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Climate change implications on vegetative phenophases of the main grape cultivars grown at Bujoru viticulture and winemaking research facility
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Water is considered the most critical resource for agricultural development worldwide. The increasing extreme weather phenomena require rational management of water resources in agriculture, which is the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The article is an attempt to take on the subject of agricultural producers’[1] awareness of selected aspects of rational water management in agricultural production. For this purpose, a pilot survey was used and carried out in selected poviats (counties) in the zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerian) Voivodeship, implemented as part of the “Support for the Creation of Local Water Partnerships” project (Support for the creation of LPW, SIR, 2020). [1] The article will use the term agricultural producer - farmer interchangeably.
The wine sector faces important challenges related to sustainability issues and the impact of climate change. More frequent extreme climate conditions (high temperatures coupled with severe drought periods) have become a matter of concern for the wine sector of typically dry and warm regions, such as the Mediterranean European countries. Soil is a natural resource crucial to sustaining the equilibrium of ecosystems, economic growth and people’s prosperity worldwide. In viticulture, soils have a great influence on crop performance (growth, yield and berry composition) and wine quality, as the soil is a central component of the terroir. Soil temperature (ST) affects multiple physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the soil as well as in plants growing on it. Moreover, the impact of ST is stronger in row crops such as grapevine, since it favors soil exposition to radiation and favors evapotranspiration. The role of ST on crop performance remains poorly described, especially under more extreme climatic conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the impact of ST in vineyards (vine plants, weeds, microbiota) can help to better manage and predict vineyards’ performance, plant-soil relations and soil microbiome under more extreme climate conditions. In addition, soil and plant thermal data can be integrated into Decision Support Systems (DSS) to support vineyard management. In this paper, the role of ST in Mediterranean vineyards is reviewed namely in terms of its effect on vines’ ecophysiological and agronomical performance and its relation with soil properties and soil management strategies. The potential use of imaging approaches, e.g. thermography, is discussed as an alternative or complementary tool to assess ST and vertical canopy temperature profiles/gradients in vineyards. Soil management strategies to mitigate the negative impact of climate change, optimize ST variation and crop thermal microclimate (leaf and berry) are proposed and discussed, with emphasis on Mediterranean systems.
The climate warming trend challenges the chemical risk associated with wine production worldwide. The present study investigated the possible difference between chemical wine profile during the drought year 2012 compared to the post-drought year 2013. Toxic metals (Cd and Pb), microelements (Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Ba, and Cu), macroelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and P), isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/207Pb), stable isotopes (δ18O, δ13C, (D/H)I, and (D/H)II), and climatic data were analyzed. The multivariate technique, correlation analysis, factor analysis, partial least squares–discriminant analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for data interpretation. The maximum temperature had a maximum difference when comparing data year apart. Indeed, extreme droughts were noted in only the spring and early summer of 2012 and in 2013, which increased the mean value of ground frost days. The microelements, macroelements, and Pb presented extreme effects in 2012, emphasizing more variability in terms of the type of wine. Extremely high Cd values were found in the wine samples analyzed, at up to 10.1 µg/L. The relationship between precipitation and δ18O from wine was complex, indicating grape formation under the systematic influence of the current year precipitation, and differences between years were noted. δ13C had disentangled values, with no differentiation between years, and when coupled with the deuterium–hydrogen ratio, it could sustain the hypothesis of possible adulteration. In the current analysis, the 87Sr/86Sr showed higher values than in other Romanian studies. The temperature had a strong positive correlation with Pb, while the ground frost day frequency correlated with both Pb and Cd toxic elements in the wine. Other significant relationships were disclosed between the chemical properties of wine and climate data. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated that heat stress had significant importance in the chemical profile of the wine, and the ground frost exceeded the influence of water stress, especially in Transylvania.
The Mediterranean basin is regarded as one of the regions the most affected by climate change in the world. Traditionally, viticulture in this region copes with high temperatures, heat waves and drought. Such particularly extreme conditions, which induce severe abiotic stress on plants, are expected to intensify due to the predicted climate changes in the future. Our study focuses on the viticulture of Santorini Island, located in South Aegean (Greece). Vines have been cultivated on Santorini Island for thousands of years on their own roots owing to the phylloxera-free volcanic soil of the island. The vineyards of Mediterranean regions are already encountering difficulties because of ongoing climate change. The aim of this study was to analyse chronological climate data, evaluate the trends in the change of climate parameters and bioclimatic indices and correlate them with viticultural indices. In brief, the average annual temperature has increased in the last 45 years by almost 4 °C and a significant increase in the frequency of days with high temperatures has been recorded. Bioclimatic indicators correspond to warmer climates with warmer nights and longer periods of drought. Finally, it appears that the high temperatures occurring during the critical stages of the development and differentiation of the vine seem to affect production in the following growing season, while earlier harvest dates and higher sugar content than 45 years ago are observed.
Climate change is a continuous spatiotemporal reality, possibly endangering the viability of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the future. Europe emerges as an especially responsive area where the grapevine is largely recognised as one of the most important crops, playing a key environmental and socio-economic role. The mounting evidence on significant impacts of climate change on viticulture urges the scientific community in investigating the potential evolution of these impacts in the upcoming decades. In this review work, a first attempt for the compilation of selected scientific research on this subject, during a relatively recent time frame (2010–2020), is implemented. For this purpose, a thorough investigation through multiple search queries was conducted and further screened by focusing exclusively on the predicted productivity parameters (phenology timing, product quality and yield) and cultivation area alteration. Main findings on the potential impacts of future climate change are described as changes in grapevine phenological timing, alterations in grape and wine composition, heterogeneous effects on grapevine yield, the expansion into areas that were previously unsuitable for grapevine cultivation and significant geographical displacements in traditional growing areas. These compiled findings may facilitate and delineate the implementation of effective adaptation and mitigation strategies, ultimately potentiating the future sustainability of European viticulture.
Viticulture and winemaking are important socioeconomic sectors in many European regions. Climate plays a vital role in the terroir of a given wine region, as it strongly controls canopy microclimate, vine growth, vine physiology, yield, and berry composition, which together determine wine attributes and typicity. New challenges are, however, predicted to arise from climate change, as grapevine cultivation is deeply dependent on weather and climate conditions. Changes in viticultural suitability over the last decades, for viticulture in general or the use of specific varieties, have already been reported for many wine regions. Despite spatially heterogeneous impacts, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate these recent trends on suitability for wine production. These shifts may reshape the geographical distribution of wine regions, while wine typicity may also be threatened in most cases. Changing climates will thereby urge for the implementation of timely, suitable, and cost-effective adaptation strategies, which should also be thoroughly planned and tuned to local conditions for an effective risk reduction. Although the potential of the different adaptation options is not yet fully investigated, deserving further research activities, their adoption will be of utmost relevance to maintain the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of the highly valued viticulture and winemaking sector in Europe.
Current assessments of climate change effects on viticulture are primarily based on global climate models. With respect to temperature and temperature-based indices, this may produce reasonable first approximations. Recent studies indicate that several viticultural regions may become more successful, and others less so, as high-quality wine production areas. However, it is not only average temperature but also a variety of other climate parameters and their variability that the allocation of chances and risks in impact assessments depends on. In this respect, global model resolutions are of limited value. However, current methods of regionalization by statistical downscaling or embedded regional climate models also show deficiencies and uncertainties. This paper presents a new method for the evaluation of regional climate scenarios using the statistical regional model STAR. This model offers improved applicability and reliability concerning viticultural aspects and primarily aims at evaluating measures of adaptation rather than predictions. The results demonstrate the extent and effects of climate change on viticultural areas in Europe. Possible impact on grapevine phenology and wine quality for the Rheingau and pest risks for Sardinia is given as example.
Berries of the cultivated grapevine Vitis vinifera are notably responsive to temperature, which can influence fruit quality and hence the future compatibility of varieties with their current growing regions. Organic acids represent a key component of fruit organoleptic quality and their content is significantly influenced by temperature. The objectives of this study were to (i) manipulate thermal regimes to realistically capture warming-driven reduction of malate content in Shiraz berries, and (ii) investigate the mechanisms behind temperature-sensitive malate loss and the potential downstream effects on berry metabolism. In the field we compared untreated controls at ambient temperature with longer and milder warming (2-4 °C differential for three weeks; Experiment 1) or shorter and more severe warming (4-6 °C differential for 11 days; Experiment 2). We complemented field trials with control (25/15 °C) and elevated (35/20 °C) day/night temperature controlled-environment trials using potted vines (Experiment 3). Elevating maximum temperatures (4-10 °C above controls) during pre-véraison stages led to higher malate content, particularly with warmer nights. Heating at véraison and ripening stages reduced malate content, consistent with effects typically seen in warm vintages. However, when minimum temperatures were also raised by 4-6 °C, malate content was not reduced, suggesting that the regulation of malate metabolism differs during the day and night. Increased NAD-dependent malic enzyme activity and decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate kinase activities, as well as the accumulation of various amino acids and γ-aminobutyric acid, suggest enhanced anaplerotic capacity of the TCA cycle and a need for coping with decreased cytosolic pH in heated fruit.
Using a forced convection system, temperatures of Merlot grape clusters were monitored and con- trolled between veraison and harvest to produce a dynamic range of berry temperatures under field conditions in both sun-exposed and shaded fruit. Ten combinations of temperature and solar radiation exposure were used to quantify effects on phenolic profiles (anthocyanins and flavonol-glycosides) and on total concentrations of skin anthocyanin (TSA) in the fruit at commercial maturity. Exposure of berries to high temperature extremes for relatively short periods during ripening appears to alter the partitioning of anthocyanins between acylated and nonacylated forms and between dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated branches of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Specifically, among flavonol-glycosides, quercetin 3-glucoside increased with exposure to solar radia- tion. Low incident solar radiation alone appeared not to compromise total anthocyanin accumulation; rather, a combination of low light and high berry temperatures decreased TSA. Regardless of exposure to solar radiation, higher berry temperatures led to a higher concentration and a higher proportion of TSA comprised by malvidin- based anthocyanins, driven primarily by increases in the acylated derivatives. Under shade alone and under high temperature extremes in sunlit and shaded fruit, acylated anthocyanins represented a larger proportion of TSA than did nonacylated anthocyanins. At berry temperatures equivalent to those of shaded fruit, exposure to solar radiation decreased the proportion of TSA comprised by acylated forms of the five base anthocyanins and increased the proportion of TSA comprised by dihydroxylated anthocyanins. Results indicate a complex combined effect of solar radiation and berry temperature on anthocyanin composition, synergistic at moderate berry temperatures and potentially antagonistic at high temperature extremes.
Background and Aims
Viticultural practices are needed to counteract widespread, deleterious effects of warming on fruit and wine attributes. Late pruning is an effective tool to delay fruit ripening and improve berry and wine attributes, but the interaction between late pruning and elevated ambient temperature on wine chemical and sensory properties is unknown. We thus investigated the effect of delayed pruning, warming and their interaction in two contrasting seasons.
Methods and Results
A factorial combination of three pruning times (winter pruning Control, and two late pruning treatments when Controls reached budburst or two–three leaves) and two thermal regimes (ambient temperature, heated) were established to investigate the interaction between pruning time and temperature on wine chemical composition and sensory traits during two seasons in Barossa Valley Shiraz. Average daily mean temperature at canopy level of the heated treatment was 0.40°C above Control in 2013/14, and 0.68°C in 2014/15. Sensory and chemical assessments showed reduced colour parameters in wines made from heated vines. Wines made from heated fruit were lighter in body and lacked palate length in comparison to unheated Controls. Wine colour density, concentration of anthocyanin and phenolic substances correlated negatively with daily mean temperature in a short window (2 weeks) immediately after veraison.
Conclusion
Interactions between pruning and temperature treatments indicated that pruning at two–three leaves has the potential to partially mitigate heating effects by increasing wine colour and fruit flavour intensity in two contrasting seasons.
Significance of the Study
Delayed pruning can help to partially counteract realised and projected warming effects, with neutral or positive effects for vine phenology, yield and wine properties.
Climate is the main factor affecting grape and wine quality in Mediterranean viticulture. Global warming provokes an increase in the accumulation of soluble solids in grapes, together with a lower content of anthocyanins and acidity. This result in stuck and sluggish fermentations causing economic losses in the winery. Climate adaptation strategies are essential to minimize the detrimental effects of global warming on grape and wine quality. This review summarized the effect of viticultural techniques to delay grapevine ripening with emphasis on canopy management and we overviewed the effects of high temperatures on grape and wine quality. Some viticultural techniques such as severe shoot trimming, minimal pruning, late winter pruning and apical leaf removal may delay grapevine ripening close to 15 days. Forcing regrowth is the most interesting technique since it allows to delay grape ripening at least of two months which can be essential in warm grapevine production areas.
Climate change (CC) directly influences agricultural sectors, presenting the need to identify both adaptation and mitigation actions that can make local farming communities and crop production more resilient. In this context, the viticultural sector is one of those most challenged by CC due to the need to combine grape quality, grapevine cultivar adaptation and therefore farmers' future incomes. Thus, understanding how suitability for viticulture is changing under CC is of primary interest in the development of adaptation strategies in traditional winegrowing regions. Considering that climate is an essential part of the terroir system, the expected variability in climate change could have a marked influence on terroir resilience with important effects on local farming communities in viticultural regions.
From this perspective, the aim of this paper is to define a new dynamic viticultural zoning procedure that is able to integrate the effects of CC on grape quality responses and evaluate terroir resilience, providing a support tool for stakeholders involved in viticultural planning (winegrowers, winegrower consortiums, policy makers etc.).
To achieve these aims, a Hybrid Land Evaluation System, combining qualitative (standard Land Evaluation) and quantitative (simulation model) approaches, was applied within a traditional region devoted to high quality wine production in Southern Italy (Valle Telesina, BN), for a specific grapevine cultivar (Aglianico). The work employed high resolution climate projections that were derived under two different IPCC scenarios, namely RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The results obtained indicate that: (i) only 2% of the suitable area of Valle Telesina expresses the concept of terroir resilience orientated towards Aglianico ultra quality grape production; (ii) within 2010–2040, it is expected that 41% of the area suitable for Aglianico cultivation will need irrigation to achieve quality grape production; (iii) by 2100, climate change benefits for the cultivation of Aglianico will decrease, as well as the suitable areas.
World production of wine has steadily risen over recent years and consumption has not kept pace with this increase, thus many countries have surpluses of wine which pose problems in international trade. Despite these problems, there is not, generally, a surplus of high quality wines. Quality is not easy to define, but ideally, it should be related to intrinsic visual, taste, or aroma characters which are perceived as above average for that type of wine. Usually this is reflected in the price paid for that wine -- although price is not necessarily a reliable indicator since it can be influenced also by fashion, tradition, availability and personal preferences. Unfortunately, despite the many references to quality and the amount of work which directly or indirectly refers to it, there is still confusion over what contribution climates, sites, and viticultural practices really make. This paper is a review of the effects of these environmental and management practices which may change grape composition and wine quality. Its scope is limited to table wines rather than fortified wines.
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