sustentabilidade urbana, contaminação do solo e água, política nacional de
resíduos sólidos, educação ambiental, planejamento urbano, tecnologias para gestão de resíduos.
RESUMEN
El crecimiento acelerado de las ciudades y la ausencia de políticas públicas eficientes han
agravado el problema de la disposición irregular de los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU),
impactando directamente en la calidad ambiental y la salud pública. Este estudio tiene como
objetivo analizar los impactos ambientales de la disposición inadecuada de residuos sólidos en
el barrio de Flores, en Manaus/AM, correlacionando la percepción de los residentes con la
distribución geográfica de los puntos de rechazo. La metodología adoptada implica la recolección
de datos primarios a través de cuestionarios aplicados a la población local y el uso de técnicas de
geoprocesamiento para mapear los lugares de disposición irregular. Los resultados muestran que
la ausencia de recolección selectiva y la deficiencia en la infraestructura urbana son factores
determinantes para la persistencia del problema. Se encontró que la disposición inadecuada
ocurre tanto en áreas de alta densidad poblacional como en regiones periféricas, comprometiendo
la calidad del suelo y los recursos.
Palabras clave: sostenibilidad urbana, contaminación del suelo y agua, política nacional de
residuos sólidos, educación ambiental, planificación urbana, tecnologías para la gestión de
resíduos.
1 INTRODUCTION
As a result of accelerated urban growth and demographic expansion, the management of
urban solid waste has been configured as a challenge that affects the quality of life and
environmental balance in areas of high population density. The problem of improper disposal
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manifests itself in the dispersion of tailings on public roads, vacant lots and banks of
watercourses, causing contamination of the soil, water resources and risks to public health.
The National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), instituted by Law No. 12,305/2010 (Brasil,
2010), establishes guidelines for the proper management of waste, but its implementation faces
structural limitations. This study focuses on the neighborhood of Flowers, in Manaus/AM, where
the reality of irregular disposal evidences the absence of an integrated management system. The
analysis proposes to articulate technical data and community perceptions, contributing to the
formulation of sustainable environmental management strategies in an in-line manner and to the
development of sustainable environmental management strategies.
In the neighborhood of Flowers, the irregular disposal of waste reflects a complex
problem, marked by the absence of regular collection and appropriate infrastructure. The
decomposition of organic waste in open-air dumps results in leachate that contaminates the soil
and groundwater, in addition to emitting harmful gases, such as methane, aggravating global
warming (Ferreira et al., 2024). In addition, the presence of waste pickers in precarious
conditions exposes the population to health risks, evidencing failures in municipal management.
This scenario is exacerbated by socioeconomic inequalities, where the precariousness of
sanitation services and the lack of environmental awareness amplify environmental and social
impacts (Zaman, 2014). The problem demands integrated analysis, which considers both
technical aspects and local perceptions, allowing for the accurate diagnosis of environmental
damage and challenges for waste management, to promote reasoned interventions and the
implementation of effective solutions in the urban sector.
The relevance of this study lies in the need to deepen the understanding of the
environmental impacts caused by the irregular disposal of waste in the neighborhood of Flores,
promoting the integration of technical methods and participatory analysis. The use of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and mapping techniques enables the accurate identification of
rejection points and the spatial assessment of environmental risks (Souza, 2023).
In addition, the incorporation of residents' perceptions provides subsidies to understand
the socio-environmental dimensions and guide public policies that contemplate environmental
education and selective collection (Song et al., 2015). The scarcity of adequate infrastructure and
the poor implementation of the PNRS reinforce the urgency of research that provides the basis
for integrated interventions, promoting the improvement of living conditions and the balance of
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local ecosystems. This approach allows the construction of well-founded and effective
environmental management strategies for sustainable development.
The main objective of this study is to analyze the environmental impacts resulting from
the irregular disposal of solid waste in the neighborhood of Flores, integrating the evaluation of
residents' perceptions with the geographical identification of the points of rejection. Specifically,
it is intended to: map the areas of inadequate disposal using GIS tools; measure the environmental
risks associated with soil and water contamination; and correlate spatial data with local
socioeconomic indicators (Zhang et al., 2019).
This study aims to support the formulation of public policies aimed at improving selective
collection and environmental education, contributing to the implementation of an integrated
management system. In addition, it seeks to establish a robust methodological basis to guide
future research and improve waste management practices in a sustainable way.
The integration of the results obtained will allow the construction of a comprehensive
diagnosis of the environmental situation in the neighborhood of Flores, based on spatial analysis
and local perceptions. The articulation between GIS technologies, forecasting methodologies and
community participation provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced in solid
waste management. Based on the data collected and the analyses carried out, it is expected to
contribute to the formulation of interventions that improve the selective collection and proper
disposal of waste, mitigating environmental impacts and promoting public health.
The integration of the results obtained will allow the construction of a comprehensive
diagnosis of the environmental situation in the neighborhood of Flores, based on spatial analysis
and local perceptions. The articulation between GIS technologies, forecasting methodologies and
community participation provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced in solid
waste management. Based on the data collected and the analyses carried out, it is expected to
contribute to the formulation of interventions that improve the selective collection and proper
disposal of waste, mitigating environmental impacts and promoting public health.
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2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 URBAN SOLID WASTE: CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATION
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is defined as discarded materials originating from
domestic, commercial, industrial and health service activities, whose inappropriate disposal can
generate significant environmental impacts (Brasil, 2010). The classification of this waste is
essential for the formulation of efficient management strategies, being categorized as organic,
recyclable, tailings, and hazardous (Ferreira, 2024). The correct segregation and disposal of these
materials contributes to the reduction of inappropriate disposal and the promotion of the circular
economy (Paes et al., 2024). In the context of large urban centers, excessive waste generation,
combined with poor infrastructure, aggravates the challenges of MSW management, making it
necessary to implement effective selective collection and treatment measures (Meena et al.,
2023).
In addition, the composition of MSW can vary according to the socioeconomic conditions
of the region, directly influencing management strategies and final destination (Singh, Dilshit,
Kumar, 2025). Organic waste can be used through composting and biodigestion, reducing the
volume destined for landfills. On the other hand, recyclable waste, such as plastics, metals, and
paper, represent an economic opportunity for the recycling chain (Ferreira, 2024).
The disorderly growth of cities, associated with the throwaway culture, intensifies the
problem of USW management (Gomes et al., 2023). The lack of awareness of the population
about the correct separation of waste compromises the efficiency of selective collection systems.
To face this challenge, it is essential to implement environmental education programs and
incentives for reverse logistics, ensuring more sustainable management (Paes et al., 2024).
2.2 NATIONAL SOLID WASTE POLICY (PNRS) AND ITS APPLICATION IN MANAUS
The National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), established by Law No. 12.305/2010,
represents a regulatory framework in waste management in Brazil, determining principles and
instruments for the sustainable management of solid waste. The legislation encourages shared
responsibility between public authorities, the private sector and civil society, in addition to
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promoting reverse logistics, selective collection and recycling as strategies to minimize
environmental impacts and reduce dependence on landfills (Brasil, 2010). However, its
implementation faces challenges, especially in cities in the North Region, such as Manaus, where
there are structural and operational deficiencies that make it difficult to consolidate an efficient
waste management system (Ferreira, 2024).
The application of the PNRS in Manaus is hampered by the absence of adequate
infrastructure for the collection, treatment and final disposal of urban solid waste (MSW). The
city generates more than 4,000 tons of waste daily, most of which is destined for landfills, which
highlights the need to expand sustainable practices, such as recycling and composting (Paes et
al., 2020). In addition, the geographic dispersion of the population and the presence of areas of
difficult access complicate the operationalization of selective collection programs, limiting the
efficiency of public urban cleaning services. Failure to comply with the guidelines of the PNRS,
such as the formulation and effective implementation of Municipal Plans for Integrated Solid
Waste Management, compromises the advancement of public policies in the city (Guerrero;
Maas; Hogland, 2013).
Another significant obstacle is related to insufficient inspection and the lack of incentives
for the circular economy, which discourages practices such as recycling and reuse of materials.
Although the PNRS was created to promote sustainability in waste management, its effectiveness
depends on concrete measures, such as partnerships between the public sector and waste pickers'
cooperatives, which could expand the recovery of recyclable waste and reduce the volume sent
to landfills (Paes et al., 2021). However, the city still faces difficulties in articulating these
initiatives, due to the discontinuity of public policies and the lack of mechanisms that ensure the
active participation of society in the urban solid waste management process (SNIS, 2019).
To make the PNRS more effective in Manaus, it is necessary to strengthen the integration
between the different levels of government, ensuring more efficient governance in waste
management. In addition, investments in technical training, infrastructure modernization, and
adoption of technologies such as biodigesters for organic waste and energy recovery are essential
to mitigate the environmental impacts of inappropriate disposal of MSW (Paes et al., 2024). The
population's awareness of the correct separation of waste and the need to reduce the generation
of waste are determining factors for the success of the policy, requiring greater engagement of
the public authorities in the promotion of educational campaigns and incentives for sustainable
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practices. In this way, the city could advance in the implementation of a management model
aligned with the principles of the PNRS, reducing environmental impacts and promoting more
sustainable urban development (Paes et al., 2020).
2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF IRREGULAR DISPOSAL
The irregular disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) generates a series of
environmental and social impacts, especially in urban areas where waste management is
inadequate. The disposal of waste in inappropriate places, such as vacant lots, river banks, and
public areas, can lead to the contamination of soil and water resources, in addition to contributing
to the proliferation of disease vectors, such as rats and mosquitoes (Ferreira et al., 2024). Leached
liquid, resulting from the decomposition of organic materials, is highly polluting and can
infiltrate the soil, reaching the water table and contaminating drinking water sources, which poses
a risk to public health and the local ecosystem (Lima et al., 2021). In addition, the irregular
burning of waste, a common practice in disposal areas, releases toxic gases into the atmosphere,
contributing to the degradation of air quality and the increase in respiratory problems in the
population.
The social impacts resulting from the irregular disposal of waste are equally worrying.
The presence of open-air dumps and areas of inappropriate disposal directly affects the quality
of life of neighboring communities, exposing them to risks of infectious and parasitic diseases,
in addition to generating discomfort due to odors and visual pollution (Ferreira et al., 2024). The
population living near these places, often in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability, also faces
the stigma associated with proximity to degraded areas, which can negatively impact the
valuation of their properties and the self-esteem of residents (Lima et al., 2021). In addition, the
presence of waste pickers in dumps, who work in precarious and unhealthy conditions, highlights
the lack of effective public policies for social inclusion and income generation through recycling.
Inadequate waste management also entails high costs for municipalities, which need to
invest in urban cleaning, remediation of contaminated areas, and treatment of diseases related to
poor waste disposal (Ferreira et al., 2024). The lack of infrastructure for selective collection and
recycling aggravates the problem, perpetuating a cycle of irregular disposal and environmental
degradation. To mitigate these impacts, it is essential to implement public policies that promote
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environmental education, community participation, and the adoption of sustainable technologies
for waste management, in line with the principles of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS)
(Lima et al., 2021). Raising awareness among the population about the effects of irregular
disposal and the importance of recycling are fundamental steps for building more sustainable and
healthy cities.
2.4 GEOPROCESSING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
Geoprocessing and spatial analysis have proven to be essential tools for the efficient
management of urban solid waste, allowing the identification of critical areas of irregular
disposal and the optimization of collection routes. Through Geographic Information Systems
(GIS), it is possible to integrate socioeconomic, environmental, and geographic data, generating
thematic maps that help in decision-making (Doorga et al., 2022). The application of multicriteria
analysis techniques, such as the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, allows the weighting
of variables such as distance from water bodies, population density, and road infrastructure,
contributing to the selection of suitable locations for the installation of landfills or waste
treatment units (Ajibade et al., 2019). In addition, spatial modeling facilitates the identification
of waste generation patterns, helping to plan more assertive public policies and reduce
environmental impacts.
The use of GIS also enables the integration of remote sensing data, such as satellite
imagery, which can be used to monitor areas of irregular disposal and assess changes in land use
over time (Aksoy; San, 2019). This approach is particularly relevant in cities like Manaus, where
disorderly urban sprawl and a lack of adequate infrastructure for waste management exacerbate
environmental problems. Spatial analysis also allows the identification of priority areas for the
implementation of environmental education and selective collection programs, contributing to
the reduction of the volume of waste destined for landfills and to the promotion of recycling
(Sumathi et al., 2008). In this way, geoprocessing is consolidated as an indispensable tool for the
sustainable management of solid waste, in line with the principles of the National Solid Waste
Policy (PNRS).
The application of geoprocessing techniques in the management of urban solid waste has
been widely studied in different contexts, such as in the municipality of Gudivada, India, where
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the use of GIS allowed the identification of suitable sites for the final disposal of waste,
considering criteria such as distance from water bodies, highways and inhabited areas
(Haripavan; Dey, 2023). Additionally, the creation of buffer zones around sensitive areas, such
as public parks and water supply wells, demonstrates how spatial analysis can contribute to
minimizing environmental and social impacts associated with improper waste disposal. This
approach, combined with the collection of primary and secondary data, allows for the
construction of a robust database, which serves as a basis for more informed and sustainable
decision-making.
Another relevant aspect is the ability of geoprocessing to integrate different data sources,
such as socioeconomic information, population density, and road infrastructure, to generate more
comprehensive and accurate analyses (Haripavan; Dey, 2023). This integration is essential for
identifying areas with the greatest potential for the implementation of waste treatment
technologies, such as composting and energy generation from waste. In addition, the use of high-
resolution satellite images, such as those obtained by LISS and PAN sensors, allows for the
constant updating of spatial data, ensuring that the analyses are always in line with the local
reality. In this way, geoprocessing not only facilitates the operational management of waste, but
also contributes to the formulation of more effective and sustainable public policies.
2.5 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION AND POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Socio-environmental perception and popular participation are fundamental elements for
the success of urban solid waste management. Understanding the population's attitudes and
behaviors towards waste disposal can provide valuable insights for the development of more
effective public policies (Iyamu; Walk; Ho, 2022). In many cases, the lack of environmental
awareness and education contributes to inadequate disposal practices, such as the dumping of
waste in public areas or water bodies, which aggravates public health problems and
environmental degradation (Haripavan; Dey, 2023). Therefore, the promotion of educational
campaigns and the inclusion of the community in the waste management process are essential
strategies to change behaviors and foster shared responsibility.
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Popular participation in solid waste management can be encouraged through programs
that involve the community in selective collection, recycling and composting. The experience of
countries such as Nigeria demonstrates that a lack of public engagement and the absence of
inclusive policies are obstacles to the implementation of efficient waste management systems
(Iyamu; Walk; Ho, 2022). In the context of Manaus, the creation of voluntary delivery points
(PEVs) and the promotion of waste pickers' cooperatives can strengthen selective collection and
recycling, while generating income opportunities for vulnerable populations. Integrating these
practices with robust public policies can result in more sustainable and inclusive waste
management.
In addition, the socio-environmental perception of the population in relation to the
impacts of irregular waste disposal is a determining factor for the adoption of more sustainable
practices. Studies show that awareness of the negative effects of garbage on health and the
environment can motivate behavioral changes (Haripavan; Dey, 2023). In Manaus, conducting
perception surveys and promoting community dialogues can help identify residents' top concerns
and devise waste management strategies that meet local needs. Active community participation
not only increases the effectiveness of public policies, but also strengthens the sense of collective
responsibility towards the environment.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 TYPE OF RESEARCH
This study is characterized as descriptive and exploratory, employing a mixed approach
that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods. The descriptive research aims to detail the
characteristics of the investigated phenomenon, in this case, the irregular disposal of solid waste
in the neighborhood of Flowers, in Manaus. The exploratory strand seeks to deepen the
understanding of the perceptions of residents and identify patterns in the distribution of tailings
points. The combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches allows for a comprehensive
analysis: while qualitative focuses on residents' perceptions and attitudes, quantitative focuses
on the measurement and statistical analysis of the data collected. This mixed methodology is
adequate to capture the complexity of the problem, providing subsidies both for the subjective
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understanding of those involved and for the elaboration of intervention strategies based on
empirical evidence.
3.2 FIELD OF STUDY
Figure 1. Geospatial map of the Flowers neighborhood
Source: Prepared by the Authors, 2025
The neighborhood of Flowers (3°03'50"S 60°00'29"W), located in the South-Central
Zone of Manaus, Amazonas, was established in 1971 and stands out for its significant territorial
extension and population density. According to 2022 data, the population of the neighborhood is
60,588 inhabitants. Flores is home to important access roads, such as Avenida Torquato Tapajós,
which facilitates the connection with the city center. The waste collection infrastructure in the
neighborhood is managed by the Municipal Secretariat of Urban Cleaning (SEMULSP), which
implements regular collection services and selective collection programs in specific areas.
However, challenges persist, such as the improper disposal of waste in unauthorized places,
indicating the need for improvement in urban cleaning services and greater environmental
awareness on the part of the population (Persctiva Censo, IBGE, 2022).
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3.3 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection was carried out in three complementary stages:
In the Field Research, structured questionnaires were applied to the residents of the
Flores neighborhood, aiming to capture their perceptions about solid waste disposal. The
questions will address disposal habits, knowledge about recycling practices and evaluation of
available collection services. The sample was of 10 inhabitants that it defined in order to
adequately represent the socioeconomic diversity of the local population in the period from May
2024 to August 2024.
The Geospatial Survey, the identification and mapping of the tailings, points were
carried out using GPS devices for precise georeferencing. The data collected in the field were
integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allowing the spatial visualization of the
sites of irregular disposal and the analysis of their distribution in relation to geographic and
infrastructural factors of the neighborhood.
In the Document Analysis, official documents from environmental and municipal
agencies were examined, such as reports from SEMULSP and the Solid Waste Management
Information System - SINIR. These documents provided information on public policies, waste
collection statistics, and previous initiatives related to solid waste management in the region,
complementing the primary data obtained in the previous stages.
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS
The analysis of the collected data was adopted in a multifaceted approach, where the
quantitative data obtained from the questionnaires were submitted to descriptive statistical
techniques, allowing the synthesis of information about the habits and perceptions of the
residents in relation to waste disposal. Measures of central tendency and dispersion will be
calculated to characterize the profile of the population studied.
In addition to the use of GIS tools, the georeferenced tailings points were analyzed to
identify spatial distribution patterns. Thematic maps will be prepared that correlate the places of
irregular disposal with socioeconomic and geographic variables, facilitating the visualization of
critical areas that need specific interventions.
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However, for content analysis, the qualitative answers of the questionnaires and
interviews were examined through content analysis, identifying categories and recurring themes
that reveal the perceptions, attitudes and suggestions of the residents about solid waste
management. This analysis allowed us to understand the motivations behind disposal behaviors
and guide the development of mitigation strategies aligned with community expectations.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTS' PERCEPTION OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN MANAUS AND OTHER COUNTRIES
The graph presented shows the perception of the residents of the Flores neighborhood, in
Manaus, about the management of urban solid waste (MSW). The unanimity in some responses,
such as the identification of irregular behavior in disposal (100% positive responses), and the
absence of selective collection (100% negative), indicate structural challenges and environmental
awareness in the locality. To enrich the discussion, we compared this scenario with international
studies that address waste management and public perception on the subject.
4.1.1 Comparison with the Reality of Other Countries
In Ghana, a study conducted by Adu et al. (2025) highlights that accelerated urban
growth has led to increased waste production, creating challenges for efficient management.
Using machine learning and geoprocessing (GIS) techniques, the research revealed that
urbanization and population density are determining factors in the generation of solid waste. This
reality is similar to that of Manaus, where the absence of an efficient selective collection system
negatively impacts the environment and public health.
In China, Chu, Jin, and Chu (2022) analyzed the pollution caused by heavy metals present
in the slurry produced during the fermentation of waste before incineration. The study highlights
the environmental risks associated with the lack of proper treatment, which results in
groundwater contamination. This reinforces the concern shown by Manaus residents about
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groundwater pollution (90% positive responses), indicating a perception in line with real
environmental impacts observed globally.
Graph 1 – Residents' Perception of Waste Management in the Flores Neighborhood, Manaus/AM
Residents' perception
Questions
sim
não
1. Groundwater pollution
9
1
2. Irregular behavior
10
0
3. Selective collection
0
10
4. Regular collection
10
0
5. Solid waste disposal
10
0
Source: Prepared by the Authors, 2025
In developed countries, such as Germany and Japan, solid waste management follows
a model based on source separation, recycling and energy recovery, significantly reducing the
volume sent to landfills. Khan et al. (2022) point out that Asian countries still face challenges in
achieving this efficiency, due to the lack of infrastructure and effective public policies. In the
case of Manaus, the total absence of selective collection among the interviewees shows a delay
in the implementation of similar strategies.
4.1.2 Environmental Impacts and the Relationship with the Perception of Residents
Silva, Roberto and Almeida (2023) highlight the environmental impacts of pollution in
urban water bodies, such as the Passarinho stream, in Manaus. The study reveals that the
improper disposal of waste contributes to the worsening of the pollution of the streams, directly
affecting the health of residents and increasing socio-environmental vulnerability. The high rate
of perception of groundwater pollution in the neighborhood of Flowers indicates a correlation
between local environmental problems and the perception of the population.
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In addition, Khan et al. (2022) argue that accelerated urbanization and increasing
consumption increase the production of solid waste, making the use of innovative technologies
essential to mitigate environmental impacts. This perspective reinforces the need to implement
more sustainable strategies in Manaus, such as recycling systems and public policies aimed at
reducing waste.
Figure 2: Map of the Spatial Distribution of Irregular Solid Waste Disposal in the Flowers Neighborhood, Manaus,
Amazonas.
Source: Prepared by the authors themselves 2025
4.2 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF IRREGULAR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL: A
COMPARISON BETWEEN MANAUS AND OTHER CITIES
The inadequate disposal of urban solid waste has been consolidated as one of the main
environmental and urban challenges in several parts of the world, including the city of Manaus.
The mapping of irregular disposal points in the Flores neighborhood shows a significant
concentration of these places in the central region of the neighborhood, with a higher incidence
among the points identified as P5, P6, P7 and P8.
This spatial configuration may be associated with factors such as higher population
density and accessibility of these places for the clandestine disposal of waste. On the other hand,
points P2 and P4, located in more peripheral areas, indicate that the problem is not restricted to
central regions, but is distributed heterogeneously throughout the neighborhood. Point P1,
located at the eastern end, reinforces this thesis by demonstrating that irregular disposal also
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occurs in less urbanized areas, possibly due to the absence of adequate infrastructure for regular
collection.
Figure 3 - Record of Point P1 in the Mapping of Irregular Solid Waste Disposal in the Flores Neighborhood,
Manaus/AM
Source: Prepared by the Authors, 2025
This pattern of disposal is similar to that found in other urban contexts, such as in the
Coroado neighborhood, in Manaus, where residents point out difficulties in collection and the
formation of the so-called "addicted garbage dumps", which function as permanent places for
irregular waste disposal, aggravating environmental and health impacts (Assis; Castro De Jesus;
Mayan; 2024). Similarly, in Chiclayo, Peru, poor solid waste management has caused the
accumulation of garbage in public spaces, including vacant lots and river banks, generating
environmental and public health problems due to the proliferation of disease vectors (Arteaga;
Silva; Yarasca-Aybar, 2023).
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Table 1- Geographic Coordinates of Irregular Solid Waste Disposal in the Flowers Neighborhood, Manaus,
Amazonas.
Point
Zone
Coordinate E
Coordinate N
P1
21S
166.950,640 m
9.661.447,900 m
P2
20S
831.493,761 m
9.660.637,631 m
P3
20S
832.176,303 m
9.661.558,100 m
P4
20S
832.050,529 m
9.660.789,807 m
P5
20S
832.270,568 m
9.662.172,408 m
P6
20S
832.238,462 m
9.661.680,910 m
P7
20S
832.394,372 m
9.662.172,408 m
P8
20S
832.331,700 m
9.661.865,125 m
Source: Prepared by the Authors, 2025
4.2.1 Geographic and Urban Factors Influencing Disposal
The spatial analysis of the irregular disposal of waste in the neighborhood of Flowers
suggests that the higher concentration of points in the north-central portion of the neighborhood
may be a direct reflection of the volume of waste generated in this region. This relationship was
also observed in Ghana, where population density and accelerated urban growth were identified
as key variables in the generation of municipal solid waste. Studies based on machine learning
and geoprocessing techniques have indicated that the expansion of built areas and population
increase are critical factors for increasing solid waste generation, requiring integrated
management of this waste to minimize environmental impacts (Adu et al., 2025).
In addition to population density, the inefficiency of public collection services can be an
aggravating factor in the spatial distribution of irregular disposal. In the municipality of
Gudivada, India, the use of geoprocessing and remote sensing has made it possible to identify
areas that are most vulnerable to inappropriate waste dumping and to propose optimized
collection routes to reduce the problem. The research showed that irregular disposal occurs, for
the most part, in regions where public collection is irregular or non-existent, as observed in
Manaus (Haripavan; Dey, 2023).
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Figure 4: Record of Points P2 and P4 in the Mapping of Irregular Solid Waste Disposal in the Flowers
Neighborhood, Manaus/AM
Source: Prepared by the Authors, 2025
4.2.2 Urban Infrastructure and the Relationship with Irregular Disposal
The proximity of irregular disposal points to urban places in the Flowers neighborhood
suggests that these places are often used for clandestine disposal by residents who do not have
regular access to waste collection services. This behavior has also been identified in Manado,
Indonesia, where the absence of formal waste management systems has contributed to the
increase in garbage dumping in public areas and hillsides, increasing the risk of landslides and
environmental contamination (Macafee; Lohr; Jong, 2024).
Another relevant factor for the persistence of the problem is the absence of efficient
alternatives for waste disposal. In the case of Mauritius, a management model based on an
integrated system of incineration and recovery of landfill gas was implemented, which made it
possible to reduce the volume of waste and generate energy from the controlled burning of
discarded materials (Doorga et al., 2022). The absence of similar policies in Manaus indicates
the need to improve waste management, including the creation of ecopoints, incentives for
selective collection, and more efficient inspection of clandestine disposal.
4.2.3 Use of Technologies and Public Policies for Mitigation
The georeferenced mapping of irregular waste disposal points in the Flowers
neighborhood can be an essential tool for the formulation of public waste management policies.
International experiences show that the adoption of innovative technologies can significantly
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improve the efficiency of urban solid waste collection and disposal systems. In smart cities in
Europe, the implementation of automated and sensorized waste bins has optimized collection
processes, reducing, the incidence of irregular disposal and increasing the recycling rate
(Zumpolis et al., 2024).
In addition to technology, community awareness and strengthening popular participation
are essential to mitigate the problem. In Chiclayo, Peru, the low environmental education of the
population was pointed out as one of the main factors for the irregular disposal of waste.
Awareness campaigns and increased access to selective collection services were recommended
to improve waste management and reduce negative impacts on the urban environment (Arteaga;
Silva; Yarasca-Aybar, 2023).
4.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES BASED
ON RESULTS
The comparison between local data and international studies suggests that the perception
of the residents of the Flores neighborhood is aligned with real structural problems faced in
various parts of the world. The unanimous recognition of the lack of selective collection and the
concern about groundwater pollution indicate an urgent need for effective public policies.
It is recommended that Manaus adopt approaches already applied in other countries,
such as:
a) Use of GIS to optimize waste collection, as done in Ghana.
b) Regulation for leachate and heavy metal control, such as in China.
c) Policies to encourage the recycling and energy recovery of waste, following the
European model.
Based on this evidence, it is clear that the implementation of more sustainable practices,
associated with environmental awareness work, can improve solid waste management in the
Flores neighborhood, reducing environmental impacts and promoting a better quality of life for
its residents.
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5 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN FINDINGS
The research showed that the irregular disposal of solid waste in the neighborhood of
Flores, in Manaus, occurs in a concentrated way in areas of higher population density, but also
manifests itself in peripheral regions, indicating a structural problem in waste management. The
lack of selective collection and the absence of adequate infrastructure aggravate the situation,
making public spaces recurrent points of clandestine disposal. The perception of the residents
corroborates these findings, pointing to the pollution of groundwater and the accumulation of
garbage as direct environmental impacts of this practice.
Comparison with other countries revealed similar patterns in places where collection
infrastructure is precarious, such as in Ghana and India, where studies have shown that
accelerated urban growth and inefficient public management are determining factors for
improper disposal. In contrast, cities that have implemented technologies such as geoprocessing
and smart dumps, such as Europe, have been able to minimize the problem and optimize waste
collection. These results reinforce the need for public policies that integrate technology and
environmental awareness to mitigate the impacts of this problem in Manaus.
5.2 STUDY LIMITATIONS
Despite the results obtained, some limitations should be considered. The study was
restricted to the neighborhood of Flores, making it impossible to have a broader view of the
situation in other neighborhoods of the city. Thus, the patterns observed may not represent the
entire reality of Manaus. In addition, the methodology used was based on residents' perception
and geospatial mapping, without including direct measurements of environmental quality, such
as soil and water analyses, which could provide more concrete evidence of the impacts of
irregular disposal.
Another limitation concerns the absence of an economic approach to solid waste
management in the region. Factors such as operating costs, feasibility of selective collection and
financial impacts of environmental degradation were not deepened in the research. International
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studies indicate that the inclusion of these aspects allows a better assessment of the feasibility of
sustainable management policies, being a relevant point for future investigations.
5.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
To broaden the understanding of solid waste management in Manaus, it is recommended
to expand the study to other neighborhoods, allowing a comparative analysis between different
urban realities. The incorporation of environmental measurements, such as soil and water quality
analysis, can offer a more accurate view of environmental impacts and strengthen the argument
about the need for changes in waste management.
In addition, future research may explore the impact of implementing technologies, such
as sensors for waste monitoring and optimization of collection routes, as already observed in
european smart cities. Studies on the economic feasibility of selective collection and the reuse of
materials are also recommended, considering the potential for income generation and the
environmental benefits for the community. Thus, it is expected that the next research will
contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable public policies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to the Foundation Center for Analysis, Research and
Technological Innovation (FUCAPI) for their academic and institutional support, which made
this study possible.
We also extend our appreciation to the Municipal Secretariat of Urban Cleaning (SEMULSP)
and other environmental agencies for providing essential information for this research.
Our sincere thanks go to the residents of the Flowers neighborhood, whose willingness to
participate in the study and share their perceptions greatly enriched this work.
We are grateful to our professors and advisors for their technical and scientific guidance, as well
as to our research colleagues for their encouragement and knowledge exchange throughout this
process.
Finally, we express our deepest appreciation to our families and friends for their unwavering
support and motivation, which were fundamental to the completion of this study.
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