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Halal Research 5(1) (2025) 71-83
Identification of Plants from the Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae Families
in a Mini Herbal Garden Based on Halal in Sumberbrantas Village, Bumiaji
District, Batu, East Java
Muhammad Ainur Rosyid Ridho, Kristanti Indah Purwani
a Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Surabaya, 61211, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is recognized for its rich biodiversity, particularly in herbal plants, with the
Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae families being prominent in traditional medicine. This study
focuses on the identification and documentation of herbal plants from these families in
Sumberbrantas Village, Bumiaji District, Batu, East Java, where the favorable climate and
fertile soil support their growth. Despite the potential, there is limited documentation of
these plants, which is crucial for optimizing their benefits and ensuring adherence to halal
cultivation practices. The halal concept encompasses not only the end products but also
environmentally friendly cultivation processes compliant with Islamic law, including seed
selection, organic fertilization, and post-harvest processing. This research identifies key
species such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cassava (Manihot
esculenta), highlighting their health benefits and economic potential. The study employs
morphological observations and comparisons with botanical literature to ensure accurate
identification. The findings reveal that all identified plants are cultivated according to halal
principles, enhancing their marketability and sustainability. The results underscore the
importance of halal-based mini herbal gardens as a model for integrated herbal plant
management, promoting health, economic growth, and environmental sustainability within
the local community. This research contributes to the understanding of herbal biodiversity in
Indonesia and supports the development of sustainable agricultural practices aligned with
halal standards.
Keywords:Euphorbiaceae, Herbal plants, Halal Cultivation, Traditional Medicine,
Zingiberaceae
©
2025 Pusat Kajian Halal ITS. All rights reserved.
1 Introduction
Indonesia is known as one of the countries with high biodiversity, including in the type of
herbal plants. Two plant families that are often utilized in traditional medicine are
Corresponding author. Tel: +62 857 8499 4228
Email address: fredy@chem.its.ac.id
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 72
Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The Zingiberaceae family includes plants such as ginger
(Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and galangal (Alpinia galanga), which have
various health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Meanwhile,
the Euphorbiaceae family includes plants such as cassava (Manihot esculenta) and castor
bean (Jatropha curcas), which are often used in herbal medicine as well as biofuel [1].
The utilization of plants from these two families is highly potential in Sumberbrantas Village,
Bumiaji District, Batu, East Java. With its cool climate and fertile soil, this village provides an
ideal environment for the growth of various types of herbal plants. However, the
identification and documentation of herbal plants, particularly from the Zingiberaceae and
Euphorbiaceae families, are still limited. This identification effort is important to optimize the
potential benefits of the plants and ensure cultivation practices that adhere to halal principles
[2].
The halal concept in the management of mini herbal gardens not only focuses on the end
product but also involves an environmentally friendly cultivation process that complies with
Islamic law. This includes the selection of seeds, the use of organic fertilizers, and the
processing of the harvest. With a halal-based approach, the community of Sumberbrantas
Village is expected to enhance the economic value of herbal plants while maintaining
environmental sustainability [3].
Not all plants are automatically considered halal. In the context of Islam, the halal status of a
plant not only depends on the type of plant itself but also on how the plant is processed and
used. Plants that come from clear sources and are not contaminated with haram substances
(for example, plants grown in soil or using fertilizers containing haram elements) are
considered halal. Plants processed in a manner that complies with Islamic law (for example,
not mixed with haram substances such as alcohol or other forbidden ingredients in food) will
still be considered halal. Some plants may be used for specific purposes that could change
their status. For example, if a plant is used for purposes contrary to Islamic teachings, such as
for intoxicating or harmful products, it may become haram. Plants used in the food or
pharmaceutical industries often need halal certification to ensure that they meet Islamic legal
standards, both in terms of raw materials and the production process [21].
This research aims to identify plants from the Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae families in
mini herbal gardens in the yards of houses in Sumberbrantas Village. This identification not
only provides insights into the existing biodiversity but also serves as an initial step to support
the sustainable and halal cultivation of herbal plants [4].
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
This research was conducted using supporting materials and tools to identify plants from the
Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae families. The materials used include herbal plants found in
the mini herbal garden of the Sumberbrantas Village community, such as ginger (Zingiber
officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and castor bean (Jatropha
curcas). These plants were collected for direct observation.
73 M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83
The tools used include a digital camera for visual documentation, a magnifying loupe to
observe the morphological structures of leaves, stems, and flowers. As a support, plant
identification guides such as the book Flora of Java by Backer and van Steenis are used to
ensure the accuracy of identification [5].
2.2 Methods
1. Research and Sampling Location
The research was conducted in a mini herbal garden owned by the community of
Sumberbrantas Village, Bumiaji District. The location was chosen based on the high potential
for biodiversity of herbal plants. Sampling was conducted purposively, specifically on plants
belonging to the Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae families. Plant morphological data, such
as leaf shape, flowers, stems, and rhizomes, were observed and recorded for the
identification process [6].
2. Morphological Observation
Observations were conducted on the main morphological characters that are characteristic
of both families. In Zingiberaceae plants, the focus of observation includes the shape of the
rhizome, flowers, and leaves. Meanwhile, for Euphorbiaceae plants, the observation covers
the structure of the stem, leaves, and fruit. Morphological data were compared with
descriptions in botanical literature and plant identification guides [7].
3. Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed descriptively by matching the morphological characteristics
of the plants with the literature and identification keys.
a. Observing Plant Characteristics in Detail
Begin by closely observing the plants in the Mini Herbal Garden. Focus on key features such
as the shape of the leaves, flowers, stems, and fruits. Take note of prominent characteristics,
including color, size, and texture.
b. Comparing with the Flora Identification Book
Use the Flora Identification for Taxonomy book as your primary reference. Match the
observed plant characteristics with the information provided in the book. Be sure to examine
the scientific descriptions, illustrated images, and plant classification categories.
c. Ensuring the Halal Status of Plants
Once the plant is identified, investigate its uses, particularly if it is intended for consumption
or medicinal purposes. Halal plants typically do not contain harmful substances, are non-toxic,
and comply with Islamic principles. This information can often be found in the book's notes
on traditional usage or scientific studies.
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 74
The results of the analysis were then classified to determine the identified species. In addition,
notes on the benefits of the plants and their economic potential were also collected as
supplementary information [4].
2 Results and discussion
One type of form of biodiversity in the flora environment found in Indonesia is medicinal
plants. Medicinal plants are materials derived from very simple, pure, uncontaminated, or
unprocessed plants, which in their preparation process are merely picked and concocted,
then directly consumed as natural medicine. In addition, medicinal plants have properties
that are beneficial in the field of health, as well as for the prevention and treatment of various
diseases, especially chronic diseases, degenerative diseases, and tumors [8].
The ancestors of the Indonesian people have long been deeply involved in traditional
medicine by utilizing plants found in nature and the surrounding environment. This very
valuable heritage has been passed down from generation to generation by the ancestors to
the next generations [9].
Because of this, people tend to choose instant health treatments and also purchase
medications from pharmacies without a doctor's prescription when experiencing ailments. In
fact, chemically-based medicines have side effects. The people of Sumberbrantas village have
expertise in cultivating various plants, including mentigi (Vaccinium varingaefolium), acacia
(Acacia decurrens), and fennel (Funiculum vulgare), among others [10].
Most of the residents of Sumberbrantas Village are generally farmers who produce high-
quality vegetables and horticultural products. The village, as its name suggests, has the
Brantas River spring that flows through several regencies/cities in East Java. Due to its
attractive natural conditions, Sumberbrantas Village also has two tourism sectors within it: an
arboretum, which is the center of the Brantas River spring, and a natural hot spring bath
tourism. Both places have great potential in attracting visitors or tourists to Sumberbrantas
village. Where it is highly likely that in the future it can become one of the tourist destinations
in the city of Batu [11].
Based on the table (Table 1), it is known that there are 4 types of plants in the Zingiberaceae
family that are used as medicine by the people of Sumberbrantas Village. According to [12],
it is explained that Zingiberaceae is a family of ginger-like plants in the form of perennial herbs
with rhizome roots. There are 4 types of plants in that family that are utilized as traditional
medicine in Sumberbrantas Village, namely Alpinia galanga (Galangal), Curcuma longa
(Turmeric), Kaempferia galanga (Kencur), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) [13]. According to
[14], the Zingiberaceae family contains many active compounds, including flavonoids,
saponins, and essential oils. In addition, the Zingiberaceae family is a type of rhizomatous
plant that has a distinctive-smelling rhizome. Plants from the Zingiberaceae family are very
commonly found in the Indonesian region. This is because Indonesia has a tropical climate
that is very suitable for the growth of various types of plants, one of which is the Zingiberaceae
family [15]
75 M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83
Figure 1. Family of Zingiberaceae Figure 2. Family of Euphorbiaceae
According to [16], the Euphorbiaceae family is a family of flowering plants with 300 genera
and around 7,500 species. This family is commonly found in tropical regions, with most of its
species in the Indo-Malay and tropical American regions. Species in the Euphorbiaceae family
have been used by local populations in various countries in traditional medicine as remedies
for several diseases and ailments such as cancer, diabetes, diarrhea, heart disease, hepatitis,
eye diseases, and scabies. Based it is known that there are 4 types of plants in the
Euphorbiaceae family used as medicine by the people of Sumberbrantas Village. The plants
from that family consist of Acalypha hipsida (Cat's tail), Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia),
Excoecaria cochinchinensis (Blood sambang), and Manihot esculenta (Singkong). Based on the
results of the literature study, the antibacterial activity of plants from the Euphorbiaceae
family shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-
negative bacteria, characterized by the formation of inhibition zones. The group of secondary
metabolite compounds contained in plants of the Euphorbiaceae family that act as
antibacterial agents includes alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and
terpenoids. Additionally, plants of the Euphorbiaceae family contain compounds such as
hydroxylamine, hesperidin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, and phyllanthin [17].
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 76
Table 1. Results of the identification of plants from the Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae
families
No
Local
Name
Species Name
Family
Determination Key
Habitus
Sampling
Location
Parts
Used
1
Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Zingiberaceae
1b – 2b - 3b – 4b –
6b – 7b – 9b – 10b
– 11b – 12b – 13b -
14a – 15a – 109b
(group 8, plants
with simple,
scattered leaves) –
119b – 120b –
128b – 129a –
130b – 132a -32
Zingiberaceae-
(characterized by
yellow fruit and
greenish-yellow
leaves - Curcuma
longa)
Herb
Home
garden
Rhizome
2
Ginger
Zingiber
officinale
Zingiberaceae
1b – 2b - 3b – 4b –
6b – 7b – 9b – 10b
– 11b – 12b – 13b -
14a – 15a – 109b
(group 8, plants
with simple,
scattered leaves) –
119b – 120b –
128b – 129a –
130b – 132a -32
Zingiberaceae-
(The ginger stem is
a pseudostem, 30
to 100 cm tall, with
rhizomes having
yellow to reddish
flesh and a
pungent odor -
Zingiber officinale)
Herb
Garden,
forest
Rhizome
3
Galangal
Alpinia
galanga
Zingiberaceae
1b – 2b - 3b – 4b –
6b – 7b – 9b – 10b
– 11b – 12b – 13b -
14a – 15a – 109b
(group 8, plants
with simple,
scattered leaves) –
119b – 120b –
128b – 129a –
130b – 132a -32
Zingiberaceae-
(Large, thick,
cylindrical
rhizomes, 2-4 cm in
diameter, reddish-
Herb
Garden,
forest
Rhizome
77 M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83
brown outer skin,
white interior -
Alpinia galanga)
No
Local
Name
Species Name
Family
Determination Key
Habitus
Sampling
Location
Parts
Used
4
Aromatic
Ginger
Kaempferia
galanga
Zingiberaceae
1b – 2b - 3b – 4b –
6b – 7b – 9b – 10b
– 11b – 12b – 13b -
14a – 15a – 109b
(group 8, plants
with simple,
scattered leaves) –
119b – 120b –
128b – 129a –
130b – 132a -32
Zingiberaceae-
(Light brown
rhizome skin,
yellow rhizome
flesh - Kaempferia
galanga)
Herb
Forest,
garden
Rhizome
5
Cat’s Tail
Acalypha
hispida
Euphorbiaceae
1b-2b-3b-4b-6b-
34b-37a-67.
Euphorbiaceae-
(Flowers are
unisexual,
cylindrical, 1-1.5
cm in diameter, 20-
50 cm long, red,
resembling a cat's
tail - Acalypha
hispida)
Shrub
Forest,
garden
Leaves,
fruit,
flowers,
seeds
6
Poinsettia
Euphorbia
pulcherrima
Euphorbiaceae
1b-2b-3b-4b-6b-
34b-37a-67.
Euphorbiaceae-
(Large succulent
stem with spines
resembling cactus -
Euphorbia
pulcherrima)
Tree
Forest,
garden
Leaves,
stem
7
Bloodleaf
Excoecaria
cochinchinensis
Euphorbiaceae
1b-2b-3b-4b-6b-
34b-37a-67.
Euphorbiaceae-
(Dark green leaves
on the upper side,
reddish underside -
Excoecaria
cochinchinensis)
Shrub
Garden
Leaves,
flowers,
tubers,
stem
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 78
The halal principle in herbal plant cultivation is very important to ensure that the products
produced are not only beneficial for health but also comply with Islamic principles that
regulate the halal status of a product [19]. In this study, all stages in the process of herbal
plant cultivation are carried out with attention to the established halal standards, from
material selection, plant management, to post-harvest processing. One of the main steps is
the selection of organic fertilizers that do not contain substances prohibited by Islamic law,
such as chemicals or pesticides that can harm the environment and pose health risks. The
fertilizers used in the cultivation of herbal plants can come from various types, such as organic
fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, or biofertilizers. Organic fertilizers are typically compost,
manure, or processed organic waste. Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic fertilizers containing
specific nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Meanwhile, biofertilizers
contain microorganisms that naturally enhance soil fertility. To ensure the fertilizers used
meet halal criteria, attention must be given to the raw materials and the production process.
Halal fertilizers must not contain haram or impure elements, such as waste derived from pigs
or prohibited alcohol. Additionally, organic fertilizers made from animal waste must be
verified to come from animals slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law. Therefore, before
using fertilizers, it is essential to check the labels, halal certification (if available), or consult
with experts familiar with halal criteria, such as halal certification bodies or Islamic scholars.
By using fertilizers that comply with halal standards, the resulting herbal plants can fully
support the principles of halal.The organic fertilizers used are sourced from natural and
environmentally safe materials and provide long-term benefits for soil fertility [18].
To assess whether all stages of herbal plant cultivation are carried out with attention to
established halal standards, it is essential to evaluate each phase of the cultivation process,
from planting to harvesting, and ensure that all practices comply with Islamic principles [22].
Here's how you can assess these processes:
1. Selection of Seeds or Planting Material: Ensure that the seeds or planting materials used
are sourced from halal-certified suppliers. The plants should not have been grown in
contaminated soil or with the use of non-halal substances, such as animal-based fertilizers
from haram sources
No
Local
Name
Species Name
Family
Determination Key
Habitus
Sampling
Location
Parts
Used
8
Cassava
Manihot
esculenta
Euphorbiaceae
1b-2b-3b-4b-6b-
34b-37a-67.
Euphorbiaceae- (1-
4 m tall, leaves
with long petioles,
palm-shaped, 3-8
lobes per leaf,
petioles can be
yellow, green, or
red - Manihot
esculenta)
Tree
Garden
Stem,
flowers,
leaves
79 M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83
2. Soil and Fertilization: Assess the fertilizers and soil treatment used in the cultivation
process. Organic fertilizers such as compost or manure should come from halal-certified
sources. Avoid fertilizers derived from animals that are not slaughtered according to
Islamic law, like pigs or animals that died naturally. Synthetic fertilizers should also be
checked to ensure they do not contain any prohibited ingredients.
3. Watering and Irrigation: Ensure that the water used for irrigation is clean and not
contaminated with impurities or substances that are considered haram. Water from
sources that are not tainted by prohibited elements should be used.
4. Pest and Disease Control: The use of pesticides and herbicides should be evaluated to
ensure they do not contain haram ingredients. Natural or organic pest control methods
are preferable, and any chemical treatments used should be checked to verify that they
comply with halal standards.
5. Harvesting: The harvesting process should be carried out without the use of any tools or
machinery that may have been previously exposed to non-halal substances. Additionally,
it is important to ensure that the plant is harvested in a way that aligns with Islamic ethics,
avoiding any harm or disrespect to the plant.
6. Processing and Packaging: Once the plants are harvested, the processing methods should
be halal-compliant. This includes ensuring that no alcohol or forbidden substances are
used in the extraction or processing of herbal products. Packaging materials should also
be free from any haram substances.
7. Halal Certification: If the plants are being sold or used commercially, obtaining halal
certification from a recognized certification body is essential. This ensures that all
processes, from cultivation to processing, meet halal requirements.
In addition, transparent logging of agricultural activities becomes an important part of the
halal assurance system. With clear documentation, every step of the cultivation process, such
as seed selection, planting, maintenance, and harvesting, can be tracked and monitored. One
notable dissertation examines the development of Islamic gardens as a global phenomenon,
highlighting their adaptation in various parts of the world, including Europe and North
America. The study focuses on three contemporary Islamic gardens: the Mughal Garden in
Bradford, UK; the Bakewell Ottoman Garden in St. Louis, US; and the Aga Khan Park in
Toronto, Canada. This ensures that each stage is carried out in accordance with halal
principles. Avoidance of harmful chemicals, such as synthetic pesticides or unauthorized
preservatives, is also a priority. The products produced from this mini herbal garden are not
only safe for consumption but also free from substances that could harm health or contradict
the teachings of Islam [20].
To assess whether each stage of the herbal plant cultivation process aligns with halal
principles, it is necessary to establish a detailed evaluation and monitoring system at every
stage, including seed selection, planting, maintenance, and harvesting [23]. Here's how you
can assess these processes:
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 80
1. Seed Selection
Source Verification: Ensure that the seeds used are sourced from halal-certified suppliers. This
ensures that the seeds have not been contaminated by non-halal substances, such as those
grown in contaminated environments or using non-halal fertilizers.
2. Documentation
Maintain a record of where and how the seeds are sourced, and ensure that they meet halal
certification standards.
3. Planting
Verify that the soil used is free from contamination and that only halal-certified organic
fertilizers or soil treatments are used. This could involve checking for the absence of animal-
based fertilizers from non-halal animals or other prohibited substances. Document all soil
treatments and fertilizers used, ensuring that no synthetic chemicals, such as those containing
haram elements, are applied.
4. Maintenance and Growth
Ensure that the water used is clean, uncontaminated, and sourced from halal-compliant
sources. There should be no introduction of harmful substances during irrigation. Evaluate
the pesticides and herbicides used to ensure they do not contain any haram ingredients.
Preferred methods should include natural, organic pest control rather than chemical
treatments that may contain forbidden substances.
5. Tracking the Methods
Keep detailed records of any pest control or disease management methods used, ensuring
they align with halal standards. If chemical agents are used, they must be verified for halal
compliance.
6. Harvesting:
Ensure that the tools and equipment used in the harvesting process have not been exposed
to non-halal substances. This includes verifying that machinery and tools are cleaned and used
only for halal purposes.Record the harvesting techniques to ensure that they comply with
halal ethics, such as avoiding harm to the plants and treating them with respect according to
Islamic guidelines.
7. Processing and Packaging
Ensure that no alcohol, non-halal preservatives, or other prohibited substances are used in
the extraction, processing, or packaging of the plant products. Verify that the processing
facility is halal-certified and follows halal standards in handling and processing plant
materials. Packaging materials should also be free from haram substances.
8. Regular Monitoring and Auditing
81 M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83
Internal audits regularly audit the cultivation process, including all steps of planting,
maintenance, harvesting, and processing, to ensure compliance with halal standards. Obtain
certification from recognized halal certifying bodies to ensure that all stages are compliant
with Islamic law. This helps provide assurance that the entire process, from planting to
packaging, adheres to halal requirements.
The adoption of halal principles in herbal plant cultivation aligns with the increasing demand
for halal products, both in domestic and international markets. The global market increasingly
prioritizes products that meet halal standards, which are not only viewed from the safety
aspect but also from sustainability and production ethics. Therefore, the implementation of
halal principles in herbal plant cultivation not only provides health benefits but also opens up
broader market opportunities, both for consumers who prioritize halal aspects and for
industries focused on environmentally friendly and sustainable products [3].
3 Conclusion
This research successfully identified various plants from the Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae
families growing in a halal-based mini herbal garden in the Sumberbrantas Village, Bumiaji
District, Batu, East Java. Plants from the Zingiberaceae family found include Curcuma longa
(turmeric), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Alpinia galanga (galangal), and Kaempferia galanga
(kencur), all of which have high potential as herbal medicines and health benefits. Similarly,
plants from the Euphorbiaceae family, such as Acalypha hispida (cat's tail), Euphorbia
pulcherrima (poinsettia), Excoecaria cochinchinensis (bloodwort), and Manihot esculenta
(cassava), also have economic and health potential, both as medicinal plants and food
resources.
All the plants identified in this study are managed according to halal principles, from seed
selection, cultivation processes, to post-harvest processing. The application of halal standards
in the cultivation of these herbal plants not only ensures product safety and sustainability but
also meets the increasing market demand for halal products. This strengthens the potential
of mini herbal gardens as a model of environmentally friendly, sustainable, and economically
beneficial agriculture for the local community.
Overall, the existence of halal-based mini herbal gardens in Sumberbrantas Village can serve
as a good example of integrated herbal plant management, supporting health, the economy,
and sustainability principles in daily life.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the local community in Sumberbrantas Village, Bumiaji District, Batu,
East Java, for their cooperation and assistance during the field research. Special thanks to the
farmers and participants who provided access to their herbal gardens and shared their
knowledge and experience regarding the halal cultivation of herbal plants.
M.A.R. Ridho, K.I. Purwani. 5(1) (2025) 71-83 82
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